unit 1 mapping
DESCRIPTION
Introduction to MappingTRANSCRIPT
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Objectives• Compare and contrast latitude and longitude.
Latitude and Longitude
• Describe how time zones vary.
– cartography
– equator
– latitude
– longitude
– prime meridian
– International Date Line
Vocabulary
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• Cartographers use an imaginary grid of parallel lines and vertical lines to locate points on Earth.
• The equator circles Earth halfway between the north and south poles separating Earth into two equal halves called the northern hemisphere and the southern hemisphere.
• Cartography is the science of mapmaking.
Latitude and Longitude• For thousands of years, people have used maps
to define borders and to find places.
Latitude and Longitude
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Latitude• Lines of latitude are lines running parallel to
the equator.
Latitude and Longitude
• Latitude is the distance in degrees north or south of the equator.
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Latitude• Latitude is thus measured from 0° at the equator
to 90° at the poles.
Latitude and Longitude
• Locations north of the equator are referred to by degrees north latitude (N).
• Locations south of the equator are referred to by degrees south latitude (S).
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Latitude
Degrees of Latitude
Latitude and Longitude
– Each degree of latitude is equivalent to about 111 km on Earth’s surface.
– To locate positions on Earth more precisely, cartographers break down degrees of latitude into 60 smaller units, called minutes (´).
– A minute of latitude can be further divided into seconds (´´).
– Longitude is also divided into degrees, minutes, and seconds.
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Longitude• To locate positions in east and west directions,
cartographers use lines of longitude, also known as meridians.
Latitude and Longitude
• Longitude is the distance in degrees east or west of the prime meridian.
• The prime meridian, representing 0° longitude, is the reference point for longitude.
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Longitude• Points west of the prime meridian are numbered
from 0° to 180° west longitude (W).
Latitude and Longitude
• Points east of the prime meridian are numbered from 0° to 180° east longitude (E).
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Longitude
Semicircles
Latitude and Longitude
– Lines of longitude are not parallel; they are large semicircles that extend vertically from pole to pole.
– The distances covered by degrees of longitude vary with location.
– One degree of longitude varies from about 111 km at the equator to essentially the distance covered by a point at the poles.
Degrees of Longitude
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Longitude
Locating Places with Coordinates
Latitude and Longitude
– Both latitude and longitude are needed to precisely locate positions on Earth.
– For example, the location of New Orleans is 29°57´N, 90°04´W.
– Note that latitude comes first in reference to the coordinates of a particular location.
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Time Zones• Because Earth takes about 24 hours to rotate
once on its axis, it is divided into 24 times zones, each representing a different hour.
Latitude and Longitude
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Time Zones• Each time zone is 15° wide, corresponding
roughly to lines of longitude.
Latitude and Longitude
• Time zone boundaries have been adjusted in local areas for convenience.
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Time Zones• There are six
different time zones in the United States.
Latitude and Longitude
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Time Zones
Calendar Dates
Latitude and Longitude
– Every time zone experiences this transition from one day to the next, with the calendar advancing to the next day at midnight.
– Each time you travel through a time zone, you gain or lose time, eventually gaining or losing an entire day.
– The International Date Line, or 180° meridian, serves as the transition line for calendar days.
– Traveling west across the International Date Line, you would advance your calendar one day.
– Traveling east, you would move your calendar back one day.
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Objectives• Compare and contrast different map projections.
• Analyze topographic maps.
• Describe map characteristics, such as map scales and map legends
– Mercator projection
– conic projection
– gnomonic projection
– topographic map
– contour line
– contour interval
– map legend
– map scale
Vocabulary
Types of Maps
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Types of Maps• Maps are flat models of a three-dimensional
object, Earth.
Types of Maps
• All flat maps distort to some degree either the shapes or the areas of landmasses.
• Cartographers use projections to make maps.
• A map projection is made by transferring points and lines on a globe’s surface onto a sheet of paper.
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Mercator Projections• A Mercator projection is a map that has
parallel lines of latitude and longitude.
Types of Maps
• In a Mercator projection, the shapes of the landmasses are correct, but their areas are distorted.
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Conic Projections• A conic projection is a map made
by projecting points and lines from a globe onto a cone.
Types of Maps
• The cone touches the globe at a particular line of latitude along which there is very little distortion in the areas or shapes of landmasses.
• Distortion is evident near the top and bottom of the projection.
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Gnomonic Projections• A gnomonic projection is a map made by
projecting points and lines from a globe onto a piece of paper that touches the globe at a single point.
Types of Maps
• Gnomonic projections distort direction and distance between landmasses.
• Gnomonic projections are useful in plotting long-distance trips by air or sea.
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Gnomonic Projections• Great circles are imaginary lines that divide Earth
into two equal halves.
Types of Maps
• On a sphere such as Earth, the shortest distance between two points lies along a great circle.
• Navigators connect points on gnomonic projections to plot great-circle routes.
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Topographic Maps• Topographic maps are
detailed maps showing the elevations of hills and valleys of an area.
