ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ АГЕНТСТВО ПО ОБРАЗОВАНИЮ

Государственное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования

«ПЕНЗЕНСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ»

ENGLISH IN PHARMACY

Учебное пособие

Пенза ИИЦ ПГУ 2008

Данное учебное пособие предназначено для студентов второго года обучения фармацевтических факультетов, переводчиков в сфере профессиональной коммуникации, а также врачей, которым необходима информация по данной тематике.

Цель учебного пособия – познакомить с основной терминологией по специальности; максимальное развитие и совершенствование навыков чтения, перевода, аннотирования оригинальной литературы по специальности; обсуждение научных фактов, связанных с фармакологией.

Пособие состоит из 6 разделов (Unit). Структура пособия предполагает овладение всеми основными видами речевой деятельности: говорения, понимания на слух, чтения и письма.

Составитель: Н. В. Антропова

Рецензенты: Зав. кафедрой фармакологии, доктор медицинских наук, профессорИ. Я. Моисеева

Зав. циклом иностранных языков ПГТА,кандидат педагогических наук, доцентО. Н. Ясаревская

CONTENTS

UNIT I. PHARMACOLOGY IN OUR LIFE ………… 3UNIT II. DRUG NAMES, STANDARDS, REFERENCES.

ADMINISTRATIONOF DRUGS ……...………………………………... 11

UNIT III. DRUG CLASSES. NUEROPHARMACOLOGIC DRUGS ……… 25

UNIT IV. DRUG CLASSES ………………………………… 36UNIT V. TECHNOLOGY OF DRUGS ………………… 56UNIT VI. HEALTH AND MEDICINE …………………... 78

UNIT 1

PHARMACOLOGY IN OUR LIFE

Lead-inI. What do you understand by "pharmacology and pharmacist"?II. What are the duties and responsibilities of a

pharmacist? Make a list of them. Compare your list with other students.

Reading 1This text develops ideas of pharmacology. Read the text and find out new key notions.

TEXT 1

PHARMACY AND PHARMACISTS

Pharmacy is the science about drugs and medicine. Pharmacists - people who prepare the medicines under the recipe of the doctor and sell to sick people. Traditionally, pharmacists have compounded and dispensed medications on the orders of physicians. More recently, pharmacy has come to include other services related to patient care including clinical practice, medication review, and drug information. Some of these new pharmaceutical roles are now mandated by law in various legislatures. Pharmacists, therefore, are drug therapy experts, and the primary health professionals who optimize medication management to produce positive health-outcomes. The symbols most commonly associated with pharmacy are the mortar and pestle.

Pharmacognozy is a science which embraces the history, source, cultivation, collection, preparation, distribution, identification, composition, purity and

preservation of drugs of vegetable and animal origin.A Pharmacopoeia is a book containing a list of medicinal

substances with description, tests and formulas for preparing the same. The pharmacopoeial names of chemical substances do not always represent their chemical composition.

Pharmacy is a field of science related to medicine. Since the Shipman Inquiry, there has been a move in the UK to separate the two roles, separation of prescribing from dispensing. In most jurisdictions (such as the United States) pharmacists are regulated separately from physicians. Specifically, the legislation stipulates that the practice of prescribing must be separate from the practice of dispensing. These jurisdictions also usually specify that only pharmacists may supply scheduled Pharmaceuticals to the public, and that pharmacists cannot form business partnerships with physicians or give them "kickback" payments. In the minority of jurisdictions (particularly in Asian such as China, Malaysia and Singapore) doctors are allowed to dispense drugs themselves and the practice of pharmacy is integrated with that of the physician. The reason for the majority rule is the high risk of a conflict of interest. Otherwise, the physician has a financial self-interest in "diagnosing" as many conditions as possible and in exaggerating their seriousness, because he or she can then sell more medications to the patient. Such self-interest directly conflicts with the patient's interest in obtaining cost-effective medication and avoiding the unnecessary use of medication that may have side-effects. A campaign for separation has began in many countries and has already been successful (like in Korea). As many of the remaining nations move towards separation, resistance and lobbying from dispensing doctors who have pecuniary interests may prove a major stumbling block (e.g. in Malaysia).

Vocabulary

I. Remember:pharmacy - I. фармация; 2. аптекаpharmacopoeia — фармакопеяpharmacology — фармакологияpharmacologist – фармакологpharmaceutical — фармацевтическийpharmacist, pharmaceutist — фармацевт

II.Read and translate the words using your knowledge of Latin:

pharmacy, medicine, drug, compound, dispense, analyse, pharmacist, medicinal, physician, prescribe, prescription, ingredient, manufacture, phenomenon, phenomena, matter, analysis.

III. Find English equivalents for the following Russian words and word-combinations in the text:

готовить лекарства по рецепту, продавать больным, составлять (смешивать), приготовлять и распределять, информация о лекарствах, ступка и пестик, распространение, химический состав, хранение лекарств, животного и растительного происхождения, сфера полномочий, зарегистрированные лекарственные средства, финансовая заинтересованность, избегать ненужного применения лекарств, побочные действия.

Use of EnglishIV. Match up the words on the left with the

definitions on the right:1. pharmacy2. pharmacists3. pharmaceutical

activities4. a pharmacopoeia

a. is a science which embraces the history, source, cultivation, collection, preparation, distribution, identification, composition, purity and preservation of drugs of

5. pharmacognozy vegetable and animal origin

b. is a special book with some special information for pharmacists

c. are drug therapy expertsd. are mandated by law in

various legislaturese. is a field of science

related to medicine

V.Put questions to the underlined words:1. Medicines are compounded, dispensed and sold in

pharmacies.2. Dispensing may only require the transfer of

manufactured products to a prescription container.3. It is important for the pharmacist to know whether

the chemicals are stable.4. Pharmacy treats of medical substances .

a. Finish sentences using information from the text:

To become a pharmacist...

1. To compound medicine . . .2. To speak of preparation,

distribution, identification, preservation of drugs of vegetable and animal origin …

3. To dispense medicines . . .

To become a pharmacist one should achieve knowledge of different subjects.

4. To describe drugs ...5. To produce positive health-

outcomes …

Reading 2Skim the text to get a general understanding. Then answer the questions to check your understanding:1. How many disciplines can the field of Pharmacy be divided?2. Are the boundaries between disciplines clear-cut?3. How is pharmacology sometimes considered?4. What specializations are there in pharmacy practice?

TEXT 2

THE PHARMACY DISCIPLINES

The field of Pharmacy can generally be divided into three main disciplines: Pharmaceutics, Pharmaceutical chemistry (often Medicinal chemistry), Pharmacy practice. The boundaries between these disciplines and with other sciences, such as biochemistry, are not always clear-cut; and often, collaborative teams from various disciplines research together. Pharmacology is sometimes considered to be the fourth discipline of pharmacy. Although pharmacology is essential to the study of pharmacy, it is not specific to pharmacy. Therefore, it is usually considered to be a field of the broader sciences. There are various specialties of pharmacy practice. Some specialization is based on the place of practice including: community, hospital, consultant, locum, drug information, regulatory affairs, industry, and academia. Other specializations are based on clinical roles including: nuclear, oncology, cardiovascular, infectious disease, diabetes, nutrition, geriatric, and psychiatric pharmacy.

Pharmacists are highly-trained and skilled healthcare professionals who perform various roles to ensure optimal health outcomes for their patients. Many pharmacists are also small-business owners, owning the pharmacy in which they practice.

Over to you1. What is necessary to become a pharmacist?2. What is necessary for the pharmacist to know?3. What particular skills do you think a pharmacist is

required? Write a list.4. Study the information of Pharmaceutical Personnel

Market: demand gives rise to supply

Why did you chose the pharmaceutical faculty?1. 9% of students chose the specialty because their

relatives havedrugstores

2. 14% of students entered the faculty accidentally3. 18% of students like the speciality4. 27% of students think of starting their own drugstore5. 32% of students chose the speciality because it is easy

to findemployment

Where are you going to work after graduating from the higher educational institution?1. 34% - in the wholesale company2. 23% - in their own drugstores3. 20% - in the representative offices4. 9% - in the pharmaceutical production

5. 9% - in the drugstores6. 5% - other positions

5. Draw the pie chart of your group and discuss it.

Reading 3Read and translate the texts. Answer the questions:

1. Is your country a member of FIP?

TEXT 3.1

INTERNATIONAL PHARMACEUTICAL FEDERATION (FIP)

Pharmacists are represented internationally by the International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP). The International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP) was established in 1912, and is a worldwide federation of national pharmaceutical (professional and scientific) associations. The FIP aims to "represent and serve pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences around the globe." FIP is a world-wide federation of national pharmaceutical (professional and scientific) associations with a mission to represent and serve pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences around the globe. Through its member associations FIP connects, represents and serves more a million pharmacists and pharmaceutical scientists around the world. FIP was founded in The Hague, The Netherlands, in 1912 and still has its central office in The Hague. Although FIP is a federation of associations, any pharmacist or pharmaceutical scientist can apply to become an Individual Member of FIP.

FIP is more than ninety years old. As an organisation it has taken on new activities over the years and has grown in

size. FIP works with its members in mind and is implementing positive changes to better serve its members.

2. Are you for or against online pharmacy? Give your arguments.

TEXT 3.2

ONLINE PHARMACY

Online pharmacy is one of the hottest business on the internet today. Recently, a number of pharmacies have begun operating over the internet. Many such pharmacies are, in some ways, similar to community pharmacies; the primary difference is the method by which the medications are requested and received. Some customers consider this to be more convenient than traveling to a community drugstore. Some internet pharmacies sell prescription drugs without requiring a prescription. Some customers order drugs from such pharmacies to avoid the "inconvenience" of visiting a doctor or to obtain medications which their doctors were unwilling to prescribe. However, this practice has been criticized as potentially dangerous, especially by those who feel that only doctors can reliably assess contraindications, risk/benefit ratios, and an individual's overall suitability for use of a medication. There have also been reports of such pharmacies dispensing substandard products. In the United States, there has been a push to legalize the importation of medications from Canada and other countries, in order to reduce consumer costs. Although importation, of prescription medication currently violates FDA regulations and federal laws, enforcement is generally targeted at international drug suppliers, rather than consumers.

Over to you

Speak on «Pharmacology in our Life».

UNIT 2

DRUG NAMES, STANDARDS, REFERENCES. ADMINISTRATION OF DRUGS

Lead - inI. Have you ever taken any drugs? What were they?II. What drug names do you know? Make a list of them.

What do you know about the administration of drugs?

Reading 11. Read the text and formulate its topic.2. Give the headline which would reveal the topic.3. Write down key words and word-combinations

which help to define the topic.4. Translate the text and write a short summary.

TEXT 1

INTRODUCTION

Drugs are chemical substances used in medicine in the treatment of disease. These chemical substances can come from many different sources. Drugs are obtained from various parts of plants, such as the roots, leaves, and fruit. Examples of such drugs are digitalis (from the foxglove plant), and antibiotics such as penicillin and streptomycin (from plants called molds). Drugs can also be obtained from animals; for example, hormones are secretions from the glands of animals. Drugs can be made from chemical substances which are synthesized in the laboratory. Anti-cancer drugs, such as methotrexate and prednisone, are examples of laboratory-synthesized drugs. Some drugs are contained in food substances; these drugs

are called vitamins. Drugs are dispensed and stored in an area known as a pharmacy.

The field of medicine which studies drugs, their nature, origin, and effect in the body is called pharmacology. Pharmacology is a large medical specialty and contains many subdivisions of study, including pharmacodynamics, molecular pharmacology, chemotherapy, and toxicology.

Pharmacodynamics involves the study of how drugs exert their effects in the body. Scientists interested in pharmacodymanics study the processes of drug absorption (how drugs pass into the bloodstream), metabolism (changes drugs undergo within the body) and excretion (removal of the drug from the body).

Molecular pharmacology concerns the study of the interaction of drugs and cells or subcellular entities, such as DNA, RNA, or enzymes. These studies provide important information about the mechanism of action of the drug.

Chemotherapy is the subdivision of pharmacology which studies drugs that are capable of destroying microorganisms, parasites and cells within the body without destroying the body itself. Chemotherapy includes treatment of infectious diseases, mental illness and cancer.

Toxicology is the study of harmful chemicals and their dangerous effects on the body. Toxicology includes the study of the potentially harmful effects of any drug on the body; any drug, if given in high enough doses, can have harmful actions on the body. Toxicological studies in animals are required by law before new drugs can be tested in individuals. A toxicologist is also interested in finding proper antidotes to these harmful effects. Antidotes are substances given to neutralize unwanted effects of drugs.

VocabularyI. Read and learn:

additive — drug action in which the combination of two

similar drugs is equal to the sum of the effects of each

anaphylaxis — hypersensitive reaction of the body to a drug or foreign organism. Symptoms may include hives, asthma, rhinitis, and so forth

antidote – an agent that is given to counteract an unwanted effect of a drug

brand name (trade name) — commercial name for a drug, normally the property of the drug manufacturer

chemical name — chemical formula for a drugchemotherapy — treatment of illness using chemicals;

usually refers to treatment of infectious disease, cancer disease, or mental illness

contraindications — factors in the patient's condition which prevent the use of a particular drug or treatment

cumulation — drug action resulting from the administration of small repeated doses of a drug that are not eliminated from the body quickly enough, so that the drug builds up, or accumulates; this may be produced intentionally, or it may be unintentional and have harmful effects

drug toxicity — harmful and dangerous complications which may arise from the use of drugs. Examples of common toxic effects of drugs are blood dyscrasias, such as aplastic anemia and leukopenia; cataracts; neuropathy; collagen disorders; and photosensitivity

idiosyncrasy — a rare type of toxic effect produced in a peculiarly sensitive individual but not seen in most patients

Food and Drug Administration (FDA) — governmental agency having the legal responsibility for enforcing proper drug manufacture and clinical use

generic name — the legal, noncommercial name for a drug

Hospital Formulary – reference listing of drugs and their appropriate clinical usage found in most hospitals and libraries; published by the American Society of Hospital Pharmacies

National Formulary (N. F.) — large, up-to-date list of drugs and official standards for their manufacture; issued by the American Pharmaceutical Association

Physicians' Desk Reference (PDR) — reference book listing drug products; published privately

parenteral administration — administration of drugs by injection into skin, muscle, or veins (places other than the digestive tract)

potentiation — a type of drug action in which the combined effect of using two drugs together is greater than the sum of the effects of using each one alone; also called synergism

side effect - a toxic (harmful) effect which routinely results from the use of a drug

suppositories — cone-shaped objects containing medication which are inserted into the rectum, vagina, or urethra, from which the medication is absorbed into the bloodstream

synergism — type of drug action in which the effect of two drugs acting together is greater than the sum of each acting alone; potentiation

tolerance — condition of becoming resistant to the action of a drug as treatment progresses so that larger and larger doses must be given to maintain the desired effect

United States Pharmacopeia (U.S.P.) — an authoritative list of drugs, formulas, and preparations which sets a standard for drug manufacturing and dispensing.

