1. UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY TIMBERLANE HIGH SCHOOLMEGHIN MARLEY

2. WHAT IS SCIENCE? An organized way of using evidence to learn aboutthe natural world. The word science can also be used to describewhat humans already know about the naturalworld. Its important to avoid opinions and biases inscience so actual facts can be presented. 3. HOW DO HUMANS EXPLORE SCIENCE? Observe Describe Experiment Read Research Explore What are some words or processes that come tomind when you think about exploring science? 4. Carinbonder.com 5. OBSERVATION Involves observing something with one or more ofyour senses Using your senses to gather information Which senses do you believe would be most usefulin gathering scientific information or data? Sight Sound Touch Smell And sometimes even taste 6. OBSERVATION 1. Quantitative- involves numbers, counting ormeasuring 2. Qualitative- observations that cannot be countedor measured Observations are used in collecting data and theformation of evidence 7. EVIDENCE INTERPRETATION What happens after the observations are made? How are the observations used to provide anunderstanding of the process you are trying toexplain? Inference: a logical explanation or interpretationbased on prior knowledge/experience of thesubject 8. HOW ARE SCIENTIFIC IDEAS TESTED? Once someone has formed a scientific questionwhat is the next step? The Scientific Method can be used to test ahypothesis. 9. THE BASIC STEPS 1. Ask a Question 2. Form a Hypothesis 3.Design and Conduct an Experiment 4. Analyze Results of the Experiment 5. Draw Conclusion 10. THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LMg_asQ3Hto 11. HYPOTHESIS Can answer a scientific question Can describe scientific information A possible explanation Hypotheses can be tested usually throughcontrolled experimentation Sometimes hypotheses are wrong In an Ifthen format 12. ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESES H 1, H 2, H 3 Alternative hypotheses are more likely to be correct Multiple alternative hypotheses can be generatedand tested. 13. THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD Monty Python http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k2MhMsLn9B0 14. NULL HYPOTHESIS H0 The null hypothesis is a hypothesis which the researchertries to disprove, reject or nullify The null often refers to the common view of something,while the alternative hypothesis is what the researcherreally thinks is the cause of a phenomenon. 15. THE STEPS Do all scientific investigations include all the steps? No Do some investigations include more steps? Yes The scientific method is the basis for scientificinvestigation, but it is not set in stone. It is a process to help direct scientific inquiry, moresteps, research, or experimentation can benecessary. 16. Whywereason.wordpress.com 17. CR: 3Why is the scientific method importantfor answering scientific questions? Doyour best to describe the process ofthe scientific method step by step. 18. THE PROCESS OF SCIENTIFICINVESTIGATION The Process of Scientific Investigation can be donein a series of stages, formal research and testing iscarried out in this manor. 1. Observations 2. Form Hypotheses 3. Predictions 4. Experimentation 5. Make conclusions 19. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Developing and setting up a controlled experimentto test your hypothesis Controlled Experiment: When only one variable ischanged at a time Manipulated variable: variable that is deliberatelychanged Responding variable: variable that is observed andchanges in response to the manipulated variable 20. MORE ON VARIABLES Independent Variable- researcher can control,concentration of a chemical, timing ofmeasurements (manipulated variable) Dependent Variable- response that is measured (responding variable) 21. CONTROLLED EXPERIMENTS What does it mean to have a controlledexperiment? When an experiment is run, one variable is alteredand the all other variables will remain constant. A controlled experiment will be run the same waybut no variables will be altered and all othervariables will be kept constant. 22. DRAWING CONCLUSIONS Data from experiments is evaluated The hypothesis is supported or rejected 23. THEORIES Once you have supported your hypothesis throughtesting does it become a theory? What is a theory? A theory is a well supported explanation involving abroad range of observations for a particularphenomenon Multiple investigations have been done and proven thehypothesis to be true 24. THEORIES Theories can be widely excepted, but should not beconsidered absolute truth New evidence may be uncovered New technologies can lead to new discoveries 25. REDIS EXPERIMENT In ancient times people did not understand manybiological lifecycles, people accepted the ideathat some organisms, fruit-flies, maggots, wouldsuddenly just appear Spontaneous Generation- sudden appearance oforganisms from non-living matter 26. REDIS EXPERIMENT In 1668 Francesco Redi observed flies on meat andseveral days later the appearance of maggot, hewanted to test his hypothesis that maggots camefrom flies and developed a controlled experiment. He used 8 jars, 4 he left open to the air and 4 hecovered with muslin, a fabric that prevented fliesfrom getting to the meat. 27. REDIS EXPERIMENT Icmrschool.org 28. REDIS EXPERIMENT What was the control group? The jars that were left uncovered This was the way meat was typically kept His hypothesis was that flies were causing the productionof maggots on the meat He was able to prove that the flies were causing themaggots by covering the jars, preventing the flies fromlaying eggs in the meat. 29. VARIABLES IN REDIS EXPERIMENT Manipulated Variables: Muslin covering the jars Responding Variables: The maggots appearing or not Variables that were controlled: Jars, type of meat, location, temperature, time 30. JOHN NEEDHAM Mid-1700s Englishman Used a sealed jar of gravy to try and disprove Redisclaim on spontaneous generation He took a jar of gravy and sealed it He then heated the gravy killing off all possiblemicroorganisms After several days he examined the gravy, foundmicroorganisms and claimed they could have onlycame from the gravy, since the jar was sealed. 