unit 1: recognizing computers lesson 1: computers all around us computing fundamentals using windows...

Unit 1: Recognizing Computers

Lesson 1:

Computers All Around Us

Computing FundamentalsUsing Windows XP – IC³ Module A

© CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 2

Lesson 1: Computers All Around Us

Supercomputer Mainframe Minicomputer Personal Computer Notebook or Laptop Personal Digital Assistant Pocket PC Cellular Phones Other Electronic Computing Devices


How Computers Can Be Used

Personal computers (PC) very powerful tools

– Can perform calculations very quickly

– Can complete many complex tasks simultaneously

– Called a microcomputer Computers keep getting smaller but large

computers still used Power and speed main characteristics that

differentiate various types of computers


Large Systems

Supercomputer considered fastest type of computer – Very expensive due to amount

of information processed

– Generally specializedsoftware programsinstalled and used forscientific and engineering

– Power goes into runningand performing calculations


Large Systems Mainframe computers fill an entire room Can simultaneously handle hundreds of programs and

users without sacrificing performance Processes large volumes of data at incredible speeds Commonly found in government agencies or large

organizations Sometimes called centralized systems

Cray X1 Supercomputer


Large Systems

Minicomputers fill part of a room Process data at slower rate and

smaller volumes Noticeable reduction in speed

with more users Commonly found in medium-

sized manufacturing companies and legal or accounting firms


Personal Computers Microcomputers sit on, beside or under a desk, process

data quickly, and designed for one user Generally two types of microcomputers: PC or Apple Which computer to use depends on what’s required, or

personal preference Most companies use PCs for variety of software programs Apple machines traditionally used in specialized industries

such as graphics design or publishing Newer software have few differences between computers

ApplePC


Notebooks or Laptop Computers

Portable microcomputers that are similar to desktop models in speed, performance and usage

Not always popular due to weight and design elements Newer models are smaller and lighter and are now the size

of a paper notebook Accessories, purchased separately, can enhance enjoyment

and experience of using notebook Cost now relatively low compared to when first introduced

PC Apple


Tablets Similar to notebook but screen can swivel or fold over Can write or select items using special pen for tablet Touch screen capability allows data entry using finger, pen

or stylo device, or built-in keyboard Used in hospitals, home inspectors, engineers or sales

people Can also be used for electronic/interactive books


Personal Digital Assistants Small palm-sized computers Software installed with features for organizing information Pocket PC has microprocessor chip and software to create

documents as well as organizer program for PDAs Can include digital camera, video/audio, or Internet options

Monochrome PDA Color PDAs Pocket PC with Digital Camera


Personal Digital Assistants Newer cellular phones can include

– access to Internet– software to create documents– listen to music– take pictures or video– send text messages or e-mail

Cost varies with the number of features and capabilities


Workstations

Essentially any computer with no local drive for storage

All information comes from central network Usually requires a lot of power for processing files Generally operating system will be Unix or

Windows NT Can be connected to network

– For multiple users who share same software or data files

– Could be used solely by one person


Other Types of Computers Can be found in:

– Automobiles have computers in engine to help diagnose problems

– Automated Teller Machines use specialized software to interact with bank’s database network

– Manufacturing uses computerized robotic technology and systems to control or run production equipment

– Health industry use computerized equipment or customized software to help analyze information

Computer very large advanced calculator that performs tasks

– Based on hexadecimal computations of 1 or 0

Need network to communicate with others or share information


Lesson 2: Looking at Networks

What a network is Different types of networks Features and benefits of networks How computers connect and interact with

a network


What is a Network?

System that allows two or more computers to communicate and share resources

Sometimes called centralized systems as all data flows to and from these computers

Storage system is generally quite large, designed to store software programs and data files

Can be a combination of PCs, Apple machines, dumb or smart terminals, Unix, or Linux systems

Connected via cables or wireless connection type


Types of Networks

LAN Local Area Network - computers connected in confined area

WAN Wide Area Network - computers connected over long distances

MAN Metropolitan Area Network - computers connected in metropolitan area

CAN Campus Area Network - computers connected in limited area

HAN Home Area Network - computers connected in a home environment


Types of Networks Each computer requires:

– Network interface card (NIC)

– Appropriate cables to connect to network server

Server dedicated to handle requests for information

Information used to be stored on mainframe and nothing at user’s location

Client/Server networks have PCs that function on own and connect to network for information


Features and Benefits Larger storage capacity for company data Lower costs to upgrade network Shared resources Organize data more effective for access by all users Maintain updates on programs from one location Administer and manage secure access using network

software Consistent configurations for new users Back up (or restore) company data Different profiles for users sharing workstations Secure remote access by users away from office


Connecting to a Network Network interface card (NIC):

– Must be installed

– Set up correctly regardlessof connection type

– Wireless connection also needsrouter

Once NIC installed, computer must then be set up to recognize network

– Network connection software of some type needed


Interacting with Networks Logging into network requires valid user id and password Computer might run script to tell network what access

rights you have

– Which drives/volumes, printers, modems, folders, etc.

– Number of files, programs, or drives available If using program or accessing file stored on network,

sending request to network for that item Speed to access items depends on:

– speed of network connection

– server microprocessor speed

– microprocessor speed on your system

– number of other requests being made on network


Lesson 3:Elements of a Personal Computer

What makes up a personal computer What a system unit is What makes up a system unit The motherboard The microprocessor chip The power supply Expansion slots


An Overview Four elements make up personal computer system

– User, software, hardware and electricity Central element is user who needs to perform task Software selected requires certain hardware components Equipment called HARDware as can physically touch

components Programs called SOFTware as only function while

computer on

– Coded set of instructions computer uses through series of on/off signals to perform task

On/off signals begin when you first turn on computer which requires electricity


An Overview Four major hardware component parts:

– Central Processing Unit (CPU)

– Random Access Memory (RAM)

– Input/Output (I/O) Devices

– Storage Devices Can also be referenced as:

– Internal device installed inside system unit

– External device plugged into connection outside computer

Decision to use internal versus external device depends on your requirements


Looking at the System Unit

Most important and expensive part of computer system

Can be Desktop or Tower box

Many separate devices inside box for specialized functions

– If devices fails, usually can be replaced

Tower Box

Desktop Box


The Motherboard

Largest electronic circuit board in computer called motherboard

– Foundation of computer and consists of CPU, RAM, and ROM BIOS

– Lies on bottom of box or side of tower Contains number of items that make

computer work or to expand capability


Looking at the System Unit

CPU Slot/Microprocessor

RAM Slots AGP Slot

Input/Output Slots

Expansion/PCI Slots


Looking at the System UnitExpansion Expands computer by adding items such as

graphics card, etc.