II.Read these notes and the paragraph that expands them:

brand name – name for – manufacturer

brand name (trade name) is a commercial name for a drug, normally the property of the drug manufacturer

Write similar paragraphs from these notes:1) Drugs – substances – the treatment – disease.

Drugs – obtain – various parts – plants – animals.Drugs – make – substances – synthesize.Drugs – contain – food substances – vitamins

2) type of drug action – two drugs – act – great – the sum of – alone – call

3) toxicology – harmful effects – high doses – to test in individuals

4) condition – resistant – the action of drug – treatment progress – larger – must be given – maintain – call

Reading 2Read the text and make a plan of it.

TEXT 2

DRUG NAMES, STANDARDS,AND REFERENCES NAMES

A drug can have three different names. The chemical

name is the chemical formula for the drug. This name is often long and complicated.

The generic or official name is a shorter, less complicated name which is recognized as identifying the drug for legal and scientific purpose. The generic name is public property and any drug manufacturer may use it. There is only one generic name for each drug.

The brand name or trade name is the private property of the individual drug manufacturer and no competitor may use it. Brand names often have the superscript after or before the name. Most drugs have several brand names because each manufacturer producing the drug gives it a different name. When a specific brand name is ordered on a prescription by a physician, it must be dispensed by the pharmacist; no other brand name may be substituted. It is common practice to capitalize the first letter of a brand name.

The following lists give the chemical, generic, and brand names of the well known antibiotic drug, ampicillin. Note that the drug can have several brand names but only one generic, or official, name.

Chemical Name Generic Name Brand Namealpha-aminobenzyl P ampicillin Amcill capsules

OmnipenPenbritinPolycillin Principen/N

STANDARDSWhile the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has

the legal responsibility for deciding whether a drug may be distributed and sold, there are definite standards for drugs set by an independent committee of physicians, pharmacologists, pharmacists, and manufacturers. This committee is called the United States Pharmacopeia (U.S. P.). Two important standards of the U.S. P. are that

the drug must be clinically useful (useful for patients) and available in pure form (made by good manufacturing methods). If a drug has U.S. P. after its name, it has met with standards of the Pharmacopeia. A list of drugs is published by the U.S. P. every 5 years, but not all drugs are listed in it. The National Formulary (N.F.) is a larger list of drugs which meet purity standards. The letters U.S. P. and N.F. after a drug indicate that the manufacturer claims his product conforms to U.S. P. or N.F. standards. It is up to the FDA to inspect and enforce the claims of drug manufacturers.

REFERENCESLibraries and hospitals have two large reference listings

of drugs which give important information about drugs. The most complete and up-to-date is the Hospital Formulary, published by the American Society of Hospital Pharmacists. This listing gives information about the characteristics of drugs and their clinical usage (application to patient care). The Physicians' Desk Reference (PDR) is published by a private firm, and drug manufacturers pay to have their products listed. The PDR is a useful reference with several different indexes to identify drugs (generic and chemical name index, product identification index, manufacturers' index, drug classification index) and full descriptions, precautions and warnings, and information about recommended dosage and administration for each drug.

Use of EnglishI. Give the meanings of the following

abbreviations:PDR; FDA; IV; U.S.P.; IM; NF.

II.Read these sentences and underline the correct form of the verb (active or passive):

1. The generic name is recognized / recognizes as identifying the drug for legal and scientific purpose.

2. When a specific brand name is ordered / orders on a prescription by a physician, it must be dispensed / dispense by the pharmacist.

3. No other brand name may be substituted / may substitute.

4. No competitor may be used / may use the brand name.

5. FDA has the legal responsibility for deciding whether a drug may be distributed and sold / distributes and sells.

6. Two important standards of the U.S.P. are that the drug must be clinically useful and the pure form must be made/must make by good manufacturing methods.

7. A list of drugs is published / publishes by the U.S.R. every 5 years, but not all drugs are listed / list in it.

8. Hospital Formulary is published / publishes by the American Society of Hospital Pharmacists.

9. The Physicians’ Desk Reference is published / publishes by a private firm.

Over to youI. Answer the questions:

1. How many names can a drug have?2. What are the names of a drug?3. Are there any definite standards for a drug? What are

they?4. What are the functions of FDA and U.S.P.?5. What is N.F.?6. What is the hospital Formulary?7. What is the Physicians’ Desk Reference?

II.Using your plan give a summary of the text.

Reading 3Reading the text fill in a chart summarizing the various routes of drug administration.

Oral Sublingual

Rectal Parenteral

Inhalation

Topical

TEXT 3

ADMINISTRATION OF DRUGSThe route of administration of a drug (how it is

introduced into body) is very important in determining the rate and completeness of its absorption into the bloodstream and speed and duration of the drug's action in the body.

The many different methods used by physicians and allied health personnel to administer drugs are listed below, with a brief discussion of each method:

Oral Administration. The route of administration is by mouth. Drugs given orally must pass into the stomach and be absorbed into the bloodstream through the intestinal wall. Although this method is probably most acceptable to patients from the standpoint of convenience, it may have several disadvantages. If the drug is destroyed in the digestive tract by digestive juices or if the drug cannot pass through the intestinal mucosa, it will be ineffective. Also, oral administration is slower than other methods and disadvantageous if time is a factor in therapy.

Sublingual Administration. In this route of administration, drugs are not swallowed but are placed under the tongue and allowed to dissolve in the saliva. Absorption may be rapid for some agents. Nitroglycerin tablets are taken this way to treat attacks of chest pain (angina pectoris). The nitroglycerin is rapidly absorbed into

the bloodstream and opens coronary arteries to increase blood flow to the heart muscle.

Rectal Administration. Suppositories (cone-shaped objects containing drugs) and aqueous (water) solutions are inserted into the rectum (distal end of the digestive tract). At times, drugs are given by rectum when oral administration presents difficulties, such as when the patient is nauseated and vomiting.

Parenteral Administration. This type of administration is accomplished by injection through a syringe (syring/o = tube) under the skin, into muscle, into a vein, or into a body cavity. There are several types of parenteral injections:

Subcutaneous Injection. This injection is sometimes called a hypodermic injection, and is given just under the several layers of the skin. The outer surface of the arm and the anterior surface of the skin are usual locations for subcutaneous injections.

Intradermal Injection. This shallow injection is made into the upper layers of the skin. It is used chiefly in skin testing for allergic reactions. Short needles are used, and an elevation appears on the skin when an intradermal injection is given properly.

Intramuscular Injection (I.M.). This injection is given into the muscle, usually into the buttocks. When drugs are irritating to the skin or when a large volume of a long-acting drug is to be given, I.M. injections are advisable.

Intravenous Injection (I.V.). This injection is given directly into the veins. It is given when an immediate effect from the drug is desired or when the drug cannot be given into other tissues. Good technical skill is needed in administering this injection, since leakage of drugs into surrounding tissues may result in damage to tissues.

Intrathecal Injection. This injection is made into the sheath of membranes (meninges) which surround the spinal cord and brain. The effects of the drug so administered are usually limited to the central nervous

system, and intrathecal injections are often used to produce anesthesia.

Intracavitary Injection. This injection is made into a body cavity, as, for example, into the peritoneal or pleural cavity.

Inhalation. In this method of administration, vapors, or gases, are taken into the nose or mouth and are absorbed into the bloodstream through the thin walls of the air sacs in the lungs. Aerosols (particles of the drug suspended in air) are administered by inhalation.

Topical Application. This is the local external application of drugs on skin or mucous membranes of the mouth or other surface. It is commonly used to accelerate the healing of abrasions, for antiseptic treatment of a wound, and as an antipruritic (against itching). Topical application may also include administration of drugs into the eyes, ears, nose, and vagina. Lotions are used most often when the skin is moist, or "weeping," and ointments and creams are used when the lesions are dry.

Over to youComment on your chart.

Reading 41. Translate the title and subtitles of the text. Explain their interconnection, if you see any.2. Read the text and write down all new pharmaceutical terms into your notebook.

TEXT 4

TERMINOLOGY OF DRUG ACTION

There are certain terms which describe the action and interaction of drugs in the body once they are administered and have been absorbed into the

bloodstream. These terms are listed below with explanations of their meanings:

Potentiation (Synergism). Sometimes a combination of two drugs can cause an effect which is greater than the sum of the individual effect of each drug alone. For example, penicillin and streptomycin, two antibiotic drugs, are given together in treatment for bacterial endocarditis because of their synergistic action.

Additive Action. In this drug action, the combination of two similar drugs is equal to the sum of the effects of each. For example, if drug A gives 10 per cent tumor kill as a cancer chemotherapeutic agent and drug B gives 20 per cent tumor kill, using A and B together would give 30 per cent tumor kill. If these drugs were synergistic in their action, a combination of drugs would give greater than 30 per cent tumor kill.

Cumulation. If a drug is given in short intervals and the body cannot dispose of it rapidly enough, the drug concentration will rise in the body tissues with each successive dose. This cumulation may cause toxic effects in the body. There are some instances, however, in which cumulation is desired for therapeutic purposes. The use of digitalis in management of cardiac insufficiency is an example of a therapeutic buildup of a drug to promote the efficient working of the heart.

Tolerance. In this drug action, the effects of a given dose diminish as treatment goes on, and larger doses must be given to maintain the desired effect. Tolerance is a feature of addiction to drug such as morphine and meperidine (Demerol).

Idiosyncrasy. In some instances, a patient may display unexpected effects following the administration of a drug. Idiosyncratic reactions are produced in very few patients taking a drug, but may be life-threatening in those few instances. For example, in some individuals penicillin is known to cause an idiosyncratic react ion'such as aitaphylaxis (acute type of hypersensitivity, including

asthma and shock).

Reading 5Read the text and decide if the headline helps to guess what it is about.

TEXT 5

DRUG TOXICITY

Drug toxicity refers to the poisonous and potentially dangerous effects of some drugs. Idiosyncrasy is an example of an unpredictable type of drug toxicity.

Other types of drug toxicity are more predictable and based on the dosage of the drug given. If the dosage of certain drugs is increased, unfavorable effects may be produced. Physicians are trained to be aware of the potential toxic effects of all drugs they prescribe and must be cautious with their use. Disorders directly resulting from diagnostic or therapeutic efforts of a physician are known as iatrogenic, and are usually related to drug toxicity.

Side effects are toxic effects which routinely result from the use of a drug. They often occur with the usual therapeutic dosage of a drug and are usually tolerable. For example, nausea, vomiting, and alopecia are common side effects of the chemotherapeutic drugs used to treat cancer.

Contraindications are factors in a patient's condition which make the use of a drug dangerous and ill advised. For example, in the presence of renal failure, it is unwise to administer a drug which is normally eliminated by the kidneys.

Among the most dangerous toxic complications of drug usage are blood dyscrasias (blood diseases) such as aplastic anemia and leukopenia, cataract formation (eye disorder), cholestatic jaundice (biliary obstruction leading to yellow discoloration of skin), neuropathy, collagen

disorders (connective tissue damage such as arthritis), and photosensitivity (abnornmal sensitivity to light).

VocabularyFill in the missing words in this table. The words can be found in the texts.

Combining Form Definition Terminologypharmac / o

chem / otoxic / olingu / oderm / oven / oaer / oerg / oidi / o

cras / oanti –intra –contra

drugdrug

–tongue

––

airwork

–disease mixture

–within

–

pharmacology–

toxemia––––––––––

Use of EnglishI. Build medical words:

1. pertaining to against itching; 2. the study of poisons; 3. treatment with chemicals; 4. pertaining to within a vein; 5. study of drugs; 6. pertaining to under the tongue; 7. pertaining to under the skin; 8. against infection; 9. produced by a physician; 10. pertaining to within a sheath

II.Give the meaning of the following terms:1. parenteral; 2. pharmacopeia; 3. idiosyncrasy; 4. synergism; 5. contraindications; 6. anaphylaxis; 7. antidote; 8. drug toxicity; 9. aerosol; 10. side effect

III. Match the terms in a) with associated terms in b):

a) 1. pharmacy; 2. molecular pharmacology; 3. brand name; 4. generic name; 5. chemical name; 6. cumulation; 7. additive action; 8. potentiation; 9. tolerance; 10. absorption.b) a. combination of two drugs together is equal to the sum of the effects of each; b. drug name which gives the chemical formula; c. combination of two drugs together gives an effect which is greater than sum of each drug alone; d. drugs passing into the bloodstream; e. building up of drug in the body due to inability to excrete it as fast as it is taken in; f. effects of a drug diminish as larger and larger doses are needed to produce desired effect; g. area to prepare, store, and dispense drugs; h. official name; legal and noncommercial name; i. trade name of drug privately owned by manufacturer; j. study of drug interaction with cells or subcellular entities

IV. Match the routes of administration of drugs in a) with the medications and procedures in b):

a) 1. intravenous 2. rectal 3. oral 4. topical 5. inhalation 6. intrathecal 7. intramuscular 8. intradermal.b) a. lotions, creams, ointments b. tablets and capsules c. used for allergy skin tests d. lumbar puncture e. deep injection, usually into buttocks f. suppositories g. used for blood transfusions h. aerosols.

Over to youSum up the information of the unit and speak on “Drug Names, Standards, References”.

UNIT 3

DRUG CLASSES.NUEROPHARMACOLOGIC DRUGS

Lead-inI. Look in your first-aid kit at home. Can you name

everything that you find there?II. Do you know the names of the different classes of drugs

and their use in patient care?

Reading 1Read the text and draw the chart summarizing the various types of autonomic drugs.

TEXT 1

NEUROPHARMACOLOGIC DRUGS

These drugs act on the nervous system. There are two major types of neuropharmacologic drugs: autonomic drugs and central nervous system drugs.

Autonomic Drugs. These drugs influence the body in a manner similar to the action of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves of the autonomic nervous system.

The function of the sympathetic nerve network in the body is (1) to stimulate the flow of epinephrine from the adrenal gland, (2) to increase heart rate, (3) to constrict blood vessels, and (4) to dilate air passages.

Drugs which mimic the action of sympathetic nerves are called sympathomimetic or adrenergic agents. They stimulate the flow of epinephrine, increase heart rate, constrict blood vessels, and dilate air passages. Examples of sympathomimetic drugs are epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline). These drugs are the same chemicals which are naturally released from the sympathetic nerve endings and adrenal glands during times

of stress or emergency.Drugs which mimic the action of parasympathetic nerves

are called parasympathomimetic or cholinergic agents. These drugs oppose the actions of the sympathomimetic (adrenergic) drugs, which means that they slow down heart rate, constrict air passages, and stimulate involuntary muscles in the digestive tract and other organs. The parasympathetic agent which is produced normally at all times by parasympathetic nerve endings is called acetylcholine. Acetylcholine, unlike a drug such as epinephrine (adrenaline), cannot be administered to patients. This is because there are enzymes in the body called cholinesterases which inactivate acetylcholine almost as quickly as it is given. Other cholinergic drugs are, therefore, chosen as exogenous agents. One example of a cholinergic drug similar to acetylcholine in effect but longer lasting in the body is bethanechol. Bethanechol (Urecholine) is used in postoperative urinary retention to include the constriction of the urinary bladder, aiding urination.

