unit 1 - astronomy · •universe means everything that exists in any place. all of the space,...
TRANSCRIPT
Unit 1 - Astronomy
Aim: What evidence do we have to support the Big Bang Theory?
In your notebooks, list terms, one for each letter of the alphabet, that relates to astronomy
Unit 1.1
Agenda
• Astronomy A-Z Do Now• What is a theory?• What evidence do we have for the Big Bang
Theory?– Red Shift, Doppler Effect, Cosmic Background
Radiation
• What is the origin of our universe?• What are the structures used to describe a
universe
Assignments
Castle Learning 🡪 Friday 8:11am
Castle Learning
• YOU WILL HAVE A WEEKLY CASTLE LEARNING ASSIGNMENT
• THEY ARE ASSIGNED FRIDAY AFTERNOON
• THEY ARE DUE FRIDAY MORNING, THE NEXT WEEK BY BY 8:11 am
What is a theory?
• Theory - VERY well supported explanation of some aspect of the world
Universe
•Universe means everything that exists in any place. All of the space, matter, and energy
Age of the Universe
• Our universe is believed to be about 13.7 billions years old
Distance between PLANETS and GALAXIES
• Light years – The distance that light travels in one year
• About 9.46 trillion kilometers• video
9.46 trillion km
Big Bang Theory
• States that all matter and energy started out concentrated in a small area
• After the BIG BANG = a gigantic expansion, matter began to organize into particles and atoms
Big Bang Theory
Evidence for Big Bang Theory1. Doppler Effect
•Shifting of wavelengths depending on color and distance
•Red (farther) 🡪 Blue (Shorter)• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h4OnBYrbCjY
Evidence for Big Bang Theory
2.Red Shift
🡪The collective light from the stars in all of the galaxies, except for a few, are closer to the red end of the spectrum.
Which colors represent big/small wavelengths?
• The color of light we see is based on wavelength of light
ESRT page 14
• Red shift = Moving AWAY
• Blue shift = Moving CLOSER
Evidence for Big Bang Theory
3.Cosmic Background Radiation
🡪Measureable, leftover energy created from the Big Bang
Structure of Universe
•Galaxies – A collection of gas and
dust held together by gravity–Average galaxy has about 100
billion stars
–There are about 100 billion galaxies
Turn and Talk
Turn to your neighbor and discuss the following question: (make sure you have evidence to back up your claim !)
What piece of evidence is most important to support the Big Bang Theory
• WHY?
Aim: How can we organize all of the characteristics of the universe?
Choose one of following pieces of evidence for the big bang theory and describe it in your own words. Then, turn to a partner and teach them why it is evidence that supports the Big Bang.
1) Red shift 2) Doppler Effect
3) Cosmic Background Radiation
Unit 1.2
Agenda
Period 2 - Galaxies
Plickers
Notes
Activity
Galaxies
• Characterized largely based on shape– Elliptical (football shaped), Irregular, and Spiral
Elliptical Galaxy(Andromeda)
Irregular Galaxy(Starburst)
***Spiral Galaxy***(MILKY WAY)
After Big Bang…
We now have Planets, galaxies, solar systems, and the universe
Try putting these 4 items in order from largest to smallest
Universe
The largest
Composes all matter that we know of
Galaxies
Second largest
Use your notes ! What is a galaxy?
What is the name of our galaxy?
Galaxies – A collection of gas and
dust held together by gravity
***Spiral Galaxy***(MILKY WAY)
Solar System
Third Largest
The sun (star) and all of the planets and other bodies that orbit around it
Planets
Fourth Largest
1) A celestial body that orbits the sun
2) Are round because of gravity
THINK-INK-TALK: How did we get all the stars, planets, and galaxies?
Using the following words, come up with a story about how planets and stars might have formed
So boom (the Big Bang) and then...
• Keywords: Hot gas and dust, stars, planets, nuclear *fusion, gravity
Nebular Hypothesis
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uhy1fucSRQI
Nebular Hypothesis
Created by
1796 French Mathematician
Pierre-Simon, Marquis de Laplace
*Do not need to know this, it MIGHT be the bonus on the first quiz*
Nebular HypothesisStates: The sun and the planets formed from an original nebular of gas and dust
Nebular 🡪A region in space where stars are born
Nebular HypothesisSteps
1- Gas and dust begin to attract one another because of gravity
2-Planetesimals begin to form
*Planetesimals -Small young balls of rock and gas
Nebular Hypothesis
3 -Planetesimals get larger due to gravity collecting more gas and dust
What do we think happens next???
Nebular Hypothesis
• 4 -Planetesimals collide and get larger to create planets
Our Planets in Our Solar System
What do you notice?