PCI Peripheral Component Interconnect; add new components or cards such as modem or sound card.

AGP Accelerated Graphics Port; handles 3-D graphics.

CPU Central Processing Unit; contains microprocessor chip.

RAM Random Access Memory; designed for these memory chips.

System Clock Determines time and date as set in BIOS; runs on battery.

Input/Output Connects various input/output devices such as mouse or keyboard.


The Microprocessor Chip

Often called “brain” of computer Located on motherboard Receives and executes instructions from

software programs activated by user Processes information and instructions at

speeds

– Measured in Megahertz (MHz) or Gigahertz (GHz)


The Microprocessor ChipProcessor (CPU) MHz or GHz

8088 (XT) 4 to 10 MHz

80286 (286 or AT) 8 to 16 MHz

80386SX/DX (386SX/DX) 16 to 33 MHz

80486 (486) 25 to 100 MHz

Pentium 60 to 200 MHz

6x86 120 to 166 MHz

Pentium (MMX) 166 to 200 MHz

Pentium PRO 150 to 200 MHz

Pentium II 200 to 400 MHz

Pentium III 500 MHz to 1.2 GHz

Pentium 4 or Pentium M 1.4 to 3.2+ GHz

Pentium 5 5 GHz to 7 GHz


The Power Supply

Every system box has one Converts AC (alternating current) from wall

outlet to DC (direct current) format needed by computer

Needs between 5v and 12v

– 5v for circuit boards

– 12v for harddrives and CD-ROMs

– Newer computer systemsgenerally use lower voltages


Expansion Slots

Openings at back or front of system unit

– May be on sides for notebook Expand components in system box

– Circuit board containing new device can be added onto motherboard

– Could be more memory chips, sound cards, video adapter cards or internal modems

To install, match bottom or side of card and match to same type of slot


Expansion Slots

Memory Chips

Video Card

Sound Card

Expansion SlotsModem Card


Lesson 4: Understanding Memory

What is memory How memory is measured ROM memory RAM memory Cache memory


Looking at Memory Computer needs memory installed to store information Measured in bytes Computers developed using a numbering system of 1s and 0s

– Represent charged or uncharged nature of electricity

– Known as binary system

– These two digits make a bit and eight bits make one byte

1 Kilobyte = 1,024 Bytes or 1 Thousand Bytes1 Megabyte = 1,000,000,000 Bytes or 1 Million Bytes1 Gigabyte = 1,000,000,000,000 Bytes or 1 Billion Bytes1 Terabyte = 1,000,000,000,000,000 Bytes or 1 Trillion Bytes

All data made up of bytes in combinations calculated by computer

– Every file used in software program has specific file size

– Data file size increases or decreases based on contents stored


Read Only Memory (ROM) BIOS

Group of integrated circuits responsible for:

– Starting computer

– Checking RAM

– Loading operating system Occurs only when computer first turned on or each time

you restart (reboot) computer Reads information entered and processes it during time it

resides in memory

– When information complete, clears itself and waits for next entry

– Does not perform any tasks other than reads information and processes it


Located on motherboard

Holds copy of current softwareprogram and data being used

RAM volatile

– Only works when computer on andinformation “vanishes” when computer off

May be used for system, video/sound cards, orcache

Measured in nano seconds (ns) or one billionth of second

Access time is speed from time request made until completed

Random Access Memory (RAM)


Random Access Memory (RAM)Processor (CPU) MHz / GHz Typical RAM

8088 (XT) 4 to 10 640Kb

80286 (286 or AT) 8 to 16 1 to 2Mb

80386SX/DX (386SX/DX) 16 to 33 1 to 8Mb

80486 (486) 25 to 100 4 to 32Mb

Pentium 60 to 200 8Mb plus

6x86 120 to 166 16Mb plus

Pentium (MMX) 166 to 200 16 to 32Mb

Pentium PRO 150 to 200 32Mb plus

Pentium II 200 to 400 32Mb plus

Pentium III 500 to 1.2 64Mb plus

Pentium 4 1.4 to 2.2 128Mb plus

Pentium 5 5 to 72 56Mb plus


Random Access Memory (RAM)

DIMM – Stands for Dual Inline Memory Modules

SIMM – Stands for Single Inline Memory Module


Cache Memory Stores frequently used instructions or data Two types of memory used:

– DRAM or Dynamic RAM constantly refreshes, using what it needs to perform instructions

– SRAM or Static RAM is specific amount of RAM that never needs to be refreshed

Generally has two levels:

– Level 1 known as primary or internal cache and built right onto processor chip; usually from 8Kb to 64Kb

– Level 2 known as external cache and made up of SRAM chips; larger in size but slower due to SRAM chips

Instruction goes to Level 1, then Level 2, and then to RAM; results in delays at each level

If instruction not found here, searches hard or CD-ROM drive


Lesson 5:Identifying Input/Output Devices

What are input/output devices

Monitor Video cards Keyboard Mouse Microphones

Speakers Scanner Joysticks Digital cameras Digital video

cameras/converters Environmental/

scientific devices


What are Input/Output Devices?