Other autonomic drugs are parasympatholytic agents which oppose the effect of parasympathetic nerve stimulation. Examples of these drugs are atropine and belladonna, which are also known as antispasmodic drugs because they act to relax the muscles in the gastrointestinal tract and decrease peristalsis.

Sympatholytic agents, which block the action of the sympathetic nervous system, include reserpine, guanethidine, and phentolamine. These drugs are used to decrease blood pressure and protect against the excess epinephrine secretion liberated by pheochromocytomas (tumors of the adrenal gland).

VocabularyI. Read and learn:

acetylcholine — a chemical which is found in the body and acts as a transmitter of nerve impulses of the parasympathetic nervous system

adrenergic agent — a drug which duplicates the effect of stimulating sympathetic nerve fibers. This agent is also called a sympathomimetic drug

atropine — an agent used to decrease muscle contractions or spasms (antispasmodic) and block impulses of the parasympathetic nervous system

belladonna—drug containing atropine and used as an antispasmodic and sedative agent

cholinergic agent — a drug which duplicates the effect of stimulating parasympathetic nerve fibers. An example is bethanechol

neuropharmacologic drugs — those drugs which affect the nervous system. They include autonomic and central nervous system drugs, e.g., cholinergic drugs (acting like parasympathetic nerves) and drenergic drugs (acting like sympathetic nerves)

prophylaxis — prevention of (protection against) disease

II. Find in the text English equivalents.1. Nueropharmacologic drugs (воздействуют на) the

nervous system.2. The function of the sympathetic nerve network is

(способствовать) the flow of epinephrine from the adrenal gland, (увеличивать) heart rate, (сужать) blood vessels, (расширять) air passages.

3. These drugs are the same (химические вещества).4. These drugs (препятствуют) the actions of the

adrenergic drugs.5. Acetylcholine cannot (быть назначен) to patients.6. Drugs act (расслабить) the muscles in the

gastrointestinal tract and (уменьшить) peristalsis.

Use of EnglishI. Give the meaning of the following terms which

relate to autonomic neuropharmacologic drugs:1. sympathomimetic 2. adrenergic agents 3. parasympatho-mimetic 4. cholinergic agents 5. acetylcholine 6. epinephrine

7. parasympatho-lytic 8. sympatholytic

II. Match the neuropharmacologic drug in a) with a term in b) which describes its function:

a) 1. atropine 2. epinephrine 3. reserpine 4. belladonna 5. bethanechol 6. acetylcholineb) a. cholinergic (parasympathomimetic) b. sympatholytic c. parasympatholytic d. sympathomimetic (adrenergic).

III. Answer the questions:1. How many types of nueropharmacologic drugs do you

know?2. What drugs are called adrenergic agents?3. What are the functions of sympathomimetic agents in

the body?4. What drugs are called cholinergic agents?5. What are the functions of parasympathomimetic agents

in the body?6. What examples of these drugs do you know?

Over to youComment on your chart summarizing the various types of autonomic drugs.

Reading 2

1. Read the text and draw the chart summarizing the different types of drugs affecting the central nervous system.

2. Find all definitions in the text. Write them down.

TEXT 2.1

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DRUGS

Central Nervous System Drugs. The drugs which affect the central nervous system are of two main types: those which stimulate the nerves in the brain and spinal cord, stimulants, and those which depress the nerves in the brain and spinal cord, depressants.

Stimulants. Central nervous system stimulants are used to speed up vital processes in cases of shock and collapse, and also to oppose the depressant effect of other drugs. Stimulants produce a temporary feeling of euphoria (well-being) and help to relieve lethargy. Examples of drug stimulants are caffeine and amphetamine (Benzedrine). Side effects of caffeine, which is obtained from tea leaves and coffee beans, are tachycardia and irritability as well as insomnia. Amphetamines are much more powerful than caffeine and can produce restlessness, insomnia, and nervousness as well as hypertension (high blood pressure) and gastrointestinal disorders when given in high doses. Used in excessive doses these drugs can produce convulsions.

Depressants. There are several types of central nervous system depressants. These include analgesics, hypnotics, sedatives and barbiturates, tranquilizers, anticonvulsants, alcohol, and anesthetics.

Analgesics are agents which act to relieve pain. Examples of analgesics are acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), acetaminophen (Tylenol), and dextropropoxyphene (Darvon). Aspirin and Tylenol are antipyretics (agents

against fever) as well as analgesics. Darvon is used to lessen any type of mild pain, especially in recurrent or chronic disease.

Acetylsalicylic acid, acetaminophean, and dextropropoxyphene are examples of non-narcotic analgesics. Examples of narcotic analgesics are opium, morphine, heroin, codeine, and meperidine (Demerol). Narcotics are drugs which, in moderate doses, can suppress the central nervous system and relieve pain, but in excessive doses produce unconsciousness, stupor, coma, and possibly death. Most of the narcotic analgesics are addictive and habit-forming.

Hypnotic drugs are those which depress the central nervous system and produce sleep. Sedatives are used to quiet and relax the patient without necessarily producing sleep. Some drugs act as sedatives in small doses and as hypnotics in larger doses. Barbiturates, such as phenobarbital, secobarbital, and pentobarbital, are the best known sedatives and hypnotics. Chloral hydrate is an example of another type of sedative. Depending on the dose and how it is administered, the response to a barbiturate may range from mild sedation to hypnosis and finally to general anesthesia.

TEXT 2.2

Tranquilizers are drugs which alter behavior, allowing for control of nervous symptoms such as anxiety, depression, fear, or anger. Minor tranquilizers, such as chlordiazepoxide (Librium) and diazepam (Valium), are used primarily for control of less severe nervous states, while the major tranquilizers, such as phenothiazines (Thorazine, Stelazine), and tricyclic antidepressants, such as amitriptyline (Elavil), are used to control severe disturbances of behavior or psychoses (loss of contact with reality).

Anticonvulsant agents are used to treat epilepsy, a

central nervous system disorder caused by abnormal electrical discharges within the brain which result in abnormal muscular movements, loss of consciousness, and other symptoms. Ideally, anticonvulsant drugs should depress the part of the brain which controls motor, or movement, activity and not the sensory and cognitive (thinking) parts of the brain. An example of an effective anticonvulsant drug is diphenylhydantoin (Dilantin). Barbiturates like phenobarbital are also used as anticonvulsant drugs.

Alcohol is another central nervous system depressant. It affects the cerebral cortex of the brain in several ways. One way is to block the processes which control or inhibit behavior. This effect accounts for the talkativeness and lack of inhibition which accompany consumption of even small amounts of alcohol in some people. Alcohol is also used as a dilator of blood vessels in vascular disease, as an antiseptic, and as a hypnotic.

Anesthetics are drugs which produce loss of sensation, and particularly loss of the appreciation of pain. General anesthetics produce loss of sensation throughout the entire body by depressing the central nervous system, producing sleep, unconsciousness, and muscle relaxation. Examples of general anesthetics are diethyl ether, nitrous oxide, thiopental, and halothane. Local anesthetics relieve or prevent pain in a particular area of the body. The names of most of the local anesthetics have the suffixcaine. Examples are cocaine, procaine (Novocain), lidocaine (Xylocaine), and tetracaine (Pontocaine).

VocabularyI. Read and learn:

alcohol — central nervous system depressant. Also used as a dilator of blood vessels and as an antiseptic

anesthetics — drugs which produce loss of sensation and

block the awareness of painful stimuli. Examples of local anesthetics are procaine (Novocain), cocaine, and lidocaine (Xylocaine)

anticonvulsants — drugs which prevent and treat convulsions (involuntary contraction and spasm of muscles associated with loss of consciousness). They are used in the treatment of epilepsy. Examples are diphenylhydantoin (Dilantin) and Phenobarbital

barbiturates — drugs which are used to induce sedation or sleep. Examples are Phenobarbital and secobarbital

depressants — drugs which decrease the functioning of an organ or system

hypnotics — drugs which depress the central nervous system and produce sleep

narcotic — a depressant drug which produces stupor, sleep, or unconsciousness, and is habit-forming. Examples are opiates such as heroin and morphine, and synthetic drugs such as meperidine (Demerol)

sedatives — central nervous system depressants which relax and quiet a patient without producing sleep

stimulants — drugs which increase the functioning of an organ or system

tranquilizers — drugs which calm and quiet a patient, altering behavior without causing the drowsiness produced by sedatives

II. Find in the text English equivalents:1. The drugs which (воздействуют на) the central nervous

system are of two main types.

2. Central nervous system stimulants are used (ускорять) vital processes (в случае) of shock and collapse.

3. Side effects of caffeine are (тахикардия) and (раздражительность) as well as (бессонница).

4. Analgesics are agents which act to (снять боль).5. Hypnotic drugs are those which (подавляют) the central

nervous system and (вызывают сон).6. Tranquilizers are drugs which (изменяют поведение),

allowing for (контролировать) of nervous symptoms such as (раздражительность), depression, (страх) or (гнев).

7. Anesthetics are drugs which produce (потеря чувствительности).

Use of EnglishI. Give the meaning of the following terms which

describe drugs affecting the central nervous system:

1. depressants 2. stimulants 3. analgesics 4. anesthetics 5. anti-convulsants 6. hypnotics 7. antipyretics 8. narcotics 9. sedatives 10. barbiturates 11. tranquilizers

II.Match the name of the drug in a) with an appropriate drug term in b):

a) 1. chloral hydrate 2. morphine 3. acetylsalicylic acid4. caffeine 5. Dilantin 6. amphetamine 7. diethyl ether 8. heroin 9. Thorazine 10. Novocain.

b) a. anesthetic b. tranquilizer c. sedative d. anticonvulsant e. narcotic f. stimulant g. analgesic.

III. Answer the questions:1. Are the drugs which affect the central nervous system of

two types? What are they?2. What are analgesics? Do you know the examples of

them?

3. What are sedatives? Do you know the examples of them?

4. What are tranquilizers used for?5. What are anticonvulsant agents used for?6. What and how does alcohol affect?7. What are anesthetics?8. What general and local anesthetics can you name?

Over to youComment on your chart summarizing the different types of drugs affecting the central nervous system.

Reading 31. Read and translate instruction for medical use. 2. Pay attention to the structure of the

instruction.3. Make up a plan of it.

BETASERC®

INSTRUCTION FOR MEDICAL USERegistration number:in Russia: N ЛС-000268in Kazakhstan: PK-ЛC-5-N°007403.Trade name: Betaserc®.International nonproprietary name:betahistine.Dosage form: tablets.Chemical name:2-[2-(methylamino)ethyl]pvridinedihydrochloride.CompositionActive substance:betahistine dihydrochloride, 24 mg.Excipients:microcrystalline cellulose, mannitol, citric acid monohydrate, colloidal silicon dioxide, talc.DescriptionWhite or almost white biconvex tablets with

PrecautionsThe drug should be used with caution in patients with a history of peptic ulcer. Patients with pheochromocytoma and bronchial asthma should be regularly observed during the treatment.Pregnancy and lactationThere are scarce data to evaluate the effect of the drug during pregnancy and lactation.Dosage and administrationOrally, during a meal.Betaserc 24 mgDoses; 1 tablet;administrations twice dailyAn improvement is usually noted just within the first days of therapy; a steady-state clinical effect develops after two weeks of treatment and may increase during several months of treatment.Treatment is long.

beveled edges. On one side of the tablet: score imprinted and «289» on both sides around the score; on the other side - the symbol «S» above « ».Pharmacological/therapeutic groupHistamine drug.CodeATC:[N07CA01].Pharmacological propertiesBetaserc® (betahistine) acts mainly on H1 arid H3-histamine receptors of the inner ear and central vestibular nuclei. Due to its directly agonistic action on the H,-histamine receptors of internal ear vessels and to its indirect action on H3-histamine receptors, the drug improves the microcirculation and permeability of the capillaries, normalizes endolymphatic pressure in the labyrinth and cochlea. At the same time Betahistine increases blood flow in the basilar artery.As an inhibitor of H3-histamine receptors of vestibular nerve nuclei, it shows a marked central effect. The drug normalizes vestibular nuclear neuronal conductivity at the level of the brain stem. The above mentioned clinical manifestation of the above properties is the decreased frequency and severity of vertigo episodes, alleviated tinnitus, and improved hearing in case of its deterioration.PharmacokineticsThe drug rapidly absorbs, its protein binding is low. The maximum blood concentration reaches in 3 hours. The half-life is 3-4 hours. It is virtually excreted by the kidneys as a metabolite (2-piridilacetic acid) within 24 hours.Indications• Treatment and prevention of vertigo of vestibular origin.• Syndromes, including vertigo and headache, tinnitus, progressivehearing loss, nausea, and vomiting.• Meniere's disease/syndrome.ContraindicationsHypersensitivity to any component of the drug.

The duration of treatment should be determined on an individualbasis.Side effectsGastrointestinal disturbances. There are rarely reports on skin hypersensitivity reactions (rash, itch, urticaria), Quincke's edema.OverdosageSymptoms: nausea, vomiting. Convulsions have been reported when a dose of 728 mg is used. Treatment: symptomatic therapy.Drug interactionsCases on interaction and incompatibility with other drugs are unknown.Effect on the ability to drive a car and operate mechanismsBetaserc® does not show any sedative effect or affect the ability to drive a car and operate machines and mechanisms.Manufacturing form• 24-mg tablets: 20 tablets in a PVC/PVDC/AI blister. 1, 2, 3 or 5 blisters (20, 40, 60 or 100 tablets) together with use instruction in a cardboard package.• 24-mg tablets: 25 tablets in a PVC/PVDC/AI blister. 1, 2 or 4 blisters (25,50 or 100 tablets) together with use instruction in a cardboard package.Storage conditionsStore the drug in a dry place at a temperature not above 25oC. Keep out of reach of children.Shelf-lifeShelf-life period is 5 years. Do not use the drug after the expiry date stated on the pack.Dispensing termsPrescription medicine.Company name and manufacturer addressSolvay Pharmaceuticals B.V.,36, C.J. van Houtenlaan,NL-1381 CP Weesp, The Netherlands.Tel.:+7 (095) 411 69 11.Fax: +7(095)411 69 10. 24,VavilovSt, 119991 Moscowwww.solvay-pharma.ru

Over to youClinical situations:1. A 15-year old girl complains of frequent migraine headaches.Which following drugs could help to prevent them? And why?

a. propranololb. ephedrinec. phenylephrined. clonidine

2. A patient with hypertensive disease used some antihypertensive drugs for chronic therapy for the prolonged time. The adverse effects of the drug are bradycardia, abdominal pain, bronchoconstriction and hypersalivation.

