unit - 1 chapter - 1 the rise of nationalism in europe

Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise & Mind Maps, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class – X [ 1

To know about more useful books for class-10 click here

THE RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE [ 1un

it - 1 c

hapt

er - 1 T

he R

ise

of

nationa

lism

in e

urope

https://www.oswaalbooks.com/free-resources/CBSE/10

2 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise & Mind Maps, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class – X


unit - 1 c

hapt

er - 2

nat

iona

lism

in in

dia

nationalism in india [ 27




THE MAKING OF A GLOBAL WORLD [ 57un

it - 1 c

hapt

er - 3

the

mak

ing o

f a

glo

bal

worl

d




THE AGE OF INDUSTRIALIZATION [ 79un

it - 1 c

hapt

er - 4

the

age

of

indu

str

ializa

tion




98 ] OSWAAL CBSE Chapterwise & Topicwise Question Bank, Social Science, Class – Xun

it - 1 c

hapt

er - 5

print

cul

ture

and

the

mode

rn w

orl

d




resources and development [ 133un

it - 2

cha

pter

- 1 r

esour

ces a

nd d

evel

opm

ent




150 ] OSWAAL CBSE Chapterwise & Topicwise Question Bank, Social Science, Class – Xun

it - 2

cha

pter

- 2

agricu

ltur

e




MINERALS AND ENERGY RESOURCES [ 167un

it - 2

cha

pter

- 3

miner

als a

nd e

nerg

y re

sour

ces




manufacturing industries [ 187un

it - 2

cha

pter

- 4

man

ufac

turing

indu

str

ies




LIFELINES OF NATIONAL ECONOMY [ 211un

it - 2

cha

pter

- 5

lifel

ines

of

nationa

l ec

ono

my




246 ] OSWAAL CBSE Chapterwise & Topicwise Question Bank, Social Science, Class – X

Pow

er-S

ha

rin

g

Belg

ium

and

Sri

Lan

ka

Maj

orit

aria

nism

in S

ri L

anka

Acco

mm

odat

ion

in B

elgi

um

Why

pow

er s

hari

ng is

des

irab

le?

Form

s of

pow

er-s

hari

ng

Sri L

anka

has

a d

iver

se

popu

lati

on w

ith

74%

Sin

hala

spe

aker

s an

d 18

% T

amil

spea

kers

. Am

ong

Tam

ils, 1

3% a

re c

alle

d‘S

ri L

anka

n

Tam

ils’a

nd t

he r

est

‘Indi

an T

amils

’. In

195

6, S

inha

la w

as

reco

gnis

ed a

s th

e on

ly o

ffic

ial l

angu

age

of S

ri L

anka

, thu

s

disr

egar

ding

Tam

il. B

y 19

80s,

sev

eral

pol

itic

al

orga

niza

tion

s w

ere

form

ed d

eman

ding

an

inde

pend

ent

Tam

il Ee

lam

(st

ate)

in n

orth

ern

and

east

ern

part

s of

Sri

Lan

ka.

Pow

er s

hari

ng is

the

ver

y sp

irit

of d

emoc

racy

. Bel

gium

is a

sm

all c

ount

ry in

Eur

ope.

In t

he c

apit

al c

ity

Brus

sels

, 80%

peo

ple

spea

k Fr

ench

,

whi

le t

he r

est

spea

k Du

tch.

For

acco

mm

odat

ing

the

inte

rest

s

of t

he m

inor

ity

and

the

maj

orit

y, B

elgi

um a

dopt

ed

a un

ique

sys

tem

of p

ower

sha

ring

. Bru

ssel

s ha

s a

sepa

rate

gove

rnm

ent

in w

hich

bot

h th

e co

mm

unit

ies

(Fre

nch

and

Dutc

h)

have

equ

al r

epre

sent

atio

n. A

com

mun

ity

gove

rnm

ent

exis

ts.

''

It is

ele

cted

by

peop

le b

elon

ging

to

one

lang

uage

com

mun

ity.

This

gov

ernm

ent

enga

ges

wit

h th

e cu

ltur

al, e

duca

tion

al

and

lang

uage

rel

ated

issu

es.

Pow

er s

hari

ng h

elps

to

redu

ce

the

poss

ibili

ty o

f con

flict

bet

wee

n so

cial

gro

ups

and

brin

gs a

bout

sta

bilit

y in

pol

itic

al o

rder

. An

inte

llige

nt

shar

ing

of p

ower

am

ong

legi

slat

ure,

exe

cuti

ve

and

judi

ciar

y is

ver

y im

port

ant

to t

he

desi

gn o

f a d

emoc

racy

.

Pow

er is

sha

red

amon

g di

ffer

ent

orga

ns

of g

over

nmen

t, s

uch

as t

he le

gisl

atur

e, e

xecu

tive

and

judi

ciar

y.

Min

iste

rs a

nd g

over

nmen

t of

ficia

ls e

xerc

ise

pow

er. P

ower

may

als

o be

shar

ed a

mon

g di

ffer

ent

soci

al g

roup

s su

ch a

s th

e re

ligio

us a

nd li

ngui

stic

grou

ps.

In a

dem

ocra

cy, t

he c

itiz

ens

mus

t ha

ve fr

eedo

m t

o

choo

se a

mon

g va

riou

s co

nten

ders

for

pow

er.

unit - 3

cha

pter

- 1 p

ower

sha

ring





Fed

era

lism

Wha

t is

fede

ralis

m?

How

is fe

dera

lism

pra

ctis

ed?