Formation of Inner Planets
• Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars
• High Density planets (TERRESTRIAL)
Formation of Outer Planets
• Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
• Low Density Planets (JOVIAN)
Why are the high density planets closer to the sun and low density planets farther
away?
• Turn and Talk
• 5 minutes
• Keywords: Density, Gravity
Gravity !
Heavier planets could not move far away from the sun because of gravity
Wrap Up
Answer the following question in your notebook
In your own words, describe how gravity plays a role in the nebular hypothesis
Challenge
The September 11th Light Beams turn on at sunset today and turn off at sunrise tomorrow.
If this is 12 hours of the lights beaming, how far will they travel?
Use the LIGHT YEARS info from yesterday!
Aim: How can we compare different models of the solar system?
2. What difference can you see between the spectral lines in the lab and the distant star?
Unit 1.3
Agenda
-Do Now
-DON’T FORGET CASTLE LEARNING
-Solar System Models
Ptolemy
🡪Created the geocentric model of our solar system
(Earth-Centered)
Geocentric Model
Sun, stars, planets revolved around Earth
Copernicus
🡪Created the heliocentric model of our solar system
(Sun Centered)
Heliocentric Model
Planets revolved around the Sun
Evidence
Galileo Galilei 🡪 Observed 4 moons orbiting Jupiter
*Evidence that objects can and do orbit other planets than Earth*
THINK-INK-PAIR-SHARE
Think - What role did Galileo play in the development of a heliocentric model of the solar system
Ink - Write down your thoughts
Pair- Discuss with your table group
Share - Discuss with the class !
5 minute timer !
Planets Movement
What two types of movement do you see the planets making?
Motions of Planets
Planets spin on an imaginary axis
ROTATION= Spin
(axis = the tilt of the planet)
Earth is tilted 23.5 degrees
Motions of Planets
A PERIOD of rotation is the amount of time it takes for 1 complete spin
How long does it take Earth to complete 1 spin ?
23 Hours, 56 minutes, 4 seconds (24 hours)
Motions of Planets
Planets move around the sun (revolution )
How long does it take Earth to complete 1 movement around the sun?
365.26 d (365 days)
ESRT Page 15
EllipseThe shape of the revolution a planet makes (OVAL)
Foci = (2 points inside the orbit)
Eccentricity - How oval the shape is
• Eccentricity = D / L(D= Distance between foci)
(L = length of major axis)
Eccentricity
Eccentricity can only go from 0-1
0 = Perfect Circle
1= Straight Line
0 0.42 0.68
= Distance between foci (D)
= Length of Major Axis (L)
= foci
COPY THIS IN YOUR NOTEBOOKS
How to calculate eccentricity
Wrap - Up
1. What is the eccentricity of an ellipse in which the distance between the foci is 2 centimeters and the length of the major axis is 6 centimeters?
2. What is the eccentricity of an ellipse in which the distance between the foci is 10 centimeters and the length of the major axis is 20 centimeters?
Aim: How can we practice creating orbits to calculate eccentricity?
Unit 1.4
Lab Day Today Lab #2 Orbital
Eccentricity
Aim: How can we analyze a planet’s characteristics?
The distance between foci = 2cm
Length of Major Axis = 10cm
What is the eccentricity?
Is this more/less eccentric than Earth?
Unit 1.5
Agenda
Do Now
Intro to performance task
Notes
Exit-Slip
HOMEWORK TONIGHT
Section 2 Performance Task
Introduction to Performance Task
Unit-Long Project
Worth a FULL TEST grade
Name on Front !
DO NOT LOSE THIS!
You will have classwork and homework in this for the remainder of the unit
Earth 2.0
If the Earth could no longer sustain human life, where could we go?
(Elon Musk Video)
What makes Earth-Habitable?What conditions do we need for life?
Think-Pair-Share
Think - use the space in the performance task to write down your ideas
Pair- Discuss with your table
Share - Share ideas as a class ! (Nearpod)
Solar System Data
Each planet has different characteristics
(orbit, composition, etc…)
ESRT Page 15
Mean Distance from Sun
Average distance from sun (million km)
Period of Revolution
How long it takes for the planet to orbit the sun
Period of Rotation at Equator
How long it takes to spin on it’s axis
Eccentricity
Description of the shape of the orbit
Equatorial Diameter
The distance from one side of the planet to the other
Mass
The amount of matter the planet has
Units ( Earth = 1)
*Double the size of Earth = 2
Density
A measure of how compact the matter of the planet is
Evidence for Rotation
Coriolis Effect - Curving of the paths of Earth’s Wind belt and Ocean Currents
(CURVES RIGHT IN N.HEMISPHERE)
Evidence for Rotation cont.
Foucault Pendulum - Device used to demonstrate ROTATION
The swing seems to change direction throughout the day !
