unit 1: biological diversity - sign in · classifying diversity • scientists classify animals...

Unit 1: Biological Diversity

2.0 As species reproduce, characteristics are passed from parents to offspring.

3.0 DNA is the inherited material responsible for variation

1.0 Biological Diversity is reflected in the variety of life on Earth.

4.0 Human activity affects biological diversity.

Species Distribution

• Where is there the greatest biodiversity? Tropical rain forests

• Where is there the least biodiversity? Arctic and Antarctic regions

Classifying Diversity

• Scientists classify animals based on their structural differences and similarities and it follows a specific hierarchy

KingdomKingdom

PhylumPhylum

ClassClass

OrderOrder

FamilyFamily

GenusGenus

SpeciesSpecies


• Linnaeus developed a system in the 18th century that we still use today

• Every scientist in the world uses this system so language is not a barrier

• 2 words identify each organism GENUS followed by SPECIES


• No two species have the same name Canis domesticus (common dog) Canis lupus (grey wolf) Homo sapiens (humans) Vulpes lagopus (arctic fox) Pogona vitticeps (inland bearded dragon) Pogona henrylawson (miniature bearded dragon)

Symbiosis

1. Commensalism• One organism benefits but the other neither

benefits nor is harmed Remoras (shark suckers) and sharks Barnacles on a whale Birds nesting in a tree

Symbiosis

2. Mutualism• Both organisms benefit from the relationship

Lichen growing in the Arctic Tundra Flower Clusia provides medicine to bees Rhinos and oxpeckers (Tick birds)

Inherited vs. Non-inherited CharacteristicsINHERITED Traits that are passed from parents to offspring Genetic material is combined during sexual

reproduction Includes: eye colour, hair colour, skin colour,

earlobes (attached or not)

1.4

Inherited vs. Non-inherited CharacteristicsNON-INHERITED• Characteristics which are acquired and NOT

passed on• Includes: artistic or musical ability, driving

skills, leadership qualities (all of which can be learned)

1.4

Traits bingo

Patterns of Inheritance

• Inherited traits can be either DISCRETE: have a definite form Either/or Tongue rolling ability, blood groups, hairline

CONTINUOUS Range of possible variations Height, weight, shoe size, skin or hair colour

Asexual Reproduction

1. Binary Fission A cell splits in two producing two identical

“daughter” cells Only single celled organisms reproduce this way Bacteria, amoeba, algae


2. Budding Parent produces a bud (small version of self)

which detaches (hydra) or stays attached (sea sponges) and becomes self sufficient

Identical to parent


3. Spore Production Similar to seeds Produced by splitting of cells of parent One parent may produce MANY spores Fungi, moulds, ferns, green algae


4. Vegetative Reproduction Plant reproduction that DOES NOT involve a

seed Cuttings - cut of piece, put in water, grows roots

to become new plant Runners or suckers - grows away from parent

plant, eventually becomes detached Tubers - potato plant can grow from old potato

plant

Sexual Reproduction in ANIMALS

• Male gametes - SPERM cells• Female gametes - EGG cells (ova)• Sperm and egg unite to form a fertilized ball of

cells called a zygote• The zygote divides many times until it forms a

multicellular embryo

1.3

• Embryo develops in one of two ways Inside (usually the female) after internal

fertilization occurs Outside (eg: egg shell) external fertilization

1.3

Fertilization occurs hereFertilization occurs here

1.3

Click to reveal label.

Sexual Reproduction in PLANTS

• Male gametes are found on the STAMEN

• Female gametes are found in the PISTIL

1.3

1.3

Advantages of Asexual Reproduction

Disadvantages of Asexual Reproduction

Does not require specialized cells or way to bring gametes together

Can produce many plants very quickly

Takes very little energy

If conditions become unfavorable (change in environment) whole population can be wiped out

Advantages of Sexual Reproduction

Disadvantages of Sexual Reproduction

Takes a LOT of energy

Takes more TIME

Must have a way for gametes to meet

Only produces small populations

MANY Variations (How does this help?)

DNA: The Secret of Life• Sides of the ladder made of

sugar phosphate backbone• Rungs (most important part)

are made of four compounds Guanine (G), cytosine ( C),

adenine (A), thymine (T)

1.5

This image cannot currently be displayed.

