Unit 101960-1974

• Much of the early CC movement in the 1960’s stems from the protest to the conservative domination of the 1950’s

• Areas that were directly counter to the 50’s include: fashion, personal appearance, morals, work ethic, drug use, political involvement, music and total lifestyle

Counterculture Function: noun Date: 1968 : A culture with values and morals that run

counter to those of established society From here on for this class I will use CC

for counterculture

• If there was one goal that could be stated for the CC it would be the formation what was called “The New Left”

• They differed from earlier leftist movements that had been more oriented towards labor activism, and instead adopted a broader definition of political activism commonly called social activism.

• The U.S. "New Left" is associated with college campus mass protest movements and radical leftist movements.

• Protests were often centered around the anti-Vietnam movements

• Many students flocked to the anti-war movements because of the lack of information or misinformation pasted to the American public

• Student activism became a dominant theme among the baby boomers, growing to include many Americans.

• Exemptions and deferments for the middle and upper classes resulted in the induction of a disproportionate number of poor, working-class, and minority registrants.

• The rally cry of “Make Love, Not War” became popular during this time

• The leading organization of the CC movements was the Student for a Democratic Society

• In the spring of 1968, National SDS activists led an effort on the campuses called "Ten Days of Resistance" and local chapters cooperated with the Student Mobilization Committee in rallies, marches, sit-ins and teach-ins, which culminated in a one-day strike on April 26.

• About a million students stayed away from classes that day, the largest student strike in the history of the United States.

• It was largely ignored by the New York City-based national media, which were intensely focused on the student shutdown of Columbia University in New York, led by an inter-racial alliance of Columbia SDS chapter activists and Student Afro Society activists.

• However, the organization was put on the map politically and "SDS" became a household name in the United States for a few years.

• After the January 14, 1967 Human Be-In in San Francisco organized by artist Michael Bowen, the media's attention on the counterculture was fully activated.

• In 1967 Scott McKenzie's rendition of the song "San Francisco (Be Sure to Wear Flowers in Your Hair)" brought as many as 100,000 young people from all over the world to celebrate San Francisco's "Summer of Love."

• During the Summer of Love, most of the hippies congregated in the Haight-Ashbury district of San Francisco

• There you could bump into the likes of Janis Joplin, Jerry Garcia or Bob Dylan on the street

• This summer of love was where you see for the first time the hippie lifestyle for the first time on a massive scale

• The hippy abandoned the conservative dress of the 50’s and adopted blue jeans, tie-dyed clothes, long hair, beards, and sandals or tennis shoes

• Supposedly this was to represent the carefree life of the hippie

• Most hippies, though were not as outlandish as they are portrayed today

• When people returned home from "The Summer of Love" these styles and behaviors spread quickly from San Francisco and Berkeley to all major U.S. A counterculture movement gained momentum in which the younger generation began to define itself as a class that aimed to create a new kind of society

• One of the biggest influence of the hippy was music

• Early on, folk musicians like Joan Baez, Pete Seeger, Woody Guthrie, Bob Dylan and his son Arlo led the CC movement with songs like “Alice’s Restaurant.” and “The Times They Are A Changing”

• As the hippie movement begin to spread, so did the music, but the music also began to become more and more influenced by the drug culture

• Also the second British invasion brought singers and bands like Jimi Hendrix, The Yarbirds and (even though they were already here) The Beatles

• Jefferson Starship- White Rabbit• Country Joe and the Fish- What Are We

Fightin’ For?• Big Brother and the Holding Company-

backed up Janis Joplin• Sly and The Family Stone• The Animals- The House of The Rising

Son• The Grateful Dead- where do you start

with the Dead

• Pop Art challenged tradition by asserting that an artist's use of the mass-produced visual commodities of popular culture.

• Pop Art, like pop music, aimed to employ images of popular as opposed to elitist culture in art, emphasizing the banal or kitschy elements of any given culture, most often through the use of irony

• Op art is also known as geometric abstraction and hard-edge abstraction, although the preferred term for it is perceptual abstraction.

• Op art works are abstract, with many of the better known pieces made in only black and white. When the viewer looks at them, the impression is given of movement, hidden images, flashing and vibration, patterns, or alternatively, of swelling or warping.

• The most famous pop artist was Andy Warhol

• It was during the 1960s that Warhol began to make paintings of iconic American products such as Campbell's Soup Cans and Coca-Cola bottles, as well as paintings of celebrities such as Marilyn Monroe, Troy Donahue, and Elizabeth Taylor.

