unit 1 second part.pptx

8/10/2019 Unit 1 second part.pptx

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T.P.O. N2 - UNIT 1The verb and its complement


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Multi word verbs: the usemulti word lexical verbs, phprepositional and phrasalprepositional verbs. IdiomaParticle movement

Catenative verbs: verbs foby non-finite verb forms: tbare infinitives, ed- and ingparticiples. Semantic implicof catenative patterns.


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Im looking for my keys. Have you seen themVerb +preposition

Look out! Theres a car coming!Verb + adverb

A snob is someone who looks down onpeople of a lower social class.

Verb +adverb +preposition


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MULTI-WORD

VERBVERB + PARTICLE

Adv

Pre

Adv

3 types

Intransitive

Transitive (SEPARABL

Transitive

MULTI-WORD VERBFREE COMBINATION

Ex:The judge looked into the case. Ex.The judge looked into the prison

The p


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If the addition of the particle(s) of the verb, it is usually

(because it has the meaning of a phrase)

There are so many different types of phrasal verbs that its more convenient combinations of verb + particle(s)


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Many multi-word units function like a , which have

These multi-word verbs fall into 4 classes:

= Their meaning cannot b

the meaning of each in

PHRASALVERBS PREPOSITIONALVERBS

PHRASAL-

PREPOSITIONALVERBS

OTHER MULT

WORD VERBCONSTRUCTIO

Verb + adverbial particle

E.g. carry out

Find out

Verb + preposition

E.g. look at

Listen to

Verb + adverb +preposition

E.g. get away with

A single-word verbs adverb/preposition w

separate meaning

E.g. go back

Come down


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They can be:

Intransitive

V + Adv

(inseparable) Ex: The plane

took off.

Transitive

V+ Adv + O

(separable) Ex: Susan took

off her shoes

A fe

Ex: e

tur

win


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INTRANSITIVE TRANSITIVE

Break down

Catch on

Come back

Come in

Come on

Fall out

Fall through

Fit in

Get by

Get up

Go away

Go on

Go out

Grow up

Look out

Pass outShut up

Sit down

Stand up

Stay on

Take off

Turn up

Wake up

Watch out

Act sth out

Bottle sth up

Bring sth in

Bring sb up

Bring sth up

Carry sth out

Do sth up

Fill sth in/outFind sth out

Fix sth up

Give sth away

Give sth up

Hold sth up

Keep sth up

Leave sth/sb out

Let sth out

Look sth up

Make sth up

Pay sb backPick sth up

Point sth out

Pull sb/sth down

Pu

Pu

Pu

Pu

R

Se

Ta

TaTh

Tu

Tu


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Inseparable

They take aprepositional object 2 major structural patterns

Most verbs occur with only one pattern, except:Apply NP to | Connect NP with | Provide NP for | Ask NP for | hear NP about | know

We can analyze the structure of a prepositional verb in 2 ways:

V+ PREPOSITION + OBJECT (TRANSITIVE)

NP + V + PREP + NP

EX: It just looks like the barrel

NP + V+

Ex: He based

han

[Commo

A single-word lexical verb followed by a PreP, which

functions as an adverbial. Its usually possible to insert

another adverbial between the V and the PrepP

A multi-word unit (a single prep ver

idiomatic meaning and can be repl

Ex.: I never though much about it Ex.: stand for it (=to


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PREPOSITIONAL VERBS Used in the passi

Call for sb

Care for sb

Come across sth

Cope with sth

Deal with sth

Fall for sth

Feel like sth

Get at sb/sthGet over sth

Get through

Go into sth

Go with sb

Lead to sth

Look after sb/ath

Look at sth

Look into sth

Look like sth

Look round sthPart with sth

Pay for sth

Rely on sb/sth

Run into sb

See to sth

Send for sb

Stand for sth

Stick to sth

Take after sb

Talk about sthThink about sth

Be aimed at (intended

Be applied to

Be considered as

Be derived from

Be known as

Be regarded as

Be used as

Be used in


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Ex: Look forward to | get out of (the most frequent)

A few Phrasal-prepositinal verbs ca take 2 objects:

Ex: I could hand him over to Sadig

Ex: What put you up to?

They can sometimes be replaced by a single lexical verb. Ex: get out of it avoid

Theyre transitive and can be made passive.

Non separableexceptionwhen they have 2 objects:Ex: we took her up on her offer

Ex: we let James in on the plan.

We can only add an adverb between the 2 articles: Ex: He stands up strongly for

Common in conversation and fiction.

