unit 1. matter and change. do now: what are the parts of the scientific method and explain each...
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Unit 1. Matter and Change
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Do Now: What are the parts of the scientific method and
explain each part?
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Objective Identify the common steps of scientific
methods Identify types of variables Describe the difference between a
theory and a scientific law Identify the characteristics of a
substance Distinguish between physical and
chemical properties Differentiate among the physical states
of matter
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Objectives Continued Define physical and chemical changes and
list common changes Apply the law of conservation of mass to
chemical reactions
Activities: Q&A Solve problems Exit Ticket
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Scientific Method (p12)
Systematic approach used in scientific study
Method for scientists to verify the work of others
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Steps of Scientific Method Observation Hypothesis Experiments Conclusion
Theory/ Scientific Law
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Observation Act of gathering information
Qualitative Data- color, shape, odor other physical characteristics
Quantitative Data – some type of measurement. It is numerical. Ex. Height, weight, how fast, how slow etc.
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Hypothesis Tentative explanation for what has been
observed.
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Experiment Set of controlled observations used to
test the hypothesis Must carefully plan and set up one or
more laboratory experiments in order to change and test one variable at a time.
Independent Variable – Variable that you plan to change. ( what you can control)
Dependent Variable – variable that changes based on the independent variable
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Conclusion Judgment based on the information
obtained
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Ch. 3 - Matter
I.
Kinetic Molecular Theory
States of Matter
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A. Kinetic Molecular Theory
KMT
Particles of matter are always in motion.
The kinetic energy (speed) of these particles increases as temperature increases.
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Three States of Matter
Solidsvery low KE - particles
vibrate but can’t move around
fixed shape fixed volume
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Three States of Matter
Liquids low KE - particles can
move around but are still close together
variable shapefixed volume
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Three States of MatterGases
high KE - particles can separate and move throughout container
variable shapevariable volume
Vapor- Gaseous state of a substance that is a solid or liquid at room temperature.
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Matter and its Properties It’s Classified!
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Physical vs. Chemical Physical Property
can be observed without changing the identity of the substance Extensive or intensive properties
Chemical Property describes the ability of a substance to
undergo changes in identity
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Extensive vs. Intensive Extensive Property
depends on the amount of matter present
ex,.-
Intensive Property depends on the identity of substance, not
the amount
Ex.-
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Extensive vs. Intensive Extensive Property
depends on the amount of matter present
ex,.- Volume, mass, Energy
Intensive Property depends on the identity of substance, not the
amount
Ex.- melting point, boiling point, conduct electricity or heat
WHAT ABOUT DENSITY??
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A. Extensive vs. Intensive Examples:
boiling point
volume
mass
density
conductivity
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A. Extensive vs. Intensive Examples:
boiling point…… intensive
Volume …. extensive
Mass ….. extensive
Density ….. intensive
Conductivity ….. intensive
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Physical vs. Chemical Physical Change
changes the form of a substance without changing its identity
properties remain the same
Chemical Change changes the identity of a substance products have different properties
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Signs of a Chemical change in color or odor
formation of a gas
formation of a precipitate (solid)
change in light or heat
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B. Physical vs. ChemicalExamples:
melting point
flammable
density
magnetic
tarnishes in
air
physical
chemical
physical
physical
chemical
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B. Physical vs. ChemicalExamples:
melting point
flammable
density
magnetic
tarnishes in
air
physical
chemical
physical
physical
chemical
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B. Physical vs. Chemical Examples:
rusting iron
dissolving in water
burning a log
melting ice
grinding spices
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B. Physical vs. Chemical Examples:
rusting iron
dissolving in water
burning a log
melting ice
grinding spices
chemical
physical
chemical
physical
physical
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Law of Conservation of Mass Mass is neither created nor destroyed
during a chemical reaction. It is conserved
In a chemical reaction, the mass of the reactants must equal the mass of the products
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Law of Conservation of MassPg. 78#7 A student carefully placed 15.6 g of sodium in a reactor supplied with an exess quantity of chlorine gas. When the reaction was complete, the student obtained 39.7f of sodium chloride. Calculate how many grams of chlorine gas reacted. How many grams of sodium reacted?
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Law of Conservation of MassPg. 78#7 A student carefully placed 15.6 g of sodium in a reactor supplied with an exess quantity of chlorine gas. When the reaction was complete, the student obtained 39.7f of sodium chloride. Calculate how many grams of chlorine gas reacted. How many grams of sodium reacted?
24.1 g of chlorine gas, 15.6 of sodium
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Law of Conservation of MassPg. 78#7 A student carefully placed 15.6 g of sodium in a reactor supplied with an exess quantity of chlorine gas. When the reaction was complete, the student obtained 39.7f of sodium chloride. Calculate how many grams of chlorine gas reacted. How many grams of sodium reacted?
24.1 g of chlorine gas, 15.6 of sodium
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HW Pg 79 (10 and 13 only)
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Do Now:
DO NOW: What is a solution? Describe the difference between a
heterogeneous and homogenous mixture Calculate % by Mass
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Objective: SWBAT:
Contrast Mixtures and substances Classify mixtures as homogeneous or
heterogeneous List and describe several techniques used
to separate mixtures. Distinguish between elements and
compounds
Activities Q&A Solve problems Exit Ticket
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Objective: Activities:
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A. Matter Flowchart
MATTER
Can it be physically separated?