Allows communication between user and computer Three classifications of Input/Output devices:

– Send information to computer

– Display/transmit information from computer

– Communicate between computers Usually connected at back of system box Input device

– Anything used to enter data into computer Output device

– Anything used to display data on or from computer

© CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 42CRT Monitor

Flat Panel Monitor

Looking at the Monitor On/off power switch usually at front, right side, or back Brightness and contrast controls used to sharpen image Comes in variety of sizes, resolution, and types

– The larger the size, the larger the image and more expensive

– Resolution refers to sharpness and clarity

– The newer the style, the more expensive it will be


Using Video Cards

Needed to view screen contents All computers come with standard

video card Can purchase other video cards with

more memory to:

– Handle large amounts of graphics

– 3D graphics

– Display screens faster Can install second video card to view information on two

monitors Type and cost vary significantly

– Rule of thumb: the more options you want, the more it will cost


Using the Keyboard

Input device used to send information to computer Primary tool for inputting alphanumeric data or

instruct computer via series of keystrokes

Windows Key

Escape Key Function Keys

Alt Key

Ctrl Key

Cursor Movement Keys

Numeric Keypad


Using the Keyboard

Variety of keyboards, including issues such as ergonomics

May contain buttons to enhance multimedia experience while using computer

All keyboards share same keys for document processing

Special keyboards can be used for games

Illuminated KeyboardErgonomic Keyboard


Using the Keyboard

Typewriter Keys

Referred to as QWERTY keyboard after top left row of letters

Use to entering text or commands into computer

When entering numerical data, be sure to use key instead of key, and (zero) key versus key

Most keys standard with some special keys available on computer keyboard

Some keys also used in combination with other keys

– Press first key and hold down as you tap second key once

– After second key released, release first key


Using the Keyboard

Executes typed command, performs selected option, marks end of line, or creates blank line.

Deletes one character to left of flashing cursor. May show with left arrow ().

Also on numeric keypad as . Deletes character above or to right of flashing cursor.

Inserts blank spaces between words or sentences.

Cancels current selection, or generates special code for computer; called the Escape key.

Advances cursor to right by specified number of spaces in word processing program, or to next cell in spreadsheet program.


Using the KeyboardSelects uppercase letters for typewriter keys and punctuation symbols on number keys. Can use with other keys to perform function or task.

Locks letter keys to produce only uppercase characters.

Provides secondary meaning or function for almost every other key.

Displays Start menu.

Displays shortcut menu similar to right-clicking on item. Options in menu depend on where mouse pointer was when key pressed.

Provides secondary meaning or function for almost every other key.


Using the Keyboard

Move cursor up, down, left or right. Located between typewriter keys and numeric keypad.

Captures snapshot of information on screen. In DOS, sends to printer; in Windows, sends to Clipboard.

Toggle (start and stop) scrolling display of data on screen.

+ Stop or freeze computer, then continues when any key pressed; sends Break code to computer to unfreeze or unhang computer.


Using the KeyboardFunction Keys Located along top row Labeled through to

– Assigned special meaning or function for each key in application programs

– Primary purpose to provide shortcut for commonly used commands

Cursor and Numeric Keypad Located at far right Can toggle on and off by pressing key in top row of pad

– When on, pad becomes calculator or numeric pad

– When off, pad becomes arrow or cursor movement pad


Using the Mouse Device used to move mouse pointer around screen

– Moving mouse on flat surface causes mouse ball to rotate and initiates movement reflected on screen

– Same principal if using trackball or thumb mouse Usually two buttons to select and activate features

Wheel Button

Mouse Track Ball

Thumb Button


Using the MouseClick Point mouse cursor at item, then press left mouse button

once and release button to select item.

Double-Click Point mouse cursor at item and then click left mouse button twice quickly to initiate programs or open files.

Right-Click Point mouse cursor at item and then click right mouse button to display shortcut menu.

Left Drag Press and hold left mouse button while moving mouse moves items or selects multiple items.

Right Drag Press and hold right mouse button while moving mouse moves or copies items. When button released, shortcut menu appears for further command selection.

Middle Wheel or Button

Customize to perform certain actions, e.g., use wheel to scroll up or down.

Thumb Buttons Customize buttons where thumb rests for specific tasks.


Using the Mouse To move traditional mouse:

– Grasp mouse with palm down, and index finger gently resting on first button

– Slide mouse flat along desk– If run out of space on desk, lift mouse from desk and

place in new position to continue moving To move trackball:

– Rotate ball in direction desired with thumb, resting index finger on first button and the rest of hand on desk

– Will not run out of space on desk but need to get used to rotating ball

To cancel any option:– Click anywhere away from option being selected on

screen with left mouse button


Looking at Other Input/Output DevicesDigitized or Graphics Tablets Designed for graphics design Records information from special pen Provides very good resolution for

drawings Variety of sizes, resolution, software or

custom settings

Microphones Record sounds and converts into

digital format Variety of sizes and shapes Need specialized software for

voice recognition


Looking at Input/Output Devices

Speakers Play sounds saved as digital files Many different forms of sound files

Scanners “Takes picture” of original and then

converts into digital format Can handle pictures as well as text

– Depends on software included with scanner



Joysticks

Designed to use with games

Variety of joysticks

– Depends on type of game

Digital Cameras

Takes pictures automatically as digital files and then transfers directly to computer

– May be able to connect directly to dedicated photo printer or to compact flash reader device for storage

Digital Camera

Compact Flash Reader



Digital Video Cameras or Converters

Converts video into digital files Variety of digital video cameras Can connect directly to

computer, or may need require converter device

Bar Code Readers Reduces amount of data entry

for routine transactions or verification of product

Scans or reads product code Come in variety of styles

Digital Video Camera

Digital Video Converter

Bar Code Reader

Pen Reader


Computer Remote Control


Projector Displays information on screen

only, to projector only, or both Can be purchased to suit

requirements

Remote Controls Allows speaker to use remote

control to access projector or computer

Variety available for someone who can’t use traditional keyboard or mouse

Projector Remote Control


Other input devices include:

– Environmental or scientific measuring specific data– Air quality

– Soil temperature/mixture

– Weather sensors

– Physically disabled or disadvantaged users– Voice recognition (software interprets speech to text characters on

screen)

– Wireless devices activated using head or mouth to operate items

– Screen readers that translate text on screen to Braille characters

– Control devices– Type of remote control that manages or controls tasks

Work similar to any other input/output device connected to PC to collect data for analysis with specialized software programs



Recognizing Ports Connection plugs at back or side

Can be categorized into:

– Parallel ports, e.g., printers

– Serial ports, e.g., mouse

– SCSI (Small Computer SystemInterface) ports, e.g., CD writer

– USB (Universal Serial Bus) ports,e.g., newer devices

– Network or Internet ports, e.g., anothercomputer on network, modem, or Internet


Recognizing Ports

Midi (musical instrument digitized interface) ports

– Similar to parallel or serial but handle musical devices

Infrared ports

– Similar to wireless but recognizes infrared light waves

Connect multiple devices on port using extensioncable, hubs, or “daisy-chaining” devices