• His silkscreen prints, sought to not only to make art of mass-produced items but to mass produce the art itself.

• On May 13, 1957, Life magazine published an article by R. Gordon Wasson that documented (and popularized) the use of psilocybin mushrooms in the religious ceremony of the indigenous Mazatec people of Mexico.

• Ken Kesey and his Merry Pranksters helped shape the developing character of the 1960s counterculture when they embarked on a cross-country voyage during the summer of 1964 in a psychedelic school bus named "Further."

• These trials tested the effects of LSD, psilocybin, mescaline, and other psychedelic drugs.

• The Pranksters visited Harvard LSD proponent Timothy Leary and experimentation with LSD and other psychedelic drugs, primarily as a means for internal reflection and personal growth, became a constant during the Prankster trip.

• . After the Pranksters returned to California, they popularized the use of LSD at so-called "Acid Tests", which initially were held at Kesey's home and then at many other West Coast venues.

1. Civil Rights Movement – Martin Luther King Jr. – Demonstrations, Peaceful Resistance

SCLC, SNCC, NAACP,CORE Sit- ins (Nashville, Raleigh, Greensboro) The Freedom Riders – Testing New Laws in the

South-Violence Against Riders Birmingham, AL 1963 – Fire hoses, police dogs – T.

Eugene “Bull” Connor-desegregation of Downtown Birmingham-”Most segregated city in America”

March on Washington D.C. – 200,000 marched in Washington to persuade gov’t (Kennedy Adm.) to back-up promises for Civil Rights “I have a dream” Speech (King)

Selma, AL to Montgomery – President Johnson called in National Guard to protect marches against Gov. George Wallace’s wishes – Wallace had banned the march-”Bloody Sunday”-President Johnson Intervenes Civil Rights Act of 1964, Voting Rights Act of 1965 Freedom Summer, James Meredith Black Power Movement-Malcolm X, Stokely

Carmichael- Black Panthers- Riots in Cities- Watts Assassination of King-Memphis ,TN-James Earl Ray-Fair

Housing Act 2. Equal Rights for Women

Betty Friedan(1963) – The Feminine Mystique Equal Pay Rights to Administrative jobs

(NOW) National Organization of Women Roe vs. Wade – Symbolic Women’s Rights

Abortion 1st- 3 months (1973) ERA – Equal Rights Amendment Title IX Laws – Anti-Discrimination

Counterculture – Anti-Establishment Style & Fashion (Hippies, Flower Child)

Freer Fashion Sexual Attitudes & Behavior changed Drugs & Drug use up Music – Beatles, Rolling Stones, Jimi

Hendrix, Janis Joplin Messages – “Liberal Attitude” “Woodstock”

(Handout) France Controlled Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos Vietnamese led by Ho Chi Minh – Fighting

France for Independence – Communist Forces Defeat French in Communist Revolution

Peace Negotiations – Geneva Accord to settle dispute 1954 – Division of Vietnam

North Vietnam- Communist South Vietnam- Democracy

US backs South Vietnam “Domino Effect” – Eisenhower

North Vietnam begins organizing attack vs. South Vietnam Guerilla Warfare

“Viet Cong”

US Military advisers began going to Vietnam to help South Vietnam

August 1964 – N. Vietnamese attack U.S.S. MADDOX in the Tonkin Gulf

Congress passes “Tonkin Gulf Resolution” Pres. Johnson can take “all necessary measures” to

protect US forces 1965 – US sends combat troops – started

bombing N. Vietnam Commanding General – William Westmoreland

Westmoreland wanted more troops – Military Draft began – stalemate continues

US Philosophy on Vietnam War – not to conquer N. Vietnam but to force enemy to stop fighting

Tet Offensive – attacks by Viet Cong in S. Vietnam & Against Americans – Long war ahead

War Protest – Across Nation Democratic Convention in Chicago in 1968

26th Amendment – 18 years old to vote Lyndon Johnson chooses not to run for re-

election in 1968 Richard Nixon defeated Hubert Humphrey

& George Wallace in election of ‘68 to become the 37th President Robert McNamara- Sec. of Defense

1968 – My Lai Massacre 1969 – Secret bombings of N. Vietnamese in Cambodia 1970 – Sec. of State Henry Kissinger secret peace talks

with N. Vietnam – Nixon orders troops into Cambodia – Nationwide protests (Kent State University-4 killed in protests)