Fede

ralis

m is

a s

yste

m o

f gov

ernm

ent

in w

hich

the

pow

er is

div

ided

bet

wee

n a

cent

ral a

utho

rity

and

vari

ous

cons

titu

ent

unit

s of

the

cou

ntry

. Diff

eren

t ti

ers

of

gove

rnm

ent

gove

rn t

he s

ame

citi

zens

, but

eac

h ti

er h

as it

s ow

n

JURI

SDIC

TION

. The

fund

amen

tal p

rovi

sion

s of

the

Con

stit

utio

n

cann

ot b

e un

ilate

rally

cha

nged

by

one

leve

l of g

over

nmen

t.

Sour

ces

of r

even

ue fo

r ea

ch le

vel o

f gov

ernm

ent

are

clea

rly

spec

ified

.

The

Cons

titu

tion

cle

arly

prov

ided

a th

reef

old

dist

ribu

tion

of l

egis

lati

ve p

ower

s be

twee

n

the

Unio

n Go

vern

men

t an

d th

e St

ate

Gove

rnm

ents

. Uni

on

List

incl

udes

sub

ject

s of

nat

iona

l im

port

ance

suc

h as

def

ence

of t

he

coun

try,

fore

ign

affa

irs,

ban

king

, com

mun

icat

ions

and

cur

renc

y. T

he S

tate

Gove

rnm

ents

can

mak

e la

ws

rela

ting

to

the

subj

ects

men

tion

ed

in t

he S

tate

Lis

t. C

oncu

rren

t Li

st in

clud

es s

ubje

cts

of c

omm

on

inte

rest

to

both

the

Uni

on G

over

nmen

ts a

s w

ell a

s th

e St

ate

Gove

rnm

ents

, suc

h as

edu

cati

on, f

ores

t,

trad

e un

ions

, mar

riag

e, e

tc.

In 1

992,

the

Con

stit

utio

n w

as a

men

ded

to m

ake

the

thir

d-ti

er o

f dem

ocra

cy m

ore

pow

erfu

l and

eff

ecti

ve.

Seat

s ar

e re

serv

ed fo

r th

e Sc

hedu

led

Cast

es, S

ched

uled

Tri

bes

and

Othe

r Ba

ckw

ard

Clas

ses.

The

Sta

te g

over

nmen

ts a

re r

equi

red

to

shar

e so

me

pow

ers

and

reve

nue

wit

h lo

cal g

over

nmen

t bo

dies

. The

re a

re

now

abo

ut 3

6 la

kh e

lect

ed r

epre

sent

ativ

es in

the

panc

haya

ts, m

unic

ipal

itie

s,et

c.

Wha

t m

akes

Indi

a a

fede

ral c

ount

ry?

Dece

ntra

lisat

ion

in In

dia

Cent

re-S

tate

rel

atio

ns

Afte

r 19

90, t

here

was

the

beg

inni

ng

of t

he e

ra o

f COA

LITI

ON G

OVER

NM

ENTS

at

the

Cent

re.

This

led

to a

new

cul

ture

of p

ower

sha

ring

and

res

pect

for

the

auto

nom

y of

Sta

te G

over

nmen

ts. F

eder

al p

ower

shar

ing

is m

ore

effe

ctiv

e to

day

than

it w

as in

the

ear

ly y

ears

afte

r th

e Co

nsti

tuti

on c

ame

into

forc

e.

Lang

uage

pol

icy

Hind

i was

iden

tifie

d

as t

he o

ffic

ial l

angu

age.

The

re a

re 2

1

othe

r la

ngua

ges

reco

gnis

ed a

s Sc

hedu

led

Lang

uage

s by

the

Con

stit

utio

n. T

he C

entr

al

Gove

rnm

ent

resp

onde

d by

agr

eein

g to

cont

inue

the

use

of E

nglis

h al

ong

wit

h

Hind

i for

off

icia

l pur

pose

s.

Ling

uist

ic S

tate

s

In 1

947,

the

bou

ndar

ies

of s

ever

al

old

Stat

es o

f Ind

ia w

ere

chan

ged

in o

rder

to

crea

te n

ew S

tate

s. T

his

was

don

e to

ens

ure

that

peo

ple

who

spo

ke t

he s

ame

lang

uage

Liv

ed in

the

sam

e St

ate.

Som

e St

ates

wer

e cr

eate

d on

the

base

s of

cul

ture

, eth

nici

ty o

r ge

ogra

phy.

unit - 3

cha

pter

- 2

fed

eral

ism




gender, religion and caste [ 277

Gend

er a

nd p

olit

ics

Relig

ion,

com

mun

alis

m a

nd p

olit

ics

Cast

e an

d po

litic

s

Publ

ic/p

riva

te d

ivis

ion

Boys

and

gir

ls a

re b

roug

ht u

p to

belie

ve t

hat

the

mai

n re

spon

sibi

lity

of w

omen

is

hous

ehol

d ch

ores

and

bri

ngin

g up

chi

ldre

n. T

his

is r

efle

cted

in S

exua

l

Divi

sion

s of

Lab

our

in m

ost

fam

ilies

. But

in S

cand

inav

ian

coun

trie

s su

ch a

s Sw

eden

, Nor

way

and

Fin

land

, the

par

tici

pati

on o

f

wom

en in

pub

lic li

fe is

ver

y hi

gh. O

urs

is s

till

a m

ale-

dom

inat

ed,

PATR

IARC

HAL

soci

ety

and

wom

en fa

ce d

isad

vant

age,

disc

rim

inat

ion

and

oppr

essi

on.