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iqpV1236_Q0
Evidence for Revolution
The change in the position of the constellation (group of stars)
Exit-Slip
There are 2 main groups of planets. Which group has a larger density.
Explain how you know.
Aim: How can we analyze the formation of the Earth’s Moon
What is the moon’s eccentricity?
How do you know?
What kind of shape is the moon’s
eccentricity closer to?
(Circle or Line) Explain.
Unit 1.7
Agenda
Do Now
Moon Formation Notes
Think-Pair-Share
Exit-Ticket
HOMEWORK: Part 4 of Performance Task
Moon Formation Video
Write the following questions in your notebook:
1) How do we think the moon formed?
2) Why is the surface covered in craters?
Giant Impact Hypothesis
A 3-step hypothesis that describes the formation of the moon
Giant Impact Hypothesis
Step 1
A Mars-sized object collided with Earth around 4 billion years ago
Giant Impact Hypothesis
Step 2
Due to GRAVITY, the resulting debris began to orbit Earth
Giant Impact Hypothesis
Step 3
The debris eventually joined together to form the moon
Think, Pair, Share
Think (Silently) – What role does GRAVITY and DENSITY play in the formation of the moon?
Pair – Talk to your partner to discuss your theories
Share – Be prepared to share your theories
Gravity
Gravity helps bring the debris blasted from Earth together to start forming the moon
DensityHigher density materials sank to the middle of the moons core
Lower density materials rise to the surface of the moon
Evidence? (Turn and Talk)
What kind of evidence do we think we would need to prove the Giant-Impact Hypothesis?
Evidence
Moon samples show that the Earth and Moon are made out of the same rock materials
Craters
Small depressions (holes) on the surface of the moon
Exit-Ticket
Write your own summary of the Giant-Impact hypothesis. Make sure to include the words gravity and density in your summary.
I will be walking around to check your exit-tickets before you leave today
Aim: How does Earth’s moon affect Earth?
What evidence supports the Giant-Impact Hypothesis?
Unit 1.7
Moon’s Effects
The moon’s most notable effect is on our tides
GRAVITY
The moon’s gravity is the force that affects the tides (Closer = Stronger PULL)
Apogee
The point farthest from Earth (weakest PULL)
Perigee
The point closest to Earth (strongest PULL)
How many high tides and low tides are there in 1 Day?
How many high tides and low tides are there in 1 Day?
2 High Tides
2 Low Tides
How many high tides and low tides are there in 1 Day?
The moon PULLS the oceans on one side of the planet → High Tide
The moon PULLS the Earth and therefore leaves a small space behind where water fills up → High Tide
Lab Day
Lab #3 Tides and Time
Exit-Ticket
Quick Write:
What role does gravity play on the Earth’s tides?
Aim: How can we use data to prove or disprove a pattern in Earth’s tides?
Unit 1.8
Aim: How can we describe the movements of the moon?
Distance between Foci = 5 cmLength of Major Axis = 20cm
Is this more/less eccentric than the Moon?
Unit 1.9
Lunar Phases
A change in the light of the moon as seen from Earth
New Moon
When the moon is completely dark
Full Moon
The moon is completely illuminated
Crescent Moon
1/3 of the moon is illuminated
Quarter Moon
½ of the moon is illuminated
Gibbous Moon
2/3 of the moon is illuminated
Turn and Talk
How can we tell if the moon is getting brighter or darker?
Waxing
Light is on right
The next phase will have MORE light
Waning
Light is on left
The next phase will have LESS light
LIGHT ON RIGHT MOON GROWS
BRIGHT !
Which Moon Phase?
Which Moon Phase?
Full Moon !!
Which Moon Phase?
Which Moon Phase?
Waning Quarter Moon !!
Which Moon Phase?
Which Moon Phase?
Waning CrescentMoon !!
Which Moon Phase?
Which Moon Phase?
Waxing CrescentMoon !!
Which Moon Phase?
Which Moon Phase?
Waning Gibbous Moon !!
Which Moon Phase?
Which Moon Phase?
Waxing GibbousMoon !!
Where do you expect the sun’s location to be?
Where do you expect the sun’s location to be?
Phases
We see the phases AS SEEN FROM EARTH
Which moon phase?
Phases
We see the phases AS SEEN FROM EARTH
Which moon phase? Quarter !
How much of the moon is illuminated from Earth?
How much of the moon is illuminated from Earth?
1/3 is illuminated as seen from Earth
From Earth….2/3 Darkness1/3 LightWhich Moon?
From Earth….2/3 Darkness1/3 LightWhich Moon?
Waning Crescent
Moon Rotation and Revolution
What do you notice about the moon’s rotation and revolution?
Moon Rotation and Revolution
What do you notice about the moon’s rotation and revolution?
They are the same !