What are the mechanisms of therapeutic and adverse effects and what drugs are administered to reduce the side effects?

UNIT 4

DRUG CLASSES

1. Antihistamines2. Cardiovascular Drugs3. Gastrointestinal Drugs4. Antibiotics and Sulfonamides5. Vitamines

Lead-inThink of some of the illnesses you (or members of your family or friends) have had. What were the symptoms and what did the doctor prescribe?

Reading 11. Skim the text in order to get the general idea.2. Scan the text to find particular information

about antihistamines.

TEXT 1

ANTIHISTAMINES

These are drugs which block the action of a chemical

called histamine which is found in the body. Histamine is produced by most cells and especially by sensitive cells under the skin and in the respiratory system. When certain foreign antigens (protein substances which lead to the production of antibodies) enter the body, antibodies are made by cells. These antibodies attempt to inactivate, or neutralize, the offending antigens and, as a result, a chemical called histamine may be released by other cells. Histamine causes the characteristic allergic symptoms when it is liberated from cells: itching, hives, allergic rhinitis, bronchial asthma, hay fever, and, in some very serious cases, anaphylactic shock.

Antihistamines, by blocking the action of histamine in the body, can relieve the allergic symptoms which histamine produces. Antihistamines cannot cure the allergic reaction, but they can relieve its symptoms. Some potentially dangerous side effects of antihistamines are drowsiness, sedation, and blurred vision. Examples of antihistamines are diphenhydramine (Benadryl), meclizine (Bonarnine), chlorpheniramine (Chlor-Trimeton) and tripelennamine (Pyribenzamine).

VocabularyI. Read and learn:

anaphylaclic shock — an acute allergic reaction to a drug, chemical or foreign substance. Symptoms include asthma, fall in blood pressure and swelling of the larynx (laryngeal edema).

antihistamines — drugs which block the action of histamine in the body. Examples are diphenhydramine (Benadryl), meclizine (Bonine), and chlorpheniramine (Chlor-Trimeton).

histamine — a chemical found in all tissues of the body which when released in excess from cells

causes allergic symptoms (rhinorrhea, edema, hives, itching, asthma).

II.Fill in the chart and learn the words with associated meanings:

Reading 21.Read the headline. Make suggestions what this

text will be about.2.Read the first paragraph.Have you heard anything about this classification? If

“yes”, then write down in note form what you know. If “no”, then formulate and write down the questions the answers to which you’d like to find in the text.

3.Read the text attentively and find the most important statements. Do they contain the answers to your questions?

4. Reading the text fill in the chart, reviewing the types of drugs used to treat cardiovascular disorders.

cardiovascular drugs

affecting the affecting blood affecting the

antihistamines

heart vessels blood

TEXT 2

CARDIOVASCULAR DRUGS

These drugs may be divided into three groups: drugs that affect the heart; drugs that affect blood pressure; and drugs that prevent blood clotting.

Drugs That Affect the Heart. Drugs may affect the heart in two major ways: changing the rate and forcefulness of the heartbeat and altering the rhythm of the heartbeat.

The most common drugs used to change the rate and forcefulness of the heartbeat are the digitalis glycosides (cardiac glycosides). These drugs are used to treat patients in heart failure (when the heart is not contracting with sufficient force). Most of the digitalis glycosides are obtained from the leaf of the digitalis (foxglove) plant, either as a crude mixture or as the purified glycoside from the leaf of the plant.

The important effects of the digitalis glycosides are the strengthening of the myocardium (heart muscle) and the slowing of the rate of contraction of the heart. Examples of digitalis glycosides are: digitalis, digoxin and digitoxin.

Other drugs which belong to the general class of sympathomimetics are used to increase heart rate and the force of contraction. These include isoproterenol and epinephrine.

Drugs used to correct abnormal heart rhythm are called antiarrhythmics. Examples of these drugs are quinidine, procainamide, lidocaine (Xylocaine), and propranolol. These drugs help restore the heart rhythm to a regular cycle by depressing ectopic (outside, unwanted)

myocardial impulses. Quinidine comes from the bark of the cinchona tree and is the primary drug used to treat arrhythmias. Quinidine decreases the number of times the heart muscle can contract in a given period of time. The cocaine derivatives procainamide and lidocaine (Xylocaine) are also useful in controlling abnormal cardiac rhythms.

Drugs That Affect Blood Pressure. Vasodilators are drugs which relax the muscles of vessel walls, thus increasing the size of blood vessels. These drugs are used in treating blood vessel diseases, heart conditions, and high blood pressure (hypertension). Blood flows more freely and blood pressure falls as blood vessels open and become dilated. Examples are sympatholytics (reserpine, guanethidine, and alpha-methyldopa) and other agents such as hydralazine.

Nitrites are drugs which are also used as vasodilators. Examples of nitrite drugs are glyceryl trinitrate (nitroglycerin) and amyl nitrite. Nitroglycerin dilates all smooth (involuntary) muscles in the body, but has a greater effect on the muscles of the coronary blood vessels. The relaxation of the muscle fibers around the blood vessels of the heart increases the width of these heart vessels and increases blood flow to the heart muscle. The pain (angina pectoris) caused by a lack of adequate blood flow to the heart is relieved by placing nitroglycerin under the tongue; from (here the drug is quickly absorbed into the bloodstream. The other nitrite drugs work in a manner similar to that of nitroglycerin.

A third type of drug used to lower blood pressure is called a diuretic, an agent which promotes excretion of fluid and a shrinkage of the volume of blood within the vessels. An example of this type of drug is chlorothia-zide (Diuril),

Vasoconstrictors are drugs which constrict muscle fibers around blood vessels and narrow the size of the vessel opening. They may act directly on the muscles of blood vessels or stimulate a region in the brain which

relays the message to the vessels. Vasoconstrictors are needed to raise blood pressure, increase the force of heart action, and stop local bleeding. Examples of vasoconstrictor drugs are epinephrine (adrenaline), vasopres-sin, and Aramine (metaraminol).

Drugs That Prevent Blood Clotting. These drugs are called anticoagulants. They are used to prevent the formation of clots in veins and arteries. These clots may cause occlusion (thrombosis) of the blood supply to a vital organ, such as the brain, or may travel from their point of origin to a new site and produce a sudden occlusion of a distant organ (embolism). Anticoagulant drugs are also used to prevent coagulation in preserved blood stored for transfusions.

Heparin is an anticoagulant chemical substance found normally in human cells in the liver and lung. However, heparin can be made synthetically for commercial preparations by extracting it from the lungs of animals. When given intravenously or intramuscularly, heparin prevents the formation of clots within vessels.

VocabularyI. Read and learn:

antiarrhythmic – drug used to regulate heart rhythmanticoagulants – agents which prevent the clotting of

blood. Examples are heparin and Coumadindigitalis glycosides – drugs originating from or synthesized

from an active ingredient of the foxglove, or digitalis, plant; useful in treating heart failure

diuretics – agents which promote urine production and reduce blood pressure. Examples are chlorothiazide and ethacrynic acid

vasoconstrictors – drugs which cause constriction of the muscular wall of blood vessels and narrow their opening. An example of a

vasoconstrictor is epinephrine. These agents are also called vasopressors

vasodilators — drugs which relax the muscular wall of blood vess causing the vessels to dilate. Examples are nitrites such as nitroglycerin

II.Explain the meaning of the words in bold in the text. Use context clues to help you. Decide if you should add them to your vocabulary notebook. How useful are they?

Use of EnglishI. Give the meaning of the following terms:

1. antihistamine 2. anaphylactic shock 3. Benadryl 4. Chlor Trimaton 5. digitalis glycosides 6. antiarrhythmic 7. quinidine8. vasodilators 9. nitroglycerin 10. diuretic 11. vasoconstrictors12. anticoagulant

II.Match the name of the drug in a) with the appropriate drug type in b):

a) 1. heparin 2. Xylocaine 3. reserpine 4. Coumadin 5. epinephrine 6. nitroglycerin 7. bethanechol 8. digoxin 9. amyl nitrite 10. Diuril

b) a. vasoconstrictor b. digitalis glycoside c. anticoagulantd. vasodilator e. sympathomimetic f. sympatholytic g. antiarrhithmic h. diuretic i. cholinergic

III.Read the instruction for medical use of PHYSIOTENS to find the answers to these questions:

1. What is a trade name?2. What is a dosage form?

3. What is a pharmacological action?4. What are indications for usage?5. What are contraindications?6. What is a dosage and administration?7. What are drug interactions?

INSTRUCTIONFOR MEDICAL USE OF PHYSIOTENS

Registration number:In Russia: n N015691/01Physiotens : PK-ЛC-5-N005455 Trade name: Physiotens®

International nonproprietary name (INN): moxonidine Dosage form: coated tabletsComposition: each 0.2-mg coated tablet contains: moxonidine, 0.2 mg, as an active ingredient.Description: round biconvex coated tablets: 0 2 mg, pale-pink, embossed «0.2» on one side. The cross section shows two layers.Pharmacotherapeutic group: central-acting antihypertensive drug.ATC code: (C02AC05).Pharmacological action:Pharmacodynamics. Moxonidine selectively interacts with imidazoline 1,-receptors located in the brain stem, which leads to decreased sympathetic activity. It decreases tissue resistance to insulin.Pharmacokinetics. Absorption: its absorption is 90%. The maximum blood plasma concentration (after use of a tablet containing 0.2 mg of moxonidine) is 1.4-3 mg/ml and it is achieved in 60 minutes. The bioavailability is 88%. A meal does not affect the pharmacokinetics of the drug.Distribution The volume of distribution is 1.4-3 I/kg. The drug penetrates through the blood-brain barrier. Its plasma protein binding is 7.2%.

Metabolism Its major metabolites are 4,5-dihydromoxonidine and guanidine derivatives.Elimination The half-lives of moxonidine and its metabolites are 2.5 and 5 hours, respectively. Within 24 hours, more than 90 % of moxonidine are renally excreted. Moxonidine does not accumulate when used long.Pharmacokinetics in the elderly. There are age-related pharmacokinetic changes that are likely to be caused by the lowered metabolic activity and/or slightly higher bioavailability of moxonidine in elderly patients. However, these pharmacokinetic differences are not clinically significant.Pharmacokinetics in renal failure. The elimination of moxonidine largely correlates with creatinine clearance (CC). In patients with moderate renal failure (CC in the range of 30-60ml/min), its equilibrium plasma concentrations and final half-life are about 2 and 1.5 times higher than those in patients with arterial hypertension and normal renal function (CC more than 90ml/min). The use of multiple doses of moxonidine does not result in the accumulation of the compound in the body of patients with moderate renal failure. Dosage should be individually adjusted in patients with renal dysfunction. Moxonidine is slightly removed during hemodialysis.Indications for usage Arterial hypertension.Contraindications Hypersensitivity to the components of the drug; sick sinus syndrome, significant bradycardia; age under 18 years (its effectiveness and safety have not been established).With caution in severe chronic renal failure, significant hepatic failure – due to little experience in using the drug; hemodialysis.Pregnancy and lactation There is no clinical evidence of its negative effect on the course of pregnancy. However, caution should be exercised.Dosage and administration Orally, irrespective of food ingestion. In most cases, the initial dose of Physiotens is

0.2 mg daily; the maximum daily dose that should be divided for 2 administrations is 0.6 mg.Adverse reactions: Central nervous system: headache, dizziness, drowsiness, sleep disorders. Cardiovascular: excessive BP lowering, orthostatic hypotension. Gastrointestinal: dry mouth, nausea. Dermal and subcutaneous fat: skin eruption, itch, angioneurotic edema. Systemic: asthenia. These symptoms usually diminish gradually within the first weeks of treatment.Overdosage Symptoms: headache, sedative effect, drowsiness, excessively marked BP lowering, dizziness, general weakness, bradycardia, dry mouth, vomiting, fatiguability, and gastralgia.There may be also short-term BP elevation, tachycardia, and hypergiycemia.Treatment: specific antidotes are absent. In case of hypotension, recovery of circulating blood volume is recommended by administration of liquid and dopamine. Bradycardia may be arrested by atropine.Drug Interactions Moxonidine may be used with thiazide diuretics and slow calcium channel blockers. When moxonidine is used with hydrochlorothiazide, or digoxin, there is no pharmacokinetic interactions.Precautions If co-administration of beta-adrenergic blockers and Physiotens® needs to be stopped, the use of the former and, only in several days, the latter should be discontinued.Its therapy requires a regular monitoring of BP, HR, and ECG.Patients with galactose intolerance, a rare hereditary abnormality, lactaso deficiency or glucose-galactose malabsorption should not take this drug.Effects on the capacity of driving a motor vehicle and operating machinery and mechanisms There is evidence for the negative effect of moxonidlno on the capacity of driving a motor vehicle and operating machinery and mechanisms.

How supplied Coated tablets, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 mg. 14 coated tablets in a PVC/PVDC-AI blister; 1, 2 or 7 blisters are package inset in a cardboard pack.Storage List B. Store (0.2-mg tablets) at a temperature not above 25o C. Store (0.3- and 0.4-mg tablets) at a temperature not above 30oC. Keep out of children!Shelf-life years (for 0.2-mg tablets). years (for 0.3- and 0.4-mg tablets).Expiry date is given on the pack. Do not use after the expiry date given on the pack.Dispensing To be prescribed.Manufacturer Solvay Pharmaceuticals GmbH. Hans-BISckler-Allee 20 30173 Hannover Germany.

Over to you1. What have you learned about cardiovascular drugs?2. What points are there in the instruction for medical use

of any medicine?3. Using the information from your chart, reviewing the

types of drugs used to treat cardiovascular disorders, retell the main issues.

Reading 31.Read the text and pick out the statements that

are most significant for understanding the variety of gastrointestinal drugs.

2.Write down into your notebook the keywords for speaking about gastrointestinal drugs.

TEXT 3

GASTROINTESTINAL DRUGS

There are a wide variety of gastrointestinal drugs. They each have different pharmacologic activities and are used mainly to relieve uncomfortable and potentially dangerous symptoms, rather than as cures for diseases. The following

list gives the type of gastrointestinal drug, how it functions in the body, and examples of specific drugs of that type:

Type of Drug Function ExampleAntacids Neutralize (render

inactive) acid in the stomach. Used for peptic ulcer symptoms, which are esophagitis (heartburn) and epigastric discomfort.

Magnesium trisilicate (given alone or combined with aluminum hydroxide in drug called Gelusil); magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide (Maalox); sodium bicarbonate (baking soda).

Emetics Produce vomiting. Solution of table salt; syrup of ipecac.

Purgatives: Laxatives

(mild) Cathartics (strong)

Promote defecation and relieve constipation; there are four modes of action:

(1) Irritants disturb the lining of the intestine and produce contractions.

Bisacodyl (Dulcolax);castor oil

(2) Agents which swell in the presence of water and mechanically stimulate

Agar (from seaweed).

intestinal contractions.(3) Salt (saline) holds water in the intestine, promoting contraction of muscles.

