UNIT 1 REVIEW

• Introduction to biology

• Scientific methods in biology

• Types of microscopes

• Controlled experiments

• Hypotheses and theories

• Characteristics of life

• Importance of water to life on Earth

• Elements found in living things

EQ: What is and is not science?

Science is METEOR (acronym)

Measurable,

Evidence can be collected,

Testable,

Empirical (can be tested by experimentation) ,

Observable,

Repeatable (tests are repeatable)

Not Science = negative of METEOR • not testable, or test is not repeatable, no evidence, not measurable.

• opinion, personal taste, imagination, supernatural.

EQ: What are the goals of science • understand patterns of nature

• explain events of nature

• predict events of nature

EQ: What are the steps in Scientific Method? (Acronym shows sequence)

Please Order Quickly (HERE) [Hypothesis Experiment Results End]

PROBLEM OBSERVATION QUESTION

HYPOTHESIS: Educated guess…IF…THEN statement

EXPERIMENT: Research or activity to Test Hypothesis • CONTROLLED EXPERIMENT - Only 1 single variable is Changed / Tested

• INDEPENDENT Variable =Treatment - IT (Acronym)

•DEPENDENT Variable = Measurable Response

RESULTS: Reports, Charts, Tables

• QUALITATIVE Data - observable

• QUANTATIVE Data - Numerical/numbers

• INFERENCE - conclusion based on observation

END:

• PEER REVIEW–Scientists’ work is criticized and evaluated by peers of same academic level to ensure results are accurate and can be trusted with no bias

• THEORY ...well tested set of Hypotheses... tested many times.

• LAW… basic principle underlying science concepts and acceptable in all countries

EQ: WHY IS PEER REVIEW IMPORTANT

• IN PEER REVIEW– Scientists’ work is scrutinized and evaluated

by peers of same academic level to ensure results are accurate a

can be trusted and with no bias.

• Peer reviewed journals and articles are more credible, trustworthy ,

more valid , more accurate and believable and has less bias or

prejudice.

EQ: What is the structure of water ?

EQ: Why is H2O covalent ?

Covalent bond= sharing of electrons

EQ: Why is water considered polar? = Unequal sharing

EQ: Which atom in water is positive and which is negative?

(NO = Negative Oxygen)

EQ: What are the main properties of H2O & how do they apply to living organisms?

(i) H Bonding (ii) Capillary Action (iii) Adhesion (iv) Cohesion + Surface Tension

caused by COHESION H2O sticks to sides

ADHESION to straw of containers …like in tall trees

(v) Water has a High (vi) frozen H2O < dense liquidH2O (vii) Solvent

High Heat Capacity expands + floats

EQ: What are the main characteristics of life?

Respiration - energy, metabolism

Excretion - waste

Movement - position

Irritability – stimulus / response

Nutrition - energy

Development + Growth - increase, complex, specialize

Environmental Adaptations -adjust, Homeostasis

Reproduction - offspring …DNA

(REMINDER = Acronym)

EQ: Which are the main

elements found in living organisms?

CHNOPS • Carbon

• Hydrogen

• Nitrogen

• Oxygen

• Phosphorus

• Sulfur

EQ: Why is the Carbon atom so versatile + special?

C can make 4 strong covalent bonds

CARBOHYDRATES - Composed of

sugars - saccharides.

Contain C,H,O = ORGANIC

Function - immediate source of energy

PROTEINS - Composed of amino

acids (which has an amino group

& a carboxyl) group, between

which the Amino Acids are joined

by a peptide bond

Contains C, H, O, N

Function: enzymes, cell structure,

immunity. Muscles, cell transport,

blood hemoglobin

LIPIDS - Composed of fatty

acids + glycerol. Contain C,H,O

Function - parts of membrane,

insulation, stores energy.

NUCLEIC ACIDS -Composed

of nucleotides (each has a sugar,

a phosphate group, & a base)

Function - contains genes &

genetic information, as in DNA

EQ: What are the main macromolecules) of life?

EQ: Why are these macromolecules organic ?

EQ: Compare the compositions and functions of these molecules?

EQ: What is the difference between a monomer and a polymer?

For Example:

• Simple Sugar/Monosaccharide = Monomer

• Complex Sugar = Polysaccharide = Polymer

• Amino Acid = Monomer …. Protein = Polymer

• Nucleotide = Monomer … Nucleic Acids = Polymer

• Fatty Acids + Glycerol = NO Monomer

Monomer = simple , basic unit

Polymer = many basic units – repeated, joined

together to form a complex unit or chain.

EQ: How do enzymes speed up reactions?

Include these following words to explain how enzyme work:

enzyme, protein, catalyst, binds, substrate, enzyme-substrate

complex, reactant, product, shape, active site, original, activation

energy, reaction rate.