31. JOHN NEEDHAM Why do you think there were organisms in thegravy? Do you think Needhams findings disproved thework of Redi? Was Needhams experiment controlled? 32. SPALLANZANIS EXPERIEMENT Italian Scholar An improvement on Needhams experiment He believed that the gravy had not been heatedenough to kill all the existing microorganisms Preformed a similar experiment to Redis 33. SPALLANZANIS EXPERIMENT Spallanzani claimed that the gravy left open grewmicroorganisms that had entered from the air, the sealed flaskhad no living organisms. He concluded that non-living gravy could not produce livingthings What was the control group in Spallanzanis experiment? Gravy flask left unsealed The manipulated variable was the sealing of the flask The responding variable was microorganism growth He sealed the flask and prevented microorganism growth 34. LOUIS PASTEUR Famous problem solver, Microbiologist In 1864 Louis Pasteur designed a flask with a curvedneck so that air could get into the flask, butmicroorganisms could not Other works of Pasteur Saved French wine industry when wine was souring Saved the silk industry through discovery of a silkwormdisease Discovered and worked with infectious diseases Vaccine for Anthrax bacterial infection in 1881 35. PASTEURS FLASK EXPERIMENT 36. LOUIS PASTEURS GERM THEORY 37. CAN EVERYTHING SCIENTIFIC BETESTED BY EXPERIMENTATION? Animal and insect life cycles The Great White Shark is hard to keep in captivity Ecological Interactions How do you simulate all the different environmental factorsin a controlled way? Human Ethics Stem cell research Testing on humans and animals 38. ALTERNATIVES TO CONTROLLED EXPERIMENTS Field Studies Observation of animals or other living things in their naturalenvironment Studies involving large amounts of people or subjects More samples gives more reliable data Control of as many factors as possible In a medical study for cancer, people with other health issuesmay be eliminated It is important to research what is already out there.What has been done on the subject? Cite your sources! 39. So how are we going to usethis information aboutscience and the process ofscientific investigation tolearn about Biology? 40. SO WHAT IS BIOLOGY? Textbook definition: A field of science that seeks tounderstand the living world. The study of life. The study of things that are living. What does it mean to be alive? What are some characteristics that help peopledetermine whether something is living or non? 41. http://www.flickr.com/photos/grainspace/2292079476/ 42. www.nationalgeographic.com 43. www.nationalgeographic.com 44. THE CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE Made up of units called cells Maintain stable internal conditions: homeostasis Grow and develop Reproduce Based on a universal genetic code Obtain and use materials and energy Respond to their environment When looking at a species as a whole, living thingscan change over time or evolve 45. THE CELL What is a Cell? A cell is a collection of living matter surrounded bya membrane that separates it from its surroundingenvironment. How are cells organized? 46. microscopy-uk.org.uk faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu fcps.edu 47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NB 48. CELLULAR ORGANIZATION All living things are made up of one or more cells Cells can be simple to very complex Cells can grow and reproduce Single-Celled Organisms Algae Bacteria Paramecia, A protist There are around 100 trillion cells in the human body 49. HOMEOSTASIS Living things must expend energy to keep their cellswithin certain limits for proper form and function Organisms are able to maintain certain internalenvironments even when the environment outsideof them is constantly changing An organisms ability to do this allows them tosurvive 50. HOMEOSTATIS 51. GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT Every different organism has a specificpattern of growth A single egg cell once fertilized can divideover and over Cells differentiate forming tissues and organs 52. sites.google.com 53. REPRODUCTION The reproduction of new generations Asexual Sexual reproduction Most plants and organisms use sexualreproduction 54. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION 55. UNIVERSAL GENETIC CODE Information needed to live and grow is stored incomplex molecules called DNA DNA stores the information for genes and traits of anorganism DNA is the method for passing down geneticinformation to the next generation 56. USE OF MATERIALS AND ENERGY Organisms must use materials from the earth andenergy from the sun to live and grow Chemicals/Nutrients from the earth Energy from the sun helps plants and otherphotosynthetic organisms produce food 57. METABOLISM Living things need energy Life functions require energy Transforming energy from one form to another within cells is metabolism 58. RESPOND TO THEIR ENVIRONMENT Organisms can detect and react to different signalswithin their environment Stimuli: signal to which an organism responds 59. EVOLVE OVER TIME Populations of organisms change over time Natural selection: Individuals more well suited fortheir environment will do better and will reproducemore then other individuals 60. CR:4 What does it mean to be alive? Discuss what itmeans to you; think about the characteristics of life. Or Design an experiment: If you were given anunknown substance, what kinds of tests could youpreform to find out if that item was living or non-living? 61. CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFEASSIGNMENT Today you will explore all the characteristics of lifefor a single organism Pick any organism you would like, tell you instructorwhat you choose; grab paper, pencils, markers,whatever you would like to use Make a flow diagram of your organism fulfilling allthe different characteristics of life. 62. SCIENTISTS OF BIOLOGY Zoologists: Animals Botanists: Plants Ethologists: Animal Behavior Paleontologists: Life in the past 63. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION Molecules Cells Groups of cells Organism Population community Ecosystem Biosphere 64. CR:5 Describe how you fulfill the 8characteristics of life. Use yournotes if you cant rememberall 8.