undp mobile technology primer

8/2/2019 Undp Mobile Technology Primer

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Mobile Technologiesand eMpowerMenT:e um v m tt u t t v t

DEMOCRATIC GOVERNANCE

United Nations Development Programme


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Mobile Technologiesand eMpowerMenT:e um v m t

t u t t v t


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a k m t

T t v y t - v a t i m t t m t d m tg v g u t Undp bu u d v m t p y, n Y k. it tt y r Z m , p y a v , ru y K t s , r a y t, t u t m

st lu , r a t t. T m t , t yM d y o s z , mm y Undp y 2010.

T um t t z y r Z m ru y K t s , t y t- u t m a t p t . T u t t t v y M v n v -

b , - v p y s t, y J qu b .

w u k t t k t Undp u v mm t t u-m t: F k am , sy v b j , c t c , r t ru , m y t

u v mm t t u Undp k t k k t m .

T t v t http://undpegov.org .

The analysis and recommendations o this report do not necessarily refect the views o the United Nations Development Programme, its

Executive Board, or the United Nations Member States. The views presented in this report are the sole responsibility o its authors.

United Nations Development Programme 2012

This publication is released under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license. For ull details o the license, please see http://creative-

commons.org/licenses .

M T em m t 3

a c k n

o wl e d

g Me n T s
http://undpegov.org/http://creative-commons.org/licenseshttp://creative-commons.org/licenseshttp://creative-commons.org/licenseshttp://creative-commons.org/licenseshttp://undpegov.org/


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M T em m t 5

T a b l e o f c o n T e n

T s

a v t 7

ex ut v summ y 8

1. i t u t 10

2. cu t T 12

3. e y ev t im t M T d v c u t 16

4. M T d m t g v 19

4.1. i u v p t t 19

4.2. r v i t tut 22

4.3. i t t p 25

5. M T hum d v m t 28

5.1. p v ty r u t 28

5.2. c p v t r v y 30

5.3. e v m t e y 33

6. c o tu t U M T d v m t 34

6.1. p y 34

6.2. i t u tu 34

6.3. c ty d v m t 35

6.4. p j t d 35

6.5. p j t im m t t 37

7. Ty y c u t Undp p mm 38

7.1. p mm l hum d v m t c t xt 38

7.2. p mm M um hum d v m t c t xt 39

8. a g m a 40

9. e t 41

10. r 44

11. a x 49

c u , t xt t y k t t t t um t. a y k t t a x t .

T c t t


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6 M T em m t

l t F u b x

FIGURE 1: M su t 2010 1 0

FIGURE 2: M su t y Undp c u t y c t 2010 11

FIGURE 3: M p su t a i m c t p t a ut T m 13

FIGURE 4: M su t g t , s ut a 2010 13

FIGURE 5: M su t T by r 2000-2010 14

FIGURE 6: icT p t t y hdi 2010 15

FIGURE 7: M p a hum d v m t 2010 39

BOX 1: w t M-g v ? 19

BOX 2: Undp M : e Y ut T u M-g v 22

BOX 3: M-g v K (i ) 2 4

BOX 4: V x K vu : c -s d m t r u c 27

BOX 5: UniceF t U r sMs 28

BOX 6: M M y M-pesa 31

BOX 7: Undp ddr c t a r u 32

BOX 8: ru e t ty T u s s 33


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a b b r e v i a T i o n

s

M T em m t 7

a v t

ATM aut m t T M

BRIC b z , ru , i c .

CAGR c m u a u g t r tCELAC c t ex l a u tu c t t (U )

CLO c v l t o t (n )

CSO c v s ty o z t

CSIR c u s t i u t r (s ut a )

DDR d m m t, d m t r t t

DISC d v m t i t tut z t su t c t (e y t)

EiE e u e u (n )

GIS g i m t sy t m

GDP g d m t p u t

GPS g p t sy t m

GPRS g p k t r s v , m t v t 2g/3g

u mmu t y t m

GSM g sy t m M c mmu t

GSMA g sy t m M c mmu t a t

HDI hum d v m t i x

IADG i t t y a d v m t g

ICT i m t c mmu t T y

ITU i t t T mmu t U

IOM i t t o z t M t

IVR i t t v V r

LADE l a t d m t e t

LDC l t-d v c u t y

LIC l -i m c u t y

LMIC l -M -i m c u t y

MDG M um d v m t g

MENA M e t n t aNATEK n t a t T tu ext Ju K (n )