If need more USB connections, can connectwith hub

Can purchase cables to convert input or output device to match installed port type


Lesson 6:Working with Storage Systems

What are storage systems Floppy disks drives Hard disk drives CD drives Other storage devices How to identify a disk drive


What Are Storage Systems? Store software programs and permanent record of work

– All information discarded from RAM when you turn off computer’s power

– Must save work permanently to storage device before exiting software program or turning off power

Which storage device used depends on amount of storage needed and data transfer rate

– Hard disk drives used most often due to speed and storage capacities

– When writing to CD, data transfer rate slower but CDs store large amounts of data for quick retrieval

– Tape drives slower at storing and retrieving but store large amounts of data in compact and economical form


Tracks

Sectors

Identifying the Floppy Disk Drive

Horizontal or vertical slot at front of CPU or side of notebook

When disk put into drive, unit clamps disk down at central hole or hub, and spins it at high speed

3.5” disk protected from dust and fingerprints by strong flexible plastic cover

Never remove disk from disk drive when light on Information written to disk surface

on series of invisible concentricrings called tracks

– Double density (DD) diskhas 40 tracks per disk surface

– High-density (HD) disk has 80 tracks per disk surface


Handling Floppy Disks Floppy disk is fragile storage medium

When disk not in disk drive, place in protective box or container and store at room temperature

To use disk:

– Hold disk by label

– Insert into drive with metal cover facingtowards disk drive and hub (spinningdevice) of disk facing back of drive

– Disk should click into drive when insertedproperly and eject button will pop out

– To eject disk from drive, press eject button


Handling Floppy Disks

Things you SHOULD DO: Hold disk only by edge

with label Insert disk with label side

up Store disks in proper box

or container, and keep in dry, cool place

Use write protect tab to prevent accidental writing of new data or deleting data from disk

Things you DON’T DO: Never touch shiny plastic

disk inside protective cover

Don’t place anything heavy, hot, sharp or wet on top of disk

Don’t keep disks near telephones, magnets, or magnetized tools and equipment

Don’t keep disks inside your car on a warm day

Do not put disk anywhere within an inch of monitor


Working with Hard Disk Drives Primary storage for both data and programs

Similar in design to floppy disk,but stores and retrieves moreinformation at faster speeds

Consists of one or more disk media

Spins at speeds of 5400 RPM or more

Usually fixed inside computer and can have several read/write heads per surface

Range in capacity from 100Mb to 1Tb+

Drives in servers very large for storage needs


Working with CD Drives Another form of data storage with average storage

capacity around 650Mb Information read-only as surface can only be burned once CD recordable drives can burn and read CDs The higher the speed, the faster information is

read and transferred to computer To insert CD, push eject button to open drive

tray, place CD on tray, push tray back in orpress eject button to retract CD tray

When handling CDs, hold by edge or with finger in middle hole for support and rest of hand holding edge

New computers have at least one CD, CD-RW, or DVD drive


CD Writers Commonly referred to as burner

Looks and acts like regular CD-ROMdrive, but can record informationonto blank CD

Two types of technology for writing to CD:

– CD-R: write once only to blank CD, but CDcan be read multiple times

– CD-RW: read and write multiple times to CD

Cost of blank CDs relatively low with CD-R disks being much lower in cost than CD-RW

Software comes with burner and must be installed on computer before you can burn data onto blank CD


DVD Drives CD drive that reads digital versatile/video disc formatted CDs Stores information from 4.7Gb to 17+Gb with rapid access speeds DVD-ROM

– Reads data only and can be used in DVD players to play video DVD-R

– Record onto blank DVD once and can be read multiple times; can be read in DVD player and DVD drive

DVD-RW

– Record multiple times onto blank DVD and read multiple times; can be read in DVD player as well as DVD drive

DVD-RAM

– Similar to DVD-RW but can only be used on devices with this specific format

Cost of DVD-R discs are currently lower than DVD-RW discs


Using Other Types of Storage Devices

SuperDisk Drives Stores up to 120Mb of data onto disk Able to read traditional 3½” 1.44Mb floppy disk

and relatively inexpensive

Tape Drives Uses cartridge with magnetic tape to store data Generally for backup of large amounts of data Number of different formats available, with

tape sizes ranging from 250Mb to over 80Gb Newer drives use Digital Audio Tape (DAT)

format

– Smaller and faster than traditional tape drives

– Can take large size tapes and transfer data at speeds that exceed 7.2Gb per hour


Using Other Types of Storage Devices

Zip Drives Looks very similar to floppy drive except disk used can

hold between 100Mb and 250Mb of data Popular method of storing large amounts

of data with relatively inexpensive cost Disadvantage is that newer systems not

compatible with original 100Mb devices

Jaz Drives Similar to zip drive and can store up to 2Gb Very fast transfer rate (5.5Mb per second) Cost still relatively expensive compared

to other removable storage devices


Using Other Types of Storage DevicesFlash or Memory Cards Used to increase number of pictures or video taken The larger the storage size, the higher the price Can be inserted or plugged into digital device for user to

save to another device Very popular for sharing any types of files between

computers

Flash Card Memory Card

Flash Reader/Memory Key


Virtual Storage Systems Generally provided by Internet Service Providers (ISP) to save

information on virtual/web/Internet storage system

Need secure ID and password to access information

Advantage of having files available from any location with access to Internet

Cost varies, depending on requirements

– Most ISPs offer standard size but can buy more

– Many companies sell storage services which may be more cost effective for large amounts of data

Very useful for off-site backup storage of data, or as “central system” for people around world to share information

Downside is speed of Internet connection which can enhance or hinder flow of information


Identifying Disk Drives Computers generally have one floppy disk drive, at least

one hard disk drive, and one CD drive

Each drive assigned letter and shown as Drive [D]: or [D]:

General rule of thumb for identifying drives:

Floppy Drives A or B

Hard Drives C or higher for each hard drive installed

CD/DVD Drives D or higher for each drive installed

Network Drives F or higher for each network drive

Can add or remove drives as required

Can have drives of different sizes

Limited only by computer specifications


Lesson 7: Looking at Printers

What are printers Dot matrix printers Ink jet printers Bubble jet printers Laser printers Miscellaneous types of printers


Using Printers

Considered output devices as they display what was on screen when you activate print command