Limited range of meanings (mainly ACTIVIY)

V+ ADVERBIAL PARTICLE + PREPOSITION + OBJECT (TRANSITIVE


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PHRASAL PREPOSITIONAL VERBS

Back out of sth

Break in on sth

Catch up on sth/sb

Catch up with sb

Cheack up on sb/sth

Come across as sth

Come down to sthCome up with sth

Cut down on sth

Do away with sth

Drop in on sb

Face up to sb

Get away with sth

Get back to sth

Get on with sthGet out of sth

Give in to sth

Go out for sth

Go up to sb

Keep away from sb/sth

Keep up with sb

Look down on sb

Look forward to sthLook out for sb/sth

Look up to sb

Make away with sth

Move on to sth

Put up with sb/sth

Run away with sb

Run off with sth

Stand up for sthTurn away from sth

Walk out on sth/sb


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Verbs are also used in relatively fixed or idiomatic multi-word constructions:

Verb + prepositional phrase combinations Verb + verb combinations

Verb + noun phrase combinations

Many of them are idiomatic. Such combinations

function semantically as a unit that can often be

replaced by a single lexical verb:

Ex: bear in mind (remember)| come as a surprise

(surprise) | take into account (consider)

There are a few verbs (make, take, have, do, etc)

that can be used for many meanings when

combining with NP to form idiomatic verbal

expressions. In many cases, the combination also

includes a following preposition:

Ex: make fun of | have a look at | do your hair | take

care of

A second idiomatic category involves ver

combinations, such as make do (with)an

go/be:

Ex:I think it is time to let it be

Patients had to make do with quiche or h


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BE | HAVE | DO


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MAIN VERB BE AUXILIARY VERB BE

Be the copula- is the most

important copular verb in English

It linksthe subject NP with:

a subject predicative *

or

an obligatory adverbial*

Ex: Radio waves are useful

Shewas in Oliesroom a lot

Be has 2 distinct gramma

functions:

a) PROGRESIVE ASPEC

(be +ing-participle

PASSIVE VOICE

(be+ ed-participle

They can appear together isame clause

Ex: A mutual investment fund for

Europe is being launched today

backing of Continental Gra

Showing physical pos


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MAIN VERB HAVE

AUXILIARY VERB HAVE

As a transitive main verb, have is as

common as the most common lexical verbs.

It is most common in conversation

and least common in academic prose.

It can be used with different meanings:

In addition, HAVE occurs as part of the

semi-modal HAVE TO (=must)

Have also occurs in a number of idiomatic

multi-word phrases

Describing eating or d

The kids had some ho

Have is the marker of PERF

*Past tense HADmarks p

*Present HAVE/HASmarks p

Telling family conne

She hasa husband and

Showing physical pos

John hasthree ca

Showing where somethIts nice to havea young person ab

Linking a person to an abst

I hope she hasfu

Ex : Ill have to blank it out.

Linking an inanimate subject to a

In this extensions soil science will alw

Showing that someone causes som

Maybe you should haveit dye

Ex : Ill have a look.


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MAIN VERB DO

DOhas an activity meaning. It can ta

Ex: He dida wonderful t

Or an indirect object + direc

Ex: Will you dome a fav

DO commonly combines with a NP to fo

idiomatic expressions, in which do has

Main verb DOas a transitive pro-verb

Main verb DOas an intransitive pro-verb

Do the job, Do the dishes, Do time (= go to prison), Do some wor

[It refers to the performance of an activity that is relevant to the object NP, b

DO commonly functions as a PRO-VERB,

substituting for a lexical verb (mainly in

conversation)

It often combines with it, this/that, or so, to form

a transitive pro-verb construction

In BrE conversation after an auxiliary verb

an intransitive pro-verb provides an altern

ellipsis. However, it is more common to

ellipsis rather than do.

Ex: I didnt doit.

Ex: well, thats why he did it.

Ex: A: No, no signs of him resigning.

B: Well they kicked him out.

A: they should have done, but they won


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AUXILIARY VERB DO

DO- SUPPORT INNEGATIVES AND

INTERROGATIVESEMPHATIC DO

AUXILIARY DO ASA PRO-VERB

AUXQUE

DO fun

q

But Fa

This de

This co

do-sup

the prec

Aux DO can act as a pro-verb,

standing in for the whole VP

+ complement. Its used in

(+) and (-) clauses. Ex:

A: He doesnt even know you.