Wom

en’s

pol

itic

al r

epre

sent

atio

n

In In

dia,

the

pro

port

ion

of w

omen

in t

he le

gisl

atur

e ha

s be

en v

ery

low.

The

perc

enta

ge o

f ele

cted

wom

en m

embe

rs in

Lok

Sab

ha

has

neve

r re

ache

d ev

en 1

0% o

f its

tot

al s

tren

gth.

Ther

e ar

e m

ore

than

10

lakh

ele

cted

wom

en

repr

esen

tati

ves

in r

ural

and

urb

an

loca

l bod

ies.

Relig

ious

diff

eren

ces

Man

y co

untr

ies

incl

udin

g

Indi

a ha

ve fo

llow

ers

of d

iffer

ent

relig

ions

.

Gand

hiji

used

to

say

that

rel

igio

n ca

n ne

ver

be

sepa

rate

d fr

om p

olit

ics.

Wom

en’s

mov

emen

t ha

s

argu

ed t

hat

FAM

ILY

LAW

S of

all

relig

ions

disc

rim

inat

e ag

ains

t w

omen

.

Com

mun

alis

m

Com

mun

al p

olit

ics

is b

ased

on

the

idea

s th

at r

elig

ion

is t

he p

rinc

ipal

bas

is o

f soc

ial c

omm

unit

y.

Polit

ical

mob

iliza

tion

on

relig

ious

line

s is

ano

ther

freq

uent

form

of c

omm

unal

ism

.

Secu

lar

stat

e

Ther

e is

no

offic

ial r

elig

ion

of t

he

Indi

an s

tate

unl

ike

the

stat

e re

ligio

n of

Bud

dhis

m in

Sri

Lan

ka,

that

of I

slam

in P

akis

tan

and

that

of C

hris

tian

ity

in E

ngla

nd.

The

Cons

titu

tion

pro

hibi

ts d

iscr

imin

atio

n

on g

roun

ds o

f rel

igio

n.

Cast

e in

equa

litie

s

Cast

e sy

stem

was

bas

ed o

n th

e

excl

usio

n of

and

dis

crim

inat

ion

agai

nst

the

‘out

cast

e’gr

oups

. Lar

ge s

cale

urb

anis

atio

n, t

he g

row

th o

f

liter

acy

and

educ

atio

n an

d oc

cupa

tion

al m

obili

ty

are

brea

king

dow

n th

e ol

d no

tion

s of

cas

te h

iera

rchy

.

Cast

e in

pol

itic

s

It is

not

pol

itic

s th

at g

ets

cast

e-ri

dden

; it

is t

he c

aste

that

get

s po

litic

ized

. New

kin

ds o

f cas

te g

roup

s ha

ve

com

e up

in t

he p

olit

ical

are

na li

ke‘b

ackw

ard’

and

‘forw

ard’

cast

e gr

oups

.

Gend

er,

Relig

ion a

nd

Ca

ste

unit - 3

cha

pter

- 3

gen

der, r

eligion

and

caste




political parties [ 295

Polit

ica

l P

arties

Why

do

we

need

pol

itic

al p

arti

es?

How

man

y

part

ies

shou

ld w

e ha

ve?

Stat

e pa

rtie

s

Chal

leng

es

to p

olit

ical

par

ties

How

can

par

ties

be

refo

rmed

?

Mea

ning

A po

litic

al p

arty

is a

gro

up o

f peo

ple

who

com

e to

geth

er t

o co

ntes

t el

ecti

ons

and

hold

pow

er in

the

gove

rnm

ent.

A p

olit

ical

par

ty h

as t

hree

com

pone

nts,

i.e.

, the

lead

ers,

the

act

ive

mem

bers

and

the

follo

wer

s.

Func

tion

s

Part

ies

cont

est

elec

tion

s.

In m

ost

dem

ocra

cies

, ele

ctio

ns a

re fo

ught

mai

nly

amon

g th

e ca

ndid

ates

put

up

by p

olit

ical

par

ties

. Par

ties

have

akhs

of m

embe

rs a

nd a

ctiv

ists

spr

ead

all o

ver

l the

coun

try.

Law

s ar

e de

bate

d an

d pa

ssed

in t

he le

gisl

atur

e.

Nec

essi

ty

The

rise

of p

olit

ical

par

ties

is

dire

ctly

link

ed t

o th

e em

erge

nce

of r

epre

sent

ativ

e

dem

ocra

cies

. Lar

ge s

cale

soc

ieti

es n

eed

repr

esen

tati

ve d

emoc

raci

es.

Ever

y pa

rty

in t

he c

ount

ry h

as t

o re

gist

er w

ith

the

Elec

tion

Com

mis

sion

. Par

ties

tha

t ge

t th

is p

rivi

lege

and

som

e ot

her

spec

ial f

acili

ties

are

‘rec

ogni

sed’

by t

he E

lect

ion

Com

mis

sion

for

this

pur

pose

. Tha

t is

why

the

se p

arti

es a

re c

alle

d,

‘rec

ogni

sed

polit

ical

par

ties

’. Th

ere

wer

e si

x na

tion

al

reco

gnis

ed p

arti

es in

the

cou

ntry

in 2

006.

The

Cons

titu

tion

was

am

ende

d to

pre

vent

elec

ted

MLA

s an

d M

Ps fr

om c

hang

ing

part

ies.