Milk of magnesia; magnesium sulfate (Epsom salts).

(4) Emollients soften the feces.

Mineral oil.

Antinauseants Relieve nausea and vomiting.

Dimenhydrinate (Dramamine); meclizine(Bonine); prochlorperazine (Compazine).

Antidiarrheals and

antispasmodics

Treat diarrhea and decrease rapid movement of bowels (spasms).

Atropine; belladonna.

Vocabulary1. Read and learn:

antacids – drugs which neutralize acids in the stomach. Examples are magnesium trisilicate and magnesium hydroxide

antidiarrheals – drugs which relieve loose bowel movements (diarrhea). An example is atropine

antinauseants – agents which relieve nausea and vomiting. Examples are dimenhydrinate (Dramamine) and meclizine (Bonine)

cathartic – agent which promotes defecation (bowel movement)

emetics – drugs which induce vomiting. An example is syrup of ipecac

laxative – mild purgative (promoting defecation)purgatives – drugs which promote defecation and relieve

constipation

Use of English

I. Match the type of gastrointestinal drug in a) with its function in b):

a) 1. laxative 2. antidiarrheal 3. antacids 4. antinauseant

5. cathartic 6. emetic 7. antispasmodicb) a. produce vomiting b. relieve nausea and vomiting

c. relieve diarrhea d. promote defecation (mild drug) e. neutralize acid in the stomach f. relieve spasm of the bowels g. promote defecation (strong purgative)

II. In the following drugs, tell if each is an: (A) Emetic(B) Purgative (C) Antacid (D) Antinauseant (E) Antidiarrheal:

1. Compazine 2. mineral oil 3. syrup of ipecac 4. Gelusil5. Dramamine 6. Milk of magnesia 7. Maalox 8. atropine9. Bonine 10. Dulcolax

III. Read and translate the Instruction for Medical Use of DICETEL. What group does this drug belong to?

INSTRUCTIONfor Medical Use of

DICETEL®

Registration No.:in Russia: П No. 014873W-2003 dated April 01, 2003

Trade name: Dicetel®International nonproprietary name (INN): pinaverium bromide.Chemical name: N-(2-bromo-4,5 dimethoxybenzyl) N-(2[2-(6.6-dimethyl] morpholine bromide.Dosage form: film-coated tablets.Composition: Active ingredient: pinaverium bromide, 50 mg or 100 mg. Excipienis: anhydrous silica, microcrystalline cellulose, talc, magnesium stearate, pregelatinized starch, lactose monohydrate.Coating: gastrosoluble acrylic resin, talc, macrogol 6000, film coating (titanium dioxide, yellow san-set, hydroxyoropy; cellulocse).Description: Orange round biconvex coated tablets with «50» (50-mg tablets) or «100» (100-mg tablets) being engraved on one face and «S».

Pharmacotherapeutic group: spasmolytic ATC code: A03AX04.Pharmacological properties. This is a spasmolytic agent having myotropic and M-choline-blocking activities. It diminishes visceral muscle smooth spasm and lowers hydrochloric acid secretion. The drug accelerates gastric evacuatory function and has no marked anticholinergic activity.Pharmacokinetics. With oral administration, less than 10% of the drug is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.Indications and usage. Abdominal smooth muscle spasms: colonic dyskinesia, biliary dyskinesia. Preparation for gastrointestinal X-ray study using barium.Contraindications. Hypersensrtivity to the components of the drug. Dosage and administration. The drug is intended for oral administration.Adults: Dicetel is 50-mg coated tablets.Daily dose: 3 – 4 tablets are daily taken during a meal. In

exceptional cases, the daily dose may be increased up to 6 tablets a day. When prepared for X-ray study- 4 tablets are daily used within 3 days before the study. When prepared for X-ray study, 2 tablets daily within 3 days before the study. The tablets are taken whole, by drinking a glass of water. They cannot be chewed or sucked. The drug should not be taken before sleep.Adverse reaction. In rare cases, there may be allergic reactions, dyspepsia, constipation, nausea.Special warnings. During pregnancy and lactation, as well as in childhood, the drug is used only if the expected benefit overweighs the possible risk to the fetus or baby.How supplied. 50-mg film - coated tablets: 20 tablets in blister.Storage. Store the drug at temperature not above 30oC without taking any precautions. Keep out of the reach of children.Shelf-life. 50-mg tablets: 5 years. Do not use the drug after the expiry date given on the pack.Dispensing. To be prescribed.Manufacturer: Solvay Pharmaceuticals

Over to youExplain to a patient what some gastrointestinal drugs are used for. Use the key-words that you’ve written down.

Reading 41. Translate the title of this text. Guess what this

text will be about. What do you know about antibiotics?

2. Write an annotation of this text in Russian.

TEXT 4

ANTIBIOTICS

An antibiotic is a chemical substance produced by a microorganism (bacterium or simple plant called a mold). The antibiotic can be bacteriocidal (able to kill microorganisms such as bacteria) or bacteriostatic (inhibit the growth of other microorganisms). Antibiotics have been synthesized in the laboratory and are used to treat serious bacterial infections.

The term gram-positive and gram-negative are often used to describe types of bacteria which are destroyed or inhibited by antibiotics. Gram-positive bacteria are those which stain purple with the Gram stain. Gram-negative bacteria lose the Gram stain and take the red color of a "counter" stain. Examples of gram-positive bacteria are claustridia, staphylo-cocci, and streptococci. Gram-negative bacteria are the bacteria causing meningitis, cholera, and typhoid fever.

The chart below gives the names of the major antibiotic groups, the bacterial organism affected, the disease prevented, and an example of a specific antibiotic drug of that group:

Drug Group Bacteria Disease Example of

DrugPenicillin cocci

(berryshaped)

pneumonia; streptococcal infection

ampicillin; penicillin G;

bacilli rod-shaped)

tetanus

treponema of syphilis

syphilis penicillin V

actinomyces actinomycesErythromycin

some gram-positive cocci; some gram-negative cocci

streptococcal, staphylococcal and pneumococcal infections

erythromycin estolate

Streptomycin

tubercle bacilli; many gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria

tuberculosis; plague

streptomycin

Tetracyclines

streptococci; staphylococci: gram-negative bacteria; rick-ettsia. (parasitic organisms)

bacterial infections; rickettsial infections

tetracycline; Aureomycin B;Terramycin

Antifungal agents

fungi (simple plants)

skin infections and fungal meningitis

nystatin; amphotericin B

The sulfonamides, or "sulfa drugs," are also used to inhibit the growth of bacteria. They are bacteriostatic, as opposed to bacteriocidal. These drugs are synthetic and made to resemble a substance bacteria need for making a necessary vitamin, folic acid. Sulfa drugs have been largely replaced by antibiotics which can act faster with fewer side effects. However, such sulfonamides as Gantrisin

(sulfisoxazole) are effective in combating urinary tract infections.

Vocabulary1. Read and learn:

antibiotic — chemical substance, produced by a mold or bacteria, that inhibits the growth of other microorganisms. Examples of antibiotics are penicillin, erythromycin, and tetracyclines

antineoplastic drugs — drugs which are used to treat malignant tumors

gram-negative bacteria — a general class of bacteria which, when stained with the Gram stain and its "counter" stain, fails to retain the purple Gram stain, but takes on the red color of the "counter" stain. Examples are the bacteria which cause typhoid fever and urinary tract infections (Escherichia coli)

gram-positive bacteria — a general class of bacteria which, when stained with the Gram stain and its "counter" stain, retains the purple color of the Gram stain. Examples are staphylococci and streptococci

quinidine — drug used to treat abnormalities in heart rhythm

sulfonamides — "sulfa drugs," used to inhibit the growth of bacteria. Gantrisin is an example of this type of drug

Use of EnglishI. Give the meaning of the following terms:

1. gram-positive bacteria 2. gram-negative bacteria3. antibiotic 4. bacteriocidal 5. bacteriostatic 6. penicillin7. erythromycin 8. streptomycin 9. tetracycline10. sulfonamides

Over to you1. Give a summary of the text in English.2. Find some information as to add to the chart giving the

names of the major antibiotic groups.

Reading 51. Have you got any associations with the word

“Vitamins”? What are they?2. Write a list of words associated with

“Vitamins”?3. Read the text and answer the questions :

1) What does vitamin mean?2) What are vitamins necessary for?3) Where can vitamins be found?4) Why are vitamins important?5) What diseases resulting from deficiency of the vitamin

have you known?

TEXT 5

VITAMINS

Vitamins are necessary for normal body functioning, although none can be made by the body itself. They are found in plant and animal foods and are needed in only minute quantities for good health. Vitamins play important roles in the metabolic processes of the body, and can be synthesized in the laboratory.

The following list includes the major vitamins, the foods containing the vitamin, and diseases resulting from deficiency of the vitamin:

Vitamin Other Foods Deficiency

Names DiseaseVitamin A carrots, egg

yolks, green leafy vege-tables

night blindness, dryness of eyes and skin

Vitamin B1 thiamine wheat germ, yeast, soybean

beriberi (neurological disorder)

Vitamin B2 riboflavin eggs, liver, poultry

pellagra (cutaneous, gastrointestinal, neuronlogical, and mental disorder)

Vitamin B6 pyridoxine rice, yeast dermatitis, neuritis, anorexia

Vitamin B12

cyanocobalamin

liver, dairy products

pernicious anemia

Vitamin C ascorbic acid fresh vegetables, fruits (citrus), and juices

scurvy (abnormal bleeding, poor teeth and bone formation)

Vitamin D milk, butter, egg yolks

rickets (poor bone formation and poor calcium absorption)

Vitamin E lettuce and other green leafy vegetables

not well understood in humans anemia

Folic acid meats, yeast, green leafy

vegetablesVitamin K most foods hemorrhaging

VocabularyI. Read and learn:

ascorbic acid — vitamin Сpyridoxine — vitamin B6riboflavin — vitamin B2thiamine — vitamin B1vitamins – substances found in foods and, in minute

quantities, essential for good health, growth, and life itself

Use of EnglishI. Match the name of the vitamin in a) with its

synonymin b):

a) 1. cyanocobalamin 2. riboflavin 3. thiamine4. pyridoxine 5. ascorbic acid

b) a. vitamin B6 b. vitamin B1 c. vitamin C d. vitamin B12e. vitamin B2

II. The following diseases are associated with what vitamin deficiency?

1. beriberi 2. pernicious anemia 3. night blindness 4. scurvy5. pellagra 6. rickets

Over to you:Write a list of recommendations for healthy eating.

UNIT 5

TECHNOLOGY OF DRUGS

Lead – in1. Do you know any drug form?2. Fill in the chart of medicinal forms which help you to

define them.medicinal forms

solid soft liquidtablets

Reading 11. Translate the title of this text. Guess what this

text will be about.2. Write down the most informative sentences

explaining what solution is.3. Write an annotation of this text in Russian.

TEXT 1

SOLUTION

Any chemically and physically homogeneous mixture of two or more substances is said to be a solution. It is possible to have solutions of solids in liquids, liquids in liquids, gases in liquids, solids in solids, etc.

Depending upon the size of the dispersed particles we recognize true solutions, colloidal solutions, and suspensions.

If sugar is dissolved in water, it is supposed that the ultimate sugar particle is of molecular dimensions and that a true solution is formed. On the other hand if very fine sand is mixed with water, a suspension of comparatively large particles, each consisting of many molecules is obtained. Between these two extremes lie colloidal solutions.

From the pharmaceutical stand-point solutions of solids

in liquids are of the greatest importance and many quantitative data are available on the properties of such solutions.

When an excess of a solid is brought into contact with a liquid, molecules of the former are removed from its surface until equilibrium is established between the molecules leaving the solid and those returning to it. The resulting solution is said to be saturated at the temperature of the experiment.

The extent of solubility of different substances varies from almost imperceptible amounts to relatively large quantities but for any given solute the solubility has a constant value at constant temperature.

Under certain conditions it is possible to prepare a solution containing a larger amount of solute than is necessary to form a saturated solution. This may occur when a solution is saturated at, one temperature, the excess of solid solute removed, and the solution cooled. The solute present in solution, even though it may be less soluble at a lower temperature does not always separate from the solution and a supersaturated solution is produced.

VocabularyI. Read and remember:

to disperse – рассеивать, разгонять, разбрасыватьparticle – частицаsuspension – взвесь, эмульсия, суспензияto dissolve – растворять(-ся), разлагаться на составные частиultimate sugar particle – элементарная частица сахараdimension – величина, размерequilibrium – равенствоto saturate – насыщатьto vary – меняться, изменятьсяperceptible – заметный, ощутимый

solution – микстура, жидкое лекарство, растворto produce – производить, вырабатывать

II. Find in the text English equivalents:1. степень растворимости различных веществ2. с другой стороны3. количественные данные4. взвешенные частицы5. истинный раствор6. элементарная частица сахара7. взвесь сравнительно больших частичек8. избыток твердого растворенного вещества9. растворы твердых частиц в жидкостях10.растворенное вещество, находящееся в растворе

Use of EnglishI. Complete the questions and answers:

1. Q:A: Yes, paper filters are the most useful for the pharmacist.

2. Q: What mixtures may be defined as a solution?A:

3. Q:A: Yes, it is possible to prepare these solutions in the lab.

4. Q: What kinds of solutions are recognized?A:

5. Q:A: No, they are not completely separated by filtration.

6. Q: What does the variety of a solution depend on?A:

7. Q: Why are many quantitative data available on the

properties of solutions of solids in liquids?A:

8. Q: How does the extent of solubility of different substances vary?

A:II. Explain the grammatical phenomenon, common

for the following sentences:1. Before 1942 uranium was said to have no important use.2. Salts containing hydrogen or hydroxide radicals are known to be acids or basic salts. 3. Penicillin was proved to have always been used most effectively in cases of wound infections. 4. The capsulating of medicinal substances both dry and liquid in gelatin shells is considered to be one of the most largely used methods for administering medicines today. 5. The uniform mass and the granules obtained are know to be dried at 40o C for 14 hours.6. Filtration is known to be the process of separating liquids from solids with the view of obtaining the liquids in a transparent condition.

III. Translate into English:1. Раствор – это однородная смесь двух или трех

веществ.2. В зависимости от размера взвешенных частичек

распознаются следующие растворы: истинные растворы, коллоидные растворы и взвеси.

3. Предполагают, что истинный раствор образуется, если сахар растворяется в воде.

4. Степень растворимости различных веществ зависит от определенных условий.

5. Взвесь получается, если очень мелкий песок смешивается с водой.

Over to youGive a summary of the text in English.

Reading 21. Look through the text and divide it into logical

parts. Give your reasons.2. Read the text and write down the key words

and word-combinations.3. Translate the text.

TEXT 2

PREPARATION OF TABLETS

The tablet is the most common form of medication for the administering of a drug in a dry state.

