unit 1: absolute monarchs in europe global history &geography 10r
TRANSCRIPT
Unit 1: Absolute Monarchs in Europe
Global History &Geography 10R
Do-Now:
Happy Tuesday!! Take a primary source handout from the
projector stand.
Read the primary source on “Divine Rule Theory” Answer the questions that follow.
Using a textbook, complete the map using page 411 of the Blue World History textbook.
Bell Ringers:
What do you think of when you hear the word “ABSOLUTE”
What are some synonyms for this word?
Quick Introduction… What is an ABSOLUTE MONARCH?
A king or queen who has total, unlimited power, and seeks to control all aspects of society
What gives the king their power? Divine Right – belief that God gave the king his
“right” to be king (God’s Representative) Why did monarchs grow increasingly strong
during this period?Feudalism Renaissance Growth of
CitiesGrowth of
Nationalism
Need for Central Power
Evolution of Absolutism
Decline of the Church
Rise of Middle Class
Absolutism Dominates Europe
Why did monarchs gain power?1. Decline of feudalism
2. Rise of cities
3. Merchants supported monarchs
4. Crises Religious and territorial conflicts Monarchs tried to regulate this by gaining
more power
Economic System: Mercantilism
• Wealth measure by the amount of gold and silver in the treasury
• Favorable balance of trade
• Export more than you import
• Tariffs (taxes) on foreign goods to protect domestic industries
9/12/12 – Do-Now
In your notebooks, answer the following question(s). (Answer should be 4-5 sentences in length.)
What are the characteristics of a great leader? (How much power should a leader have?; Should a great power be feared or loved?)
I. Spain’s Rise to Power
In the 1500s Spain gained land, this meant that Spain gained “power and influence.”
Spain had an ABSOLUTE RULER, Charles V (grandson of Ferdinand and Isabella).
What he controlled: Spain Spain’s colonies in the New World Parts of Italy, Netherlands, and Austria Much of Germany
Charles V was also Holy Roman Emperor.
In 1556, Charles V split his land, and retired to a monastery
Phillip II of Spain (1556-1598)
His father was Charles V (from the other slide) Spain became very rich from their colonies in the New
World, this made Phillip very wealthy and powerful. Ruled by divine right
Philip was a defender of Catholicism, (he hated the Muslims and Protestants) so he sent his large naval fleet to England to punish all non-Catholics.
Golden Age of Art in Spain
1550-1650 “Siglo de Oro” (golden century)
El Greco produces religious pictures and portraits of Spanish nobles.
Velazquez paints Spanish royalty Miguel de Cervantes wrote Don Quixote Lope de Vega famous writer
Defeat of the Spanish Armada
Who: English vs. Spanish When: 1588 Where : English Channel Details:
130 Spanish Ships attacked the English navy English Navy outmaneuvered Spanish, and used
long range guns on them Results:
Spain was weakened English Navy became the strongest navy on the
Planet.
Problems within the Spanish Empire
The massive wealth that Spain acquired, led to long-term financial problems. Inflation – value of money is worth less, because so
many people have lots of it. Tax Problems for the Lower Class, led to the near
elimination of Middle Class. King had to borrow money from other countries, and 3
times he had to declare bankruptcy.
II. Birth of the NetherlandsThe Dutch Revolt
Phillip had to raise an army to keep his subjects under control.
Many Dutch were Calvinist (Spain was Catholic).
The Dutch had a prosperous Middle Class
Phillip raised taxes in the Netherlands and tried to end Protestantism.
Dutch Revolt (cont’d)
1566 angry protestant mobs swept through Catholic Churches.
1568 Phillip had 1500 protestants killed. 1579 they claimed their independence
and became the United Provinces of the Netherlands.
Independent Dutch Prosper
United Provinces of the Netherlands practiced religious toleration.
They were a Republic (each province had an elected governor)
Stable gov’t led to economic growth (large fleet allowed for lots of trading!)
Dutch Art
During 1600s, the Netherlands became what Florence had been in the 1400s (remember the Renaissance?) The best banks and artists Rembrandt van Rijn was the best.
Portraits of wealthy merchants Group portraits Sharp contrast of light and dark, showed
individuality of each person
9/13/12: Do-Now
Using your notes, your HW, and your knowledge of social studies, create a chart in your notebook and evaluate Philip II of Spain. Look specifically at the political, social, and economic effects of his rule on Spain.
Does he represent a great ruler? Why/Why Not?(Use your definition from yesterday as a rubric.)
Philip II: The Greatest Catholic King?
Political Social Economic•Established a bureaucracy, unfortunately it was inefficient.•Catholic Church was feared and many distrusted it.•Creates Spanish Armada to invade England and fails.