NCC n t c t ut c u t y

NeGP n t -g v p (i )

NGO n -g v m t o t

OECD o t e m c - t d v m t

PDA p d t a t t ( - m t )

PSA pu s v a u m t

SDS s d v m t s tu t

SIM su i t ty M u ( m v t m )SMS s t M s v

UMIC U -M -i m c u t y


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e x e c u T i v e s u M M a r y ex ut v summ y

M t mmu t t v -m t , t t y t t u m t v t . n tt y t m y m y u t u t

t m (w b k 2008). i t, y, m v t m v t t ju -t v (Undp 2008). r t t m t t t t icT u t v yy 2015 t t y v m t t t v t v m t (iTU 2010).i , t v m t z t t v t v icT , -

y t t - -t - t t m t t y.

i u t y v , t t t um m u ty t 5.4 u t . 1 g v t t v u u m y v mu -

t / t v siM , t tu um v u m u -t m t t u 3.9 (i m T m M 2011). l t t u t t t m

t t t t t m t 45 t - m u t 76 t -m - m u t (iTU 2011 ). g v t t t v / u mmu t t t , t t m t t t 80 t 90 t m u t v t t m m t (Zu k m 2009). Fu t m , t 80

m m u , m t t m v u t , v t t t y t u m .

T t t u m t t , -t m mmu t m t v u y tt t t mmu t . M -

v t v y y t u tu qu m t m t mt- t v t t icT u t i t t x . i m , mv m y t y t v . a m qu y t y, m k t

t t y mu t t t m icT .

Y t, m v t t tt m t y m m : t k t mv m u t t 15.75 t m t y v t m u t t u-

m v m t ( m t 4.86 t m um um v m t t xt ). a v - m t m z t x t t. T t t t t t t t t u t 40 t t v u t t v y

m t k, t v t u t u t u t t y (b km s v t v 2011).

h v , m u t t v y ut t t -v t m . M v , u v tm t u - v t t -

m t t xt t v ty, v m t .

a u t, m t t t t v m t um v m t, - m t v t v m t u t , u t , u tu ,

m ym t, v t t v m t. F t , tu v u t t t m k t m t (V 2005; V icrier 2009). it

k y t v t m t m t v u t v u t t t t t u tu u t mu t m - . l t t t u tu qu m t u

- m u t m t v v tm t t . ot tu t m- t x v u , t m ym t tu t , v

u t v ty, t t m t t v t m u t y t t tt t t v tm t.

w t v , m t m m t z t k - y m t m m . M- v t t v t t

8 M T em m t


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M T em m t 9

x t m t mmu t t v u -t t v v t t v t y m z . w t t m v t , t m t y t m i t t t f tt m t t t ut t t

m t . T tu u t t k m z t t mu t t m , t u t - a 2011 t t m z t -

u t t y.

T m ty m t m qu y m t sMs ty t t v t m s ut a , t i , t M x t m t -

t , t k v m , v t u t tu t , v v t . T t ty u qu ty m v t m m m t t t v

ty, m z t t k m y .

M t t t t m v y v tt t t t u t tut m m tt v . T t

t y u t ty. e v v y m t m t t v - t tut m u m t t t m t t y t m ju t t -

t v m t. M t u u u t u v t z t m k v v t . T y t z t y t m m y t k m y t t t t , m k v v y m t t t.

s t y u v m t, m t u m t t t t m k t um u v tt m m- mm ty t t t m k t . M - t u , t , m k tm t m m t t , t t u t v x tu .

M t m y m t - t v y. T y m t u ty, t y m y

t , ut t t m t v t m . a m m y v m t v t t t m , m t m v t m t t

m k t m y t m v , tu t t mt u .

M t u t m t v ty y x v v y t t , u tu , m ym t u t . i t t t , t v m y - m t t v m v t v ty m t t m t t t -. a m y t , m t v t t k mmu -

t t t z , z t v m t t m . T y ut u t k t z vu t k t v m t y- t

u , u t tt , m t v m t t .

by t m v , m t u ut v ty, m t v -. i t t y t yt t v m t mm y t t y. T y t t t v , y

t z t v t v , tu t v m t v.

at t m t m , t t y u - v mmu t , t t z t v m t t t t m um. it m t t t t u t t - t m t v t ut , t t m v u t-t - (

m t t m u - u t v ) u . it m t t t t v k t y -t u tu m t t . Y t, v t t t t , m t m z y t v t u t t t m k t m u v .