Order these from smallest to largest

ChromosomesGene

NucleotideNucleus

Cell

1.5

SMALLEST

LARGEST

cell

nucleus

chromosome

gene

nucleotide

MITOSISThis image cannot currently be displayed.

1.5

animation

MEIOSIS This image cannot currently be displayed.

1.5

animation

1.4

Dominant Allele (G) Recessive Allele (g)

Gene Code Trait that Shows up

2 Dominant

2 Recessive

1 Dominant1 Recessive

GG

gg

Gg

dominant

recessive

dominant




Definitions• Purebred: two dominant or two recessive alleles

(BB or bb) Rhino that carries only genes for brown is a

purebred brown rhino

1.4



• Hybrid: one dominant allele and one recessive allele Purebred brown rhino breeds with a purebred

blue rhino

1.4



Extinction• The disappearance of every individual

of a species from the entire planet

• What are some ‘natural’ causes of the extinction of species? Catastrophic events (volcanic eruptions,

earthquakes, floods, fire) Lack of food (due to overpopulation) Disease

1.7This image cannot currently be displayed.

Extirpation

• A local extinction or the disappearance of a species from a particular area.

• Extinction and extirpation reduce biological diversity

• When an organism disappears locally or globally many other species are affected

1.7

Matter and Chemical Change

Unit 2


CHEMICAL PROPERTIES PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

A characteristic of matter that describes how it reacts when undergoing a chemical change Ex:

Reacts with WaterReacts with AirReacts with pure oxygentoxicitystabilityreacts with acidsReacts with other pure substancesCombustibility

1. Qualitative – characteristic of a substance that can be described but not measured

Color, texture, taste, smell, state, crystal shape, malleability

2. Quantitative – a characteristic of a substance that can be measured numericallyMelting temperature, boiling temperature, density, viscosity, solubility, electrical conductivity, heat conductivity

What are the conditions that a CHEMICAL change has occurred?

• 1. There is a color change

• 2. Change in odour

• 3. Formation of a solid or gas

• 4. Heat is produced or absorbed


Spangler video

Understanding the Periodic Table• Mendeleev organized the first periodic table which was used

until around 1915

• Each horizontal row is called a period

• Each vertical column is called a family or group (numbered 1 – 18)

• These groups have similar properties

Oxygen

8 2 -

OOxygen

16.0

Atomic Number

# of protons an element

has

Atomic Mass / Mass NumberTotal mass of protons and

neutrons

Ion chargeHow many electrons the element will lose

or gain

Element Symbol

Element Name

Remember these three things:1. The number of protons is equal to the atomic number.

2.The number of electrons can be found by realizing that elements have a neutral overall charge so…

NUMBER OF PROTONS = THE NUMBER ELECTRONS

3.The number of neutrons can be found because the atomic mass is the number of protons and neutrons added together.

Number of Protons therefore Atomic Mass+ Number of Neutrons - Atomic Number

Atomic Mass Number of Neutrons

ALKALI METALS• Group 1• Don’t occur freely in nature• Softer than most metals• VERY VERY VERY Reactive

HALOGENS• Group 17• All non-metallic • Highly reactive• Common uses – toothpastes, city water supplies• Corrosive and harmful

NOBLE GASES• Group 18• Very stable, UNREACTIVE

State @ Room Temperature Appearance ConductivityMalleability & Ductility

Metals Solids, except for Mercury

Shiny lustre

Good conductors of heat and electricity

Malleable Ductile

Non-Metals

Some gases Some solids

Only Bromine is liquid

Not very shiny

Poor conductors of heat and electricity

Brittle Not ductile

Metalloids/Semi-Metals Solids

Can be shiny or dull

May conduct

electricity Poor conductors

of heat

Brittle Not ductile

Naming Ionic CompoundsTwo Rules1.Chemical name of the metal (positive ion) goes first,

followed by the name of the non-metal (negative ion)2.The name of the non-metal changes its ending to “ide”

•• Ex: NaCl – Sodium Chloride


Using Ion Charges & Chemical Names to Write Formulas Step 1

• Print the metal element’s symbol with its ion charge.• Next to it print the non metal element’s symbol with its ion

charge

Ca2+

Cl1-

Step 2• Balance the ion charges. • The positive ion charge must balance the negative ion charges• Ex: there must be two chlorine atoms for every calcium

Ca2+

Cl1-

Cl1-

Step 3• Write the formula by indicating how many atoms of each

element are in it. • Do NOT include the ion charge in the formula. • Place the number of atoms of each element in a subscript after

the symbol

CaCl2

More Periodic Table PatternsPeriodic Table

Patterns: Ion charge

Alkali metals 1+

Halogens 1 -

Generally elements in a group all have the same ion charge (most consistency at either end of the table)

Molecular compound• Molecular compound: when non-metals

combine.