S+E SE PE P + E

EQ: What is activation energy (AE) and how does it affect chemical reactions?

Activation Energy (AE)

- is the amount of energy that

triggers a chemical reaction

•Endothermic Reaction

- absorbs Energy + has a Higher AE

•Exothermic Reaction

- gives off energy and has a lower AE

EQ: How do enzymes affect

activation energy & reaction rates?

•Enzymes lower AE and

cause reaction to occur faster.

•Enzymes speed up reactions

EQ: What are the factors affecting enzyme activity? *Temperature, Concentration of substrate, pH

*Each enzyme has a specific temperature and pH range under which it works best or is at its

OPTIMUM. Beyond these ranges the enzyme is DENATURED or its shape is distorted and enzyme

reactions begin to decrease

EQ: How can we recognise an enzyme name? * Enzymes carry names that end in “ASE” or “IN”

Examples: lipase and nuclease, or trypsin and pepsin

Vocabulary- Unit 1 (approx. 50)

Topics:

Science, Scientific Method, Water, Macromolecules, Enzymes

1.1 - Scientific-method , analyze, independent-variable, inference ,

scientific-law, dependent-variable, control-group, data , theory,

hypothesis, observation , science , not-science, bias , opinion, peer-

review, empirical.

1.2 – Water / H2O, aqueous, hydrogen-bond, solute, solution, compound,

molecule, solvent, cohesion, polar, adhesion,

surface-tension, capillary, covalent-bond.

1.3 - Macromolecule, amino-acid, protein, carbohydrate, glucose, sugar,

monosaccharide, polysaccharide, lipid, nucleotide, nucleic-acid, monomer,

polymer, homeostasis, reactants, products, activation energy, enzyme,

catalyst, denatured, optimum.

IMPORTANT PREFIXES • AUTO = self (autotroph)

• AQUA = water (aquatic)

• BIO = life (biotic, biosphere)

• CO = together, share, 2, (covalent, codominant, correlation)

• HYDRO = water (hydrogen)

• EX = out of (exothermic) and EN = in (endothermic)

• INTER = between, among, connected (interrelated, interconnected)

• MACRO = large…MICRO = little (macromolecule, microscope)

• MONO = one (monomer)…POLY = many (polymer)...DI = two

• HOMO = same(homozygous)….HETERO=different(heterozygous)

• HOMEO = same (homeostasis)

• PHOTO = light (photosynthesis)

• CHEMO = chemical (chemosynthesis)

• A, AN, IN, NON = opposite (abiotic, anaerobic, independent)

Learning Objectives - Students will be able to… 1-1: Distinguish between what is science and what is not. (SC.912.N.2.1)

1-2: Differentiate between the types of questions science can and cannot address.

(SC.912.N.2.2)

1-3: Formulate testable questions and hypotheses. (SC.912.N.1.1, SC.912.N.2.2)

1-4: Evaluate the reliability of sources of scientific information. (SC.912.N.1.4)

1-5: Explain the role of controlled experiments in a scientific explanation. (SC.912.N.1.1)

1-6: Design a controlled experiment to solve a problem or investigate a question.

(SC.912.N.1.1)

1-7: Make systematic observations and record data. (SC.912.N.1.1)

1-8: Demonstrate the proper use and care of a microscope. (SC.912.N.1.1)

1-9: Compare types of scientific investigations. (SC.912.N.1.1)

1-10: Explain why a water molecule is polar and able to form hydrogen bonds.

(SC.912.L.18.12)

1-11: Describe how hydrogen bonding affects the behavior of water molecules.

(SC.912.L.18.12)

1-12: Evaluate the biological significance of the cohesiveness of water. (SC.912.L.18.12)

1-13: Describe the role of water as a solvent in organisms and the

environment.(SC.912.L.18.12)

1-14: Analyze how the expansion of water upon freezing affects living systems.

(SC.912.L.18.12)

1-15: Evaluate the biological significance of water’s ability to moderate its temperature.

(SC.912.L.18.12)

Learning Objectives - Students will be able to… (cont.) 1-16: Organize, represent, and analyze data. (SC.912.N.1.1)

1-17: Formulate and justify conclusions using evidence from data.

(SC.912.N.1.1, SC.912.N.1.6)

1-18: List the major elements found in living things. (SC.912.L.18.1)

1-19: Relate the properties of carbon to the structure of its atom. (SC.912.L.18.1)

1-20: Name the four classes of organic molecules found in living things. (SC.912.L.18.1)

1-21: Evaluate experimental design, identify sources of error, and suggest

improvements.(SC.912.N.1.1)

1-22: Explain the importance of the communication of scientists’ procedures and

results.(SC.912.N.1.3)

1-23: Describe the process of validating scientists’ work. (SC.912.N.1.3)

1-24: Describe how a scientific theory develops. (SC.912.N.3.1, SC.912.N.3.2)

1-25: Describe the basic molecular structure of proteins. (SC.912.L.18.1)

1-26: Describe how an enzyme’s shape is important to its function.