All applications allow you to print file, and offer different options for printing file

– Options vary depending on printer installed

Different types of printers available

– Which one you choose or use depends on needs, and cost considerations


Dot Matrix Printer Consists of print head constructed with matrix of 9 or 24

pins that “hammer” onto ink ribbon to print text and graphics

– The more pins, the better quality of output

– Models with 9 pins called Near Letter Quality (NLQ)

– Models with 24 pins called Letter Quality (LQ)

Average printer prints 192 characters per second (cps); high-speed models print up to 550cps

Useful for printing multi-part documents

Advantage of tractor feed for continuous, fan-folded computer paper

Very affordable to buy and maintain

– Cost of consumables less than other printers

Print quality acceptable for text but only supports low-resolution graphics


Ink Jet Printer Developed after laser printer and considered

“laser comparable” as print quality very close Uses tiny nozzles in the print head to inject ink

directly onto paper and dries instantly Average ink jet printer has about 64 nozzles

and can print resolutions from 300-1200 dpi Print speeds measured in terms of pages per minute (ppm) or

characters per second (cps) Costs less than laser printer and produces high-

resolution text and graphics Disadvantage is cost of consumables Research how many pages ink cartridges produce

on average, and at what price Most ink jet printers use ordinary cut sheet plain paper

– May need heavier bond or special paper


Bubble Jet Printer Difference between ink jet and bubble jet is

how the print head propels ink Printing mechanism fires droplets of ink

onto paper through nozzles in print head

– Ink pushed out of nozzles by expanding bubbles Average of 64 nozzles and capable of producing

300 to 1200 dpi resolution Cost less than laser printers and produce

high-resolution text and graphics output Research cost and output of bubble jet

printer ink cartridges Plain paper can be used in most models, although special

paper made be needed for higher resolution output


Laser Printer Uses same laser beam electrostatic printing

method as photocopier

– Laser light “writes” document images onto photosensitive drum

Produces high quality print on all kinds of media

Capable of printing from 300-1200 dpi

Cost of laser toner cartridge higher, but actual cost per page lower

Maintenance also tends to be quite low

Do cost analysis for large amount of copies

– Print on color laser versus sending to printer

Productivity can increase significantly by increasing amount of RAM memory in printer


Miscellaneous Types of Printers

Combination of general office devices in printer

“Printer All-in-One” model type of printer can be very cost effective for small business

– Purchase one device instead of two or three devices for common tasks

Size of machine varies on features printer comes with

Check specifications for device

– Does it have all features you want or need now and in future


Miscellaneous Types of Printers

Plotters Print images onto very large pieces of

paper Many plotters manufacturers replaced

technology with color lasers

Photo Printers Connect directly with digital camera to

print directly to photo paper Can get exceptional quality as designed to

handle photographic images Variety of sizes and features


Replenishing Printer Supplies Include in printer choice is cost and disposal of printer

supplies

Recycle paper as with mailings or general correspondence

Throwing away printer cartridges can damage environment

Consider recycling printer cartridges by:

– Refilling them

– Taking to supplier who disposes cartridges in a safe manner

Number of organizations also pay for specific types of cartridges or give discounts on new or refilled cartridges for each one you recycle

Can donate used printer cartridges to charity for recycling


Lesson 8:Basic Troubleshooting Techniques

How to increase the computer’s performance

What to look for when installing hardware What to do if the hardware does not work General maintenance considerations for

the computer How to dispose of older or non-working

components


Increasing the Computer’s Performance If system seems to respond slower or not at all, could be result of:

– System resources are low, especially in RAM memory

– Too much network traffic

– Not enough space on your hard drive for operating system

– File size is large and will not open or close

– Program has failed for whatever reason

– Conflict in system device files

– Operating system, software program, or data file may be corrupt

– Device you want to access has loose connection or not plugged in

– Modem connection too slow or not big enough to handle transfer of information

– Virus on your system now active

– System full or has excessive number of temporary files on it


Increasing the Computer’s Performance How can you increase overall performance?

– Change microprocessor chip

– Increase amount of RAM memory chips for system

– Change video card and amount of RAM for video card

– Change network type and connections

– Increase size of hard drive for storage

– Clean hard drive of any older files no longer used or needed

– Change modem connection type

– Write down error messages and work with technical support to determine what problem might be or where it may originate

– Run antivirus check on your system

– Make sure all components plugged in, active, online, or exist


Working with Hardware Follow logical path to try and isolate problem and how to

resolve:

– Hardware securely plugged in

– Check cable or cord in good condition

– Turn computer off and restart it

– Never force connection between device and port

– Any files deleted recently

– Have you upgraded or installed new software recently

– If mouse or keys sticking, turn computer off and clean cloth

– Can purchase kits toclean keyboard, mouseor CD drives


Working with Hardware If problem is with printing:

– Check if printer on, paper jam, or printer doors/trays open

– Consider quality of printer cartridges if printing smudged or smeared

– Check connection from printer to computer, or network cable connection from printer

– Try turning printer off and on to reset connection

Possible problems with disk drive:

– If cannot access file from floppy disk, floppy disk drive might need to be cleaned or be damaged

– If problems accessing data from hard drive, could be indicator of more serious problem

– If maintenance tools run and error messages still indicate failure to access file, call technical support


Working with Hardware When installing new hardware and device does not work, check:

– Is device connected securely in its port?

– Is device connected to appropriate port?

– During installation, did you see any error messages?

Always read instructions completely before starting installation

Windows generally detects new device plugged in and uses Plug and Play technology to install

If computer in office, technical support person likely completes installation

If no technical support, try vendor who sold device

If computer still under warranty, call technical/customer support at computer vendor

Next option would be to call local computer repair service


Taking Care of the Computer Some general guidelines:

– What kind of power source do you have?

– Where is computer set up?

– Is heat source or magnetic items near computer?

– Are you eating or drinking around keyboard?

– Was everything turned off before moving computer or connecting new device?

– If device no longer works, always check that it’s connected.

– If weather factor, always turn off computer.

– Should you leave your computer on all day?

– Have you shared your id and password with anyone?

– Have technical person change something on computer.

– What about error messages or activated items not requested?


Replacing or Upgrading Equipment

Computers become obsolete after certain period of time with advancements in technology

General rules to upgrade or buy new include:

– Will Windows recognize new device on existing system?