Thi

s w

as

done

bec

ause

man

y el

ecte

d re

pres

enta

tive

s w

ere

indu

lgin

g in

defe

ctio

n in

ord

er t

o be

com

e m

inis

ters

or

for

cash

rew

ards

.

(I)

Lack

of i

nter

nal d

emoc

racy

wit

hin

part

ies.

Chal

leng

e of

dyn

asti

c su

cces

sion

.(i

i)

(iii)

The

grow

ing

role

of m

oney

and

mus

cle

pow

er in

par

ties

,

espe

cial

ly d

urin

elec

tion

s.g

Ofte

n pa

rtie

s do

not

see

m t

o of

fer

a m

eani

ngfu

l(i

v)

choi

ce t

o th

e vo

ters

.

Mos

t of

the

maj

or p

arti

es o

f the

cou

ntry

are

clas

sifie

d by

the

Ele

ctio

n Co

mm

issi

on a

s‘S

tate

part

ies’

. Par

ties

like

the

Sam

ajw

adi p

arty

, Sam

ata

part

y

and

Rash

triy

a Ja

nta

Dal h

ave

nati

ona

leve

l pol

itic

al

orga

niza

tion

wit

h un

its

in s

ever

al s

tate

s.

Mor

e th

an 7

50 p

arti

es a

re r

egis

tere

d

wit

h th

e El

ecti

on C

omm

issi

on o

f Ind

ia. W

hen

seve

ral

part

ies

in a

mul

ti-p

arty

sys

tem

join

han

ds fo

r th

e pu

rpos

e

of c

onte

stin

g el

ecti

ons

and

win

ning

pow

er, i

t is

cal

led

an a

llian

ce o

r a

fron

t.

Nat

iona

l pol

itic

al p

arti

es

unit - 3

cha

pter

- 4

politica

l pa

rties





Outc

om

es

of D

em

ocra

cy

How

do

we

asse

ss

dem

ocra

cy’s

out

com

es? Ac

coun

tabl

e, r

espo

nsiv

e

and

legi

tim

ate

gove

rnm

ent

Econ

omic

gro

wth

and

deve

lopm

ent

Dem

ocra

cy is

the

bet

ter

form

of g

over

nmen

t

whe

n co

mpa

red

wit

h di

ctat

orsh

ip o

r an

y ot

her

alte

rnat

ive,

beca

use

it a

llow

s eq

uaam

ong

citi

zens

; enh

ance

s th

e di

gnit

ylit

y

of t

he in

divi

dual

; im

prov

es t

he q

ualit

y of

dec

isio

n–

mak

ing;

prov

ides

a m

etho

d to

res

olve

con

flict

s; a

nd

allo

ws

room

to

corr

ect

mis

take

s.

Dem

ocra

cy p

rodu

ces

a go

vern

men

t th

at is

acc

ount

able

to t

he c

itiz

ens,

and

res

pons

ive

to t

he n

eeds

and

exp

ecta

tion

s of

the

citi

zens

. The

dem

ocra

tic

gove

rnm

ent

is t

he le

giti

mat

e go

vern

men

t.

But

dem

ocra

tic

gove

rnm

ents

do

not

have

a v

ery

good

rec

ord

whe

n

it c

omes

to

shar

ing

info

rmat

ion

wit

h ci

tize

ns.

If y

ou c

onsi

der

all d

emoc

raci

es a

nd a

ll di

ctat

orsh

ips

for

the

fifty

yea

rs b

etw

een

1950

and

200

0, d

icta

tors

hips

hav

e sl

ight

ly h

ighe

r

rate

of e

cono

mic

gro

wth

. But

thi

s al

one

cann

ot b

e th

e re

ason

to

reje

ct d

emoc

racy

.

The

diff

eren

ce in

the

rat

es o

f eco

nom

ic d

evel

opm

ent

betw

een

less

dev

elop

ed

coun

trie

s w

ith

dict

ator

ship

s an

d de

moc

raci

es is

neg

ligib

le.

Redu

ctio

n of

ineq

ualit

y an

d po

vert

y

No

soci

ety

can

fully

and

per

man

entl

y re

solv

e co

nflic

ts

amon

g di

ffer

ent

grou

ps. A

bilit

y to

han

dle

soci

al d

iffer

ence

s,

divi

sion

s, a

nd c

onfli

cts

is t

hus

a de

finit

e pl

us p

oint

of d

emoc

rati

c

regi

mes

. It

is a

lso

nece

ssar

y th

at r

ule

by m

ajor

ity

does

not

beco

me

rule

by

maj

orit

y co

mm

unit

y in

ter

ms

of r

elig

ion

or r

ace

or li

ngui

stic

gro

ups.

Dem

ocra

cy s

tand

s m

uch

supe

rior

to

any

othe

r

form

of g

over

nmen

t in

pro

mot

ing

dign

ity

and

free

dom

of t

he

indi

vidu

al. D

emoc

racy

in In

dia

has

stre

ngth

ened

the

cla

ims

of t

he d

isad

vant

aged

and

disc

rim

inat

ed c

aste

s fo

r eq

ual s

tatu

s an

d eq

ual o

ppor

tuni

ty. A

s

peop

le g

et s

ome

bene

fits

of d

emoc

racy

, the

y as

k fo

r m

ore

and

wan

t to

mak

e de

moc

racy

eve

n be

tter

.

Dem

ocra

cies

are

bas

ed o

n po

litic

al e

qual

ity.