From a purely physical point of view the technique of tablet making (tabletting) may be defined as a process whereby a known volume of a drug in a finely divided state is subjected to pressure in a die between two punches.

A tablet shows definite properties of mechanical strength and is also characterized by a definite rate of disintegration when brought into contact with water.

It is generally observed that tablets can be made easily from certain drugs, such as sodium chloride and other alkali halides, even without the addition of auxiliary substances. For some other drugs, such as lactose, the addition of auxiliary substances is found to be necessary to overcome certain difficulties in their tabletting. Some difficulties are occasionally experienced in the process of tabletting certain materials because of persistent binding or sticking in the tablet machine.

The application of different pressure during tabletting plays a very important role. The correct pressure must be applied in order to avoid unnecessary complications. Tablets which should dissolve in the mouth must be more strongly compressed than other average tablets for internal administration.

Another important effect of higher pressures is an increase in friction which obviously necessitates the use of greater amounts of lubricants and glidants. Glidants are added to the tablet materials to improve their flow properties.

A great variety of shapes and sizes is available among medicinal tablets. The most common shape of the tablets is a circular body with flat or slightly convex sides. There are also rectangular, triangular and many other shapes in the case of special tablets.

In the Scandinavian countries where the Pharmacopoeia provides official specification of formula and the method of preparation of the various tablet formulas, the size and shape is specified officially.

The preliminary consideration in selection of particular shapes and sizes of the tablets is essentially ethical.

VocabularyI. Read and remember:

form of medication – форма лекарственных препаратовa drug in a finely divided form – лекарство в мелко

измельченном состоянииsubjected to pressure in a die between two punches –

подвергается прессованию в штамповальном прессе

alkali halides – щелочные галоидные соединенияaverage tablets – обычные таблеткиlubricants and glidants – смазывающие и скользящие

вещества

medicinal – лекарственный

II. Translate into English paying particular attention to the suffixes: -fy, -ate, -ize.

Filtrate, acidify, granulate, fermentate, cultivate, concentrate, inactivate, vaporize, specify, oxydize, gasify, utilize, neutralize, sterilize.

III. Fill in the missing words in this table. Write an example sentence for each one.

Verb Nounfiltrate

–acidify

–in activate

–vaporize

–utilize

improveprovide

–administering

–ferment

–application

–specification

–––

Use of EnglishI. Substitute Russian words with English ones in

proper form:to know, to state, to recognize, to find, to be necessary.1. Известно, that the tablet is the most common form of medication. 2. Было установлено, that starches possess very good glidant properties increasing the flow of tablet stuff.3. Было необходимо to improve the technology of tabletting.4. Указывают, that the results obtained from these tablets are satisfactory. 5. Считают, that there can also be

important technical reasons which may influence the selection of particular dimensions of the tablets.

II.Complete the questions and answers:1. Q: What is the most common form of medication for

the administering drugs in a dry state?A.:

2. Q.:A.: A tablet is disintegrated when brought into contact

with water.3. Q.: In what state is a certain volume of a drug

subjected to pressure during tabletting?A.:

4. Q.:A.: The application of different pressure during

tabletting plays a very important role.

5. Q.:A.: The use of starch in tablet making has been known

for a long time.

6. Q.: To what drugs is it necessary to add auxillary substances?

A.:

7. Q.: What are difficulties in the process of tabletting?A.

8. Q.: What substances improve the flow properties of the tablet stuff?

A.:

9. Q.:A.: A great variety of shapes and sizes is available in

medicinal tablets.

10.

Q.:

A.: Selection of particular shapes and sizes of tablets is essentially ethical.

III. Translate into English:1. Таблетка – это самая распространенная форма

лекарств.2. Таблетки легко приготавливаются из определенных

лекарств.3. Щелочные галоидные соединения используется для

приготовления таблеток без добавления других веществ.

4. В процессе приготовления таблеток большую роль играет давление.

5. Необходимо изменить давление в процессе изготовления таблеток в зависимости от используемого материала.

6. Самая обычная форма у таблеток – это круглая с плоской стороной или слегка выпуклая форма.

Over to youGive a summary of the text in English.

Reading 31. Look through the text and divide it into logical

parts. Give your reasons for the division.2. Find the most important sentences in every

paragraph. Write them down and see if it can be taken as a logical short summary.

3. Translate the text.

TEXT 3

OINTMENTS

Ointments are semi-solid preparations for external application of such consistency that they may be readily applied to the body or to mucous membranes.

They should be of such composition that they soften but not necessarily melt when applied to the body.

The ointment base usually constitutes the major portion of the pharmaceutical preparation and, therefore, may influence the efficacy of the incorporated medicinal substances.

Based on their penetration ointments have been divided into three classes. Epidermic ointments are those which demonstrate no, or very slight, power of penetration into the skin. In this group have been placed the bases which contain petrolatum, waxes and their combinations.

Endodermic ointments are those which possess some power of penetration into the deeper layers of the skin. Most of them have a somewhat lower melting point, approaching the temperature of the skin, and contain vegetable oils, lard, wool fat, lanolin, and/or combinations of these.

Diadermic ointments are those which penetrate the skin, thus offering a better opportunity for absorption of the medicament. Ointments of emulsion type and the water-soluble bases belong to the group of absorption base.

Hydrocarbon bases include ointments prepared from petrolatum, or liquid petrolatum, with wax or other stiffening agents.

White and yellow ointments are relatively stable to normal climatic temperature changes. Absorption bases generally have a high index of compatibility toward the majority of medicaments used topically. These bases have found a definite place in pharmacy as well as cosmetology.

Until recently, ointments and ointment type products were packaged in glass, stoneware, porcelain, polyethylene, or plastic wide-mouth jars. Since a large area

of the ointment was exposed to the effects of air, those ointments containing easily oxidized medicinals were packaged in collapsible metal tubes. The use of aerosol containers preventing contamination, drying out of the product as well as protecting water sensitive drugs is preferable.

Ointments are prepared by two methods: 1) mechanical incorporation and 2) fusion. The choice of method depends upon the medicament and the physical properties of the constituents of the base. An exception is the preparation of Mercuric Nitrate Ointment which is prepared by chemical reaction.

VocabularyI. Read and remember:

semi-solid – полутвердыйconsistency – консистенцияto melt – таять, плавиться, растоплять(ся)ointment base – мазевая основаto penetrate – проникать внутрь, проходить сквозьpetrolatum – вазелинwax – воскoil – масло, нефтьlard – лярд, топленое свиное салоwool-fat – ланолинstiff – плотный, густойcompatibility – совместимостьwide-mouth jars – сосуды с широким горлышкомto expose – подвергать действиюto incorporate – соединять(ся), смешивать(ся)fusion – плавка, расплавление

II.Build new words with the suffix – ity and translate them:

stable устойчивый, stability устойчивость

active, capable, pure, intensive, quantitative, relative, susceptible, compatible

III. Find in the text English equivalents:1. полутвердые лекарства2. для внешнего применения3. при нанесении на тело4. смешанные лекарственные вещества5. сила проникновения в кожу6. лучшая возможность для поглощения7. относительно устойчивые к8. используемые локально (только для

определенного места)9. подвергаться воздействию воздуха10.выбор зависит

Use of EnglishI. Read and translate paying attention to the

word combinations “N+N”. Give your examples:temperature changes, emulsion type, absorption bases, potassium iodide, paper filter, sugar particle, antibiotic production, filtration paper, ointment base, water solution, penetration ointments, starch portion, alcohol content, solvent activity.II. Fill each gap with suitable word from the box:

medicament, vegetable, divided, petrolatum, absorption, physical, penetration, temperature, wool, stiffening, properties1. Ointments of emulsion type belong to the group of ……

base.2. The substance obtained is stable to normal climatic …

changes.

3. Based on their penetration ointments have been … into three classes.

4. Epidermic ointments possess very slight power of … into the skin.

5. Most of endodermic ointments contain … oils, … fats, lanolin, and/or combinations of these ones.

6. Ointments belonging to the group of hydrocarbon bases are prepared from …… with wax or other …… agents.

7. The choice of method depends on the …… and the …… of … the constituents of the base.III. Are these statements true (T) or false (F)?

1. Ointments are semi-liquid preparations for external application.

2. Based on their penetration ointments have been divided into four classes.

3. Hydrocarbon bases do not include ointments prepared from petrolatum with wax.

4. Absorption bases generally have a low index of compatibility towards the majority of medicaments.

5. White and yellow ointments are not stable to normal climatic temperature changes.

6. Endodermic ointments are those which do not possess the power of penetration into the deeper layers of the skin.

7. Ointments are prepared by three methods.Over to you

I. Answer the questions:1. What kind of preparations are ointments?2. Are ointments used for internal or external application?3. What consistency are the ointments of?4. Do ointments soften or melt when applied to the body?5. What classes have ointments been divided into?6. What ointments possess the power of penetration into

the deeper layers of the skin?

7. What melting point have most of endodermic ointments?

8. What substances do endodermic ointments contain?9. What ointments belong to the group of absorption base?10.What methods are ointments prepared by?

II.Give a summary of the text in English.Reading 4

1. Read the headline. Make suggestions what this text will be about.

2. Have you heard anything about drug extraction? If “yes”, then write down in note form what you know. If “no”, then formulate and write down the questions the answers to which you’d like to find in this text.

3. Translate the text.

TEXT 4

DRUG EXTRACTION

The principle modes of extraction employed in pharmacy at present are as follows: 1. Maceration 2. Percolation 3. Digestion 4. Infusion 5. Decoction.

Percolation is the most important and useful.Maceration and digestion, which is merely a modified

form of maceration, are old processes.The process of maceration consists simply of extraction

by soaking the drug or substance in the menstruum until the cellular structure is thoroughly penetrated and the soluble portion softened and dissolved. The usual method is to introduce the drug into a bottle with the solvent, stopper it tightly, and agitate it occasionally for a period ranging from 2 to 14 days, then to pour off the liquid, express the residue to avoid loss, and filter the mixed liquids. The drugs are macerated in definite quantities of menstruum, which consists of alcohol of various strengths,

ether and alcohol, or other specified solvent.Percolation, or lixiviation, is the extraction process in

which a granulated or powdered drug is deprived of its constituents by the descent of a suitable solvent through it.

The physical forces playing an important part in percolation are gravitation, viscosity, adhesion, friction, osmosis, capillarity, surface tension, and solution.

The instrument used to hold the powder is called a percolator, the liquid poured on top of the powder, the menstruum; the liquid coming from the percolator, the percolate; and the residual drug remaining in the percolator after the extraction of the soluble constituents, is called the mare.

In order to understand thorouhgly the process of percolation as applied to powdered drugs, it must be remembered that the soluble principles of vegetable substances are in hard and dry condition, and are generally contained in cells which are more or less disintegrated by the process of grinding. If the soluble principles could be separated from the insoluble cellular substance and be deposited in the ground particles, percolation would be rapid.

But the powdering of the drug only partially separated the soluble principles from the insoluble and the finest dust of the powder always contains a larger proportion of the soluble principles than of the insoluble substance. Hence the first proportion of the percolate is usually the most dense, the most highly coloured, and contains the largest proportion of the soluble principles.

VocabularyI. Read and remember:

to macerate – вымачивать, размачиватьpercolation – просачивание, процеживание,

фильтрованиеdigestion – усвоениеinfusion – настой, вытяжкаdecoction – вываривание, отварto soak – пропитывать, погружать в жидкостьmenstruum – (pl – rua) – растворитель (хим.)solvent – растворительstopper – пробка;. закрыватьto agitate – трясти, взбалтывать, перемешиватьto pour – наливать, разливатьresidue – осадокto deprive – лишатьviscosity – вязкостьadhesion – слипание, прилипаниеosmose – физ. осмосfriction – трение, сцеплениеcapillarity – физ. капиллярностьtension – напряжение, натянутость, растяжениеto grind – перемалывать, растирать (в порошок)soluble principles – растворимые основные элементы

II.Give derivatives of:capillarity, density, purity, solubility, conductivity, relativity; equality, similarity, viscosity;discolour, disacidify, disarrange;reorganize, reworking, reweighing, reproduce.

Use of EnglishI. Fill each gap with a suitable word or word-combination from the box:

hence, it seems, therefore, as is known, it must be remembered, I should say, more over

1. … this reaction is also possible even in the absence of oxygen.

2. … small particles of the drug remained suspended in the liquid fatty phase.

3. … that nitrogen not only does not combine with oxygen readily but it does not combine with any other element easily.

4. … particle size influences drug absorption.5. … both preparations were tolerated.6. … that the intravenous injection of autistine produces

good results in cases of ventricular extrasystole.7. … that in this case bromide has to be administered as a

sedative.

II.Chose the proper form of the Participle:1. For the determination of vitamin B1 the (testing/tested)

solution was diluted with water.2. The instrument (using/used) to hold the powder is called

percolator.3. The (preparing/prepared) suppository forms were placed

in a refrigerator for 3 days.4. When (subjecting/subjected) to a low temperature and

high pressure carbon dioxide is converted into a liquid.5. The physical forces (played/playing) an important part in

the percolation are gravitation, viscosity, surface tension.

6. The time (requiring/required) for 90% drug release was 15 min. for tablets (making/made).

III. Reread the text more carefully to complete the sentences:

1. The drugs are macerated in definite quantities of …… .2. The menstruum consists of alcohol of various …… .3. Percolation is one of the most important methods of

drug extraction employed in …… .4. The instrument used to hold the powder is called … .5. The soluble principles of vegetable substances are

generally contained in … .

6. The process of maceration consists simply of extraction by soaking … .

7. The residual drug remaining in the percolator after the extraction of the soluble constituents is called … .

IV. Translate into English:1. Процеживание (перколяция) – самый важный и

полезный метод экстракции лекарств.2. При процессе вымачивания лекарственное вещество

погружается в растворитель.3. Вещество помещается в бутылку с растворителем и

плотно закрывается.4. Полученное вещество время от времени

взбалтывается в течение 2-14 дней.5. Перколяция – это процесс извлечения, при котором

гранулированные или измельченные лекарства лишаются своих составляющих компонентов.

6. Следовательно, первая пропорция перколяции – самая плотная, самая насыщенная по цвету и содержит самую большую часть растворимой основы элемента.

Over to youI. Answer the questions:

1. What principle modes of drug extraction are used in pharmacy?

2. What is the most important and useful method of drug extraction?

3. What process is called maceration?4. What are the drugs macerated in?5. What does the menstruum consist of?6. In what process is a granulated or powdered drug

deprived of its constituents?7. In what process do physical forces play an important

part?

8. What instrument is called a percolator?9. What proportion of the percolate is usually the most

dense?10.What would the process of percolation be if the

soluble principles could be separated from the insoluble cellular substance and be deposited in the ground particle?

II. Give a summary of the text in English.

Reading 51. Look through the text and find the words or word-

combinations that help to make the text logical and structured.

