unit 1: introduction to p&a
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Unit 1: Introduction to P&A. Anatomy & Physiology A. Anatomy - “structure” (morphology) 1. Definition : branch of science that deals with the structure of body parts. B. Physiology – “function” - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Unit 1: Introduction to P&AI. Anatomy & Physiology
A. Anatomy - “structure” (morphology)1.Definition: branch of science
that deals with the structure of body
parts.B. Physiology – “function”
1.Definition: branch of science that deals with the function of body parts.
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C. Structure & function always relate
1.Example: Arteries have very
muscular walls to adequately
pump blood to all parts of body.
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II. HomeostasisA. Defintion: The tendency of
the body to maintain a constant internal environment.
B. In order to survive, the body needs to remain at
homeostasis.C. Homeostasis is regulated by
body systems.
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1. Negative Feedbacka.Definition: A system
which maintains deviations in a normal range.
a.Example: Blood pressure- If blood pressure goes up, negative feedback slows heart to return it to normal.
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2. Positive Feedbacka.Definition: A system which encourages deviations from
normal ranges (homeostasis)
a.Example: Labor during pregnancy. The woman’s
body is taken farther from normal (homeostasis) to achieve a goal.
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III.Body Organization (Humans are organized in levels)
A. CellDefintion: basic structural and
functional unit of life.Example: Skin cell
B. TissueDefinition: a group of cells
working together to perform a function.
Example: Epithelial tissue
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C. OrganDefinition: A group of tissues working together to perform a special function.Example: Skin
D. Organ SystemDefinition: A group of organs working together to perform a special functionExample: Integumentary
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E. OrganismDefinition: A group of organ systems working together to perform a function.Example: Human body
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IV.Human Organ SystemsA. Skeletal System
1. Structure: bones, ligaments, tendons, cartilage, joints
2. Function: Support and movement
B. Muscular System1. Structure: Muscles2. Function: Movement,
posture, heat production
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CC. Integumentary System1. Structure: Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, oil glands.2. Function: Protection, temperature regulation,
synthesize (make) certain body products (Vitamin D)
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D. Digestive System1. Structure: Digestive tract: mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestinesAccessory organs: tongue,
salivary glands, pancreas, liver
2. Function: mechanical and chemical digestion, absorb
nutrients, eliminate wastes
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E. Respiratory System1. Structure: Lungs, nasal
cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi
2. Function: Exchange of gasses (CO2 & O2 between blood and air.
F. Cardiovascular System/Circulatory1. Structure: Heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, blood2. Function: Transport
nutrients, waste, gasses, hormones
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G. Nervous System1. Structure: Brain, spinal cord,
nerves, sensory receptors2. Function: Regulate all body
functions, detect sensation, control movement
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H. Endocrine System
1. Structure: Endocrine glands: pituitary, thyroid, adrenal,
etc.; hormones2. Function: Regulates
metabolism, reproduction and other body functions.
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I. Urinary System1. Structure: Kidneys, bladder,
ureters, urethra2. Function: Removal of waste
from circulatory system; regulate blood pH, ion content, water content
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J. Lymphatic System1. Structure: Lymph vessels,
lymph nodes, lymph, spleen, thymus gland
2. Function: Removal of foreign substances in blood,
combat disease, fat absorption
K. Reproductive System1. Structure: Gonads, accessory
structures, and genitals2. Function: Process of
reproduction of life.
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V. Anatomical Terminology A. Position Terms
1. Superior – “above” -- Head superior to neck2. Inferior – “below” -- Tibia inferior to femur
3. Anterior/Ventral – “front/belly- side”4. Posterior/Dorsal – “back”
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5. Medial – “toward midline”-- shoulder medial to elbow
6. Lateral – “away from midline”7. Proximal – “closer to point of attachment”
-- elbow proximal to wrist8. Distal – “further from point of attachment”9. Superficial – “near surface”
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10. Deep – “more internal”11. Articulate – “to meet”
-- The femur articulates with the fibia
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B. Body Sections/Cuts/Planes1. Sagittal
--lengthwise cut at midline2. Transverse
--divides body in superior and inferior portions
3. Frontal/Coronal--Divides body in anterior
and posterior portions
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C. Body Regions of the Abdomen1. Epigastric
(Middle Upper)2. L/R Hypochondriac
(Upper L/R)3. Umbilical
(Middle)
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4. L/R Lumbar(Middle L/R)
5. Hypogastric(Low middle)
6. L/R Iliac(L/R low)
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D. Body (Major) Cavities1. Cranial Cavity
-- nasal cavity-- oral cavity-- cranial cavity
2. Vertebral Cavity-- spinal cavity
2. Thoracic Cavity -- rib cage-- diaphragm
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3. Abdominopelvic Cavity-- stomach-- pelvis-- bladder-- Split into abdominal and
pelvic cavities