All

indi

vidu

als

have

equ

al w

eigh

t in

ele

ctin

g re

pres

enta

tive

s. In

actu

al li

fe, d

emoc

raci

es d

o no

t ap

pear

to

be v

ery

succ

essf

ul in

redu

cing

eco

nom

ic in

equa

litie

s. A

sm

all n

umbe

r of

ult

ra-r

ich

enjo

y a

high

ly d

ispr

opor

tion

ate

shar

e

of w

ealt

h an

d in

com

es.

Dign

ity

and

free

dom

of c

itiz

ens

Acco

mm

odat

ion

of

soci

al d

iver

sity

unit - 3

cha

pter

- 5

out

come

s o

f de

mocr

acy





Develo

pm

ent

Wha

t De

velo

pmen

t Pr

omis

es-

Diff

eren

t Pe

ople

, Diff

eren

t Go

als

Inco

me

and

othe

r Go

als

Nat

iona

l Dev

elop

men

tHo

w t

o Co

mpa

re D

iffer

ent

Coun

trie

s or

Sta

tes?

Inco

me

and

Othe

r Cr

iter

ia

Publ

ic F

acili

ties

Hum

an d

evel

opm

ent

Sust

aina

bilit

y of

dev

elop

men

ts

Peop

le s

eek

thin

gs t

hat

are

mos

t im

port

ant

for

them

, i.e

., th

at w

hich

can

fulfi

ll th

eir

aspi

rati

ons

or d

esir

es. S

o tw

o th

ings

are

qui

te c

lear

, one

–di

ffer

ent

pers

ons

can

have

diff

eren

t de

velo

pmen

tal g

oals

. Tw

o–w

hat

may

be

deve

lopm

ent

for

one

may

not

be

deve

lopm

ent

for

the

othe

r. It

may

eve

n be

des

truc

tive

for

the

othe

r.

Let

us c

ompa

re t

he p

er c

apit

a in

com

e of

,Ha

ryan

a

Kera

la, a

nd B

ihar

.ha

s th

e hi

ghes

t pe

r ca

pita

inco

me

Hary

ana

and

Biha

r is

at

the

bott

om S

o, if

per

cap

ita

inco

me

wer

e to

be

used

as t

he m

easu

re o

f dev

elop

men

t,w

ill b

e co

nsid

ered

Hary

ana

the

mos

t de

velo

ped

stat

e of

the

thr

ee.

Mon

ey in

you

r po

cket

can

buy

all t

he g

oods

and

ser

vice

s th

at y

ou

may

nee

d to

live

wel

l. Bu

t yo

ur m

oney

cann

ot b

uypo

lluti

on-f

ree

a

envi

ronm

ent

unl

ess

you

can

affo

rd

to s

hift

to

a co

mm

unit

y.

Deve

lopm

ent

of a

n

indi

vidu

al in

suc

h a

way

tha

t

ishe

able

to

earn

and

fulfi

ll hi

s

desi

res.

mat

eria

listi

c

Sinc

e th

e se

cond

hal

f of t

he 2

0ce

ntur

y, a

num

ber

th

of s

cien

tist

s ha

ve b

een

war

ning

tha

t th

e pr

esen

t ty

pe, a

nd le

vels

,

of d

evel

opm

ent

are

not

sust

aina

ble.

Res

ourc

es a

re r

eple

nish

ed b

y

natu

re a

s in

the

cas

e of

cro

ps a

nd p

lant

s. S

usta

inab

ility

of

deve

lopm

ents

is c

ompa

rati

vely

a n

ew a

rea

of k

now

ledg

e

in w

hich

sci

enti

sts,

eco

nom

ists

, phi

loso

pher

s an

d

othe

r so

cial

sci

enti

sts

are

wor

king

tog

ethe

r.

The

inco

me

of t

he c

ount

ry is

the

inco

me

of a

ll th

e re

side

nts

of t

he c

ount

ry. F

or c

ompa

riso

n be

twee

n co

untr

ies,

tot

al in

com

e is

not

suc

h

usef

ul m

easu

re. T

he a

vera

ge in

com

e is

als

o ca

lled

Per

Capi

ta In

com

e.a

Indi

a co

mes

in t

he c

ateg

ory

of lo

w m

iddl

e in

com

e co

untr

ies

beca

use

its

per

capi

ta in

com

e in

201

7 w

as ju

st U

S$ 1

820

per

annu

m.

It is

ver

y im

port

ant

to k

eep

in m

ind

that

diff

eren

t pe

rson

s co

uld

have

diff

eren

t as

wel

l as

conf

licti

ng n

otio

ns o

f a c

ount

ry’s

deve

lopm

ent.

Nat

iona

l dev

elop

men

t m

eans

thi

nkin

g

abou

t fa

ir a

nd ju

st p

ath

for

all,

whe

ther

ther

e is

a b

ette

r w

ay

of d

oing

thi

ngs.

Wha

t pe

ople

des

ire

are

regu

lar

wor

k,

bett

er w

ages

and

dec

ent

pric

e fo

r th

eir

crop

s or

othe

r pr

oduc

ts t

hat

they

pro

duce

. Peo

ple

also

see

k

thin

gs li

ke e

qual

tre

atm

ent,

free

dom

, sec

urit

y,

and

resp

ect

for

othe

rs. S

imila

rly,

for

deve

lopm

ent,

peop

le lo

ok a

t a

mix

of g

oals

.

unit - 4

cha

pter

- 1 d

evel

opm

ent




SECTORS OF THE INDIAN ECONOMY [ 361

Sect

ors

of e

cono

mic

acti

viti

es

Com

pari

ng

the

Thre

e Se

ctor

s

Prim

ary,

Sec

onda

ry

and

Tert

iary

Sec

tors

in In

dia

Risi

ng Im

port

ance

of t

he

Tert

iary

Sec

tor

in P

rodu

ctio

n

Over

the

40

year

s be

twee

n 19

71-7

2 an

d 20

11-1

2, w

hile

pro

duct

ion

in a

ll th

e th

ree

sect

ors

has

incr

ease

d, it

has

incr

ease

d th

e m

ost

in t

he

tert

iary

sec

tor.