B: He does!I think his mom wants him to

come back but his dad

doesnt.

-----------------

Here, DO can be considered a

stranded operator.

Emphatic DO occurs as an

auxiliary verb in a clause that is

not negated and is not a question,

to emphasize that the meaning of

the main verb is positive, in

contrast with what one mightexpect (and so its stressed in

speech). Ex:

I really didgo to see him.

Hedoes have a problem.

---------------

A special use of emphatic DO is in

commands (or

suggestions/invitations):

Oh doshut up!

DO functions as an auxiliary

verb when lexical main verbs

are made negative or used in

interrogatives. This use of DO

is know as do-support and itdoes not contribute any

independent meaning. Ex:

He doesntsmoke.

Doyou like scallops?

What didyou bring for us?

-----------------

In this construction, present or

past tense is marked on the

verb DO, not on the main verb.

DO

dummy operator.As BE behaves as an auxiliary, it does not tak

declarative clauses, but in imperative clause


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The copula BE and other copu


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Ex: Yourevery stupid.

[The copula BE links the attribute to the subject]

Many copular verbs are also used to locate the subject of the clause in TIby an obligatory adverbial of position, duration, or direction that occurs aft

Ex: I was in the kitchen.

Several verbs (like go, grow, come) can function as either a copulatransitive/intransitive verb, depending on the context:

Ex: Its beginning togobad for you (copular verb)

Ex: It was when Wharton Horricker and wentto Mexico(intransitive verb

Ex: It makes your teeth and your bonesgrowstrong and healthy (copular ve

Ex: So you said she started togrowsesame herbs(transitive verb)

COPULAR VERBS are used to associate an attribute with a subjectof a c

The attribute is usually expressedby the subject predicative following t


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COPULARVERBS

CURRENT

STATEEXISTE

SENSOPERCEP

RESULT

Many verbs can function as copular verbs. They fall into 2 main categories: CURRENT C

VERBSand RESULT COPULAR VERBS


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They have 2 subclasses

Identifiesattributes thatare in continuingstate of existence.

This includes:be, seem, appear,

keep, remain,stay

State-of-existence

Reports sensoryperceptions.

This includes:look, feel, sound,smell, taste

Sensoryperception

Ex: I may have appeared

a little short with mydaughter that morning.


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Copular verbs differ

Most copular verbs occur with an AdjP as the subject predicative

However, others are strongly associated with other structures (NP or Compl

Some verbs are limited to one type of complement while others occur with m

In their meaning

In the complements they take


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BE

The copula bethe most common verb in English

(Unlike most lexical verbs) Its much more common in Academic prose than in other registers.

Be also occurs with a wide range of complements

Unlike most copular verbs, BE occurs most commonly with a NP as subject predicative, which has 2 functions:

To characterize the subject NP in some way: Ex: My dad wasa great guy, too.

Ex: Tomorrow could bea sunny day.

To identify the subject NP: Ex: Thatsour black yard

Ex: The kernel isthe part of the plant of greatest value.

AdjP are also very common as subject predicatives of BE. The most common of these predicatives express STAN

are mostly general evaluative terms: right, good, sure, nice andfunny. In most cases, they occur with complements

Ex: That wasnt very nice | It wasfunny, though.

Academic Prose uses a larger range of predicative adjectives that express more specific evaluations:e.g. impordifficult, useful. They generally occur with a complement clause or PrepP:

Ex: It isalso important to gain the cooperation of workshop participants.

PrepP are much less common as complements of BE, which are used:

As a subject predicative describing a characteristic of the subject: Ex: Umuofia wasin a festival mood.

As an adverbial expressing position or direction: Ex: The houses arein a conservation area

Be sometimes occurs with a complement clause as subject predicative:

Ex: the capital is to be provided by the French government.

Ex: But the danger was that the pound would fall further than planned.


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VERB FREQUENCY MOST COMMON COMPLEMENTS

LOOK Very common in fiction;

relatively common in

conversation

1. Often evaluates physical appearance

2. Common adjectives: awful, different, happy, lovely, pale, puzzled, sad, small,

surprised, terrible, tired, well, young

FEEL Very common in fiction;

moderately common in

news and conversation

1. Reports an assessment of physical or mental state of being

2. Common adjectives: ashamed, bad, better, cold, good, guilty, sick, sure, tired,

uncomfortable, uneasy

SOUND Most common in fiction

and conversation

1. Literal use: evaluations of sound perceptions

2. Common adjectives: good, nice, silly, stupid, interesting, awful, angry, sad, strange

3. Additional use: reactions to ideas/suggestions

SMELL Generally rare 1. Reports evaluations of smell perceptions

2. Common adjectives: awful, bad, funny, musty, odd, rotten, terrible, delicious, fres

good, lovely, nice

TASTE Rare; occasional

occurrences in

conversation and fiction

1. Reports evaluations of taste perceptions

2. Common adjectives: awful, horrible, nice, wonderful

SENSORY COPULAR VERBS:

