unintentional pops emissions fbi dfilflcbtifrom biomass

Unintentional POPs Emissionsf Bi d F il F l C b tifrom Biomass and Fossil Fuel Combustion

(Toolkit Category 3)

Research project on behalf of the Federal Environment Agency of Germany

U. Karl, M. Haase

2nd Expert Meeting to Further Develop the Standardized Toolkit for p g p SIdentification and Quantification of Dioxin and Furan Releases

Geneva 5-7 December 2007Geneva, 5 7 December 2007

French-German Institute for Environmental Research, University of Karlsruhe 1

ContentsContents

The role of PCDD/PCDF emissions fromThe role of PCDD/PCDF emissions from Category 3 sourcesRecommendations from the 1st Expert MeetingRecommendations from the 1st Expert MeetingResults from a literature reviewProposals for the ToolkitOutlook on possible extensionsp


The German PCDD/PCDF Inventory 2004 (Air)The German PCDD/PCDF Inventory 2004 (Air)

7%6% 5%12%6%

17%44%

5%

13%

12%

44%

26%

Mi ll (i l di t i i ti )

70%

Coal/coke Wood

Fuel oil Natural gasMiscellaneous (including waste incineration)

Heat and power generation

Small scale combustionEmissions fromSmall Scale Combustion

ue o atu a gas

Open burning

Metallurgical industry (thermal processes)

Total: 127 (102-154) g TEQ


Total: 127 (102 154) g TEQ

The PCDD/PCDF Inventory of KenyaThe PCDD/PCDF Inventory of Kenya


Kenya Inventory: Releases from Category 3

Household heating and

Kenya Inventory: Releases from Category 3

cooking - Biomass2%

Landfill and biogas combustion

Domesting heating - Fossil fuels

appx 0%

appx 0%

Biomass Power Plants26%

Potential underestimationf l f h h ld

Fossil fuel power plants72%

of releases from householdheating and cooking


Toolkit Emission Factors for Category 3Denotation of categories

Cat

Sub-cat.

Class Airµg TEQ/TJ

Residueµg TEQ/TJ

3 Heat and Power Generation3 Heat and Power Generation

a Fossil Fuel Power Plants

1234

Fossil fuel/waste co-fired power boilersCoal fired power boilersHeavy fuel fired power boilersSh l il fi d l t

35102,51 5

ND14NDND4

5Shale oil fired power plantsLight fuel oil/natural gas fired power boilers

1,50,5

NDND

b Biomass Power Plants

12

Mixed biomass fired power boilersCl d fi d b il

5000

ND12 Clean wood fired power boilers 50 15

c Landfill and biogas combustion

1 Biogas-/landfill gas fired boilers, motors/turbines and flaring

8 NA

d Household heating and cooking with µg TEQ/td Household heating and cooking with biomass

µg TEQ/t ash

12

Contaminated wood/biomass fired stovesVirgin wood/biomass fired stoves

1.500100

1.00010

e Domestic Heating with fossil fuels µg TEQ/t ash

1234

High-chlorine coal fired stovesCoal fired stovesOil fired stovesNatural gas fired stoves

15.000100101,5

30.0005.000NANA


Questions for the Toolkit Review

Influence of fuel type

Questions for the Toolkit Review

Influence of fuel type– Coal (hard coal, lignite, ash content)– Biomass (wood one-year plants leafy )Biomass (wood, one year plants, leafy, …)– Chlorine, catalytic metal, sulphur, humidity

Physical parameters; e g solid (particle size) liquid– Physical parameters; e.g., solid (particle size), liquid, gaseous

Influence of combustion facility/processInfluence of combustion facility/process– Firing conditions (incl. temperature, oxygen)