*WE ALWAYS SEE THE SAME SIDE OF THE MOON*
Lab #4 Lunar Orbit & Phases
When you receive your lab, please read the introduction silently to yourself
Then, with your group, create an essential question for this lab
(What is the main goal for this lab)
Aim: How can we describe the movements of the moon?
1.Please get into groups of 2
2. Label your plate as follows
Write your names here
Waning Crescent
Waxing Crescent
Wax
ing
Gib
bo
us W
anin
g G
ibb
ou
s
Oreo Do NowWith your partner, create these 4 moon phases
1) Waxing Gibbous
2) Waning Gibbous
3) Waxing Crescent
4) Waning Crescent
*Use the spoon to wipe off icing onto the napkin to show the moon phases.
*On your plate, label each moon phase
*When you are done, grab your lab to finish the analysis
Write your names here
Waning Crescent
Waxing Crescent
Wax
ing
Gib
bo
us W
anin
g G
ibb
ou
s
How to set up your plate
Aim: What is nuclear fusion and how does it affect the sun?
Unit 1.10
Which moon do you see?
Agenda
Do now
Star Notes
TPS
Exit - Ticket
Homework→ Part 3 Performance Task
A star is usually a large ball of gas held together by gravity that releases energy in the form of
electromagnetic waves
Stars
StarsSome stars are very old and
do not emit any radiation
Energy ProductionStars use Nuclear fusion in their cores to
produce their energy
Luminosity and Temp. Diagram(PAGE 15, ESRT)
Luminosity is a measure of how bright a
star is compared to
the sun
Star Types
Main SequenceMake up about 90% of all stars
Most stars spend a majority of their life as a main sequence star
The Sun
A medium-sized (main sequence)
Fuel
Hydrogen !
Our sun uses hydrogen to create helium and energy
Gravity’s Role
Gravity keeps the hot ball of gas together, forming a sphere
Giants
Low temps and High luminosity
Super Giants
High luminosity
Supernova
Super giants usually explode in a tremendous event called a supernova
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oKXVmzod-TE
White DwarfsAbout the size of Earth
High Temperatures
Black DwarfsWhen a white dwarf cools and no longer emits
much electromagnetic energy it becomes “dead”
Exit-Ticket
Why is it beneficial to humans that our sun is a main sequence star?
Aim: How can we determine the evolutionary path a star will take?
Unit 1.11
In your groups, discuss the following question:
Why is nuclear fusion necessary for life on Earth?
When ready, type your groups
answer into Nearpod
Agenda
1. Do now – Plickers2. Notes – Star Origin and Evolution3. End of Unit Checklist / Extra Credit
4. Review Homework
Origin of Star – Step 1Gravity causes gas and dust clouds to clump up
Gravity
Gravity
Gravity
Gravity
When big enough, nuclear fusion happens in the core
Origin – Step 2
Star is bornElectromagnetic energy radiates in all directions
Origin – Step 3
Evolution
Evolution depends on mass
Red Supergiant
Supernova
Black Hole
Neutron
White Dwarf
In groups of 2, put the following terms in order !Hint: There are 2 flow charts that start from one term
Small Stars
Large Stars
Stellar Cloud (Gas and Dust)
Red Giant
EvolutionStars with a mass 1.5 times greater than the sun
become neutron stars or black holesStar 🡪 Red Supergiant 🡪 SuperNova 🡪 Neutron Star
or Black Hole
EvolutionStars with a mass less than 1.5 times the sun
Become white and black dwarves
Star 🡪 Red Giant 🡪 White dwarf
Red Supergiant
Supernova
Black Hole
Neutron
White Dwarf
LAST SECOND CHANGES????
Small Stars
Large Stars
Stellar Cloud (Gas and Dust)
Red Giant
Castle Learning
→ Opened today→ Due Sunday night 11:59pm
→ Performance Tasks will be returned to you tomorrow
End of Unit Checklist
Castle Learning Due - October 6th (Sunday)
Extra Credit Review - October 7th (Lunch/After School)
Unit Exam - October 8th
Performance Tasks Due - October 11th
Aim: How can we construct a scientific claim?
Open to section of performance task that says
“Performance Task Template”
a. Decide which planet you will choose
b. Answer #2 (How was the exoplanet detected)
Unit 1.12
Scientific Explanations
Scientific Reasoning
How do the evidence and
scientific concepts link to support them
Jot down some notes by finishing the following sentence for each piece of your evidence…
“The exoplanet (your choice) is worth funding to further investigate because of (evidence) and (Science Concepts)”
Construct Final Explanation
End of Unit Checklist
Castle Learning Due - October 6th (Sunday)
Extra Credit Review - October 7th (Lunch/After School)
Unit Exam - October 8th
Performance Tasks Due - October 11th