(SC.912.L.18.1, SC.912.L.18.11)

1-27: Identify the relationship between activation energy and chemical reactions.

(SC.912.L.18.11)

1-28: Explain the role of enzymes as catalysts in biochemical reactions. (SC.912.L.18.11)

1-29: Investigate and identify the effects of various factors (e.g., pH, temperature) on

enzyme activity. (SC.912.L.18.11, SC.912.N.1.1)

EOC PRACTICE UNIT 1 p 1

1. Water is essential for life. Its properties make H2O the single most important molecule in plant life.

Which of the following properties of H2O enables it to move from the roots to the leaves of plants? P

40-41

A. Water expands as it freezes. B Water is an excellent solvent.

C. Water exhibits cohesive behavior. D. Water is able to moderate temperature.

2. Large bodies of water, such as lakes and oceans, do not quickly fluctuate in temperature. Pp40-41

What is the reason for this phenomenon?

A. Water is an acid. B. Water is a versatile solvent.

C. Water has a high heat capacity. D. Water acts as a buffer.

3. Why does ice stay at the top of oceans instead of sinking to the bottom? Pp40-41

A. Ice is colder than liquid water. B. Ice is less dense than liquid water.

C. Ice is more dense than liquid water. D. Ice is warmer than liquid water.

4. Water is often called the "universal solvent" because many substances can be dissolved in water.

What property of water allows it to be such a versatile solvent? p42

A. purity B. polarity and cohesion C. high heat capacity D. expansion upon freezing

5. Water is covalent because the electrons are shared but it is considered polar because: pp40

A. Electrons are share equally by hydrogen and oxygen atoms

B. Electrons are exchanged between hydrogen and oxygen atoms.

C. Electrons are unequally shared between hydrogen and oxygen

D. The electrons form a hydrogen bonds

EOC PRACTICE UNIT 1 pp 2 6. Water molecules are polar, with the pp41

A. oxygen side being slightly positive and the hydrogen side being slightly negative.

B. oxygen and hydrogen sides being slightly positive.

C. oxygen and hydrogen sides being slightly negative.

D. oxygen side being slightly negative and the hydrogen side being slightly positive.

7. Which characteristic of H2O allows insects, like the water strider, to walk on the surface of water?

A. pH B. solubility C. Cohesion D. Heat capacity

8. Why is carbon so special compared to other elements? p 45

A. carbon atoms can bond to one another and form a lot of different structures

B. carbon atoms have four valence electrons and can form quadruple bonds

C. only carbon atoms can form covalent bonds with oxygen and hydrogen

D. only carbon atoms can be dissolved in water solutions and suspensions

9. What are the building blocks of proteins? p 48

A. amino acids B. simple sugar C. fatty acids D. nucleotides

10. What will most likely happen if an appropriate enzyme is added to a chemical reaction? Pp50-52

A. The reaction rate will increase. B. The equilibrium of the reaction will be maintained.

C. The reaction rate will decrease. D. The reaction will stop

11.Which of the following is NOT a goal of science? p 5

A. to investigate and understand the natural world

B. to explain events in the natural world

C. to establish a collection of unchanging truths

D. to use derived explanations to make useful predictions

12. Suppose that a scientist proposes a hypothesis about how a newly discovered virus affects humans. Other virus researchers would likely p 7 A. reject the hypothesis right away. B. change the hypothesis to fit their own findings. C. design new experiments to test the proposed hypothesis. D. assume that the hypothesis is true for all viruses. 13. During a controlled experiment, a scientist isolates and tests pp 7 A. a conclusion B. a mass of information C. a control group D. a single variable 14. A scientific hypothesis p 7 A. can be based on personal beliefs or opinions B. can be tested by experiments or observations C. does not have to be tested to be accepted as correct D. is a proven fact with much evidence to support it 15. Based on your observations, you suggest that the presence of H2Ocould accelerate the growth of

bread mold. This is A. a conclusion B. a hypothesis C. an experiment D. an analysis

