unidroit international institute for international private law third-party liability for global...
TRANSCRIPT
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UNIDROITInternational Institute for International Private Law
Third-party liability for Global Navigation Satellite
System (GNSS) services
Rome, 22 October 2010
Informal consultation meeting
www.unidroit.org
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The system
GlobalNavigationSatelliteSystem
Not only navigation, but also: positioning and timing
PositioningNavigationTiming
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What is GNSS and how it works?
Three components: Space segment Ground station
Receiver
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Currently, there are two operational global systems: Navstar-GPS of the United States GLONASS of the Russian Federation in a very near future the GNSS will be enriched by other
global constellations: Galileo of the European Union Compass-Beidou of Chinaand by regional constellatons: IRNSS of India QZSS of Japan
Space segments: Constellations of satellites
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Navstar GPS
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GLONASS
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GALILEO
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Compass-Beidou
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QZSS
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Space Based Augmentation Systems(SBAS)
There are several operational SBAS:WAAS of United States of AmericaEGNOS of European UnionMSAS of Japanunder development:GAGAN of IndiaMalaysian SBASNigComsat-1 of Nigeria
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Space Based Augmentation Systems(SBAS)
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Ground Based Augmentation Systems (GBAS)
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INTEROPERABILITY
The different constellations and
augmentation systems are implemented so as to be interoperable and fully
compatible; thus, an international uniform instrument could offer
users one single regime, whichever the
signal provider.
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Applications of GNSS
• GNSS has a variety of applications, hence the possible sources of liability are equally varied. Many human activities rely on GNSS on a daily basis, and their number will progressively increase. It would therefore be extremely difficult for GNSS providers to foresee all possible events, each subject to different rules.
• An international uniform instrument could offer a single liability regime applicable to all possible fields, also in case of new applications.
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Applications of
positioning:
geodesy
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Liability regimes applicable to damage caused by failure of GNSS
• GNSS failure or malfunction can provoke errors in the signal, which may be source of accidents in the different areas of activity that rely on those signals.
• These accidents could provoke loss and damages which, in the worst scenario, could even be catastrophic
• Legal issues on the third-party liability: applicable law, jurisdiction
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International instruments: general regimes on liability
None of the existing general international liability
regimes applies to third-party liability for accidents caused by GNSS failure or malfunction
in transmitting the signal.
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International regimes on liability in the transport sector
Notwithstanding the existence of a variety of instruments in the transport sector, a number of accidents provoked by GNSS failure or malfunction could fall outside their
scope of application.The transport operator would maintain a right of
recourse of the transport operator in respect of the GNSS signal provider.
These instruments all provide for a limitation of compensation; in the absence of such a limitation for
GNSS activities, the plaintiffs might be induced to address the GNSS provider directly in order to obtain
higher compensation.The existing regimes can present gaps in protection, and leave open the questions of the subsidiary direct action against the GNSS provider for these “gaps”.
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International regimes governing liability for nuclear damage
An international instrument on GNSS liability could address the nuclear risk and indicate the
relationship of the regime that it creates with the existing instruments in this field.
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Regimes governing GNSS liability for applications not covered by the
existing instruments
An international instrument on GNSS liability could provide a sound and uniform regime for all accidents
caused by a failure or malfunction of the system, both for those covered and for
those not covered by existing international regimes
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Other legal issues on GNSS liability An international instrument could address the
issues of:•fraudulent intervention of a third person;•force majeure;•qualification of GNSS signal as a service;•liability in case of failure-malfunction caused by a defective component of the GNSS.
An international uniform regime on GNSS liability could facilitate the insurability of GNSS
activities.It could also address the issue of open services with respect with GNSS activities and clarify it.
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The legal work on GNSS issues undertaken by international
organisations
An international instrument could be negotiated in cooperation with other international
organisations which, in a way or in the other, take interest in GNSS systems, and making use
of their expertise.
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Thank you!