Size geometry– Size, geometry– Flue gas cleaning


Fig. 1: „Old stove“

Recommendations from theRecommendations from theExpert Group

Fig. 2: Modern manualwood stove

Further specification ofcurrent emission factors(Category 3) in terms of

- Toolkit Category 3 d: „Stoves“

(Category 3) in terms of- Facilities- Fuels

Residue types - EF(air) : 100 µg TEQ/TJ [1]- Residue types

Inclusion of information onresidue generation rates

Toolkit adjustment to the

Fig 3: Automatic pellet boiler Fig 4: Traditional cook stove

needs of developingcountries


Fig. 3: Automatic pellet boiler Fig. 4: Traditional cook stove

Review of CurrentReview of Current Publications

- Tiled stove, year of manufacture: 1956

- Beech wood logs

EF (air): 4 500 µg TEQ/TJ

- Modern stove

- Birch wood

- EF (air): 200 µg TEQ/TJ H d l 2006

Focus on solid fuel combustion (fossil & biomass)I f ti f 60 bli ti

- EF (air): 4,500 µg TEQ/TJ Hübner et al., 2005

Hedmann et al., 2006

Information from ca. 60 publications evaluatedPCDD/PCDF, PCB and HCB

- Toolkit Category 3 d: „Stoves“- EF (air) : 100 µg TEQ/TJ

Air and residuesEF (air) : 100 µg TEQ/TJ

- Automatically chargedwood boiler

- Traditional cook stove

- No recent publications- Wood pellets

- EF (air): 2 µg TEQ/TJ

No recent publicationson PCDD/PCDF EF available

Hübner et al., 2005


Further split of source categories for domesticFurther split of source categories for domesticheating

Split into stoves and boilers ?Split according to the shape of fuels?Further split according to fuel composition ?


Further split of source categories for residentialFurther split of source categories for residentialbiomass combustion

Further split of residues ?Additional types of biomass ?


PCDD/PCDF Emission Factors (Air) for BiomassPCDD/PCDF Emission Factors (Air) for Biomass Combustion Appliances

Manual AutomaticEF

StovesEF

BoilerEF

Pellet Boiler

Manual Automatic

Hedmann, 2006µg WHO-TEQ/t fuel 3.5 – 5.9 1.2 – 12 2

Hübner 2005Hübner, 2005µg I-TEQ/t fuel 0.4 – 40.3

(Old stove: 83.7)0.04 – 35(Old boiler: 45.5)

0.04

Gullett, 2003µg WHO-TEQ/t fuel 0.24 – 2.4

Thanner 2002Thanner, 2002µg I-TEQ/t fuel 0.24-10.68


PCDD/PCDF Release Factors for Different Types of R id (Cl W d C b ti )Residues (Clean Wood Combustion)

Ash SootMixed Ash

Ash Soot

UNEP Toolkit 3dµg TEQ/t residue 10 (ash)Hedmann, 2006µg WHO-TEQ/t residue 0.061 - 45 (ash)

Lavric 2004Lavric, 2004µg I-TEQ/t residue 0.03 - 215 (fly ash, bottom ash) 1438 - 3453 (chimney soot)

Thanner, 2002µg I-TEQ/t residue 0.13 - 1.56 (combustion

chamber ash)237.7 - 648.8 (chimney soot)

Launhardt, 2000µg I-TEQ/t residue 5 - 33 (combustion chamber

ash)23 - 3976(heat exchanger ash, chimney ash)


Proposal of an Extended Matrix for PCDD/PCDF Emission Factors

F h di i i f i dCategory 3 d (Residential heating and cooking with Biomass)

Further distinction of size and technology of appliances (Automatic – Manual)

Specification of facilities Specification of fuels Specification of residues

Current Specifica Current Specification Curren Specific

Distinction of Mixed ash - Soot; Herbaceous biomass - WoodUnchanged categories for fuel

Current Specification

Current Specification Current

Specification

Facility type

Facility Type

Fuel type Fuel type

Contami-nation

Residue type

Residue type

Unchanged categories for fuel quality (Contamination)No distinction of combustion

Stoves Automa-tic furnaces

Contami-nated wood/

Herbaceous biomass

Mixed ash

Mixed ash

conditions biomass

Manual furnaces

Virgin wood/ biomass

Wood No Soot

biomass Yes


PCDD/PCDF Emission Factors (Air) for BiomassPCDD/PCDF Emission Factors (Air) for Biomass Combustion Appliances (in μg TEQ/TJ fuel)

CurrentToolkit EFToolkit EF


PCDD/PCDF Emission Factors (ashes) for BiomassPCDD/PCDF Emission Factors (ashes) for Biomass Combustion Appliances (in μg TEQ/t residue)

CurrentT lki EFToolkit EF


PCDD/PCDF Emission Factors (soot) for BiomassPCDD/PCDF Emission Factors (soot) for Biomass Combustion Appliances (in μg TEQ/t residue)

No initialToolkit EF


PCDD/PCDF Emission Factors (Air) for ResidentialPCDD/PCDF Emission Factors (Air) for Residential Coal Combustion Appliances (in μg TEQ/TJ fuel)

CurrentCurrentToolkit EF


Further split of source categories for power plantsFurther split of source categories for power plants

Split into size categories ?Split into size categories ?Split into more fuel categories?Further split according to fuel composition ?Further split according to fuel composition ?


