unit 1: atoms. scientists to know … dalton bohr chadwick thomson rutherford democritus heisenberg
TRANSCRIPT
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Unit 1: Atoms
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Scientists to Know …
DALTON
BOHR
CHADWICK THOMSON
RUTHERFORD
DEMOCRITUS
HEISENBERG
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The History of Discovering the Atom
1. Philosophical Era
2. Alchemical Era
3. Classical Era
4. Subatomic Era
5. Modern Era– For later study…
1. Uncuttable Model
2. ---
3. The Dalton Sphere Model
4. The Plumb Pudding Model
The Planetary Model
5. The Quantum Model
The Timeline of Discovery The Intermediate Atomic Models
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Brainstorm about this era?
THE PHILOSOPHICAL ERA (CIRCA 500~300BCE)
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A time when logic ruled the land…
THE PHILOSOPHICAL ERA (CIRCA 500~300BCE)
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Philosophical Era (Ancient Greece)
o Their ideas were based on logic, without experimental support (as was common in that time)
o Age of Thinking
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Democritus (460-370 BCE)
o Argued that matter was made of small, indivisible particles
o Called the small particles “atomos” meaning “that which cannot be divided”
o Believed properties of matter came from the properties of
the “atomos”
Philosophical Era
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Brainstorm about this era?
ALCHEMICAL ERA (300 BCE ~ 1400CE)
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The “Dark Ages” of Chemistry where early chemists had to work in secret and encode their findings for fear of persecution
ALCHEMICAL ERA (300 BCE ~ 1400CE)
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Alchemy
o the closest thing to the study of chemistry for nearly two thousand years
o Very mystical study and experimentation with the elements and what was perceived as magic
o Study was illegal, findings hidden in code
Alchemical Era
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Elements in Alchemy
o Alchemists studied many different materials, and their properties, in order to find a way to turn lead into gold and achieve immortality
Alchemical Era
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Brainstorm about this era?
THE CLASSICAL ERA (1400CE – 1887CE)
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The printing press brings the widespread transfer and acquisition of knowledge
THE CLASSICAL ERA (1400CE – 1887CE)
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John Dalton [really famous] (1766-1844)
o Dalton returns to Democritus’ ideas in 1803 with four argumentsI. All matter is made up of tiny particles called
atoms
II. All atoms of a given element are identical to one another and different from atoms of other elements
III. Atoms of two or more different elements combine to form compounds.
IV. A chemical reaction involves the rearrangement, separation, or combination of atoms. Atoms are never created nor destroyed during a chemical reaction.
Classical Era
John Dalton
The Atom
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Brainstorm about this era?
THE SUBATOMIC ERA (1897CE – 1932CE)
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The relatively quick discovery of things smaller than the once “indivisible” atom - EXPERIMENTAION
THE SUBATOMIC ERA (1897CE – 1932CE)
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JJ Thomson o Use the cathode ray
tube (glass chamber used to study electricity in gasses) to discover the electron.
Subatomic Era
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J.J. Thompson English (1897)
o Put magnetic fields near cathode rays (CRT)o Using three different arrangements of CRTs he was
able to determine that the Cathode rays…oWere streams of negatively charged particleso Those particles had very low mass-to-charge ratios
Subatomic Era
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The First Subatomic Particleo Electrons – one part of an atom with one
negative chargeo Since atoms were known to be electrically
neutral, Thompson developed the plumb pudding model of the atom
Subatomic Era
Negatively (-) Charged electrons
Positively (+) charged majority
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Ernest Rutherford New Zealander (1910)
o Rutherford worked with radiation and had heard of Thompson’s plumb pudding modelo He wanted to use radiation to prove Thompson’s model
o With the help from Marie Curie, he shot alpha particles (+) at an ultra-thin piece of gold foil, with a Geiger counter on the other side
Subatomic Era
Ernest RutherfordNew Zealand
Marie CuriePolish/ French
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Rutherford’s Resultso Rutherford’s results were not what he expected
o Expected to have all alpha particles (+ charge) go straight through all of the atoms
o Saw that occasionally an alpha particle would ricochet
o Determined the positive charge of an atom must be held in a massive, centrally located, “nucleus”
Subatomic Era
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The Second Subatomic Particle
o After more experiments the second subatomic particle was formally named (1911)o Proton
o Proton: The massive subatomic particle, within the nucleus of an atom, with a single positive charge
Subatomic Era
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The Planetary Model (1911)
o Earnest Rutherford took his idea of a nucleus, and the known electrons, to construct a new atomic modelo Compact nucleus
oWith a positive center
o The orbit of the electrons kept them from falling directly into the nucleus, just like planetary motion
Subatomic Era
The Rutherford Model
orThe Planetary
Model
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The Third Subatomic Particle
o Missing mass in the nucleuso James Chadwick – determined that a
another subatomic particle must be in the nucleus with the protons
o Called this subatomic particle: neutron because it has NO charge.
Subatomic Era
James ChadwickEnglish
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Brainstorm about this era?
THE MODERN ERA (1900CE – PRESENT)
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The Quark Era starts in 1964, but that advance can be regarded as outside the realm of chemistry – instead a part of nuclear physics
THE MODERN ERA (1900CE – PRESENT)
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Bohr’s Planetary Model of the Atom
o integrated all known information into a new, math based, model of the atomoHe kept electrons in energy
levels or fixed orbits around the nucleus
Modern Era
Niels BohrDanish Physicist
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The Modern (current) Atom
– Uncertainty Principle An electrons position,
momentum, energy and time can never be known at the same time.
Electrons are so small and relatively massless to measure it becomes impossible because any measuring technique causes it to change position / move.
Werner HeisenbergGermany
Modern Era
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What does it look like?
• Likely electron locations are now represented as clouds or orbitals (bubbles)Electron Clouds
Electron
Bubbles
Modern Era