•Oppressed Protestants, Muslims (Moriscos), and Spanish Jews. (INQUISITION)•He was a Patron of the Arts; brought about the Siglo de Oro•Promoted further exploration of the New World and the riches that could be made there.
•Conquers land and taxes non-Catholics and lower and middle classes.•Would continue to borrow money for his ventures Bankruptcy twice•Promotes the mercantilist economic system
Absolutism in FranceThe Reign of Louis XIV
The King is Not a Private Person. He belongs to the Public. The Will of the People is included in his Will.--Jean Bossuet--
III. Setting the Stage for Louis XIVA. Henry IV
There were BIG problems in France with religious connotations.
The Catholics and the Huguenots (French Protestants) were constantly fighting.
There was a time of peace when Henry of Navarre (a Huguenot prince) came to power He converted to Catholicism in order to help the
country Signed the Edict of Nantes – provided religious
toleration for the Huguenots in France. He was assassinated by a fanatic.
Setting the Stage for Louis XIV
B. Louis XIII WEAK king Richelieu was his main “advisor”
He pretty much ran the kingdom, not Louis He hated the Huguenots Strengthened his own power by weakening the nobles
influence (made them take down their fortified castles) French army expands during Louis XIII’s reign.
New Thinking & Writing in France Skepticism – NOTHING CAN BE CERTAIN Descartes – took these ideas and applied them to
science
9/19/12 Do-Now: Complete M/C Questions and then answer the following questions
Why do you think historians consider Louis XIV to be the model example of an absolute monarch?
What did he do that makes him the “most absolute”?
C. Louis XIVThe Most Powerful Ruler of France
“L’etat, c’est moi” = “I am the state” – meaning that he was France (“Sun King”)
Began his rule when he was 5 years old Because he was so young when he took
over, he had an advisor – Mazarin. Mazarin’s “rule” caused the nobles to
revolt. Louis hated this and made up his mind that he would become so powerful that the nobles would NEVER rise against him. Louis excluded them from councils and taxed
them
The Actions of Louis XIV Expanded the economy
Jean Baptist Colbert – Minister of Finance used mercantilism to build France’s bank accounts
Focused on making money in the New World (fur trade) Revoked the Edict of Nantes
Persecuted the Huguenots, so they left, and took jobs and money with them.
Pampered himself at Versailles Palace Lived in TOTAL luxury, had 500 servants, cooks, etc. who
looked after his every desire. Patron of the Arts
Ballet and the Opera Expanded the Bureaucracy
Appointed Intendents (officials) to collect taxes, recruit soldiers, and carry out his rule in the provinces.
Louis XIV Extends France’s Borders
Under Louis’ leadership, France became the most powerful nation in Europe. Largest Population French Army: Best trained, best
weapons, most soldiers With this large army, Louis began to
expand the French borders. Early in his campaigns he had success Eventually his luck ran out Hurt the people, b/c the high cost war
was paid with taxes
D. One Last War for the French
The French people wanted peace. What they got was another war
The War of Spanish Succession France and Spain were on the verge of unification Other countries of Europe were scared that this would be
too much power for the Bourbon Kings. Result: Spain and France were beaten, and the thrones
were not permitted to be unified.
Louis XIV: Legacy & Death
Positives that Louis Brought Strengthened France in Art &
Literature Strengthened French Military
and influence in Europe Strengthened the French
Colonies in the New World
Negatives that Louis Brought Constant Warfare Massive debts (palace and
costs of war) High Taxes for the people,
particularly the middle class Set the stage for the French
Revolution
Louis died in his bed in 1715. The French people celebrated when they heard the news.
Louis’ Palace: The Palace at Versailles
The Palace at Versailles was 14 miles outside of Paris.
5,000 acres of forests, gardens, and lawns
1,400 Fountains, so many that they could not even run them all at the same time.
The cost to build the palace was approximately $2.5 billion.
It took 36,000 people to build the Palace at Versailles.
Why do you think that Louis built this palace?
People who wanted to speak to the king could not knock on his door. Instead, using the left pinkie finger, they had to gently scratch on the door, until they were granted permission to enter. As a result, many courtiers grew that fingernail longer than the others
Palace at Versailles
Palace at Versailles
Central European Monarchs Clash
Do-Now
Put your HW in the HW bin in the back of the room.
Take a handout from the projector stand.
IV. The Thirty Years War
When: 1618 – 1648 Where: Bohemia (Czech Republic) Who: Protestants (with Lutheran help) and Catholics Details: Conflict over religion, territory, and for power among
European ruling families Results:
Hurt Germany most (lost 4 million people). Germany decentralized. Treaty: Peace of Westphalia – Sovereign nation-state & Government
allegiance This was the last religious war in Europe
Europe became a group of independent countries, rather than a Catholic Empire
V. Formation of European Countries
Western Europe Serfs gained independence
and moved to cities to form the middle class
Strong Empires Strong Leaders
Central Europe Serfs were restricted from
leaving their farming lifestyles, stuck in the lower class
Weak Empires Weak Leaders
Central European Countries developed slowly. Western European countries developed quickly.