– How much will it cost to buy and install it?

– How old is the computer? Buy new parts or more cost effective to buy new computer?

– Will you be able to run certain software if you only upgrade existing system?


Disposing of Older or Non-Working Items When you can no longer use item for computer,

try to dispose in environmentally-friendly manner

Number of organizations recycle or dispose equipment in safe manner

– Check telephone book under category of recycling or through Internet search

Donate equipment to non-profit organization who may be able to use it


Lesson 9: Buying a Computer

Hardware considerations Software considerations Price considerations Support or service considerations


Building Your Checklist Consider both hardware and software requirements

– How fast does the system need to be based on tasks to be done?

– How much RAM will the system need to have?

– How big should the hard drive be?

– Should it be a desktop model or notebook?

– Is Internet access needed?

– Would an internal or external modem be better?

– What about a network/modem card?

– What type of network connection do you have?

– Do you need a network card and if so, what type?

– Is the standard monitor size sufficient?


Building Your Checklist – What type of mouse?

– What about the video card that comes with the computer?

– What type of CD drive will be needed on this workstation?

– Which operating system would be best for this user?

– Can an off-the-shelf program accomplish what the user needs?

– What about the pre-installed software on a new computer?

– Do the specifications for that software match or exceed the specifications of the computer?

– Do you need to purchase any extra utility programs?

– What about programs to address security or disaster and recovery?

– Are all the computers in your location the same type?


How Much Will It Cost? Include some of the following considerations:

– Will you need a more powerful machine later for programs?

– Does the company plan to upgrade the network in the next twelve months?

– What kind of budget has been set aside to purchase computer hardware or software items in the current year?

– What warranty or service/support options are included?

– Are you purchasing locally or online?

– What about return policies?

– How do you plan to track the purchase or keep a history of service on this computer?

– How long do you anticipate having this computer?


Lesson 10:Looking at Software Applications

What software programs are How software programs are developed Understand what the operating system is Which software programs are designed for

specific tasks


What is a Software Program? Only function when loaded into computer’s RAM memory Created using programming languages for commands to

perform specific tasks

– Can be available in menu, toolbar button, shortcut keystroke, shortcut menu, or combination

– Based on set of rules called algorithms created

– Guidelines for how data entered in program, and format for output

Software program determines output Which program to use depends on output requirements Choose based on what you need to do, degree of detail and

features, and what you can afford


What is a Software Program? Retail software programs use thorough process to ensure minimal

amount of problems

– Created or updated by programmers for new technology, request for new features, etc.

– Once developed, copies of program sent to designated people who agree to test beta of program

– Testing occurs for specific amount of time and feedback

– Programmers then revise and modify program

– Another beta copy and further beta testing may be repeated many times as needed

– When beta period over, “gold” copy created and distributed to small number of customers

– Final software version released to general public usually within month of gold copy being released


Upgrading Your Software Very unusual for software programs to be error free in first

release of software

Bugs (errors) generally are items software company can’t always predict based on how customer uses program

Updates or upgrades not always problems with software

– May occur due to changes in government rules or requirements, or external factors

Registering copy of software provides notices whenever update or upgrade available

– Can receive via postal mail, e-mail, or online system

Need to update software depends on software and whether update warranted


Upgrading Your Software Drawbacks to updating software include:

– Incompatibility or conflicts with other software

– Incompatibility or conflicts with operating system

– Problems with upgrade within software

Most updates/patches on operating or network software should be done by very experienced people

Most people tend to wait few weeks after release

– Other users notify software vendor about problems

– Known issues could lead to another release

Very prudent to register software with software vendor to receive notices on updates


What about Upgrading to New Versions? New versions generally released on one or two year basis

Before switching to new software:

– Are features in this version crucial for daily tasks?

– Can your current computer handle the new software?

– How many people may be affected by the software change?

– How much training will be involved to switch everyone to new version?

Upgrade version less expensive but requires Full version of software to be installed, or access to CD for previous Full version

Full version generally double the cost of Upgrade version but contains all files for software program

Large companies purchase licenses for each computer where program to be installed


Looking at Operating Systems Operating system or environment

– Collection of programs designed to control computer’s interaction and communication with user

Essentially performs two important functions:

– Manages input devices, output devices, and storage devices

– Manages files stored on the computer and recognizes file types Every computer requires operating system to function Examples of operating systems include:

– DOS – Unix

– Windows – Linux

– Apple OS Except for Unix, all others use Graphical User Interface (GUI)

– Displays items in picture form instead of text character based


Looking at Operating Systems

DOS Original operating system for PC Stands for Disk Operating System Rare to find computer still using DOS as operating system Only allowed for text

character-based display Type commands

to perform tasks

– Based on one linecommands

– Hard to decipherwith errors


Looking at Operating SystemsMicrosoft Windows Operating system for PCs Allows WYSIWYG screen display Each version provides better graphics display and better

file and disk management capabilities


Looking at Operating Systems Windows XP latest version Advanced graphics display Enhanced file and disk management tools



Mac OS Designed for Apple

computers Provides graphics

interface One of original graphical

user interface systems

– Set standard for true WYSIWYG programs

Latest version basedon Unix technology


Looking at Operating SystemsUNIX Created in early 1970s by programmers for programmers Designed with flexibility in mind Used one of more popular

programming languages available on most computers

Main drawback

– Based on one-linecommands controllingfunctions versus GUI

Very popular with universitiesand scientific or researchorganizations



Linux Based on Unix Provides more of

graphical user interface Readily available and

very popular with high-end servers and entrepreneurial software developers



Handheld Operating Systems Designed to work with PDA Operating system depends on PDA type

Windows CEPalm OS


Looking at Operating Systems Examples of limitations with older operating systems include:

– File names limited to 8 characters maximum with 3 digit file type

– File names restricted in using certain characters

– No true multi-tasking capability

– Did not have good memory management capabilities

– DOS and Unix text-based, using only one-line commands

Aspects of operating systems where problems can arise include:

– Software does not work

– Error messages indicating device does not work

– Installation files for any hardware/software specific for that device or software

– Error messages indicating file missing or corrupted

– Error messages indicating no access to PC, drive, software program, or file/folder


Choosing an Application Program Software program that performs specific function:

