unit 1: rise of modern america: industrialism and urbanization 1865-1910
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Unit 1: Rise of Modern America: Industrialism and Urbanization 1865-1910. Second Industrial Revolution The Rise of Big Business Labor Strives to Organize The Transformation of American Society The Urban World Daily Life in the Cities. The Rise of Modern America. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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SEC ON D I NDU STRI AL REVOLUT I ONTH E RI SE OF B I G B USI NESS
LAB O R STRI V ES T O OR GANI ZETH E TRA NSFO RM ATI ON OF AM ERI C AN SOC I ETY
TH E UR B AN WO RLDDAI LY L I F E I N TH E C I T I ES
Unit 1: Rise of Modern America:Industrialism and Urbanization
1865-1910
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The Rise of Modern America
The beginning of what America is today: Positive and negatives Technology and science Expansion: Continental US, the World = conflict Industry, Urbanization, Big Business, Immigration
New ways of owning, buying, selling, working New roles in society:
Class, race, gender, nationality New roles of government and politics New American culture and society
CREATES POLARIZATION AND CHANGES WHO WE ARE, WHAT WE DO, HOW WE THINK
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Basic Ideas of Capitalism
Adam Smith: The Wealth of Nations (1776)All economic activity based on NATURAL LAWS
Limited resources =/= Unlimited demands Concept and reality of “supply and demand”
Increase supply and lower demand = prices fall Decrease supply and higher demand = prices rise
The government, according to capitalists, SHOULD NOT do anything to interfere with these natural laws: The government should NOT get involved “Laissez-faire” = “Just let it go” Unregulated
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Basic Foundations of Capitalism
1) Free market system= No government involvement
2) All based on supply and demand3) All based on earning profits4) Competition in the market place
(Social Darwinism=survival of the fittest)5) All of society (the consumer) benefits6) Cycles of “boom” and “bust”7) Big business = big corporations
A) Producing and selling B) Buying and selling
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Industries ExpandTechnology = Science and industry
Communication Transportation CHANGES HOW WE
LIVE Power
Leads to MASS PRODUCTION MASS Consumption
1700s-1800s: Steam Engine (Robert Fulton)Late 1800s: Oil (Drake, Lucas, McCoy)Early 1900s: Electricity (Edison)/Steel
(Bessemer)
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Electrical Power and Communication
Telegraph—Samuel Morse (1840s)Transatlantic cable—Cyrus Field (1866)Typewriter—Christopher Sholes (1867)Telephone—Alexander Graham Bell (1876)Lots of Stuff—Thomas Edison Others: Cash register, calculating machines,
sewing machines
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Electrical Power and Transportation
Railroads—cheap steel leads to growthTranscontinental Railroad 1869Compressed air brake—G. WestinghouseStandard gauge tracksTime ZonesCars (1913 30,00 produced; 1915 300,000
produced)Airplanes (Wright Brothers, 1903)
“Spin-Off Effect”
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Industrialists and Capitalism
With the boom in industry, titans of industry rose to the top of the socio-economic pyramid
Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, Cornelius Vanderbilt, etc.
Took advantage of a capitalist society
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What is Capitalism Again?
Economic system in which private business runs most industries, and competition determines how much goods cost and workers are paid
Starbucks!
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Capitalism Continued…
During the Second Industrial Revolution, Capitalism created groups of “Haves” and “Have-Nots”
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Rise of Big BusinessConcept of CORPORATION
Stockholders buy shares = investment money Profits put back into companies = growth If a corporation has control over an entire industry
= monopoly (gov. does not interfere) A few businesses will suceed, most will fail Survival of the Fittest (Social Darwinism)
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Two Ways Monopolies Are Formed
1) Vertical Integration: A corporation controls all of the production aspects of a particular industry Carnegie Steel He controlled all the steps needed
to make his final product2) Horizontal Integration: A corporation
controls a particular market Standard OilRockefeller controlled the entire oil
industry
Tactics Used: Pools, Trusts, Mergers, Price Fixing, Bribes and Rebates
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Titans of Industry
Cornelius Vanderbilt—RRLeland Stanford—RRAndrew Carnegie—US SteelJohn D. Rockefeller—Standard
Oil
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Two Interpretations of These Kinds of Businessmen
Positives“Captains of Industry”Built big businessesUS #1 in manufacturing by 1892Huge fortunesAmerican DreamHoratio
AlgerPhilanthropistsGospel of WealthTrue CapitalistsHuge profitsBest of the
what they did
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Two Interpretations of These Kinds of Businessmen
Negatives“Robber Barons”Unfair competitionRuthlessnessSelfish, greedyActually went against capitalismdestroyed
competition 1900: 2% of US companies made 50% of all the
products made in the US
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Carnegie’s Home, Libraries, Workers
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Carnegie’s Home, Libraries, Workers
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Carnegie’s Home, Libraries, Workers
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Government Gets Involved
Takes steps to control and regulate these big businesses Anti-Laissez Faire
1887: Interstate Commerce Act1890: Sherman Anti-Trust Act1913: 16th Amendment (Income Tax)
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Recap
Who would support capitalism?Why?Who would oppose capitalism?Why?