PCDD/PCDF Emission Factors (Air) for BiomassPCDD/PCDF Emission Factors (Air) for Biomass Combustion Appliances (in μg TEQ/TJ fuel)

CurrentCurrentToolkit EF


Proposed Revised Matrix for Category 3Release pathway

Fuel Facility Pollutant

Proposed Revised Matrix for Category 3

Residential -Manual furnace <1MW

- Automatic furnace < 1 MW

PCDD/PCDF(I-TE, WHO98-TE, total, TE not specified)

PCB (WHO98 TEAir

pathway

Automatic furnace < 1 MW PCB (WHO98-TE, WHO94-TE, total, sum of 6, TE not specified)

HCB (total)- Mixed ash

ResiduesCoal

- Coal

High chlorine coal

Non-residential- Boiler > 50 MW

- Boiler > 1MW

Ai

( )Mixed ash

- Soot- High chlorine coal

- Co-firing coal/waste/biomass

Residential -Manual furnace <1MW


Biomass

Air

Residues- Herbaceous

- Automatic furnace < 1 MW PCB (WHO98-TE, WHO94-TE, total, sum of 6, TE not specified)Non-residential

- Boiler > 50 MW

- Mixed ash

- Soot

- Herbaceous Biomass

- Clean wood

- Contaminated wood

HCB (total)- Boiler > 1MW


Review of Category 6 Emission FactorsReview of Category 6 Emission FactorsRelease pathway

Fuel Pollutant

• No change of

Biomass

p y

Air


PCB (WHO98-TE,

• No change ofexisting sourcecategories Biomass

- Forest fires

- Grassland and moor

- Agricultural residues –impacted

Residues

( ,WHO94-TE, total, sum of 6, TE not specified)

HCB (total)

g

• Validation ofimpacted

- Agricultural residues –not impacted

Air


Toolkit EF

• Review of PCB Waste+accidental fires

Air

Residues

PCB (WHO98-TE, WHO94-TE, total, sum of 6, TE not specified)

HCB (total)- Landfill fires

A Fi

• Review of PCBand HCB EF

- Acc. - Fires houses/factories

- Domestic waste

-Acc fires – vehicles

- Wood (construction/demolition)


(construction/demolition)

Category 6 Emission Factors (Air)Category 6 Emission Factors (Air)(in μg TEQ/t fuel)


First Proposal of Emission Factors for PCB and HCB

PCB

AirCat. Subcat. Class Type APCD Type Contamination µg TEQ/TJ µg TEQ/t residue µg TEQ/t residue

3 Mixed ash Sootd

1 Furnaces < 1MW (manual and automatic) NA Biomass No 15 0.2 15

PCB Potential Release Route Residue

Heat and Power GenerationResidential heating and cooking with biomass

Facility Fuel

e1 Furnaces < 1MW (manual and automatic) NA Coal 100 0.3 18

NA Not applicableNew value proposed

Residential heating and cooking with fossil fuel

AirCat. Subcat. Class Type APCD Type Contamination µg/TJ µg/t residue µg/t residue

HCB Potential Release Route ResidueFacility Fuel

3 Mixed ash Soota

1 Combustion plants > 1 MW yes Coal 1500d

1 Furnaces < 1MW (manual and automatic) NA Clean wood No 1000Residential heating and cooking with biomass

Heat and Power GenerationNon-residential fossil fuel combustion

NA Not applicableNo data availableNew value proposed


ConclusionsConclusionsUp-to-date data in an appropriate format is now available for the ongoing review of the Toolkit.An extended source category split for Category 3 is proposed.The level of detail for the extended source category split is limited by and adapted to data availability.The current Toolkit emission factors are within the ranges set by the proposal.A first proposal of emission factors for HCB and PCB is now available as well.


Thank youThank youfor yourtt tiattention


unintentional pops emissions fbi dfilflcbtifrom biomass

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