– Word Processing– Spreadsheets – Presentations– Database Management– Graphics– Multimedia– Electronic Mail– Web Browsers– Utility– Suite– Accounting– Customized


Choosing an Application Program

Each software category has programs with industry-wide acceptance

Program with:

– “for DOS” after name means it will be text character-based

– “for Windows” designed for Windows

– “for the Macintosh/Apple” designed for Apple computers Many programs:

– Provide advanced features but as flexible as dedicated type of program

– Share same features

– May have compatibility issues between software programs Program chosen should meet majority of requirements The more popular the program, the more often it is updated


Word Processing

Most common application for most users Create, edit, and save documents, change

position of text, insert new information, or remove words and sections no longer needed

Many dedicated word processing programs include features to handle desktop publishing tasks

Standard in offices where documents required Can also create web pages as well as create and

edit newsletters, forms, brochures, or flyers


Word Processing Word Owned by

Microsoft Available for PC

and Apple Included in

Microsoft OfficeSuite or can be purchasedindividually


Word Processing WordPerfect Owned by Corel Corporation PC version only Available with

WordPerfectOffice Standard,Education,Professional, orFamily PackEditions


Spreadsheets

Financial tools to perform mathematical calculations and “what-if” analysis

Tracks numbers or audit information for trends or patterns through worksheets or chart capabilities

Recalculates formulas automatically based on data entry

Can manage large amounts of data values via sort, find, filter, analysis tools


Spreadsheets

Excel Owned by Microsoft Available for PC

and Apple Included in

Microsoft OfficeSuite or can bepurchasedindividually


Spreadsheets

Lotus 1-2-3 Owned by IBM

Corporation Available for

PC Included in

SmartSuiteor purchasedindividually


Spreadsheets

Quattro Pro Owned by Corel Corporation PC version only Available with

WordPerfectOffice Standard,Education,Professional, orFamily PackEditions


Presentations Create slides or handouts for presentations Special effects provided

– Can create speaker notes and handouts for audience

– Set up presentation for different delivery methods or as self-running slide show

– Can add, edit and format text

– Insert pictures, charts, or tables

– Can standardize look and layout of slides using master slide or template


Presentations

PowerPoint Owned by

Microsoft Available for

PC and Apple Included in

Microsoft OfficeSuite, or purchasedindividually


Presentations

Presentations Owned by Corel


PC only Available with

WordPerfectOffice Standard,Education, orProfessionalEditions


Database Management Collection of related information Database Management Software (DMS) program

– Assists in manipulating and organizing information Identified by structure:

– Fields contain individual pieces of data

– Collection of related fields make up record

– All records in the database make up table

– Queries generate reports or forms using any field in table

Relational databases

– Information from one database can be found or related to another database sharing same information

Database can be as simple or complex as needed


Database Management

Access Owned by

Microsoft Available for

PC and Apple Included

with ProfessionalEdition of Microsoft Office,or purchasedindividually


Database Management

Paradox Owned by Corel


PC Part of

WordPerfectOffice Educationor ProfessionalEditions


Graphics Best to have some graphics design fundamentals

– Minimize learning curve for applying effects or tools

Graphic design programs often grouped with multimedia software

All graphic design programs have basic set of tools for drawing and painting

Dedicated graphic design programs also have options to create and edit shapes, with many enhancement tools

Generally used in advertising, media, or publishing companies

End-user type of graphics design programs target specific tasks


Graphics

CorelDRAW Owned by Corel

Corporation Very popular

graphics designprogram

Available for PCand Apple

Mainly used tomanipulatedrawings


Graphics

Illustrator Owned by Adobe

Corporation Available for PC

and Apple Very powerful

design tool for promotionalitems or web


Graphics

Visio Owned by Microsoft

Corporation Diagramming

graphics program to demonstrate ideas,systems, or designin a diagram


Graphics

Photoshop Owned by Adobe

Corporation Available for PC

and Apple Very popular for

manipulatingor enhancingpictures


Graphics

FreeHand Owned by

Macromedia, Inc. Available for

PC and Apple Very popular for

graphics designor building “story” for publication toprint or Internet


Graphics

Dreamweaver Owned by


PC and Apple Web design

program forcreating graphicsto be publishedon Internet orintranet


Multimedia Elements such as video, music, or animation

added to documents published on web site for Internet or intranet

Music and video files use same format technology although music files at different level than video:

– Video files saved as mpg/mpeg (Moving Picture Experts Group) or ani (animation)

– Music files saved as mp3 or wav (Windows Audio Video)

Multitude of programs for small business or home user


Multimedia

Flash Owned by


PC and Apple Graphics design

program with ability to create interactivity items for end user


Multimedia

Shockwave

Owned by AtomShockwave Corp.

Can download for PC and Apple

View video, animation, games, and other programsfor entertainmentpurposes fromweb site


Multimedia

Discreet Owned by AutoDesk Include products such as 3D Max, Fire, and

Combustion Variety of multimedia capabilities for objects

Director Owned by Macromedia, Inc. Available for PC and Macintosh machines Adds interactivity to web site, intranet, or

programs/files put on CD/DVD


Electronic Mail Many e-mail programs developed to look and feel like a

desktop/paper organizer

Process of sending e-mail similar to manual process for addressing, writing, and then mailing letter on paper

Need to have:

– e-mail program

– correct e-mail address

– connection to Internet or mail server

Risen in popularity as become more user friendly and can generally receive responses in a relatively short time

Two most popular e-mail programs included with web browser programs


Electronic Mail Outlook Express Owned by

Microsoft Included in

Windows and Internet Explorer

Available for PC, Apple, and Unixmachines

Handles e-mail and list of contacts


Electronic Mail Navigator

Owned by Netscape

Part of Netscape Navigator

Older version free with Windows, butneed to downloadlatest version from Netscape web site