• Can be solids, liquids, or gases at room temperature.

• Insulators• Low melting and boiling points because forces

between molecules are weak.

• Examples: Water, sugar Spangler video

Writing Formulas for Molecular Compounds• Same as ionic except

No ions are present and the ion charge is not used in the formulas.


Naming Molecular CompoundsAll molecular compounds, except those with

hydrogen, can be named using the following rules.

1. The first element in the compound uses the element name.

2. The second element has the suffix “ide”3. When there is more than one atom in the formula, a

prefix is used.4. An exception to rule one is when the first element

has only one atom, the prefix mono is not used.

Number of Atoms Prefix

1 Mono2 Di3 Tri4 Tetra5 Penta

Molecular Compounds are named using this format:

Prefix + First Element Prefix + Second Element (ide ending)

CO2 carbon dioxide N2O dinitrogen monoxide

N2O3 dinitrogen trioxide PF5 phosphorus pentafluoride

• Example: Identify the products and the reactants

• Methane (CH4) + oxygen gas (O2) carbon dioxide gas + water

The Law of Conservation of Mass

In a chemical change, the total mass of the new substances is always the same as the total mass of the original substances.


Changing the Speed of a Chemical ReactionThe speed of a reaction is called its REACTION RATE4 factors affect the reaction rate

1. Temperature of the reactants• higher temperature the faster the rate

2. Surface Area of the reactants• more surface in contact, the faster• a crushed alka-seltzer tablet reacts quicker than a whole one.

3. Concentration of the reactants• higher concentration, higher reaction rate

4. Presence of a Catalyst / Inhibitors• Catalyst is a substance that helps speed up reactions• NOT consumed in the reaction• Found in both living and non-living things• A natural catalyst made by living things is called an enzyme


• Ex: catalase is an enzyme responsible for breaking down hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into its elements

• Inhibitors are substances which slow down a chemical reaction• Ex: plants have inhibitors in the seeds which would

prevent germination until the conditions are perfect• Inhibitors are often added to food to slow down their

decomposition


Unit 3 – Environmental Chemistry

FertilizersThe three numbers on a bag

of fertilizer represent1. Nitrogen: aids in the

growth of leaves and stems2. Phosphorus: necessary for

seed germination3. Potassium (potash):

promotes flower and fruit production.


PesticidesSubstance or mixture of substances used for preventing,

controlling, or lessening the pests.• Pesticide use is now common worldwide Herbicides – control weeds Insecticides – control pests (bugs) Fungicides – control fungi (diseased crops)



Acids

• taste sour• soluble in water• some are corrosive• formula begins with H• conduct electric current• undergo similar chemical reactions


Bases• Tastes bitter• Soluble in water• Feel slippery• Some are corrosive• Conduct electricity• Formula ends in OH• Solutions that have a pH higher than 7


Examples

Litmus Paper (red & blue)

made of lichen turns blue in bases turns red in acids acidic substances with pH less than 5 turn blue litmus red (red stays

red) basic substances with pH greater than 8 turn red litmus blue (blue

remains blue) substances that are neutral (pH between 5 and 8) show up as neutral

Bromo-thymolBlue

clear, blue solution substances with pH < 6 turn yellow substances with pH between 6 and 7.6 turn green substances with pH > 7.6 no color change

Phenolph-thalein

clear, colorless solution substances with pH < 8 no color change pH > 8 should turn pink

Universal Indicator

made of a mix of several indicators which turn a different color depending on the pH

orange in color most precise of any indicator

pH• The indicators changes color based on the pH of the

substance• pH is a measure of the concentration of the hydrogen

ions in a solution• pH is just one way of comparing the acidity or

alkalinity of a substance• measured on a scale from 0 – 14• a decrease in pH of one unit indicates the acidity has

been multiplied by a factor of 10

pH Scale





The linked image cannot be displayed. The file may have been moved, renamed, or deleted. Verify that the link points to the correct file and location.