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M T em m t 11

FIGURE 2: Mobile Subscriptions by UNDP Country Categories 2010

s u : iTU 2011 Undp u t

t

M u t M u t t t

1.6

1.2

0.8

0.4

0

120%

80%

40%

0%ldc sds lic lMic UMic ncc

i , m v t y m t v m t t m v ty u t ,m t v (iTU 2010; c t t . 2007). st t y y , m - t , t t v mmu t t t v m t

y -m k , x t k t t , t t u m t , t t t v v y t t m z . n v t ,t qu t t m k t , m t t m y t t y umv m t.

T m j t v t m t v Undp mm t v m t t t t t t u t m t m y v m tmm . by k t t , u t t x m , t m t

t t v m t t t t t t m t tm v v m t ut ut ut m t t u t y v .

T m t ut v m t t m t t m t . it t x m- m t u t y v v t m m t t t y, tt x m t t v t m t m t v . Fu t x m t

m t m t Undp t u v ty u t , v t v y, y v m t t u t t . b t x m , k y ut ut m t . F y, t u t

Undp t z m t t t v m t mm v -m t m t.


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12 M T em m t

2. cu t T

c t xt

F m y y , u t u icT v t t - t -

v t t y u t , t v v - t t t m. i t, t1990 , t t v m t m t t m t v m t t t v , t y u t icT v k t t u y v m t . w t t

i t t m m t m y v u t , t m t y m tt . d t t u t t m - u t y v t

v v t t u t (o K t u 2010; Ky k u, M -k V ut 2009; r uv 2004). i , t v m t z t

t v t v m t mmu t , y t t - -t - t t - m t t y.

M p t t

l t t t m t t t t ut t 5.4 m u t , v 483 mu t m m - m u t 2.6 m -m - m u t( u 3). i t , ut 56 t t u t m u t , t

t t v 35% m t v ( u 5), t t t xt - t u t m t t u t m .

h v , u t t f t tu , m t u t tt . M t t u siM , t t um u t

um t ut . F t , u m y v mu t / t v siM m y m y siM ; t u y mm / u-

mmu t t v m y v t ju t t (Zu k m 2009).r t t t t t 1.39 siM v y m u t tt 3.9 t t m u y (i m T m M 2011).

h t ev ut

b 2005, m u t t v t y utt t v . a t m k t tu t t n t , t v m t

x m t t s ut . T y, s ut a m a -t , b , b ut , i , s l k , M v , n , p k t (iTU 2011 ) t

t t m k t m u t , t m u u t t m2000 t 2010 v 70.6 t, u t t u 4. su -s a , M e t

n t a , t 42.0 38.2 t t t v y ( u 5).

T m y y m t x t u vu t . M -t m , t t v v mmu t , t m v (sMs)

t m t v u y tt t t y mmu -t . M t , m t t m y v u t y -t xt , m t m z u t u m t u k .

M t u ty y k t u t t utu t u tu t , f t , m - t v . M v -t v y y t u tu qu m t t u y m t- t v

t t icT u t i t t x . i m , m v m y t y t v . a t t , t t m t m t - t t t t qu - y ut .

c u r r e n T T

r e n d s


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i t , u k t t v , m y qu t y, t u y m t t u t t y, m ut , u u y m k t .Fu t m , m v u y, qu k t u u t t t t y, m t t m icT . F y, m t v y m y u t u m t u , t y t ty tmmu t u v (d 2010; r e 2009; h t m 2008).

i t s ut , y t m t y m t t t t z , tt m t k t t u t u t t m

v t t t t tt m t y m . st , m t t u t y t t t t m t . i t, t v u t (ldc ), ju t t

t t u t v u m u t t u m u tt t m t t t 80 t 90 t u v t t v m-mu ty (Zu k m 2009), t u t t x m t v m t v y.