Reas

on b

eing

(i)

n an

y co

untr

y se

vera

l ser

vice

s su

ch a

s ho

spit

als,

edu

cati

onal

I

inst

itut

ions

, etc

., ar

e re

quir

ed.

(ii)

he d

evel

opm

ent

of a

gric

ultu

re a

nd in

dust

ry le

ads

to t

he d

evel

opm

ent

T

of s

ervi

ces

such

as

tran

spor

t, t

rade

and

sto

rage

.

(iii)

s in

com

e le

vels

ris

e, c

erta

in s

ecti

ons

of p

eopl

e st

art

dem

andi

ngA

like

eati

ng o

ut, t

ouri

sm, s

hopp

ing,

etc

.

(iv)

ver

the

past

dec

ade,

cer

tain

new

ser

vice

s su

ch a

s IT

, BPO

, KPO

hav

eO

beco

me

impo

rtan

t an

d es

sent

ial.

Whe

re a

re m

ost

of t

he p

eopl

e em

ploy

ed?

Mor

e th

an h

alf o

f the

wor

kers

in t

he c

ount

ry

are

wor

king

in t

he p

rim

ary

sect

or, m

ainl

y in

agr

icul

ture

,

prod

ucin

g on

ly a

qua

rter

of t

he G

DP. T

he s

econ

dary

and

tert

iary

sec

tors

pro

duce

thr

ee-f

ourt

h of

the

pro

duce

whe

reas

the

y em

ploy

less

tha

n ha

lf th

e pe

ople

.

How

to

Crea

te M

ore

Empl

oym

ent?

Divi

sion

of s

ecto

rs a

s

orga

nise

d an

d un

orga

nize

d

How

to

Prot

ect

Wor

kers

in t

he U

norg

aniz

ed S

ecto

r?

Sect

ors

in T

erm

s Of

Ow

ners

hip:

Publ

ic a

nd P

riva

te S

ecto

rs

The

sam

e st

udy

by t

he P

lann

ing

Com

mis

sion

say

s th

at if

tour

ism

as

a se

ctor

is im

prov

ed, e

very

yea

r w

e ca

n gi

ve a

ddit

iona

l

empl

oym

ent

to m

ore

than

5 la

kh p

eopl

e. U

nder

all t

hose

MGN

REGA

200

5,

who

are

abl

e to

, and

are

in n

eed

of w

ork

are

guar

ante

ed 1

00 d

ays

of

empl

oym

ent

in a

yea

r by

the

gov

ernm

ent.

The

sect

or c

over

s th

ose

plac

esor

gani

sed

of w

ork

whe

re t

he t

erm

s of

em

ploy

men

t ar

e

regu

lar

and

ther

efor

e, p

eopl

e ha

ve a

ssur

ed

wor

k. I

t is

cal

led

Orga

nize

d. T

he U

norg

aniz

ed

sect

or is

cha

ract

eriz

ed b

y sm

all a

nd s

catt

ered

unit

s. E

mpl

oym

ent

is n

ot s

ecur

e.

In t

he r

ural

are

as, t

he

unor

gani

zed

sect

or m

ostl

y co

mpr

ises

of la

ndle

ss a

gric

ultu

re la

bour

ers,

sm

all a

nd

mar

gina

l far

mer

s, s

hare

crop

pers

and

art

isan

s.

In t

he u

rban

are

as, u

norg

aniz

ed s

ecto

r co

mpr

ises

mai

nly

of w

orke

rs in

the

sm

all-

scal

e in

dust

ry, c

asua

l

wor

kers

in t

he c

onst

ruct

ion,

tra

de

and

tran

spor

t et

c.

In t

he p

riva

te s

ecto

r, ow

ners

hip

of a

sset

s an

d

deliv

ery

of s

ervi

ces

is in

the

han

ds o

f pri

vate

indi

vidu

als

or c

ompa

nies

. Col

lect

ing

the

mon

ey fr

om t

hous

ands

of p

eopl

e w

ho u

se t

hese

faci

litie

s is

not

eas

y.

The

sect

or t

hat

cove

rs a

ctiv

itie

s in

whi

ch n

atur

al

prod

ucts

are

cha

nged

into

oth

er fo

rms

thro

ugh

way

s of

man

ufac

turi

ng t

hat

we

asso

ciat

e w

ith

indu

stri

al a

ctiv

ity.

The

re

are

acti

viti

es t

hat

help

in t

he d

evel

opm

ent

of t

he p

rim

ary

and

the

seco

ndar

y se

ctor

are

cal

led

Tert

iary

Sec

tor.

Sinc

e th

ese

acti

viti

es g

ener

ate

serv

ices

rat

her

than

goo

ds, t

he

tert

iary

sec

tor

is a

lso

calle

d th

e

Serv

ice

Sect

or.