2. Read the text. Make up an outline of it.3. Translate the text.

TEXT 5

THE PRODUCTION OF PENICILLIN

The industrial manufacture of penicillin on a large scale is carried out in several stages of which the first is fermentation. This is the cultivation in vessels of a penicillin-producing fungus on a suitable medium in which penicillin accumulates. In the second stage penicillin is extracted from the culture medium, concentrated and purified. In the third stage the sterile concentrated solution of purified penicillin which has passed the necessary tests for potency and absence of pyrogenic or other toxic impurities is put into ampoules and dried by means of the freeze-drying process. Finally the ampoules are labelled and packed for distribution.

Fermentation. Two fermentation methods have been used for the production of penicillin, the "surface culture"

and the "submerged culture" method. The surface culture method was used exclusively at the beginning of the development of large-scale manufacture of penicillin. It being expensive and unproductive, the submerged culture process has gradually replaced it.

Submerged culture method. The principle of the submerged method is to grow the fungus in large steel containers in a medium which is constantly agitated and aerated. Under these conditions the fungus grows not only on the surface but throughout the medium.

The submerged method of penicillin production has several important advantages over the surface method, one of them being the economy of labour. Instead of thousands of small surface fermentation vessels each of which must be washed, filled, inoculated and emptied, only a small number of units is required for the submerged culture method which can be controlled much more easily.

Another advantage is economy of space, as in the surface method the culture medium can be used only in shallow layers, so that a very large surface is required to obtain substantial quantities of culture fluid containing penicillin.

Lastly, higher yields of penicillin are obtained and it is possible to prepare final products of a high degree of purity by a simpler procedure of purification.

VocabularyI. Read and remember:ferment(n) – фермент, брожениеto ferment (v) – разлагатьpenicillin-producing fungus – плесень, служащая

материалом для производства пенициллина

culture medium – питательная среда для разведения культуры пенициллина

tests for potency and absence of pyrogenic impurities –

испытания на активность и отсутствие пирогенных примесей

by means of the freeze-drying process – при помощи процесса сухого замораживания

the “surface culture” method – метод поверхностного брожения культуры пенициллина

the “submerged culture” method – метод погруженной культуры и метод нижнего брожения

in a medium which is agitated and aerated – в среде, которая взбалтывается и газируется воздухом

surface fermentation vessels – бродильные установки для получения пенициллина методом поверхност-ного брожения

unit (зд. в значении vessel) – емкость, танкерshallow layers – поверхностные слоиyield of penicillin – выход пенициллина

II. Find in the text English equivalents:1. стерильный концентрированный раствор

пенициллина2. два метода ферментации3. метод поверхностного брожения культуры

пенициллина4. метод нижнего брожения5. высокая степень чистоты6. более простой способ очистки7. процесс сухого замораживания8. плесень для производства пенициллина9. важные преимущества10.пенициллин накапливается

Use of EnglishI. Use the correct form of the verb in brackets to

complete the sentences:

1. The filter (to make/to be made) of paper, sand, ground and glass.

2. The researcher (to treat/to be treated) the mixture of solid fatty acid with an aqueous solution of a surface active agent.

3. The air (to supply/to be supplied) from compressor in insulated pipe lines.

4. The chemist (to use/to be used) various stuff for spore production.

5. Sterilization of the medium (to do/to be done) by steam.6. Two fermentation methods (to use/to be used) for the

production of penicillin.7. The surface method (to replace/to be replaced)

gradually by the submerged one.8. The temperature (to increase/to be increased) lest the

reaction should stop.9. Before the fermentation the filters (to sterilize/to be

sterilized) by steam in order to prevent contamination.10.In the fourth stage the ampules (to label/to be labeled)

and (to pack/to be packed).

II.Complete the gaps with a conjunction from the box:

but, in order, as if, so that, because, since

1. During the fermentation the chemists tried to maintain a positive air pressure in the tanks …...… that they might prevent contamination.

2. It is necessary to extract and purify penicillin …...… it may be used in medicine.

3. In the surface method the culture medium is used only in shallow layers …...… a very large surface is required to obtain substantial quantities of culture fluid containing penicillin.

4. A third form of gelatin capsules is used for liquids only ……... occasionally solid constituents are inserted into each capsule with oil.

5. You speak on the problem …...… you knew the process of penicillin production.

6. …… …... many of the constituents of plants may now be prepared synthetically, isolation from natural source often remains an easier and cheaper method.

7. The culture medium is usually not sterilized in the fermenters …...… in special vessels – cookers.

III. Translate into English:Model: Ему в среднем нужно 30 минут, чтобы

охладить среду.It takes (him) an average 30 min to cool down the medium.

1. Обычно нужно три дня, чтобы произвести брожение в больших установках.

2. Ему нужно две недели, чтобы закончить эксперимент.

3. Нужно три минуты, чтобы получить белый кристал-лический осадок в цилиндре.

4. Требуется несколько дней, чтобы превратить этот раствор в твердое вещество.

5. Требуется три часа, чтобы высушить препарат при температуре 60o .

6. Нужно определенное время, чтобы лекарство всосалось.

Over to youI. Answer the questions:

1. In how many stages is the industrial manufacture of penicillin carried out?

2. In what stage is penicillin extracted from culture medium?

3. What process is used for drying the sterile concentrated solution in ampoules?

4. What methods have been used for penicillin production?

II.Sum up the main points of the text and write down an annotation/annotative translation.

III. Comment on your chart of medicinal forms using the information from Unit 5.

UNIT 6

HEALTH AND MEDICINE

Lead-in

Look at the blanks. Compare and contrast using the words from the box:

……………………..Наимен.учрежден.(штамп учрежд.)

Код формы по ОтКУД 5108805Медицинская документацияФорма № 148-1/у-88Утверждена Минздравом СССР12.08.1988 г.

СЕРИЯ 1136 А-5

РЕЦЕПТ №«__» ________________ 200 г.

дата выписки рецептаЗа полнуюстоимость

Бесплатно Оплата: 50%

1 2 3 4

Ф.И.О. Больного _________________________________________________(полностью) ИОВ Дети Прочие

Возраст___________________

Адрес или № медицинской карты амбулаторного больного__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Ф.И.О. Врача _____________________________________________________(полностью)

Руб. Коп. Rp.

________________________________ Подпись и личная печать врача М.П.

Рецепт действителен в течение 10 дней, 2 месяца(ненужное зачеркнуть)

NAME OF THE HOSPITAL OR PHYSICIANS NAME

ADDRESS …

NAME DATE

Rx

REFILL TIMES M.D.

Attending Physician

to prescribe a medicine, a prescription blank, name of the

drug, the dosage, right hand corner, to use the drug, to specify the amount, signature

I. Support your ideas:to prescribeif a doctor prescribes a drug or treatment, they say, you should have it. The drug should not be taken unless prescribed by a doctorto prescribe smb. smth.ex. He was prescribed a course of antibioticsto prescribe smth. for smth.ex. This drug is one of the commonly prescribed for arthritis.prescription – a piece of paper that a doctor gives you that says what type of medicine you needex. The doctor gave me a prescription for antibiotics.repeat prescription1. a prescription for a medicine you take regularlyex. I need a repeat prescription.2. a particular medicine that a doctor has told you to takeprescription charge – the fixed amount you have to pay for a prescriptionex. Prescription charges have risen againprescription drug – a drug that you can only get if you have a prescription from your doctoron prescription – if a medicine is on prescription, you can only get it if you have a piece of paper from your doctor

(Macmillan English Dictionary)

II. To prescribe a medicine a doctor should fill in a prescription blank. Read and translate this instruction.

To fill in a prescription blank these are the steps to be followed:

1. Name of the patient and date.2. After “Rx” write the name of the drug.3. Write the dosage of the medication in the right hand

corner after the vertical line and in the same horizontal line as the drug used. The metric system is usually used.

4. Below the name of the drug specify the amount of medication you want the patient to buy. This should be proceeded by the letter “n” or the symbol.

5. Next line write SIG (signature: let it be marked with direction). Give instructions to the patient regarding the way he should take this medicine.

6. After “REFILL” write the number of times the prescription can be refilled.

7. Sign your name and your narcotic number (if using narcotics and narcotic blanks).

8. There are some abbreviations. Learn them:

VocabularyI. Read and remember:

1. ампула1. Британская

национальная рецептурная книга

2. Британская фармакопея

2. Британский фармацевтический сборник

3. в день4. взрослый5. в месяц

1. amp. ampule2. B.N.F. British National

Formulary3. B..P., B.Ph. British

Pharmacopoeia4. B.P.C. British

Pharmaceutical Codex

5. a.d. a day, p.d. per day6. ad. adult7. a.m. a month8. a.w. a week9. i.v. intravenous, by

6. в неделю7. внутривенный

10. внутримышечный

11. возьми12. господин13. госпожа14. грамм15. ...граммов в сутки16. два раза (дважды) в день

17. для инъекций18. для обоих глаз

19. до еды

20. доза, прием21. доза смертельная22. доза стандартная23. доктор24. доктор медицины25. единица26. единица иммунная27. единица

интернациональная27. каждую ночь

29. каждые ... часа30. каждый день31. каждые ... часов32. каждое утро

intravenous injection10. i.m. intramuscular, by

intramuscular injection.11. R., Rx recipe, take12. Mr. mister13. Mrs. missis14. g., gm., gram"(me)15. ... g.p.d, ... grams per day16. b.d., b.i.d. bis in die,

twice a day17. inj. injectable18. o. u. oculus uterque,

both eyes19. a. c. ante cibum, before

meals, a. p. anteprandial, before meals

20. d. dose21. L.D. lethal dose22. S.T.D. skin test-dose23. Dr. doctor24. M.D. doctor of medicine25. U., u. unit26. I.U. immunizing unit27. I.U. international unit

28. o.n. omni nocte, every night, q.n. quaque nox, every night

29. q. ... h. quaque ... hour30. o.d. omnidie, every day31. ...— hrly, ...— hourly32. o.m. omni mane, every

morning, q.m. quaque matin, every morning

33. капсулы34. лекарство35. микрограмм36. миллиграмм37. миллилитр, сантиметр

кубический38. немедленно39. не применять внутрь

(для наружного применения)

40. перорально

41. подкожный

42. поровну43. после еды44. ... раз в день45. ребенок46. рецепт (пропись)47. сколько требуется48. смесь дифтерийного

токсина49. смотри на обороте50. сыворотка

противостолбнячная51. таблетка52. таблетки53. тетравакцина (тиф,

паратифы А и В, столбняк)

54. три раза в день

55. унция = 28,5 г56. Фармакопея США

57. флакон

33. caps, capsules34. M. medicine35. meg. microgram36. mg. milligram37. ml. millilitre, cc. cubic

centimetre38. stat. statim, immediately39. N.P.O. nothing per os

40. P.O. per os, by mouth, orally

41. s.c. subcutaneous, by subcutaneous injection

42. aa ana43. p.c. post cibum, after food44. ... t.d. ... times daily45. inf. infant46. f. formula47. Q. S., q.s. quantum sufficit48. Т. А. Т., Т. А. Т. mixture,

toxin-antitoxin mixture49. P. Т. О. please, turnover50. A.T.S. antitetanic serum

51. tabl. tablet52. tabs, tablets53. Т. А. В. Т. typhoid-

paratyphoid-tetanus vaccine

54. t. d. s., ter in die sumendum: t. i. d. three times a day

55. Oz., oz., ounce

58. Форма (бланк) исполнительного комитета

59. ... часов60. четыре раза в день

61. числом

56. U.S.P., U.S. Phar, United States Pharmacopoeia

57. bot. bottle58. Form E.G. Form

Executive Committee

59. ...hrs. ... hours60. q.d.s., q.i.d. quater in

die sumendum, four times a day

61. No numero

Use of EnglishII. Read and interpret the prescriptions:

NAME Mr. John Doe DATE June 16, 2001RxBenadryln.100SIG Take one capsule two

times a day and at bedtime

Refill 2 times

0,50 gm

WILLIAM McCAUGH, M.D.Attending Physician

NAME Mrs. Mary Johnson DATE Jan, 28, 2001RxDigitoxinn.150SIG One tablet daily

Refill prn times

0,15 gm

Joe Webster, M.D.Attending Physician

III. Write a prescription for the following:

1. digitalis2. ASA3. Penicillin4. broad spectrum antibiotics5. oral diuretic

Over to youCLINICAL SITUATIONS

1. A patient with high BP suffers from the acute onset of asthma. What drugs can be used for the prevention of the acute onset of asthma?

2. A patient with congestive heart failure and cirrhosis of the liver has been treated by digitalis. For three days he had been taking the therapeutic dose of the drug, so the therapeutic effects was positive and his condition improved. But in four days the toxic effects such as vomiting, nausea, bradycardia and extra systole appeared. Explain the course of the disease and the toxic effect of the drugs.

3. A patient with severe pain radiated to the left arm, fear of death and tachycardia was admitted into hospital. The doctor administered him the drug that decreased the level of BP but caused bronchoconstriction. What drug was given and why did that drug produce the spasm of bronchi?

4. A patient with high BP sufferes from the acute onset of asthma. What drugs may be used? What antiasthmatic drugs are contraindicated in this case.

5. A patient with edema and congestive heart failure has been treated with diuretic drug. In five days the therapeutic effect of the drug stopped because the drug produced acidosis. Which diuretic was administered to the patient? Why does the effect of this diuretic depend on pH of blood?

Use of English

HOW TO WRITE AN ANNOTATION - SIMPLE!

Study the article: read it first fairly quickly to get a sense of the general meaning. Then read more carefully, following the author's argument and noticing what is fact and what is opinion, what is general statement and what is particular example. It is often helpful to summarize each paragraph in a few words at this stage.

Identify the key points: check the instructions for the annotation. Go through the text again and mark the places where important information is given – by underlining, highlighting with a coloured pen or making a mark in the margin.

Make notes: write down the key points you've identified in note form in your own words.

Put points in order: look at the list of points you've made. Then decide the best order to put the points in - this may be different from the order in which they appeared in the original text.

Leave out unnecessary detail: e.g. lists, figures of speech, schemes.First draft. Edit your first draft: check the spelling and grammar, count the number of words. If you have many fewer than the limit, you've probably left out something important so check the original text again. If you have more than the limit, look for ways of combining points in one sentence, or of «losing» words here and there.

Reading 1Pre-text work

1. Before you begin reading this article say what in your view it is going to be? Use the heading as a clue.

2. As you read, think whether it is a suitable title for the article. Give your reasons.

3. What is you first impression of this article?4. Say what information given in the article is new for you.

TEXT 1

NEW DRUG APPEARS EFFECTIVEIN LEUKEMIA TREATMENT

By Karen Klinger

A NEW drug appears extremely effective in combating a rare form of leukemia and holds promise as a treatment for other forms of cancer, researchers said.

A drug known as 2-CdA brought about a complete remission of hairy-cell leukemia in at least 11 of 12 patients after only one week-long course of treatment, the researchers said.

