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Unit 10

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Origins of The Civil Rights Movement The Civil Rights Movement is the struggle of African Americans for equal rights -Major Turning point for American society -Leads to other movements and helped to make US the country it is today

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Origins of The Civil Rights Movement After Civil War (13 th, 14 th, 15 th ) amendments hold loose promise of equality Plessy vs Ferguson (1896) sets long precedence of Separate but Equal - Separate but Equal policy was constitutional as long a facilities were equal in quality

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Origins of The Civil Rights Movement The Truman Years -After African Americans service in WWII many begin to question segregation (Forced separation by race) -Harry Truman issued an Executive Order desegregating the Armed Forces in 1948 -first major institution to end racial segregation -Jackie Robinson crosses colorline and becomes 1 st African American baseball player http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N5zRN6rU7eU&feature=youtu. be

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Origins of The Civil Rights Movement Litigation Phase -Many civil rights groups begin to challenge segregation by litigation (resolving the disputes in court) -National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)begins to challenge the separate but equal doctrine through the American court system

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Origins of The Civil Rights Movement Sweatt v Painter (1950) -NAACP wins case for Heman Sweatt to attend law school at University of Texas -UT said integration violated their constitution and wanted Sweatt to attend a separate law school -Supreme Court said that segregated school failed to qualify as separate but equal, by isolating black students from lawyers

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Origins of The Civil Rights Movement Brown v Board of Education (1954) -Thurgood Marshall and the NAACP persuaded the Supreme Court that segregated schools in Kansas were inherently unequal (Having to separate means they are not equal) -Denied black students equal protection under the 14 th amendment

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Origins of The Civil Rights Movement The Brown Decision -Supreme Court ruled in favor of NAACP stating that "Separate but Equal has no part in public education -overturned Plessy v Ferguson and marked the end of legal segregation in public schools http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TTGHLdr-iak&feature=youtube

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Unit 10

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The March to Equality In spite of Brown ruling the Jim Crow laws still in place in the south -laws prevented African Americans from sharing restaurants, public transportation, and other public facilities

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The March to Equality Montgomery Bus Boycott 1955-1956 -Rosa Parks sits in the white section of a segregated bus, refuses to give up seat, and is arrested -Dr. Martin Luther King Jr leads boycott of the citys public buses -Boycott successfully ended the citys segregated bus system, showed African Americans could unite successfully and it gave civil rights movement national attention

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The March to Equality Beliefs of Martin Luther King Jr -belief in non violence, passive resistance to change the mind of oppressors -civil disobedience, people should oppose unjust laws peacefully through: *peaceful marches *boycotts *picketing *demonstrations -Modeled actions after those of Thoreau and Gandhi

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The March to Equality Civil Rights Act of 1957 -passed by Eisenhower administration to increase African American voting in the south -set up several agencies with the power to register black voters, also set the pattern for later civil rights legislation

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The March to Equality Most southern states delayed school integration (bringing different races together) -Little Rock High School(1957)Gov Orval Faubus ordered the Arkansas National Guard to prevent nine African American students (Little Rock Nine) from entering the school and refused to protect the students

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The March to Equality -Eisenhower, persuaded by famous Christian Preacher Billy Graham, orders federal troops to ensure that the students attended school -Faubus closed school down to prevent students from attending, Supreme Court later opens the school

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The March to Equality More Southern Opposition to Integration -African Americans faced hostility in the South, sometimes leading to violence -George Wallace-Gov of Alabama stood in the door way of University of Alabama to prevent black students from enrolling

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The March to Equality -Lester Maddox-forced African Americans out of his restaurant and later sold the restaurant instead of serving blacks, later elected Gov of Georgia -Southern Democrats in Congress banded together to obstruct federal attempts to pass civil rights legislation All opposed desegregation in the South and felt that the federal government was interfering in state matters

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The March to Equality MLK and other civil rights leaders try to end segregation across the south using various nonviolent protest methods -Sit-ins-sitting at Whites Only lunch counters and refusing to move, led to desegregation of many restaurants -Freedom Rides-riding interstate buses to insure integration of the buses -protestors wanted to create a nonviolent confrontation so the federal government would have to intervene

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The March to Equality King Letter From Birmingham Jail -showed the brutality of segregation to the nation -MLK explained why African Americans could no longer wait for equality, everyone has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws

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The March to Equality The March on Washington 1963 -Largest demonstration for human rights in US History, wanted to pressure Congress into passing civil rights legislation -MLK and others led March on Washington where he delivered I Have a Dream speech -gets the attention of President John F. Kennedy who begins to create civil rights legislation http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fILI6qggDTM

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The March to Equality New President Lyndon B. Johnson passes the Civil rights Act of 1964 -prohibited discrimination based on race, color, religion and made it illegal for hotels, restaurants or any business to practice racial discrimination -cut off federal aid to any segregated school -created Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to register voters and enforce all provisions

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The March to Equality After Civil Rights act, Civil Rights leaders begin push to register and encourage African Americans to vote -LBJ passes the 24 th amendment, this eliminated poll taxes in federal elections -MLK organizes marches in Selma, Alabama for voting rights, when voters are attacked LBJ passes a new bill

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The March to Equality -Voting Rights Act of 1965, this eliminated poll taxes, and suspended literacy tests for voting, leads to a substantial increase in African American voters

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The March to Equality Johnson signs an executive order authorizing Affirmative Action, this required any business with federal ties to increase the number of minority workers -Regents of the University of California v Bakke 1978, Supreme Court upheld affirmative action for college admissions, just not in the form of quotas

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The March to Equality By the end of the Civil Rights Movement most African Americans could: vote in state and federal elections segregation was illegal in all public and government facilities many blacks begin to hold political office