The

vari

ous

prod

ucti

on a

ctiv

itie

s in

the

prim

ary,

sec

onda

ry a

nd t

erti

ary

sect

ors

prod

uce

a ve

ry la

rge

num

ber

of g

oods

and

ser

vice

s.

Inte

rmed

iate

goo

ds a

re u

sed

up in

pro

duci

ng fi

nal

good

s an

d se

rvic

es. T

he s

um o

f pro

duct

ion

in

the

thre

e se

ctor

s gi

ves

wha

t is

cal

le

Gros

s Do

mes

tic

Prod

uct

(GDP

)

of t

he c

ount

ry.

Secto

rs o

fth

e Ind

ian E

con

om

y

unit - 4

cha

pter

- 2

sec

tor

of

the

indian

eco

nomy





Money

and

Cre

dit

Mon

ey a

s a

med

ium

of e

xcha

nge

Mod

ern

form

s of

mon

ey

Curr

ency

Befo

re t

he in

trod

ucti

on o

f coi

ns, a

var

iety

of o

bjec

ts w

ere

used

as

mon

ey. F

or e

xam

ple,

sin

ce t

he v

ery

earl

y ag

es, I

ndia

ns u

sed

grai

ns a

nd c

attl

e as

mon

ey. M

oder

n fo

rms

of m

oney

incl

ude

curr

ency

–pa

per

note

s an

d co

ins.

In In

dia,

the

Res

erve

Ban

k of

Indi

a is

sues

curr

ency

not

es o

n be

half

of t

he c

entr

al g

over

nmen

t.

Depo

sits

wit

h Ba

nk

Bank

s ac

cept

the

dep

osit

s an

d al

so p

ay a

n am

ount

as in

tere

st o

n th

e de

posi

ts.T

he m

oder

n fo

rms

of m

oney

–

curr

ency

and

dep

osit

s–

are

clos

ely

linke

d to

the

wor

king

of t

he m

oder

n ba

nkin

g sy

stem

.

Loan

act

ivit

ies

of

bank

s

Term

s of

Cre

dit

Form

al s

ecto

r cr

edit

in In

dia

Form

al a

nd In

form

al

Cred

it: W

ho g

ets

wha

t ?

Self-

help

gro

ups

for

the

poor

The

vari

ous

type

s of

loan

s ca

n be

con

veni

entl

y

grou

ped

as fo

rmal

sec

tor

and

info

rmal

sec

tor

loan

s.

The

info

rmal

lend

ers

incl

ude

mon

eyle

nder

s, t

rade

rs,

empl

oyer

s, r

elat

ives

and

frie

nds,

etc

. The

Res

erve

Bank

of I

ndia

sup

ervi

ses

the

func

tion

ing

of

form

al s

ourc

es o

f loa

ns.

In a

bar

ter

syst

em w

here

goo

ds a

re d

irec

tly

exch

ange

d w

itho

ut

the

use

of m

oney

, the

dou

ble

coin

cide

nce

of w

ants

is a

n es

sent

ial f

eatu

re.

Mon

ey a

cts

as a

n in

term

edia

te in

the

exc

hang

e pr

oces

s, it

is c

alle

d a

med

ium

of e

xcha

nge.

Bank

s ke

ep o

nly

a sm

all p

ropo

rtio

n of

thei

r de

posi

ts a

s ca

sh w

ith

them

selv

es a

nd u

se

the

maj

or p

orti

on o

f the

dep

osit

s to

ext

end

loan

s.

Bank

s ch

arge

a h

ighe

r in

tere

st r

ate

on lo

ans

than

wha

t th

ey o

ffer

on

depo

sits

. The

diff

eren

ce b

etw

een

wha

t is

cha

rged

from

bor

row

ers

and

wha

t is

pai

d

to d

epos

itor

s is

the

ir m

ain

sour

ce o

f inc

ome.

Ever

y lo

an a

gree

men

t sp

ecifi

es a

n in

tere

st

rate

whi

ch t

he b

orro

wer

mus

t pa

y to

the

lend

er a

long

wit

h th

e re

paym

ent

of t

he p

rinc

ipal

add

itio

n; le

nder

s

may

dem

and

colla

tera

l aga

inst

the

loan

. The

inte

rest

rate

, col

late

ral a

nd d

ocum

enta

tion

req

uire

men

t,

and

the

mod

e of

rep

aym

ent

toge

ther

com

pris

e

wha

t is

cal

led

the

Term

s of

Cre

dit.

85%

of t

he lo

ans

take

n by

poo

r ho

useh

olds

in t

he u

rban

area

s ar

e fr

om in

form

al s

ourc

es. U

rban

hou

seho

lds

take

onl

y 10

%

of t

heir

loan

s fr

om in

form

al s

ourc

es, w

hile

90%

are

from

form

al s

ourc

es.

The

form

al s

ecto

r st

ill m

eets

onl

y ab

out

half

of t

he t

otal

cre

dit

need

s

of t

he r

ural

peo

ple.

The

rem

aini

ng c

redi

t ne

eds

are

met

from

info

rmal

sou

rces

.

The

mon

eyle

nder

s ch

arge

ver

y hi

gh r

ates

of i

nter

est,

keep

no

reco

rds

of t

he t

rans

acti

ons

and

hara

ss t

he p

oor

borr

ower

.