Look | feel | sound | smell | taste + adjectival complements

They report positive or negative evaluations

Here, the copular verb identifies the sense (e.g. sight, hearing), while the predicative adjective repor

The general evaluating adjectives nice, good and badoccur commonly assubject predicative with all 5 se


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BECOME

Its especially common in academicprose and fiction

Its used to describe the processinvolved in changing from one stateto another

In academic prose, it often refers to animpersonal process of moving from astate of ignorance or disbelief to oneof knowledge or belief

The adjectives clearand apparent aremost common with this function, but

there are a number of other adjectivesthat occur with become: difficult,evident, important, possible.

In fiction, become usually refers to aspecific person, describing a change inthat persons state of awareness orstate of being.

GET

It is usually used to describe aperson changing to a new state

Get is very common, especiallyin conversation and fiction

It has many uses, describing bothphysical and mental changes

The adjectives readyand worseare the most common subjectpredicatives with get

Other common adjectives: angry,bigger, better, bored, cold, dressed

(up), drunk, lost, mad, mixed (up),old, older, pissed (off), sick, tired,upset, wet.

Many of them mark someaffective or attitudinal stance

Go is usuachange tow

undesirabconversati

It describeby human processes

The adjectiwrongare compleme

Several oth

bad, cold, dred, wild


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CATENATIVE means ch

Ordinary verbs which are followed by non-finite forms of other ordinary ver

CATENATIVE

Ex:The cars beganclimbingthrough wooded countryside

Catenative verb Linked ing form (non-finite)

The four non-finite forms which catenative verbs link with are:

non-finite forms + intransitive verbs + transitive verbs + objects

The bare infinitive I dare say Frustration...made his skin pr

The to- infinitive Vogel had agreed to appear I want you to do something

The ing form He started running Aubrey heard the Mercedes

The ed/-en form He became infected with the isolation I want this explained.

The selection of the non-finite form to link up with a catenative verb in a particular context depen

Those ordinary lexical verbs which have a precise meaning always select the same non-f


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Catenative V +bare infinitive

Catenative V +to-infinitive

Catenative V +-ing

Cat

Catenative V +

object +bareinfinitive

Catenative V +

object +to-infinitive

Catenative V +object +-ing

Catobje


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We use this pattern to talk about aims, purposes and intentions, which are expresses inthe second verb.o Ex: I intended to sue for libel

o Ex: they had chosen deliberately to ignore him

The forward-looking verbs in this group include:

These verbs may take progressive, passive and perfect infinitives:o Ex: He did not seen to be apologising

o Ex: Zimmermann will have to be exposed

o Ex: Zimmermann appeared to have lost interest

A small group also appear in a related pattern with introductory it. This category includeseem and turn out:

o Ex: The stars seemed to drip light.It seemed that the stars dripped light.

WATCH OUT! the negative form of this pattern: making the main verb negative is not the sthe non-finite negative. Changing the scope of negation alters the sentence meaning:

EX: She hasnt decided to leave him vs. She has decided not to leave him

Agree, aim, arrange, claim, consent, decide, decline, demand, deserve, fail, hesitate, hope, long

offer, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, struggle, swear, threaten, volunteer

(She may or may not stay) (She will stay)


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The ing form often carries the meaning of ONGOING ACTIVITY:

Ex: Lin took her arm and they began walking.

(the action walking continues after the action of the main verb began)

Ex: Hestopped moving.

(the action moving takes place before that of the main verb stopped)

Other starting and stopping verbs are:

Emotive verbs also take the ing form:

Ex: Zimmermann disliked beingfollowed.

The verbs: cant bear , cant stand, not fancy and not mind have negative bias so we dont use them in affiTheyre non-assertive

Several ing forms like swimming, dancing, walking, etc, are rather like non-count-nouns. They can follow

and take an adjectival modifier. They commonly follow come and go: ex.: Lets go dancing. (see guidelines

Exastart

stopp

begin cease commence carry on continue quit resume start - stop in

cant bear detest dislike dread enjoy not fancy hate like loathe love not mind regret resent c

Admit avoid confess to deny deserve escape forget cant help imagine

need permit recommend remember require save try - want


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In this limited pattern, the verb TO GET is followed by the en

Ex: Dont get lost, Schiller added.