1971 – The Pentagon Papers Daniel Ellsberg Secret history of US involvement

1972 – Breakdown of peace talks 1973 – Paris Peace Accords in January – ends draft

US troops withdraw from S. Vietnam End of bombing in Cambodia

War Powers Act passed in 1973 over Nixon’s veto

North Vietnam overtakes South Vietnam in 1975 – Vietnam Communist Nation Fall of Saigon

1977 – Amnesty Act by Jimmy Carter – Draft Evaders Pardon

1982 - Vietnam Veterans War Memorial in Washington

Longest War in US History (1965-73) “Hawks vs. Doves” 58,000 US soldiers killed 300,000 wounded – M.I.A.s-P.O.W.s

Tunnels – Communist Brutality – Napalm

Kennedy Years (1961-63) – The New Frontier, Camelot

Kennedy Assassination (1963) – Oswald, Conspiracy (?), Warren Commission

Lyndon B. Johnson (1963-69) – 36th President

1968 – Martin Luther King, Robert F. Kennedy assassinated- Violence at the Democratic Convention in Chicago

Severe race riots 1969 – US lands on Moon

Camelot Civil Rights Advocate 1st Roman Catholic Election of 1960 Televised debate w/ Richard

Nixon The New Frontier Fidel Castro-Communist Leader in Cuba- Bay of Pigs Invasion –US backed invasion-

Failure Cuban Missile Crisis- Naval Blockade-Closest

to Nuclear War with The Soviet Union Assassination – Lee Harvey Oswald –

Conspiracy ? – Warren Commission

Civil Rights Movement Civil Rights Act of 1964

Equal Rights Movement Great Society Program

Welfare, Education, Health Care, Medicare Vietnam Divided America Election of 1964 – Defeated Barry

Goldwater (R) – Very Conservative

Counterculture Movement Extended into the 70s-Mainly a result of The Vietnam War

Death of Music Superstars due to drugs helped end Counterculture

Women’s Movement Continued into the 70s Betty Friedan-The Feminine Mystique 1950-2000-Women in workforce doubled-

Eventually into Leadership Positions-Equal Pay

Women’s Movement modeled after the Civil Rights Movement

Election of 1968-Defeated Hubert Humphrey Nixon-Republican- President at completion of Vietnam War (Hawks

vs. Doves) Campaigned “Peace with Honor” –The “Silent

Majority” Inherited a tough economy- Vietnam, Spending on

Social Programs without more tax money, Middle East Problems led to oil shortages

Improved relations with Communist China and the Soviet Union

Détente- Relaxation of Tensions between Countries

SALT I Treaty- Strategic Arms Limitations Treaty-Nuclear Weapons Cutbacks with Soviet Union

Nixon Re-elected in 1972. Vice President Spiro T. Agnew Resigned VP in 1973 (Crimes before office) Names Gerald Ford Vice President in 1973 Watergate Scandal- Republicans broke into

Democratic Headquarters- Nixon cover-up - Resigned from office before impeached- Only Pres. To resign (1974)

Top Nixon Advisers-Went to Prison

1974-1977 Only President never elected as President or

Vice President. Took over at a tough time (Mistrust of

Government) Poor Economy- Stagflation- “WIN” Chose Nelson Rockefeller as V. President Ford Seen as a man of “Integrity” Granted Full Pardon of Nixon- Angered Many

Americans Saturday Night Live- Chevy Chase Trouble w/ Domestic Policy- Many Vetoes Success w/ International Policy

Jimmy Carter (D) defeated Ford . Watergate Crisis-Pardon of Nixon Hurt

Ford-Carter-Viewed as “Washington Outsider”

1976 Bicentennial of the U.S.A.

1977-1981 Vice President- Walter Mondale Carter from GA- Small town Washington

“Outsider”- Peanut Farmer 1977 Environmental Issues- Park System Amnesty Act- Vietnam Draft Evaders National Energy Policy- Conserve Energy Shortage of Petroleum Created Department of Energy Camp David Peace Accords 1978 (Israel and

Egypt)

Relations w/ Soviet Union deteriorated. Soviets invaded Afghanistan U.S. sends supplies to Afghanistan to fight

the Soviets U.S. Boycott of Olympics in Moscow in 1980. The Iranian Hostage Crisis (444 days)

November 1979-January 1981 Carter’s popularity continued to decline

heading into Election on 1980. “A Crisis in Confidence” In the United States