M T em m t 13

FIGURE 3: Mobile Phone Subscriptions Across Income Categories Percent and Absolute Terms

t

s u : iTU 2011

M u t M u t t

3

2

1

0

150

100

50

0

FIGURE 4: Mobile Subscriptions Growth, South Asia 2010

t

s u : iTU 2011 M u t M u t t t

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

70%

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%

l m l m m U m m h m oecd h m oecd


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14 M T em m t

a c t c v

ev t u , t t m v t m . d tv t t t k t m v m u t t 15.75 t m t y v t m u t t um v m t, m t 4.86 t u t

t m um um v m t. i t v m t , t ut u t t- m-t, m u tu y u m v m t t y y t u t x (h t M 2006). T t t t u t . s 2008,

t m v v u ct iv , s l k V zu x m , t t t t t t u (iTU 2011 ; Undp u t ). 3

a t t m t t v m t m z . i , t m t tt t v t t t u t , 40 t ldc t v ym t k (b km s v t v 2011). g v t t t m u t y t y vy t u t , t t t y u t v t , u v y m t

, u m u v , u t t v t u t u -t u t t y. it t t u v tm t u - v t t-

t t xt v t u t y t v ty ut v m t .

d v m t r i v ta , m t u ut v ty, m t v . T ymu t t v m t . a t t y v t u k t t t m k t , m u v v v v . it m um t t v t vm t t t s ut , t t m m m t t .

T m x m :

s v : s m v t m y, , u (bu 2010;

st d 2009) u mu t siM m v t t m t m t k , t u y m t t t m y.

FIGURE 5: Mobile Subscriptions Trend By Region 2000-2010

s u : iTU 2011 Undp u t

m

cagr

22.0%14.1%

70.0%

24.7%

38.2%

42.0%

9.9%

1800

1600

1400

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

02000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

e t a peu c t a

s ut a

l t am c

M e t n t a

su -s a

n t am


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M T em m t 15

b f : T t t u t t t tv t k (d 2007).

buy t m : T m t uy t m t um ,t y t v u t t m, t u m t t y-m t. o t , v m m t t m t t t m ut x

. it k y t t t m m tt u m-pesa ( x 6) t mmm t t .

p v v u : U v v u f x y y t mm ut m t t x m t y t- (s y 2011). V u -

t m t tt $0.50 v u m - my t m v u v m y u t .

sMs t v : i m y u t , sMs ( t xt ) mu x v t v -, t t t t t um u tu (g tz, b t , l k 2005).

r v : i v t m , m u t v y.

c m m : s m t m m , u d h t , v m m .

summ y

g v t t t v y t m v v u t , y ldc , j t t t v m t u t t t t v t m z v t t t k . i t , t u u

v t v y t t m t t v m t t t -t t y ty. it t t t t t t ut t t t k , m

m xt x t t t v m t v m t . Y t

tu t t t t t v v m m m t y u v mmu t t m t t v t m v v .

FIGURE 6: ICT Penetration by HDI 2010

s u : iTU 2011 Undp 2010

t

hum d v m t i x

M u t

i t t u

F x t

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

l M um h V y h


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3. e y ev t im t M T d v c u t

T u u t um tu j t m t t y t t y m t v y t um v m t.gdp g t

a 2005 tu y u t t t m u t y k t gdp t . Tt t t t t 1996 2003 v u t t v t m

m 100 j y 0.59 t t gdp t t tu t t m t t (V 2005). M v , t tu y m z t t t -t v m t m t y m t k y t t vu t m t v u t u t t t t t t mmu t

t u tu t u t . i m t t m 2009, m t y t i t mmu t m k t t t m t tt m t (V icrier 2009). a t t tu y, i t tt m t t x t t t t t t t t m t -

t t ; v y t t m u t t v y fu mt y 1.2 t t y .

T x , i v tm t J c t

ot t v u t u t x v u m t t mmu tu t y u u y u t y m t t t tt m ym t tu t ,

m v tm t- y m t v u t v ty. a mu t - u t y y -u t 2008 t t t t x t ut m t m v ut um t m -

t t x y , t m t u t ut 26 t t t t x v u (d tt2008).4

M t t v y fu j t t m t , u t , m t u m . w b k u t t t t t t -

tu t y t m t u u t 20 t v u t (c y 2005). at v t m u t y k y t tt t t v tm t . K y x m , t t t t m t tt t u t mn t a m t v t v icT u .

M t u tu t u tu v m t: m u tt y t v t v t x v t u tu t m v , -

t . T y t u v u t v t t .F t , t tu y t m t t t t m t m t t t

u t y bric oecd u t u v ut $175 t $200 u y (gsMa 2011).

M k t i m t a

M u t k m t ymm t t mu t v tm t tt m k t (UncTad 20 ) m v t t um u . F

x m , 2007 tu y i t t t t u t m m m k t m t y m t t k y t xt v m k t

t t t t . a u t, m t t t

um u t (J 2007). a m tu y n m k t ut t t t u t m t k u um t u (ak 2008; J 2007).