In addition, 2-CdA appeared "remarkably devoid" of tone side effects usually associated with chemotherapy, Dr Lawrence Piro and colleagues at the Scripps Clinic and Research Foundation in La Jolla, California, reported in the New England Journal of Medicine.

"The development of a new chemotherapy agent which is effective without toxicity certainly constitutes a breakthrough in the treatment of cancer," Piro, director of the Scripps cancer centre, said at a news conference.

The drug, which is "quite inexpensive" because it is "extremely simple" to make, has produced remissions in

patients with other blood-system cancers, including two types of lymphomas, and is now being tested in patients with solid-tumor cancers, he added.

"There is laboratory evidence to suggest that the drug may be effective in some forms of solid-tumor cancers," Piro said.

While he cautioned against viewing 2-CdA as a "miracle drug," he told reporters: "There are very few cancer treatments which will produce a complete remission that lasts as long as four years. ... I hope we will be meeting together in some future year to say the word 'cure'."

Post-text work1. Look through the text for the facts which are important

for the general understanding. State the main issues discussed in the article.

2. How do you think the author is trying to get your attention and keep up your interest? Is the author successful?

3. What does the final statement “I hope we will be meeting together in some future year to say the word 'cure' ” suggest to you in social context?

Over to youWrite down an annotation in which you carefully consider how the author presents and supports the effectiveness of new drug in leukemia treatment.

Reading 2Pre-text work1. What do you think is the content of the article given

below? Use the heading as a clue.

2. As you read, think weather it is a suitable title for the article. Give your reasons.

3. Say what information given in the article is new.

TEXT 2

DRUG TRIO FOUND TO INHIBIT HIV

BY Marlene Cimons

In some of the strongest evidence thus far that a new generation of AIDS drugs can inhibit the human immunodeficiency virus, scientists reported that HIV became virtually undetectable in most patients six months after starting treatment with one of the new drugs in combination with two standard ones.

"For the first time we may be close to achieving almost total suppression of the AIDS virus in most patients", Dr.Emilio Emini, executive director of the antiviral research division of Merck & Co., said on Monday. The company makes indinavir - also known as Crixivan - one of drugs in the new generation.

Addressing the Third Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections in Washington, Emini said that the virus could not be found in the blood of 85 percent of the patients who took the triple combination, which also included the drugs AZT and 3TC.

Experts believe that AIDS cannot be cured, so the longtime approach has been to slow or eliminate disease progression through drug therapy, thus prolonging survival ultimately, it is hoped, to a normal lifespan.

The new findings bolster those hopes that powerful drug combinations can delay the virus' reproduction.

Post-text workSum up the main ideas of the article and write down an

annotation.Use: This article is called …...

The author of the article is …... It is published in …... The main idea of this article is that …... The fact … is stressed …...

Reading 3Pre-text work1. Say what you already know about herbal remedies?2. Translate into Russian the following word-combinations:

herbal remedies, alternative remedies, conventional antidepressant drugs, side-effects, complementary medicine, inadequate treatment.

3. Find in the dictionary the translation of the following words:drug, druggist, drugster;medicine, medicate, medicated, medication, medicative, medicinal;remedy, remedical, remediable;treat, treatable, treatment.

4. Skim the text. What is your first impression of the text?5. Scan the text. What sort of ideas do you think the text

contains?

TEXT 3

OLD HERBAL REMEDY 'BETTER THAN DRUGS'

By Jeremy Laurance Health Editor

One of the most widely used herbal remedies for depression, St.John's Wort, is as effective as conventional antidepressant drugs but has fewer side effects, a study

shows.The remedy, already a best-seller in the growing herbal-

medicine market, improved the mood and mental performance of patients with moderate depression at least as much as the widely prescribed antidepressant imipraminc. Side-effects, such as a dry mouth, were worse in those who took imipramine than in those who took hypericum extract.

The findings, published in the British Medical Journal, were immediately countered with a warning in the rival journal The Lancet that hypericum extract may be less sale than its "natural" label encourages consumers to think.

Edzard Ernst, professor of complementary medicine at the University of Exeter, writes in The Lancet that at least eight cases have been reported of St. John's Wort reacting badly with pharmaceutical drugs that patients were taking, reducing their effectiveness and increasing side-effects.

Professor Ernst says patients should be encouraged to tell their doctors if they are taking alternative remedies and to recognize that "natural" does not always mean "harmless".

"Given the widespread use of hypericum extracts, the implications of emerging evidence of adverse reaction are potentially serious", Professor Ernst writes. "Regulatory bodies should perhaps take a fresh look at whether herbal medicines need regulation".

The BMJ study was conducted by researchers from Germany, where hypericum extracts outsell Prozac by four to one. Scientists at the Imerem Institute for Medical Research in Nuremberg compared hypericum extracts with imipramine in 263 patients. They found the herbal remedy as effective as the pharmaceutical. "Since many depressed patients receive either no treatment or inadequate treatment", they write, "hypericum extract may be considered as an alternative first choice.

Post-text work

1. What kind of reader you think the author has in mind?2. How does the article influence you?3. Underline the sentence which seems the most important

to you.4. Group the top sentences according to the questions:

what, how, why?

Over to you:Write the annotation in which you carefully consider how the author presents and supports herbal remedies.Reading 4Pre-text work1. Are you in favour or against advertising in medicine?2. Do you think it may help a patient?

TEXT 4

DOCTORS ANNOUNCEA PERSONALIZED WEIGHT CONTROL PROGRAM

advertisement

Health Gains Through Weight Loss.Most patients significantly lower blood pressure,

cholesterol, triglyceride and glucose levels through medically supervised weight control.

Personalized Program Is Easy To Follow.Your tasty and varied menu featuring regular foods and

formula is individualized to your metabolism, lifestyle, and health requirements.

Health Improvements For Men and Women.

Recognizing the physical and behavioral differences among people – especially among men and women – treatment is individualized for every patient. For example, a special program has been developed to help abdominally obese men reduce their heightened risk of heart attack, stroke and diabetes.

Health and Fitness For The Long Run.The program helps you develop exercise, nutrition, and

eating habits to keep you fit for the rest of your life.

Post-text work1. Remember the following words and phrases which are

used for generalization:Generally, on the whole, in practice, besides, it should be noted, according to statistics, in other words, as proof of it ... .

2. Write down an annotation.

Reading 5Pre-text work1. While reading the text make brief notes of all

information that you will find new.2. Say what information in the article is new.

TEXT 5

FRIENDS, MONEY ARE MEDICINEFOR HEART PATIENTS

By Tim FriendUSA TODAY

Anaheim, Calif. - Heart disease patients who have love, friends and money live longer than those who are poor and alone, new research shows.

"It's great to do all we can with technology, but people also should know just having someone to talk to is very powerful medicine", says Dr. Redford Williams, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, N.C.

His research shows that while money helps, the strongest predictor of heart patients' longevity was having a close relationship. Findings, presented at an American Heart Association meeting:

• 50% of unmarried patients had died five years after diagnosis. Married, 17%.

• 24% of people with family income of $10,000 or less had died. Above $40,000, 9%.

Post-text work1. What aspects of the problem do you believe this article

describe?2. Write down an annotative translationUse: Данная статья опубликована в ...

Статья озаглавлена ... Автор акцентирует внимание на ... Статья написана для ... В заключение автор, суммируя все факты, ...

Reading 6Pre-text work1. Before you begin reading this text say what in view it is

going to be. Use the heading as a clue.2. Say what information given in the text is new for you.

TEXT 6

ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS

Outside of the more popular drugs there was success in the treatment of some of the symptoms of psychosis and depression. The first antipsychotic compound, for the treatment of the symptoms of schizophrenia, was

chlorpromazine (known by tradenames like Largactil or Thorazine) in 1953. Their effects went beyond simple sedation with patients showing improvements in thinking and emotional behaviour, and over 100 million patients were treated. From chlorpromazine number of other similar antidopaminergic compounds were developed, such as the phenothiazines. Such drugs had a revolutionary role in transforming mental institutions from an almost purely custodial role.

Enthusiasm for the first generation of anti-psychotic medications peaked in the late 1960s, but the image of the drugs plummeted in the mid-1970s as studies emerged showing that chronic users of anti-psychotic medication developed high rates of tardive dyskinesia, a typically permanent neurological disorder similar to Parkinson's disease involving involuntary movements. The first generation of antipsychotic drugs are now commonly referred to as typical antipsychotics.

In the 1990s severa1 atypical antipsychotic drugs were first marketed. Atypical antipsychotics are believed to have a lower incidence of tardive dyskinesia and extrapyramidal side-effects than the first generation typical antipsychotics. The atypical antipsychotics are believed to be better at treating the "negative symptoms" of schizophrenia. They are currently marketed under the names Abilify (aripiprazole) and Risperidol (risperidone)among others.

However, the limited available knowledge of brain chemistry means that even the more modern compounds cause a range of extrapyramidal side-effects. While effective at controlling acute symptoms, antipsychotic drugs are of less value in treating chronic symptoms.

Post-text work1. Look through the text for the facts which are important

for the general understanding.

2. Underline the sentences which seem most important to you.

3. Sum up the main ideas of the text and write down an annotation.

Use: This article is concerned with …..In the article the author gives the description of ..It should be noted that ..The following conclusions are drawn ..The importance of .. is stressed.

Reading 7Pre-text work1. Say what you know about obesity.2. Translate into Russian the following word-combinations:

certain medications, steroid medications, migraine medications, mood altering medications, addiction to drugs, poor eating habits, motivational drive for smth., to trigger overeating and obesity, to combat obesity, drugs of abuse, treatment possibilities.3. Skim the text. Does the text contain information about

treatments for obesity or causes of obesity?4. Scan the text. What sort of ideas do you think the text

contains?

TEXT 7MedicationsCertain medications can also be a cause of obesity.

Steroid medications are common culprits increasing the amount of fluid the body holds in the body. Some migraine medications are also known to cause weight gain. Antidepressants and other mood altering medications, sometimes used for the treatment of stress, anxiety and depression can also cause increased weight gain.

A recent study conducted by a team of researchers

from the Brookhaven National Laboratory in Upton, New York found that overeating is really an addiction, like any other addiction to drugs, alcohol etc. It has been known for a long time now that many people may develop an addiction to eating, eating disorders and poor eating habits. But the new study is important, because it shows that there is a close connection between stomach and the brain. More exactly, the stomach of those addicted to overeating is linked to the hippocampus area of the brain, the same neural region which is involved in drug addiction.

The hippocampus is the area of the brain mostly concerned with the memory and emotions. Besides the hippocampus, overeating also stimulates the frontal cortex region of the brain. "We found that areas of the brain that received signals were the hippocampus, which is involved in memory and emotion, and also the frontal cortex," wrote Dr. Gene-Jack Wang and his team in the report published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. He added that "similar brain circuits underlie the enhanced motivational drive for food and drugs seen in obese and drug-addicted subjects, respectively."

The team explained that signals from the stomach to the hippocampus region of the brain are the key-factor which triggers overeating and obesity. Researchers also cautioned that even if one who used to be overweight and obese lost weight and has a normal"BMI, he is still at the risk of gaining weight again, as the link between the hippocampus and stomach preserves within his body. "An obese person, even if he becomes lean, still has the signals in the area of the hippocampus, so there is a high likelihood that he will relapse," explained Dr. Wang.

However, things are not that tragic and pessimistic as they may seem at a first view. Dr. Mark Gold. Professor of Psychiatry and Neuroscience at the University of Florida's McKnight Brain Institute pinpointed the fact that knowing which bodily mechanism triggers overeating and eating disorders is very useful for medical experts, as it may help

in the development of new ways to combat obesity. "The advantage of having a novel hypothesis means that we might be able to develop new treatments for obesity similar to those for drugs of abuse. This opens a whole range of treatment possibilities." he said.

The only question which still remains unanswered until further research - the most difficult question, in fact - is how the information can be used in order to efficiently fight against obesity. Dr. Wang suggested that new methods of treating obesity and overeating may be linked to emotions, like in the case of drug addicts. "That is the million-dollar question. We must study to learn more about how the signal is transmitted and how to treat obesity. As with drug addiction, we might also have to treat the emotions," the leader of the study said.

Post-text work1. Remember the following words and phrases, which are

used for generalization:for instance, accordingly, because of, due to, as a

matter of fact, consequently, as a result, in conclusion.2. Sum up the main ideas of the article and write down an

annotation/annotative translation.

Reading 8Pre-text work1. Before you begin reading this text say what in your

view it is going to be.2. Say what you already know about aspiring effects.3. Say what kind of reader you think the author has in

mind.

TEXT 8

ASPIRIN EFFECTS DIFFER IN WOMEN

Broad benefits seen primarily in those 65 and older, Women 's Health Study data show.

While benefits of aspirin have been clearly established for secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease and events in both men and women, the drug has been poorly studied in women who did not have preexisting problems. Now, in results from the first large-scale investigation of the drug for prevention of cardiovascular disease and events in women, aspirin protected primarily against ischemic stroke yet increased gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding, making use questionable in most women younger than 65 years and those in the elderly group at increased risk of GI problems.

Data from the Women's Health Study were presented at the 54th Annual Scientific Session of the American College of Cardiology in Orlando by Paul M. Ridker, MD, of Boston's Brigham and Women's Hospital, and released simultaneously by the New England Journal of Medicine. A total of 39,876 initially healthy women were followed for 10 years while they took aspirin 100 mg or placebo every other day. At follow-up, the risk of stroke was reduced significantly, by 17% in the aspirin group compared with the placebo group. This difference resulted from a 24% reduction in risk of ischemic stroke, as a nonsignificant increase was seen in the risk of hemorrhagic stroke in the group taking aspirin. Aspirin had no significant effect on the risk of fatal or nonfatal myocardial infarction or death from cardiovascular causes except in the subgroup of patients who were 65 and older.

Gastrointestinal bleeding requiring transfusion occurred more frequently in the aspirin group, with a 40% increase in relative risk. The increase in absolute risk was small, as the number of events totaled 127 in the aspirin group and 91 in the placebo group. Overall, five women died from gastrointestinal hemorrhages, including two who were taking aspirin and three who receiving placebo.

Writing in the New England Journal of Medicine, Ridker

and his colleagues offered this advice to clinicians and patients: "With respect to guidelines in primary prevention, in 2002, the Preventive Services Task Force and the American Heart Association recommended aspirin for adults whose 10-year risks of a first coronary-heart-disease event were at least 6 percent and 10 percent, respectively. However, this may be complex for women, since in our study overall, aspirin lowered the risk of stroke without affecting the risk of myocardial infarction or death from cardiovascular causes. Thus, as with men, any decision about the use of aspirin in primary prevention among women must ultimately be made after a woman consults her physician or health care provider, so that the net absolute benefits and risks for the individual patient can be ascertained."

Post-text work1. Say what information given in the article is new for you.2. Look through the text for the figures which are

important for general understanding of the text. State the main problems discussed in the article.

3. Sum up the main ideas of the article and write down an annotation.

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