Homogeneous Mixture(solution)
Heterogeneous Mixture Compound Element
MIXTURE PURE SUBSTANCE
yes no
Can it be chemically decomposed?
noyesIs the composition
uniform?
noyes
Colloids Suspensions
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A. Matter Flowchart Examples:
graphite
pepper
sugar
(sucrose)
paint
soda
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A. Matter Flowchart Examples:
graphite
pepper
sugar
(sucrose)
paint
soda
element
hetero. mixture
compound
hetero. mixture
solution
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Pure Substances Element
composed of identical atoms EX: copper wire, aluminum foil
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Pure Substances
Compound composed of 2 or more elements
in a fixed ratio
properties differ from those of individual elements
EX: table salt (NaCl)
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Pure Substances Law of Definite Composition
A given compound always contains the same, fixed ratio of elements.
Law of Multiple Proportions Elements can combine in different ratios to form
different compounds.
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Pure Substances For example…
Two different compounds, each has a definite composition.
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Pure Substances(constant composition)
Elements Listed on the Periodic
Table Cannot be broken down
into unique components Na, Cl, Al, O2, S8
Compounds Made of elements that
are chemically joined Can be broken down NaCl, H2O, AlCl3, H2SO4
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Diatomic Elements Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Chlorine Bromine Iodine
There are 7 diatomic elements
These atoms are never alone, if they are the pair up with the same atom
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C. Mixtures Variable combination of 2 or more pure substances.
Heterogeneous Homogeneous
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C. Mixtures Solution
homogeneous very small particles no Tyndall effect
Tyndall Effect
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C. Mixtures Colloid
heterogeneous medium-sized particles Tyndall effect particles don’t settle EX: milk
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C. Mixtures Suspension
heterogeneous large particles Tyndall effect particles settle EX: fresh-squeezed
lemonade
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Mixtures(variable composition)
Homogeneous – Solutions evenly distributed
Heterogeneous not evenly distributed
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Air – Homogeneous Mixture
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Alloys – Homogeneous Mixtures
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Cereal – Heterogeneous Mixture
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Sand – Heterogeneous Mixture
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C. Mixtures Examples:
mayonnaise
muddy water
fog
saltwaterItalian salad dressing
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C. Mixtures Examples:
mayonnaise
muddy water
fog
saltwaterItalian salad dressing
colloid
suspension
colloid
solution
suspension
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% by Mass = Percent by Mass
AKA % composition
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Example P 88 # 19 A 78.0 g sample of an unknown
compounds contains 12.4 g of hydrogen. What is the present by mass of hydrogen in the compound?
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Example P 88 # 19 A 78.0 g sample of an unknown
compounds contains 12.4 g of hydrogen. What is the present by mass of hydrogen in the compound?
% mass = (12.4/78.0) * 100 = 15.9%
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Extra problems: Pg 88 (# 22-23)
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HW Pg 90 (28) Pg 94 (32, 37, 38, 40, 42, 43,44,50,52,
57,58,60, 62, 64, 76, 92)
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Do Now: Look at your periodic table. What important information can you get
from the PTOE?
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Objectives Find patterns in the Periodic Table Classify elements as metals, non-metals
or metalloids Distinguish between metals, non-metals
or metalloids
Activities PPT Group work
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The Periodic Table
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C. Johannesson
A. Mendeleev
Dmitri Mendeleev (1869, Russian) Organized elements
by increasing atomic mass.
Elements with similar properties were grouped together.
There were some discrepancies.
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C. Johannesson
A. Mendeleev Dmitri Mendeleev (1869, Russian)
Predicted properties of undiscovered elements.
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C. Johannesson
B. Moseley Henry Moseley (1913, British)
Organized elements by increasing atomic number.
Resolved discrepancies in Mendeleev’s arrangement.
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C. Johannesson
MetalsNonmetalsMetalloids
How PTOE is organized
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C. Johannesson
Main Group Elements
Transition MetalsInner Transition
Metals
B. Blocks
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Periods and Families Periods: horizontal rows on the periodic
table physical and chemical properties change
somewhat regularly across a row. Elements closer to each other in the same
period tend to be similar than those that are farther apart.
Families: vertical rows of elements, aka groups Each group contains similar chemical
properties
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Types of Elements METALS:
Shiny Conductors of heat and electricity
Most metals are malleable (can be pounded into thin sheets; a sugar cube sized chunk of gold can be pounded into a thin sheet which will cover a football field),
Most metals are ductile (can be drawn out into a thin wire).
All are solids at room temp (except Mercury, which is a liquid) Metals tend to have low ionization energies, and typically lose electrons
(i.e. are oxidized) when they undergo chemical reactions Alkali metals are always 1+ (lose the electron in s subshell) Alkaline earth metals are always 2+ (lose both electrons in s
subshell) Compounds of metals with non-metals tend to be ionic in nature.
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Types of Elements NON- METALS:
Vary greatly in appearance Non-lustrous Poor conductors of heat and electricity The melting points of non-metals are generally lower than
metals Seven non-metals exist under standard conditions as diatomic
molecules: H2(g) N2(g) O2(g) F2(g) Cl2(g) Br2(l) I2(l) (volatile liquid - evaporates readily) Nonmetals, when reacting with metals, tend to gain electrons
(typically attaining noble gas electron configuration) and become anions: Nonmetal + Metal -> Salt
Compounds composed entirely of nonmetals are molecular substances (not ionic)
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Types of Elements Metalloids:
Elements may share properties of metals and non-metals.
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Exit Ticket: Classify the following as either a METAL, NON-METAL or METALLOID:
a. Aub. Sic. Brd. An element that is brittle and conducts
electricitye. An element that is malleablef. An element that has tendency to become an
anion
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Review of Unit List topics we have covered.
Study for test!