The Seven Years War
When: 1756 - 1763 Where: Europe, India, North America Who: England vs. France (and their allies) Results: England gained the most
They took all of France’s holding in the New World England gained trading domination in India
Absolute Rulers of Russia
Russia on the Rise
1200s – 1700s: Russia isolated from western European developments (Crusades, Renaissance, Reformation)Developed based on Eastern Orthodox Church and the Byzantine EmpirePowerful monarchy – crushed opponentsNobility, church, towns never rose against power
Russia’s Absolute Ruler: Ivan IV
Ivan IV a.k.a “Ivan the Terrible” Came to the throne when he was
only 3 years old. At the age of 16 he crowned
himself czar (Caesar) and took control
Took many steps against the boyars (nobles) to reduce their threat to the throne. “czar?”
Two Stages of Ivan’s Life
“Good Stage” – 1547-1560Married AnastasiaExpanded Russia’s landsCleaned-up the Russian legal system
WIFE (ANASTASIA) DIED / He thought she was poisoned.
“Bad Stage” – 1560-1584Ivan put together a “secret police” who went around hunting those suspected of being traitors (killed 1000s)
Killed his own son (oldest)
Russia’s Struggles
After Ivan killed his oldest son there was only his weak, youngest son to rule.
He was too weak to lead effectively. He died without an heir. Then there was a question of who would now become
czar…enter Czar Peter the Great This began the rule of the Romanov Dynasty in Russia
(lasts 300 years)
Czar Peter I
Known as Peter the Great 6’8” tall Took over in 1696 Strengthened the power of the czar (that is added to
his ABSOLUTE POWER) Reduced power of the nobility and gained control of
the Russian Orthodox Church. When Peter took over Russia was very backwards, in
that they still based their society on Vassals, serfs, etc., Peter was determined to change this.
Peter’s Reforms
In 1697, Peter took a grand tour of Western Europe. Peter wanted to learn about their customs and manufacturing
techniques. In order to “westernize” Russia, Peter had to strengthen his
ABSOLUTE POWER. Here’s what he did: Borrowed ideas from France. Central bureaucracy with local
governments. Controlled the Russian Church; Created Holy Synod (council of
bishops) Reduced the power of the Upper Class, and created a Middle
Class Enlarged the Russian Army (raised taxes to pay them)
Period of Westernization and Modernization
Peter’s Westernization of Russia
The Westernization Process Introduced Potatoes as a part of their diet Started a newspaper Allowed women to attend social gatherings Had the Nobles start wearing Western Fashions Education Focus: Navigation, Arts, and Sciences St. Petersburg: “Window on the West”, Russia’s warm
water port (named after Peter’s Patron Saint)
Results of Peter’s Actions: Russia became modernized, and better off as a result of his efforts.
Goal= To make Russia a European power. Created the largest army in Europe. Expanded Russian territory south, east, and
northwest and gained ports on the Baltic Sea. Peter failed to acquire a warm-water port.
He fought the Ottoman Turks to gain a warm-water port on the Black Sea.
Peter’s Strong Foreign Policy
The Expansion of Russia
Peter’s Economic Policies
Hired western experts to teach and help build factories, roads, ports, ships.Government had total control over the economyNo taxes for nobles. Tax burden on the poorest classes.Agriculture and craft production under strict government control. Gave incentives to increase production.
9/21/12 – Do-Now Reflect on the following quote by Peter the
Great.
"I have conquered an empire but I have not been able to conquer myself.“
What does he mean?
Take out the primary sources (Decrees of Peter the Great) and with a partner start to answer the questions that follow.
HW: Castle Learning Review Questions
Catherine the Great
1762 seized the throne from her weak husband and ruled as empress until 1796.A German princess, but she adopted Russian ways and earned respect of her peopleBelieved all people born equal
Catherine the Great
Wanted to free serfs, but a peasant rebellion changed her mindReleased nobles from governmental serviceAllowed nobles to treat peasants how they wantedMore peasants forced into serfdom than ever before and conditions worsened. Common people had fewer rights than any other place in EuropeCatherine brutally squashed any uprisings
Catherine’s “Great” Foreign Policy
Reason why she has her nicknameSignificantly expanded borders and achieved goal of warm water portDefeated Ottoman Turks: wins warm water port on the Black SeaAcquired territory from Poland/Partitioned Poland with Austria and PrussiaExpanded West and South
Austria – Maria Theresaruled 1740 - 1780
Absolute monarch of Austria Fought Frederick II of Prussia for
control of Hungary and Silesia Reorganized the government Enlightened Despot Eased tax burden on her people Gave more rights to her subjects Gave birth to 16 children while in
power
9/24/12 – Do-NowAnswer the following questions in your notebook. Think Back: Why did absolute
monarchs come to power? Think Ahead: What will be the impact of
absolute monarchs on their citizens? Other nation’s citizens? The world at large?