16. The molecules associated with energy in the cell are mainly :

A. carbohydrates + proteins B. fats and proteins

C. proteins and nucleic acids D. carbohydrates + nucleic acids

17. RNA and DNA are which type of organic compound? pp48

A. carbohydrate B. lipid C. nucleic acid D. protein

EOC PRACTICE UNIT 1 pp 4

EOC PRACTICE UNIT 1 pp 5

18. A sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base form the building blocks of which organic

compound? pp48

A. carbohydrates B. lipids C. nucleic acids D. proteins

19. Why do most enzymes not function properly after being exposed to high temperatures? pp50-52

A. They have been converted to tripeptides.

B. Their water content has been reduced.

C. Their bonding structure has been changed.

D. They have combined with another enzyme

20. Information gathered from observing a plant grow 3 cm over a two-week period is called pp8

A. inferences B. variables C. hypotheses D. data

21. The work of scientists usually begins with pp 9

A. testing a hypothesis B. careful observations C. creating experiments D. drawing

conclusions

22. A hypothesis is pp7

A. a prediction that something is uncertain

B. a testable proposition that explains a phenomenon or answers a question

C. a proven scientific fact

D. a design of an experiment that can be used for the process of science

23. The process by which several scientists review another researcher’s work prior to publication to

quality and accuracy is called pp 12

A. hypothesis B. data C. peer review D. critical analysis

EOC PRACTICE UNIT 1 pp 6

24. A controlled experiment allows a scientist to test pp 7

A. a conclusion B. a mass of information C. several variables D. one variable

25. You suggest that the presence of water could speed up the growth of mold on bread. This is a (an)

A. conclusion B. hypothesis C. experiment D. analysis

26. Which of the following steps to solve a problem must be completed first?

A. analyzing data C. forming a hypothesis

B. recognizing + identifying the problem D. testing a hypothesis

27. Which skill are you using when you use your five senses to gather information?

A. posing questions B. Observing C. developing hypotheses D. designing experiments

28. In a controlled experiment, a scientist is studying how long it takes parachutes of different sizes to fall to the ground. What is the manipulated variable? pp7

A. the size of the parachute dropped

B. the height from which the parachute is

C. the size of the object carried by the parachute

D. the time it takes for the parachute to drop

29. Which sentence best describes a scientific theory? pp13

A. It can never change.

B. It can change every time it is tested.

C. It can be proven conclusively.

D. It is well-tested and explains a wide range of observations.

EOC PRACTICE UNIT 1 pp 7

30. What is a well-tested concept that explains a wide range of observations? pp13

A. scientific observation B. scientific inquiry C. scientific theory D. scientific inference

31. Scientific theories can be changed or replaced when pp13

A. new technology is invented C. scientists decide to work on different problems

B. new discovery is made D. scientists make models of events ore objects

32. Peer reviewing a researcher’s scientific findings ensures pp12

A. that the work will be funded

B. that the findings are free from biases, unfair influences, fraud and mistakes

C. that the findings are written in proper grammar

D. that all the findings will be published.

33. Scientific skepticism means that pp10

A. evidence must be based on the logic and mutual agreement of expert scientists

B. scientists are skeptical about what they cannot see themselves

C. scientists evaluate ideas on the basis of personal logic, authority, and investigation

D. scientists evaluate ideas on the basis of personal logic, authority, and investigation

34. Before accepting the claims of a scientist, it is worthwhile to pp12

A. evaluate the credentials of the individual

B. examine the researcher's source of funding

C. examine the reputation of the institution represented by the person

D. all of the above

EOC PRACTICE UNIT 1 pp 8

35. When looking for scientific information the best option is to read / search pp 12

A. newspaper articles B. text books

C. peer-reviewed scientific journals D. ask a friend about the topic

36. Which sentence best states the importance of using control groups? Pp 7

A. Control groups provide a method by which statistical variability can be reduced.

B. Control groups eliminate the need for statistical tests and simplify calculations.

C. Control groups eliminate the need for large sample sizes, reducing the number of measurements needed.

D. Control groups allow comparison between subjects receiving a treatment and those receiving no treatment.

37. The basic monomer in nucleic acids are

A. sugars B. nucleotides C. amino acids D. fatty acids

38. Nucleotides are composed of

A. base + amino acid + nitrogen

B. base + sugar + phosphate group

C. sugar + fatty acid + phosphate group 39. Some adult insects are unable to swim but are able to walk on top of water. What characteristic of

water enables these insects to walk on top of water? pp 40-41 A. pH B. solvent properties C. atomic bonds D. surface tension

EOC PRACTICE UNIT 1 pp 9

40. Which term refers to water’s attraction to other substances that have full or partial electrical

charges?

A. polarity B. adhesion C. cohesion D. solvent

41. A general definition for “cohesion” is the attraction of: pp 40-41

A. particles of the same substance

B. particles of neither the same nor different substances

C. particles of both the same and different substances

D. particles of different substances

42. The pH of distilled water is: pp43

A. 0 B. 1 C. 5 D. 7

43. Which property of water allows it to travel in a column against the force of gravity in tall trees ?

Pp 40-41

A. polarity B. H+ bonding C. cohesion D. solvent

44. Which property of water allows a curved surface or meniscus to be formed in a graduated

cylinder? P 40-41

A. polarity B. adhesion C. cohesion D. solvent

45. Which of the following statements about water is false? Pp 40-41

A. water molecules are polar B. it takes very little heat to change the temperature of

water

C. all living organisms contain water D. none; all these statements are true