16 M T em m t

e a r l y e v i d e n c e o f T h e

i M p a c T o f M o b i l e

T e c h n o l o g i e s o n d e v e l o p i n g c o u n T r i e s


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M T em m t 17

ot t t m - t u t t , u t mx tu t t v , m t t y u m (J u , h k , w y2007).5 a t tu y u tu t m t t t m t v u , ut $138 t m k t , y m v t v , u tu m t

x t m k t y m t u y (V a tu 2011).

s t y u v m t, m t u m t t t t m k t um u v tt m m mm ty t t t m k t . g trader marketplace application (s

a x 1 k), t , t u t m v U v sMs t x v .

o t t , t u m m - t t ut z m k t m t .F m t m y v t t ut t u t t t

m k t t t y t v u t t / t t v t t m m t t m u t v m k t . T t

t t u tu u m t x. it t m t u t tm t k t t t u (d M 2008).

stu v t t t m mmu t t - z t m t y m vt m m m k t x ; t, t m v ty y t t
http://www.google.co.ug/africa/trader/homehttp://www.google.co.ug/africa/trader/homehttp://www.google.co.ug/africa/trader/home


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18 M T em m t

t m m t k v t t m -k t . M t y t t um -t - um t t tt u t t t m k t , t u t t t m v m t,t t m v .

i u v s c v

i 2011 , t t m t t t t t sMs m t y m u (p tr 2011). T t t 1,500 m v m u . a t u t t y m y m t , t f t t t t t t sMs u v

u t t y.

Fu t m , t tu y t t t t t 80 m m u u t t v v t t t y t t m t u (c

2011) t u t t y t t t k -t u tu . a t u t u t t t m v m t icT v u y x u .


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M T em m t 19

4. M T d m t g v

ov v

Fm t v t t m- v , t m t t t k t x

qu ty t m t mmu t t y zicT . T t t mmu t m t v - m m y y t u t , t t

m , t k u . a t t u m t t ty mmu t v v t t v u y .

M- v m m t m m t m - v t t v y t t y vt u t t t . o v u m- v t t -

t t t t t m t v qu t y v t tu ty tm tt v , v m t t u t v m t . M- v-

t u v t t t t tt t u t tut , tt t t t y u t ty.

T t u t t t x m m u t m t t m t u m t v u v u t zt t .

4.1 i u v p t t

F y , v m t t t v m t t t t t y m ty v mm m m t t , t v u . T y , m

t ju t t t tu t t t t um . M t z t t - -m -m k , v u v k y v t t

t , v m t t m t v icT .

e t p

o t t m t -k t m t m ut m t z Ushahidi u t m t v K y t report eyewitness accounts t-

t v um t u t ut 2007 t .

T m - u t , m t y t m (gis) m t y, K y t u m t y t t t , , t t u v m

t xt m , t t tt m t t . i t , v

45,000 t u m tt t m , t m t t m y t t tm t m . T t m t t t v t -t , t t - utu t

u .

Mobile governance, or m-governance, is the use o mobile technologies to support governance processes within govern-ment, between the state and civil society, and within civil society. M-governance thus enhances the older notion o e-gover-nance and is essential to both governance and to the area o ICTs or development. Given the act that in most developingcountries the di usion o mobile technologies is greater than that o the Internet, many o these countries are increasinglyturning to m-governance to deliver public and private services, to reach marginalized populations, to enhance access to publicin ormation and to increase peoples participation.

BOX 1: What is M-Governance?

M o b i l e T e c h n

o l o

g i e s a n

d d

e M o c r a T i c

g o v e r n a n

c e
http://www.ushahidi.com/http://legacy.ushahidi.com/http://legacy.ushahidi.com/http://legacy.ushahidi.com/http://www.ushahidi.com/


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20 M T em m t

it qu y m t sMs ty t t y -t t m t y t m k mapping community needs c u (M v ), plant dis-

ease tracking a t , corruption tracking e y t. 6 it t s ut at track reports o xenophobia , i t u t u t z - v t m t

t m, Vote Report India , M x t u t monitor elections .

T Cuidemos el voto t m M x , t , t z t t u t t tu t y 2009 t v t xt m , m , T tt t cu m v t t . r t t m m t t m t v t t m l t am . i e t

a t u t v t y u t k t d m t r u c s uta , t u t t k v . it u y a J z t g z t t t y t

u t v t 2008 2009.

w t t qu k t u k h t c 2010, U j t v u v -t , v ty z t (cso ) Un t t um t t . i nZ , U u t t t c t u r v y M t t qu k u v v

, t , t t , u , aTM , m . a J , t t 2011 t qu k t u m , J r v y M v t t um t t t .