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E. Body Membranes1. Pleural Membranes (lungs)
a. Visceral pleural (organ)--membrane portion covering organc. Pleural cavity – area
surrounding organ- filled with fluid
b. Parietal pleural--membrane portion attached to body wall lining cavity
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2. Pericardial Membranes (heart)a. Visceral pericardium--membrane covering heart
itselfb. Parietal percardium--membrane outside visceral pericardium
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3. Peritoneal Membranes - abdomen
a. Visceral peritoneum--membrane surrounding
organsb. Parietal peritoneum--membrane attachment to
cavity wall
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VI.Chemistry of LifeA. Atomic Structure
1. Nucleus--most massive--houses proton and neutron
2. Proton-- (+) Positive charged
3. Neutrons--Neutral
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4. Electrons--(-) charged--located in energy level shells/
clouds around nucleus5. Energy levels
--levels/orbits around nucleus that hold e- of certain energy
--each level holds specific number of e- (1:2, 2:8, 3:18)
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6. Proton & electron # = in balanced elements
7. Neutron # = mass number – atomic number
8. Mass # = proton # + neutron #9. Atomic # = proton #
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10. IonDefinition: Element that has lost or gained e- and therefore
received a charge.a. Important to bodyExample: Ca+ = bones, teeth,
blood clotting. Fe+: Red blood cell function/formation
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B. Chemical Bonding1. Ionic Binding
Definition: Occurs when atoms gain or lose e- becoming
opposite charged and attract
Example: NaCl2. Covalent Bonding
Definition: Occurs when two or more atoms share electrons
Example: H2O
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C. Chemical Reactions1. Synthesis – “build up”--combining atoms – growth,
repairA + B – AB
2. Decomposition – “break down”--molecules break apart – food digestion
AB – A + B
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3. Exchange--Decomposition + Synthesis AB + CD -– AC + BD
4. Reversible--End product may return to reactants A + B AB
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D. Acid & Bases1. ElectrolytesDefinition: Substances that release ions in water and
therefore conduct electricity.2. Acids--Electrolytes that release H+ into water--pH: 0-6.9-- red on litmus
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3. Bases--Electrolytes that release OH- into water--pH: 7.1-14--Blue on litmus
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E. Major Body Organic Substances1. CarbohydratesStructure: Small to large
molecules of C, H + O (in ratio, Ch2O)
Function: Provide energy for bodya. Monosaccharides – simple
sugar (glucose, fructose, galactose)
b. Disaccharides – two simple sugars (sucrose, lactose)
c. Polysaccharides – complex sugars (glycogen)
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2. LipidsStructure: Substances that do
not dissolve in H2O, mainly C, H, O (includes fats, phospholipids, steroids)Function: Fats: Break down for energy phosopholipids: make cell
membranes
steroids: regulate body process example: male/female
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a. Glycerols + fatty acid = FAT example: triglycerols = 3
glycerols + a fatty acid
3. Proteins Structure: Molecules of C, H, O, N -- Amino Acids: Building block of
protein Function: regulate chemical
reactions--energy sources--cell synthesis/make up
cytoplasm--protect from disease
(antibodies)--serve as enzymes** Watch Lamina video
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a. Hydrogen bonds-- hold coil together-- bonds may break by
exposure to access:*heat*radiation*chemicals
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Denatured Protein: protein with hydrogen bonds broken or uncoiled due
to environmental factors. (example: heat)*** EGG EXAMPLE4. Nucleic Acids
Structure: Large complex molecules of C, H, O, N, P--RNA, DNA--Nucleotide: building block of nucleic acid
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Function: --control cellular activities --synthesize proteins (RNA)
--pass on genetic information
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VII.Cellular Transport *In order for the body to maintain
homeostasis, chemicals/substances/ions constantly pass through cell
membranes.A. Passive Transport
1. Defintion: Movement of substances across cell membrane from HIGH concentration to LOW concentration requiring no energy
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2. Typesa. Diffusion: movement of
substances from high to low concentration
example: O2 from air diffuse into blood and CO2 to airb. Facilitated Diffusion: diffusion with aid of a carrier molecule
in cell membrane “bussers”example: glucose into cells
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C. Osmosis: movement of WATER
across membrane from high to low concentration
1. cells need EXACTLY right amount of watery environment or they will shrink/swell
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Types of Osmosis1. Hypertonic – Hyper=more
a. More water than needed in the cell, so net water LEAVES cell to reach homeostasis
b. cell then SHRINKS2. Hypotonic – Hypo=less
a. Less water than needed in the cell, so water ENTERS cell to reach homeostasis
b. cell then SWELLS3. Isotonic
a. Homeostasis is reached
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d. Filtration1. movement of
substances across cell membrane due to pressure
2. ex: blood pressure forces water out of capillaries but proteins are left in.
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B. Active transport1. Movement of substances across membrane from LOW to HIGH REQUIRING ENERGY!!2. Types:
a. Pumps – carrier molecules push ions low to high
1. Na/K pumps in cellsb. Endocytosis – engulfing of particles by cells
1. pinocytosis – takes in liquids2. phagocytosis – take in solids
a. ex:Phagocytes:engulf bacteria