Types of Maps
• Topographic maps use lines, symbols, and colors to represent changes in elevation and features on Earth’s surface.
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Topographic Maps
Contour Lines
Types of Maps
– Elevation on a topographic map is represented by a contour line.
– A contour line connects points of equal elevation.
– Elevation refers to the distance of a location above or below sea level.
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Topographic Maps
Contour Intervals
Types of Maps
– Topographic maps use contour lines to show changes in elevation.
– The contour interval is the difference in elevation between two side-by-side contour lines.
– The contour interval is dependent on the terrain.
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Topographic Maps
Index Contours
Types of Maps
– Index contours are contour lines that are marked by numbers representing their elevations.
– If a contour interval on a map is 5 m, you can determine the elevations represented by other lines around the index contour by adding or subtracting 5 m from the elevation indicated on the index contour.
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Topographic Maps
Depression Contour Lines
Types of Maps
– Depression contour lines are used to represent features that are lower than the surrounding area.
– On a map, depression contour lines have hachures, or short lines at right angles to the contour line that point toward the lower elevation, to indicate depressions.
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• These features are represented by different symbols.
• A map legend explains what the symbols represent.
Map Legends• Topographic maps and most
other maps include both human-made and natural features that are located on Earth’s surface.
Types of Maps
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• A map scale is the ratio between distances on a map and actual distances on the surface of Earth.
Map Scales• When using a map, you need to know how to
measure distances.
Types of Maps
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Map Scales• There are three types of map scales: verbal
scales, graphic scales, and fractional scales.
Types of Maps
– A verbal scale expresses distance as a statement, such as “One centimeter is equal to one kilometer.”
– A graphic scale consists of a line that represents a certain distance, such as 5 km or 5 miles.
– A fractional scale expresses distance as a ratio, such as 1:63 500.
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• remote sensing
• electromagnetic spectrum
• frequency
• Landsat satellite
Objectives• Compare and contrast the different forms of
radiation in the electromagnetic spectrum.
• Discuss how satellites and sonar are used to map Earth’s surface and its oceans.
• Describe the Global Positioning System.
Vocabulary
Remote Sensing
• Topex/Poseidon satellite
• Global Positioning System
• sonar
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Remote Sensing• Until recently, mapmakers had to go on-site to
collect the data needed to make maps.
Remote Sensing
• Today, advanced technology has changed the way maps are made.
• Remote sensing is the process of collecting data about Earth from far above Earth’s surface.
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The Electromagnetic Spectrum• Satellites detect different wavelengths of energy
reflected or emitted from Earth’s surface.
Remote Sensing
• This energy has both electric and magnetic properties and is referred to as electromagnetic radiation.
• Electromagnetic radiation includes visible light, gamma rays, X rays, ultraviolet waves, infrared waves, radio waves, and microwaves.
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The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Wave Characteristics
Remote Sensing
– All electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of 300 000 km/s in a vacuum, a value commonly referred to as the speed of light.
– Electromagnetic waves have distinct wavelengths and frequencies.
– The electromagnetic spectrum is the arrangement of electromagnetic radiation according to wavelengths.
– Frequency is the number of waves that pass a particular point each second.
– These unique characteristics help determine how the energy is used by different satellites to map Earth.
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Landsat Satellites• A Landsat satellite receives reflected
wavelengths of energy emitted by Earth’s surface, including some wavelengths of visible light and infrared radiation.
Remote Sensing
• Since the features on Earth’s surface radiate warmth at slightly different frequencies, they show up as different colors in images
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Topex/Poseidon Satellite• The Topex/Poseidon satellite uses radar to
accurately map the ocean surface.
Remote Sensing
• Radar uses high-frequency signals that are transmitted from the satellite to the surface of the ocean.
• A receiving device then picks up the returning echo as it is reflected off the water.
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Topex/Poseidon Satellite• The distance to the water’s surface is
calculated using the known speed of light and the time it takes for the signal to be reflected.
Remote Sensing
• Variations in time indicate the presence of certain features on the ocean floor as well as many ocean surface features and currents.
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The Global Positioning System• The Global Positioning System, or GPS, is a
radio-navigation system of at least 24 satellites that allows its users to determine their exact position on Earth.
Remote Sensing
• Each satellite orbits Earth and transmits high-frequency microwaves that contain information about the satellite’s position and the time of transmission.
• A GPS receiver calculates the user’s precise latitude and longitude by processing the signals emitted by multiple satellites.
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Sea Beam• Sea Beam technology is similar to the Topex/
Poseidon satellite in that it is used to map the ocean floor.
Remote Sensing
• Sea Beam is located on a ship and relies on sonar to map ocean-floor features.
• Sonar is the use of sound waves to detect and measure objects underwater.
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Sea Beam• First, a sound wave is sent from a ship toward the
ocean floor.
Remote Sensing
• A receiving device then picks up the returning echo when it bounces off the seafloor.
• Computers on the ship can then calculate the distance to the ocean bottom based on the time it takes the signal to be reflected.