Think Big: Who is going to challenge absolute monarchs? And why?
Parliament Triumphs in England
1215 King John forced to sign the Magna Carta. Limits his power
From 1485 to 1603 the Tudor dynasty worked with Parliament.
1603 Queen Elizabeth dies leaving no heirs to the throne.
Cousin James Stuart King of Scotland became King of England
The result: almost a century of turmoil in England pitting the Stuarts against the Parliament
Monarchs Defy Parliament First, you need to understand that a
MONARCHY is a form of ABSOLUTISM. The Monarchs (Kings and Queens) felt that
they were above the law (i.e. – Parliament) Parliament – English version of Congress
The Tudor monarchs (Henry VIII & Elizabeth I) generally worked well with Parliament.
The Stuart monarchs, with their absolutist tendencies, clashed with Parliament.
James I vs. Parliament James I believed in divine right. “I will not be content that my power be disputed upon” James I clashed with Parliament over financial issues and
foreign policy. James I needed money for his wars and extravagant court life. James I eventually dissolved the Parliament and imposed his
own taxes. James I also clashed with the Puritans. The Puritans were
seeking to “purify” the Church of England by eliminating Catholic practices.
Charles I vs. Parliament
Charles fired Parliament Then he needed them back to get him some money –
He “re-hired” them. The only way that Parliament would give him money is if he
signed the Petition of Right. No false imprisonment No taxes w/o Parliament’s consent No housing of soldiers in homes No martial (absolute) law in peace time
Charles signed it – then he IGNORED it. Parliament then withheld money – He fired them again… His policies sparked the English Civil War.
English Civil War(Puritan Revolution) Why? – Because the people and members of
Parliament were angered by Charles dissolving the Parliament.
When? – 1642 – 1649
Loyalists• Supported Charles• Called “Cavaliers”
Also called “Royalists”
Puritans• Supported Parliament• Called Roundheads• Leader was Oliver
Cromwell
VS
Results of the English Civil War
Oliver Cromwell’s Roundheads defeated the Cavaliers and imprisoned Charles
They put him on trial, sentenced him to death – chopped his head off.
Changes in Power
Parliament abolished the monarchy, the House of Lords, and the official Church of England.
England became a Commonwealth. Oliver Cromwell took over following the
civil war as Lord Protector of England Formed a military state Very strict
Exiled Catholics to Ireland. Passed Puritan laws – theaters
closed, Sundays set aside for worship, no lewd dancing, taverns, or gambling.
When Crowell died, Restoration began under Charles II
England – Charles IIThe Restoration 1660-1685
Charles II - Popular ruler Monarchy restored –
Hence: Restoration Bowed to the wishes of
Parliament Restored the Church of
England Stabilized government
Glorious Revolution
1685 Charles II died with NO heir His brother James II took over (but he was
Catholic!) He soon offended Parliament and voted some
Catholic friends into high office (against the law)
Parliament protested, so he fired them His wife then had a son and the people were
scared that a long line of Catholics would rule.
Ran up massive debt.
Glorious Revolution (cont’d)
HOWEVER, James had an older Protestant daughter (Mary) who married William of Orange.
Parliament invited William to overthrow James II. He brought an army, James II was scared and fled the country
Thus, the Glorious Revolution began and ended with no fighting
William and Mary begin their reign and developed aCONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY :
There is a monarch in place, however they are limited in their power
English Bill of Rights Limited Monarchy
Stated that the King must work regularly with Parliament. Monarchy could not make or suspend laws.
Guaranteed supremacy of Parliament over monarchy. Stated that the King must give the House of Commons
financial support. Trial by jury reinstated. Abolished excessive fines and
cruel and unusual punishment. Affirmed habeas corpus, meaning that no person could
be held in jail without first being charged with a crime. Due process of law.
Strengths of Absolutism
Creation of a Strong Central Government
Nationalism Increases Wealth and Growth of Middle Class is
supported Military Spending increases = Stronger
Armies Quicker Decision Making Usually has support of the Church
Weaknesses of Absolutism
State of the Union depends on One Individual
Power of the Lower Classes typically dwindles
Countless number of Wars Higher taxes and lavish spending National Welfare vs. Individual Welfare Democracy?
Europe in 1740