Battery Acid

0.5

Apple

3.0

Normal Rain

5.6

Milk

6.6

Baking Soda

8.2

Drain Cleaner

14.0

1 147

Neutralization• acids and bases react together when they are mixed• it is called a neutralization reaction• both the acid and the base are used up in this type of

reaction• a salt and water are the products

Hydrochloric Acid + Sodium

Hydroxide Sodium Chloride + Water

HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O

Nutrients

• Our body needs about 25 different nutrients which circulate in the blood and body to repair cells, provide energy, aid in growth and build up the body.

• There are 2 main classes of nutrients Organic Inorganic


Organic Nutrients• These are nutrients that contain the element carbon. They are classified as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids

and nucleic acids• ONLY GREEN PLANTS can form these organic

compounds. • This is why plants are important for the diet.



Organic Compound

Description Dietary Sources

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Nucleic Acids

Organic Nutrients

-Made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen-Energy source- made of carbon, hydrogen & oxygen- energy storage

-Growth & repair as well as some energy

-Controls cell activities

-Grains, rice, potatoes, fruits, sugars

-Vegetable oils, nuts, oils, dairy, fats, waxes

-Meat, eggs, dairy, legumes, nuts

-anything

Measuring Chemicals in the Environment• The concentrations of chemical indicators is

usually measured in


One part per million means that one unit of an element or chemical can be found in one million units of solution.

What is LD 50?

LD 50: refers to the dose of a chemical required to kill 50% of a population. Chemical LD 50 numbers vary with each species, as some may be more resistant to a chemical.


This image cannot currently be displayed. This image cannot currently be displayed.


Biological Magnification

Unit 4 – Electrical Principals Technologies

Topic 1.1Static Electricity


• When you get a jolt, spark or shock you are feeling the same type of electrical effect that makes lightning

• Static electricity happens when there is an imbalance of electrons

• It is a build-up (too much) electric charge

Static Electricity

1. Opposite charges attract

2. Like charges repel

3. Charged objects will attract neutral objects (also called charge separation)

The Laws of Electric Charges



Current (I)Currentistheamountofelectronchargesflowingthroughapointpersecond.

AcurrentwillNOTflowunlessithasa

completepathorcircuitfortheelectrons

toflow.Electricalcurrentismeasuredinamperes

ormilliamperes.(AormA).

‐Werefertocurrentbyusingthesymbol(I).‐Anammetermeasurescurrent.

• A circuit is a path that controls the flow of electricity. E.g. Think of the water system in your house. The pipes & taps control the flow of water.

• Circuits usually have a conductor, an energy source and a load.

• A load converts electrical energy into another form of energy.

Circuits

Voltage is the potential difference within a circuit.

Voltage or Potential Difference (V)

-A “Volt” is a unit used to measure the energy of charges delivered by a cell (V). The more voltage a cell has the more energy is supplied.

-We measure voltage using avoltmeter.


• Electrolyte- A solution needed to separate the electrodes and allow for the flow of electrons. (Usually an acid)

• Electrodes- 2 different metals that will participate in a chemical reaction in the presence of an electrolyte.

Inside the Cell


• Wet Cells: cells that use liquid as the electrolyte. Ex. Car batteries

• Dry cells: cells that use a paste, plastic or ceramic solid for the electrolyte. Ex. AAA, AA, and D cells.

• Primary Cells: a cell that cannot be recharged. The amount of chemicals it contains determines the total amount of electric energy the cell can produce.

• Secondary Cells: cells that can be recharged.

Video clip

Wet, Dry, Primary and Secondary Cells…….This image cannot currently be displayed.


• Materials that offer little if any resistance to the flow of charges

• Certain materials become superconductors when they are subjected to extremely low temperatures

• Usual made of metal alloys• Can be part of high voltage power lines, electric

generators• Take up less space and can carry higher

charges than ordinary conductors

Superconductors

• Resistance is a measure of how difficult it is for electrons to flow through a substance.