We commonly (and informally) speak of getting caught/ dressfound out, etc.


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A common application of this pattern is with VERBS OF PERCEPTION. Ex.

I saw her cross the road I saw her crossing the road

VERBS OF PERCEPTION:feel, hear, notice, observe, perceive, see, smell, watch

Finally, when we use verbs of perception metaphorically, we must use a that- cla

EX. Buckholz felt (that) he had at last learned the truth.

He saw Mengs mouth fall open. || He felt his stomach revolt

He dimly heard the door open || Schiller watched Hyde move to the Land Rov

VERBS OF PERCEPTION + O + BARE INFINITIVE = describe a single, complet

VERBS OF PERCEPTIONS + O + -ING= describe ongoing, incomplete action

We use passive forms with FEEL, HEAR, OBSERVE and SEE, but ONLYwith the

to-infinitive: ex: She was seento cross the road


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Pattern widely used by with verbs concerned with LETTING OR MAKING PEOPLE DO THINGS SUASIO

usually ANIMATE: Ex. The politicians persuade people to vote for them in the elections

Verbs in this group include:

Most verbs can also be used in the passive , still with the suasive meaning: Ex: People can bepersuadedto say

Another group of verbs following this pattern are MENTAL-STATE VERBS (centring thoughts and opinion

Ex: the man had not expectedhim to turn back.

(All of these verbs also pattern with that- clauses)

A number of EMOTIVE VERBS like love and hate, which can be followed by ing, also pattern with the to-

and without an object, i.e., I wanted to negotiateor I want you to do sth

Verbs about likes and wishes +the to-infinitiverefer to the wishes of the subject about its own future. E

Verbs about likes and wishes + an object refer to wishes about the action of sb else. Ex: He wished the

EMOTIVE VERBS

Advise allow ask assist bribe cause challenge command compel depend on - direct drive empower enab

force get impel implore instruct invite lead leave order permit persuade rely on remind request

Assume believe consider discover expect fancy feel find imagine judge know observe prove rep

suppose think - understand

Ask beg choose dare express hate help help intend like love- mean prefer


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This pattern has apassive implication:Ex: they want silence kept(-en)(or they want silence to be kept)BUT they want us to keep (to-inf) silence.

Some VERBS OF PERCEPTION follow this pattern, particularly FEEL, HEAR, and SEE:Ex: They walked on, Lin feeling himself drawn into Marys chilly, ice-capped dreams.

MENTAL-STATE VERBS are used with object + -en:Ex: The Americans want the Treaty stopped

Mental-state verbs in this use include:

Ex: he kept his eyes closed | He discovered himself hurled into an adult, irrecoverab

In the catenative patterns with OBJECTS we need to use REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS when theverbs is the same (to avoid ambiguity)

Ex: he knew himself to be acting irrationally

A subtle distinction often occurs when we use have/get + O + -en: have/get have active moutcome is desirable. Otherwise, they have passive meaning:

Ex: She hadthe housepaintedvs. Hegotthe carsmashed

Discover fancy find imagine keep leave ma


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Ex: Davenhill said, The Americans want the Treaty stopped. We may may want

We usually choose the infinitive pattern when referring to a single action or a positive cmeaning: Ex: Youd still like to go in [likenow | go inlater]

We select the ing pattern to refer to an ongoing action or a general activity; the ing forbackward-looking sense: Ex: He doesntlike Zimmermann dropping behind [doesntnobehindearlier]

WANTis one of a small group of verbs we use with ing when we wish to give a passive mverb: Ex: The house want/needs/requires/deserves cleaning. The house want/needs/reqcleaned.

We also use WANT, NEED and REQUIRE as mental-state verbs +Object +both ing andequally passive meaning: Ex: We want/need/requirethe housecleaned.We want/nhouse cleaning

Some

verbs of

liking

To-inf

Object + -ing

-ing

Ex. I told him youd still like to go in

Ex. He doesnt like Zimmermann dropping

Ex. She wont like being interrupted.

Want + object + -en Want+ o


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VERBS OF PERCEPTION (feel, hear, notice, observe, perceive, see, smell, watch, etc.) can be uobject + bare infinitive and object + -ing. Ex:

o The doctor sawLin... approachhim

o Lim watchedhim pass

o Aubrey saw the city retreatingo Lin watchedhim moving away.