The

idea

is t

oru

ral p

oor,

in p

arti

cula

r w

omen

, int

o sm

all S

elf

orga

nise

Help

Gro

ups

(SHG

s) a

nd p

ool (

colle

ct)

thei

r sa

ving

s. A

typ

ical

SHG

has

15-2

0 m

embe

rs, u

sual

ly b

elon

ging

to

one

neig

hbou

rhoo

d,

who

mee

t an

d sa

ve r

egul

arly

.

unit -4

chap

ter

- 3

mone

y an

d cr

edit




GLOBALISATION AND THE INDIAN ECONOMY [ 403

Prod

ucti

on a

cros

s

coun

trie

s

Inte

rlin

king

pro

duct

ion

acro

ss c

ount

ries

Fore

ign

trad

e an

d

inte

grat

ion

of m

arke

ts

Wha

t is

glo

balis

atio

n?Fa

ctor

s th

at h

ave

enab

led

glob

alis

atio

n

Libe

ralis

atio

nof

fore

ign

trad

e

and

fore

ign

inve

stm

ent

polic

y

Wor

ld T

rade

Org

aniz

atio

n

Impa

ct o

f

glob

alis

atio

n in

Indi

a

The

stru

ggle

for

a fa

ir

glob

alis

atio

n

Rapi

d im

prov

emen

t in

tec

hnol

ogy

has

been

a

maj

or fa

ctor

tha

t ha

s st

imul

ated

the

glo

baliz

atio

n

proc

ess.

Tec

hnol

ogie

s in

the

are

as o

f tel

ecom

mun

icat

ions

,

com

pute

rs, a

nd in

tern

et h

ave

been

cha

ngin

g ra

pidl

y.

Glob

aliz

atio

n is

thi

s pr

oces

s of

rap

id

inte

grat

ion

or in

terc

onne

ctio

n be

twee

n co

untr

ies.

MN

Cs a

re p

layi

ng a

maj

or r

ole

in t

he g

loba

lizat

ion

proc

ess.

Mor

e an

d m

ore

good

s an

d se

rvic

es, i

nves

tmen

ts a

nd

tech

nolo

gy a

re m

ovin

g be

twee

n co

untr

ies.

Fore

ign

trad

e cr

eate

s an

opp

ortu

nity

for

the

prod

ucer

s to

rea

ch b

eyon

d th

e do

mes

tic

mar

kets

. For

the

buye

rs, i

mpo

rt o

f goo

ds p

rodu

ced

in a

noth

er c

ount

ry is

one

way

of e

xpan

ding

the

cho

ice

of g

oods

bey

ond

wha

t is

dom

esti

cally

pro

duce

d.

In g

ener

al, M

NCs

set

up

prod

ucti

on

whe

re it

is c

lose

to

the

mar

kets

; whe

re

ther

e is

ski

lled

and

unsk

illed

labo

ur a

vaila

ble

at lo

w

cost

s; a

nd w

here

the

ava

ilabi

lity

of o

ther

fact

ors

of p

rodu

ctio

n is

ass

ured

. MN

Cs c

an p

rovi

de m

oney

for

addi

tion

al in

vest

men

ts, l

ike

buyi

ng n

ew

mac

hine

s fo

r fa

ster

pro

duct

ion.

Unti

l the

mid

dle

of t

he t

wen

tiet

h

cent

ury,

pro

duct

ion

was

larg

ely

wit

hin

orga

nise

d

coun

trie

s. T

rade

was

the

mai

n ch

anne

l con

nect

ing

dist

ant

coun

trie

s. A

n M

NC

is a

com

pany

tha

t

owns

or

cont

rols

pro

duct

ion

in

mor

e th

an o

ne n

atio

n.

Peop

le w

ith

educ

atio

nsk

ill a

nd w

ealt

h ha

ve,

mad

e th

e be

st u

se o

f new

opp

ortu

niti

es. F

air

glob

alis

atio

n

wou

ld c

reat

e op

port

unit

ies

for

all a

nd a

lso

ensu

re t

hat

the

bene

fits

ofar

e sh

ared

bet

ter.

glob

alis

atio

n

The

Indi

an g

over

nmen

t, a

fter

Inde

pend

ence

, had

put

bar

rier

s to

fore

ign

inve

stm

ent.

Rem

ovin

g ba

rrie

rs

or r

estr

icti

ons

set

by t

he g

over

nmen

t

is w

hat

is k

now

n as

liber

alis

atio

n.

Wor

ld T

rade

Org

aniz

atio

n (W

TO)

is

one

such

org

anis

atio

n w

hose

aim

is t

olib

eral

ise

inte

rnat

iona

l tra

de. T

houg

h W

TO is

sup

pos

toe

allo

w fr

ee t

rade

for

all,

in p

ract

ice,

it is

see

n

that

the

dev

elop

ed c

ount

ries

hav

e un

fair

ly

reta

ined

tra

de b

arri

ers.

Glob

aliz

atio

n an

d gr

eate

r co

mpe

titi

on a

mon

g

prod

ucer

s–

both

loca

l and

fore

ign

prod

ucer

s–

has

been

of a

dvan

tage

to

cons

umer

s, p

arti

cula

rly

the

wel

l-of

f sec

tion

s

in t

he u

rban

are

as. G

loba

lizat

ion

has

also

cre

ated

new

oppo

rtun

itie

s fo

r co

mpa

nies

pro

vidi

ng s

ervi

ces,

part

icul

arly

tho

se in

volv

ing

IT.

Glo

ba

lisa

tion a

nd

the

Ind

ian E

con

om

y

unit - 4

cha

pter

- 4

glo

balisat

ion

and

the

indian

eco

nomy


unit - 1 chapter - 1 the rise of nationalism in europe

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