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Labor Strives to Organize
Worker’s Problems Low wages and long hours Women and children working too long and hard Machines displaced workers Workers had to work at the pace of the machines Unsafe, unsanitary working conditions Capitalism is unfair in many ways
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Knights of Labor (1869)
Uriah Stephens, Terence Powderly, Mary Harris Jones
All workers included—skilled and unskilled
Pushed for 8 hour day, end to child labor
700,000 members by 1886, several strikes
Decline after 1886—Haymarket Square Riot
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American Federation of Labor
Samuel GompersOnly skilled workers
(harder to replace in a strike)
Organized into separate craft or trade unions
Not very political—pushed for basic economic benefits
Overall concept of collective bargaining/closed shop v. open shop
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Labor Strives to Organize
Worker’s Tools: Unionize Strike Collective Bargaining Boycott Violence
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Homestead Strike
Workers at Carnegie Steel went on strike to protest a wage cut
Managers instituted a lockout
Violence ensued-16 deaths
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Labor Strives to Organize
Employer’s Tools: Fire employees Blacklist Hire Scabs Lockout Violence Injunction
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Different Economic Systems
Free Market (Capitalism) Government makes ZERO decisions
Mixed Economic (Socialism) Combination of Free Market and Command
Command (Communism) Government makes all the economic decisions
Production Pricing Distribution
No concern with Supply and Demand Too unfair, too unequal
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Different Economic Systems, cont’d…
Free Market (Capitalism)—Profits are key So…Mass production and mass consumption
1870s early 1900s (bulk purchasing = lower prices) Department stores (1860s-1870s)
Marshall Field-Chicago R.H. Macy-NYC
Chain Stores (almost a monopoly) Woolworths A&P Grocery
Mail Order Catalogs Sears and Roebuck
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Transformation of American Society
Immigration: 1880-1915 = Massive change in immigration patterns
Old Immigrants v. New Immigrants
Old Immigrants 1770s-1890s Northern and Western
Europe Mostly Protestant Sought economic
opportunity and religious freedom
New Immigrants 1890s-mid 1900s Southern and Eastern
Europe Jews, Catholics,
Orthodox Came for the same
reasons but had MANY challenges
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Immigration
New Immigrants Differ physically Language barriers Cultural differences Concentrated in big cities
Could these new immigrants be “Americanized?”
Melting PotPros and Cons of diversity?
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Immigration, cont’d…
From 1905 to 1907: 10,000 immigrants per day at Ellis Island
By 1890: 15% of all Americans were foreign born NYC: 80% Chicago: 75% Boston: 65%
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New Immigrants & Difficulties
Resentment Political, economic, cultural, religious reasons
Difficulties: Long expensive journal New unknown life in US = culture shock Loved ones left behind or separated upon arrival Housing issues = ethnic slums (Little Italy) Racism and religious persecution Language issues = job issues General issues: Stay true or fit in?
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New Immigrants& Difficulties, cont’d…
Xenophobia: Fear of foreignersNativism: Disrespect for cultures not yoursImmigrants seen as:
Too different Anarchists Radicals Socialists Communists
Competition for jobsImmigrants paid less Many joined unions=seen as anti-American
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Attempts to Restrict Immigration
1873: Economic depression in US Dennis Kearney set a Workingman’s Party to keep out Chinese
workers1882: Congress passes Chinese Exclusion Act1894: Immigration Restriction League proposes literacy
tests—Congress passes a law1906: Asian children in San Francisco removed from
public schools1907: Agreement between US and Japan
Japan agrees not to let any more Japanese emigrate to America (1907: 30,0001909: 3,000)
1913: Alien Land Law in California Since immigrants are not eligible for citizenship, they cannot own land
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Daily Life in the Big Cities
Increased immigration brought about a larger lower class and a smaller upper class
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Culture
The influx of immigrants brought various religious, social, and cultural practices and customs to the United States
Created a “melting pot”
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Social Class Pyramid
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Social Class Pyramid Breakdown
BOTTOM PORTION: New Immigrants Lived in ghettos/tenements
Chinatown, Little Italy, “Jewtown” Factory workers
Little pay, bad hours, bad conditions
Jacob Riis--How the Other Half Lives
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Social Class Pyramid Breakdown
MIDDLE PORTION Old Immigrants (Fluently spoke English) Store owners, doctors, lawyers, teachers, etc. Women
Secretaries Nurses Teachers
MAIN REASON FOR THE EMERGENCE OF THIS CLASS IS COMULSORY EDUCATION LAWS
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Education
Education: 1860s: Compulsory Education Laws = educated people are
necessary for democracy # of public school kids from 7-15 million
Education could also help immigrants assimilate Learn about American culture, history, English 1870: 160 public high schools/500 colleges 1900: 6,000 public high schools/1000 colleges
Since more education = more reading = publishing and advertising 1865: 500 Daily newspapers 1910: 2600 Newspapers
William Randolph Hearst/Joseph Pulitzer (Yellow Journalism)
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Social Class Pyramid Breakdown
TOP PORTION: Old Money Modeled lives after British Victorian Culture Nouveau Riche (Newly Rich) Conspicuous Consumption
Spent money just to show off Social Gospel
Applied Christian principles to social problems Social Darwinism
Argues that society progresses through competition, with the fittest rising to positions of wealth
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Daily Life in the Big Cities
More money = more leisure time/entertainment Reading Parks—Central Park in NYC 1857 (Frederick Law Olmsted) Sports—Baseball, football, boxing, basketball Theater—Vaudeville variety shows Music—Jazz, combines cultural diversity
Scott Joplin Jelly Roll Morton Louis Armstrong
Amusement Parks—Roller coaster (1884); Coney Island; Ferris Wheel (1893 in Chicago)
Skyscrapers—Elisha Otis (1853); Louis Sullivan (1890)