F t , m v t v m t m v t t m tu t z . w t t u y t m t , z m t ut y t

v u t , t u m , t z - t t t , m t m y t t m v t u t (cu um 2010). ev t u- u m t t v t t , t z t u

tu t v t t y , t ut t , t v -t t y, v t xt m v .

F t n t 2011, t , t j t Swi t Count u t t 8,000v t t m u t t u 35,000 sMs t y m 4,000 t t .

T m k t t t mm t t v m ut t v t t t t u t . T tu v t t t v

t t t y t t y . 7 T V d t , y e u e u (e e), n t z t m t t gprs- t t t v-, t m t report online via their phones t t reVoDa site . M v uelection reporting in Benin , Lebanon , A ghanistan .8

i e t , m t t t t mobile identi cation service t z t tt v t t m t y t M 2011 v t m t t . T m id u t v y t t ty v t i t t, y t

tu t t tt tu . at t m t m , t u ut

t u -v t . w t y y u t v t t u -, national elections and re erendums v t qu m t t m u ty v -

t , u t u t t v t , t ut t t v t . 9 Mv t u m v t t v y t t t .

c v e m t a t i m t

du t t t ty v v , m v m m t t t vty z t , v y u , v u t v t . n t y t m z t ,

t y u t t k m y , t t u y t t t m y t t m t m (w m 2002). w t t m

t y t m t t t , t f tt m t t ut t t m t , tu u t t k m z t t mu t t m .
http://alerte.md/http://agrotestigo.crowdmap.com/http://agrotestigo.crowdmap.com/http://www.zabatak.com/http://blog.ushahidi.com/index.php/2008/05/26/the-ushahidi-engine-in-south-africa/http://community.ushahidi.com/deployments/deployment/vote-report-india/%20Indiahttp://community.ushahidi.com/uploads/documents/c_Ushahidi-Election_Monitoring_Guide.pdfhttp://www.cuidemoselvoto.org/http://www.pscnigeria.org/http://africanelections.blogspot.com/2011/03/nigeria-2011-revoda-nigerian-mobile.htmlhttp://eienigeria.org/revodahttp://eienigeria.org/revodahttp://mobileactive.org/benin-sms-election-observationhttp://www.lade.org.lb/default.aspxhttp://www.lade.org.lb/default.aspxhttp://www-igcc.ucsd.edu/assets/001/502329.pdfhttp://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/newslog/Estonians+Vote+In+Parliamentary+Election+By+Mobile+Phone.aspxhttp://aceproject.org/ace-en/focus/e-voting/onePagehttp://aceproject.org/ace-en/focus/e-voting/onePagehttp://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/newslog/Estonians+Vote+In+Parliamentary+Election+By+Mobile+Phone.aspxhttp://www-igcc.ucsd.edu/assets/001/502329.pdfhttp://www.lade.org.lb/default.aspxhttp://mobileactive.org/benin-sms-election-observationhttp://eienigeria.org/revodahttp://africanelections.blogspot.com/2011/03/nigeria-2011-revoda-nigerian-mobile.htmlhttp://www.pscnigeria.org/http://www.cuidemoselvoto.org/http://community.ushahidi.com/uploads/documents/c_Ushahidi-Election_Monitoring_Guide.pdfhttp://community.ushahidi.com/deployments/deployment/vote-report-india/%20Indiahttp://blog.ushahidi.com/index.php/2008/05/26/the-ushahidi-engine-in-south-africa/http://www.zabatak.com/http://agrotestigo.crowdmap.com/http://agrotestigo.crowdmap.com/http://alerte.md/


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M T em m t 21

c v m m z t y m t m t t -v u z t t um t m t t m sMsu t . d v m t u t a m z t eu t U tst t u t u t t t t t m mmu t u t

m v m t . a n t a t M e t, cso u t t v t t U t m, u e y t, U-shahid maps m y u t a

u y t d v m t i t tut z t su t c t (disc) c t m tv t u t t J u y 2011 u .