Available for PC,Apple and Unix


Electronic Mail

Outlook Owned by Microsoft Part of Office suite

of programs Includes calendar,

task area, contact list, journal, andnotes

Popular e-mailprogram usedin offices


Electronic Mail Eudora Owned by

Qualcomm Available for

download from web site

One of first e-mail programs available and still very popular

Available for PC,Apple and Unix


Web Browsers Connect to the Internet and view web sites for

different companies, organizations, or individuals Browsing on web become much more popular More companies and individuals have set up web

sites Need to have Internet connection and web

browser before you can “surf the Net” Use Address or Location field to move from site

to site


Web Browsers

Internet Explorer Owned by Microsoft Comes with

Windows, andlatest versionscan be downloadedfrom Microsoft’sweb site

Available for PC and Apple


Web Browsers

Netscape Owned by

Netscape Available for PC

and Apple Updates can be

obtained from their web site


Web Browsers

Opera Owned by Opera

Software Available for PC,

Apple, Unix, and Linux

Updates can be obtained from their web site


Utility Tools Programs that help maintain computer system

Some popular types of utilities include:

– Anti-Virus Protection protects system from unwanted viruses ruining files or computer

– Disk Compression cleans out older files, reorganizes files for easy retrieval, and frees up space

– Disk Cleanup eliminates temporary files created by computer or software programs

– File Compression reduces size of file or several files

Recommend you schedule these tools to maintain system on regular basis


Utility Tools

Norton AntiVirus Owned by

Symantec Available for PC

and Apple Purchase for

single useror network


Utility Tools

McAfee VirusScan Owned by McAfee

Enterprises Available for

PC and Apple Very popular

anti-virusprogram for end users


Utility Tools System tools run

utilities to maintain integrity of system

Depending on maintenance needed, tools may be enough or may need third party product

– Extend number and type of utilities


Utility Tools

Norton Utilities Owned by Symantec Available for PC Very popular for diagnosing potential or existing

problems on system

WinZip Owned by

WinZip Corporation File compression

software program


Suites

Group of programs packaged together for purchase– Microsoft Office

– WordPerfect Office

– Lotus SmartSuite

– Microsoft Works

Most cost effective than purchasing programs individually


Accounting

Designed to handle accounting and finances Replace manual tasks performed by

accounting staff

– Automates many tasks online

– Reports similar to manual forms Still need accounting fundamentals to fully

understand how to use features

– Software only automates tasks; doesn’t teach concepts


Accounting

Simply Accounting Owned by Sage

International Popular program

for small tomedium sizebusinesses

Available for PConly


Accounting

ACCPAC Owned by Sage

International Generally used

by medium tolarge businesses

Available only forWindows, butupdates can beobtained forDOS version

DOS version

Windows version


Accounting

QuickBooks Owned by Intuit Available for PC Popular with

small to medium sizebusinesses

Available in Canadian andU.S. versions


Accounting

Peachtree Owned by

Peachtree Software

Version forsmall to medium ormedium to large U.S. companies


Specialized Any program that targets specific task or market

GoldMine Owned by FrontRange

Solutions Available for PC Contact management

software to enter dataabout customers,orders, or automateprocesses to managecustomer data


Specialized Money Owned by

Microsoft Very popular for

personal financialmanagement

Keep track of personal financesor help manage finances


Specialized

Quicken Owned by Intuit

Corporation Personal financial

managementprogram

Helps users manage andorganize personalfinances


Customized Written to perform specific tasks, with company

needs as main focusTypes of Programs Examples of Tasks

Schools registration, attendance, report cards

Restaurants processing food orders, bills, inventory/stock

retail stores point of sale, bar code readers

financial institutions debit or credit card transactions, online banking

shopping sites on Internet ebay, Yahoo

Manufacturing automobile production, lumber specifications

Transportation airline reservation which can be accessed from a travel agency, online, or at the airline counter

scientific, medical, or engineering

inspections, environmental changes, patient progress


Lesson 11: Using the Computer

Start a computer Reboot or reset a computer Start an application program Handle data files within an application

program Exit an application program Shut down the computer correctly


Starting the Computer Locations of switches and

buttons vary from computer to computer

Many newer computers have power switch at front, top right, or in center of front panel

Power switch for monitor is usually at front, lower right corner

Not all computers have Reset button

Power Button

Reset Button


Starting the Computer

1. Turn on everything connected to the system unit first.

2. Turn on the system unit.

3. After several lines of information are displayed on the screen, the computer starts to look for the operating system by accessing Drive A first.

4. The disk drive light comes on, and then the operating system is loaded off hard disk and into the computer’s RAM memory.


Understanding the Boot Routine

Process to turn on computer and load operating system

When turn on computer, performing cold boot

Warm boot clears RAM and reloads new copy of operating system

Boot Program or ROM BIOS

– Conducts extensive check of computer’s main components including RAM and checks devices connected

Final step of boot program is to load operating system files into RAM and control passes to operating system

First screen is Windows splash screen, then Windows desktop


Understanding the Boot Routine


Working with an Application Program Every desktop has Start button and icons for certain programs or

functions

Use Start button and then Programs menu to start application program

Most application programs put icon on desktop to start program

When start application program, Windows makes copy of that program and places in RAM

When close application program, amount of RAM used by application also released

RAM used by data files you create or use in application program

– The larger the file, the more RAM is needed

– Every file with uses portion of RAM available on system

When no longer want to use application, close it to free up RAM


Resetting the Computer

When computer stops working, called “hanging” Some methods to “unhang” computer include:

If above methods don’t work, need to do warm reboot

+ Press and hold down key and tap key to put break code into computer.

+ Press and hold down key and tap key.


Performing a Warm Boot

Resets computer by reloading new copy of operating system into RAM memory

Be careful as warm boot wipes RAM memory clean before reloading operating system

To warm boot computer:

1. Press and hold key.

2. Press and hold key simultaneously.

3. Press key

4. Then release all keys immediately. Normally illustrated as + +


Performing a Cold Boot

Most drastic solution for “crashed” computer is to turn power off

Called cold boot because you actually turn power off and computer “cools down”

When performing cold boot, wait about 30 seconds before turning computer back on

– Can damage computer by turning power off and on very quickly

Use cold boot only as last resort


Shutting Down the Computer Always shut down computer completely

Never turn computer off without correct procedure

Always make sure any application programs are closed before activating shut down process

To shut down computer correctly:

1. Click on Start button.

2. Click on Shut Down command.

3. Ensure Shut Down selected for procedure and then click OK.

4. Wait for Windows to completely shut down and turn off computer before turning off anything else.

unit 1: recognizing computers lesson 1: computers all around us computing fundamentals using windows...

Documents

large computers

cci learning solutions

personal computers pc

computers apple pc slide

microcomputer computers

pc apple slide

various types of computers

recognizing computers