We selected BARE INFINITIVE for a single complete action:Aubrey felt the heatassail him.

BUT, we use theING FORM to refer to an action in progress:Aubrey felt his clothes beginnin

We do not always have a free choice after verbs of perception!

DYNAMIC VERBS may describe a single event (e.g. To blink), an ongoing one (e.g. To breathe), o

(e.g. To hammer)We are most likely to choose the bare infinitive for EVENT VERBS and ing for those with REPET

Ex: I heard the trip over the doormat (fall, a single event)

Ex: I heard her tripping down the corridor (dancing, a repetitive action)

Begin/start verbs orASPECTUAL VERBS (which also includes cease, commence and contiboth the to-ing and the ing (with a little difference in marring.: ex: they began walking vs T


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Certain VERBS OF SUASION like advise, allow, encourage, forbid, permit, reand urge take OBJECT + TO-INFINITIVE when an object intervenes:

Ex: I cannotpermit Zimmerman to be judged guilty. (indicates future acti

Without an object, the same verbs take the ing pattern and denote a gener

Ex: wide enough to permit overtaking.

Other verbs that can take both patterns but with a difference in meaning:

Verb + -Ing form + To Infiniti

GO ON= continueEx: They went on playing despite the bad weather

=change to another actionEx: After opening the hospital the Princ

MEAN= involves or will result inEx: this new job means living abroad

= intend to do sthEx: the builders mean to finish by Friday

STOP= finish an actionThey stopped making fax machines about ten years ago

= finish one action in order to dEx: we stopped to get petrol


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Some verbs can be followed by an ing form or an infinitive, with no difference i

Ex: I cant stand to see/seeing animals in pain.

We usually avoid putting 2 infinitives or 2 ing forms together!

He wanted to start to take lessons. He wanted to start taking lessons

We use to + infinitive after WOULD LIKE, WOULD LOVE and WOULD HAT

When we get there I would like taking a nap. When we get there I would like tak

When LIKEmeans think something is a good idea, we ONLYuse the INFINI

Ex: I likegoing/ to go to the gym. Its so relaxing (= I enjoy visiting it)Ex: Because of my weight problem I like to go to the gm at least twice a week (= I

good idea)

VERB + -ING FORM OR INFINITIVE:Attempt, begin, bother, cant bear, cant stand, cease, continue, deserve, fear, hate, inten

(=enjoy), love, prefer, start


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Verbs followed by ing forms and infinitives (* = can take an object)

Underlined verbs: with these verbs we use for before the object + infinitive: Ex: We spwaiting them to arrive. We spent ages waiting for them to arrive.

Verbs in bold: in BrE we can use deserve+ -ing when it has a passive meaning: the naudeserves smacking (= deserves to be smacked)

Verb + -ing form Verb + infinitive

Admit, appreciate*, avoid*, burst out, cant help*,

consider, contemplate, defer, delay, deny, detest*,

dislike*, endure* escape, excuse*, face*, fancy*, feel

like, finish, give up, imagine*, involve*, justify*, keep

(on), leave off, mention*, mind*, miss*, postpone,

practise, prevent*, put off, put sb off, recall*,

recommend, resent*, resist*, risk*, save, suggest,

tolerate*, understand*

Afford, agree, aim, appear, arrange,

beg*, campaign, care, choose*, consen

demand, deserve, expect*, fail, fi

guarantee, happen, help*, hesitate, h

long, manage, need*, neglect, offer,

prepare, pretend, promise, propose,

seem, swear, tend, threaten, trouble*,

vow, wait, want*, wish*, ye


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The verbs: ADVISE, FOLLOW, FORBID and PERMIT are followed by an ing f

they have NO OBJECT, but an infinitive when thjey have an OBJECT: The doctor advised taking a course of antibiotics.

The doctor advised him taking a course of antibiotics

The doctor advised him to take a course of antibiotics

Certain verbs (particularly sense verbs) are only followed by the ing whenhave an object: They discovered him doing sth.

Some verbs are followed by the infinitive only when they have an object: Tforced us to open it

V + O + to-inf:advise, allow, cause, command, compel, encourage, forbid, force, get, instruct,

oblige, order, permit, persuade, recommend, remind, request, teach, tell, tempt, urge

V + O + ing: catch, discover, feel, find, hear, leave, notice, observe, see, spot, w

unit 1 second part.pptx

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