• Resistance has the symbol Ω (ohm)• Resistance is measured with an ohmeter.• A rheostat: is a type of resistor that

does not have a fixed resistance. • Resistance can change depending on the

type of wire, the length, and diameter.

Resistance (R)

Where do we see resistorsbeing used in the kitchen?



• Switches allow current to flow-ONOr Stop current flow-OFF

Switches and Variable resistors

Variable Resistor aka rheostat change the current flow gradually. Ex. Volume control on stereo, dim switch on a light.

• Voltage, Current and Resistance are all related in a circuit.

• Ohm’s Law States:Voltage = Current x Resistance (see pg. 306)

Ohm’s Law

Example: An electric stove is connected to a 240 V outlet. If the current flowing through the stove is 20 A, what is the resistance of the heating element?

Try Skill Practice on pg. 307 #1-3

• We can make an analogy to Ohm’s Law using a waterfall:

Modelling Ohm’s Law

Voltage (V)–Height of Waterfall

Current (I)–Amount of water falling

Resistance (R)–Constriction of water / Rocks in path


V

IOhm’s

Law

R

Components of a Circuit

Source Provides energy and supply of electrons for the circuit

Conductor provides a path for the current

ControlControls the current flow, turning it off and on, directing it to different paths of the circuit

Load Converts electrical energy into another form of energy

BATTERY

WIRE

SWITCH

LIGHT BULB

• Series Circuits: All the electrons flow through a single line or series of paths.

Series Circuit!

This image cannot currently be displayed. This image cannot currently be displayed.

• Parallel Circuit - The electrons can flow through two or more alternative paths.

Parallel Circuit!



• Transistors – semiconducting switches used on microelectronic circuits to control the flow of information.

Transistors


Types of Energy

Energy Form Description

Chemical Energy

energy stored in chemicals form of potential energy (stored energy) released when chemicals react food we eat is stored chemical energy

Electrical Energy

energy of charged particles electrical energy is transferred when electrons

move from place to place

Mechanical Energy

energy possessed by an object because of its motion

thrown baseball – movement and potential to fall

Thermal Energy

total kinetic energy of all particles in a substance

the faster a particle moves, the more energy it has

Light Energy Distributed in light form.

Energy Conversion

Device Starting From Final Form

Heating Elements electrical thermal

Battery powered Light Bulb

Solar Panel

Thermocouple (p. 294)

• Alternating Current (AC) – A generator switches the direction of the current or alternates. Most power plants operate this way.

• Direct Current (DC) – Current flows in only one continuous path. You may need a DC plug-in to convert the AC power from the outlet to use in an appliance.

AC/DC

Generators!

-A generator will use steam turning turbines (thermal energy) or the force of water falling (potential energy) to produce mechanical energy. This then turns magnets through a coil thereby producing electricity!



Examples of Generators

Now what about the motor?• Electric motors are opposite of

generators. They use electrical energy to produce mechanical energy.

• Electric motors work because of the interaction of a permanent magnet and an electromagnet (a magnet that is induced).

• A simple motor has magnetic poles that keep being reversed as the current flow is reversed. Thus, the magnet keeps turning continuously.


St.Louis Motor


The mathematical equation that defines power is:

P = power (in watts)E = energy (in joules)

t = time (seconds)


Now we have two ways to calculate power (Remember):


•on the meter eachdial represents onedigit in a five digitnumber•when a pointer isbetween numbers,the lower number isrecorded

Paying for Electricity

• Electric heaters can be 100% efficient in converting electricity to heat, devices that convert electricity to other forms of energy can never be 100% efficient.

• They produce wasted thermal energy from friction.

• To increase efficiency you must decrease friction.

• Also insulation will prevent heat loss.

Limits to Efficiency

Electrical TechnologiesBenefits Drawbacks

• Quick• Efficient• Give us more time for other

activities

• EX: washing machine

• Resources are needed to manufacture (make) and operate the device.

• Waste (obsolete devices)

Electrical Transmission of InformationAdvantage Disadvantage

• Information is cheaper to store• Easier to find• More compact

• Access to technology is still not in all poor countries

• Privacy• Not always secure• Information overload

unit 1: biological diversity - sign in · classifying diversity • scientists classify animals...

Documents