i l y , t U t m t mm t y t t t t t t t 2011, t tqu t t Un o t c t hum t a (ocha), t t z

v t u m t m t ut t t u , t t v x .i c 2007, m X m gathered to protest t u t x
http://blog.ushahidi.com/index.php/2011/02/03/egypt-ushahidi-jan25/http://www.china.org.cn/english/environment/212373.htmhttp://www.china.org.cn/english/environment/212373.htmhttp://blog.ushahidi.com/index.php/2011/02/03/egypt-ushahidi-jan25/


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22 M T em m t

m t t v t xt m t m t t t, t u - t t u t . T c v m t t m y m m t t y t

u m t t , k sMs mmu t ; y t, v t tu t ,mm tt t v t m t m t v y ut m t t v m t, u y ym v

t v (Yu 2011; K 2011).

l t - t y m t t m t t t t v t , t z j u m t m t . U u t- gps

t t y t , -t t m u F u squ , b tk t , l t g l t tu m u t t m t t t t k t-

m v m t , m t t t (cu um 2010). du t 2009 v g z , x m , citizens reported the exact location o violent incidents u sMs - gps.

n t y m z t m t , m t v u -u , y y. F t , UnFpa Unep v j t 7 Billion Actions m , t t t t u t m k , t

t m t - t t , v m t u t ty, v ty qu ty, u z t . T u v t t v v u t , t k m t m u v y t u m t t m u t -

ty. by t xt m m t m , t t t u m t t t y t t v m t u t t m tt t t m. 10

4.2 r v i t tut

M t v v y m t m t t v t tut , mu m t t t m t t y t m ju t . T y t u t t k -

t v t tut . T t t v m t u -

v , y t z t k t m t u v y t v m t t t, u t t t u v t v v ( M J y 2010).

pu s t M z t l g v

T x m m K y u t t t u . K y Budget Tracking Tool t mmu t t y t t t v m t . T j t u -

t t tu y- u t t , mu m y v t v u t , u t , t t u tu , m t t m t v tt v sMs. T y t m v u 4,500 sMs m m t , m t 5,700

t t t u t t t t m t v ju t t t t . s t-

y, t j t t t t mm tt t t , m , y ut , t t v u t m m t t . it t -t t t t t t x tu , m , t t t

m t t v t j t . T j t u t y t t T y

Started in 2009, the programme supports youth participation in discussions about development in Madagascar using mo-bile tools. Due to the recent growth in the use o mobile phones in both rural and urban areas which have a much higherpenetration than the Internet the mobile device is more present in young peoples everyday lives and o ers a simple andeasy tool or access and participation. This m-governance plat orm enables young people to express their views, talk abouttheir vision or the uture, and take part in a national public debate through SMS. The expected output is that the views andaspirations o Madagascars young people will be collected and processed and subsequently included in the countrys newdevelopment policies. The programme is part o a larger e-governance initiative which is expanding rom developing onlinepublic services to developing mobile public services. The initiative calls or awareness o the importance o participatory gov-ernance in public policies rom design to implementation and monitoring. Key stakeholders include the Government o Madagascar, UNDP, UNICEF, UNFPA and the National Youth Institute.

BOX 2: UNDP Madagascar: Engaging Youth Through M-Governance
http://labs.aljazeera.net/warongaza/http://www.7billionactions.org/http://www.opengovernance.info/BTKenya/index.phphttp://www.opengovernance.info/BTKenya/index.phphttp://www.opengovernance.info/BTKenya/index.phphttp://www.opengovernance.info/BTKenya/index.phphttp://www.7billionactions.org/http://labs.aljazeera.net/warongaza/


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M T em m t 25

4.3 i t t p

i v u m t , u m t , m t v m v v m t u t t , u t -y u t ty, um t qu ty. a t t t t , m -

u u t m t t t m t v u t t y t z t k m t v t u t v t tut .

a t -c u t

a t - u t t x m . i I Paid a Bribe t t v , u y v ty -t u India Against Corruption , t u t v m t t u tt anti-corruption laws t v m v . a , Bribe Bandh mt t y i p b t u t v m t t t y t Un c v t t c u t

t t t t m t z ; t v m t t t v t M y 2011. ip b t z t t v sMs m t t tu , tt qu y t u t . it t t y J Centre or Citizenship and Democracy t tu t y u t ty i v . 17

T m t t v , u Bribespot , - u t t ytu t v t v u v t . it m t t t t t t m t k t t m t i t t , m t t t m t mmu t , ut v t t

m z t t - u t t .

o t v v m t m t z y t m m y t k m y t t t t , t u y m t , m -z t ty, m k v v y m t. i c m , NoBakchich v -um t t t m t t t u v , m t t t t t , t x t v u m t y t t t u . w t m , t m v sMs t t t t z t u .

a t t t u t - u t t v - t u t u qut t u t v t . a x m t t Hello Garci m m TXTp t p t v t t t t t tmm tu t m t , m t m t -

t v (cu um 2010). T ty t - u t t qu v y tt t yt k m x t y y t t t t t u t .

M v t m t m m y ym t t m-t t y t m v . F t , t a t m t r t m-Paisa

t t t v t t -m y. e-m y t t t t u mt k ym t, u u t t t y a t t k -m y . a -

t m t m t , u y u m-p y t m u v m t $60 m y u t v t (h m 2011).

hum r t

hum t m t , t t t u t y v t mt . i c m um t t v t t t 2005 y

2006, cso used SMS messaging to mobilize public support t m t t t . T y, t y y t z t m t ty t t um tv t y t t v um t t u t v . Citivox , x m ,

m t m t m e y t t t t v t xt m , t , u
http://ipaidabribe.com/http://www.indiaagainstcorruption.org/http://ipaidabribe.com/sforms/un_conventionhttp://janaagraha.org/files/Janaagraha-Q1-2011-12-report-fin.pdfhttp://www.janaagraha.org/http://bribespot.com/http://nobakchich.org/http://www.txtpower.org/category/downloads/hello-garci-ringtones/http://www.roshan.af/Roshan/M-Paisa.aspxhttp://futurechallenges.org/local/the-rise-of-citizen-media-via-mobile-phone-in-cambodia/http://www.citivox.com/http://www.citivox.com/http://futurechallenges.org/local/the-rise-of-citizen-media-via-mobile-phone-in-cambodia/http://www.roshan.af/Roshan/M-Paisa.aspxhttp://www.txtpower.org/category/downloads/hello-garci-ringtones/http://nobakchich.org/http://bribespot.com/http://www.janaagraha.org/http://janaagraha.org/files/Janaagraha-Q1-2011-12-report-fin.pdfhttp://ipaidabribe.com/sforms/un_conventionhttp://www.indiaagainstcorruption.org/http://ipaidabribe.com/


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26 M T em m t

t v , t z t t t . a n , t c v l t o -t (clo) t u t u m t t j t, t n t a t

T tu ext Ju K (naTeK), naTeK clo m m t report human rights abuses directly t t v m t v sMs.

T ty t , - u m t v v t t y t v - , t t t v t . p y u , t

v t tut m v m t t t . c - u -t k t t k t k t m , m -

t m t .

g equ ty

i t d m t r u c , um t v t t m xt v , mobile justice initiative u y t m t v , t m t t t -m y v m v , t t t t t ju t . 18 s v t drc

u t t x t, v t m v t xt m t t t u t ju y, v t t t ju t v .

M m m t y t . T y t t m t u kt Grameen village phones b t t t u t uy m v

t u g m T m t t t v (c 2001). w m m - t u Mum u ut t - ( v k m t t k- ) u m t t u t u t m , t y t m

t t m t u t u m y t k t t t .
http://www.kiwanja.net/database/document/report_fahamu_mobile_activism.pdfhttp://www.kiwanja.net/database/document/report_fahamu_mobile_activism.pdfhttp://www.voanews.com/policy/editorials/Empowering-Women-and-Girls--113063069.htmlhttp://www.grameenphone.com/http://www.grameenphone.com/http://www.grameenphone.com/http://www.voanews.com/policy/editorials/Empowering-Women-and-Girls--113063069.htmlhttp://www.kiwanja.net/database/document/report_fahamu_mobile_activism.pdfhttp://www.kiwanja.net/database/document/report_fahamu_mobile_activism.pdf


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M T em m t 27

T t m m m t y t - t m t t v y. w m m y v m -

t v t t t m , m t m m t t m k y t m v . F t , t s em y w m a t ( SEWA), t u v 1.1 m -

m k t m t i , u sMs t m u tu ku -t - t m t mm ty v y y, t m t m t t t t t u , x t ty t m k m

v t . s , t t 20,000 m v u t sewa sMs y t m. sewa t m ut t v t t ut m , t-t t

m - m m t y t m ut z t t v v y t m t m m t t t t y vvy. 20

T Un- k Business Call to Action t t t v t t a s uta t t - t m um , t t t y m

t u qu um . i t um , m t t v t -m t t v , u m k v t . T m

, t u y m , v t y t . 21

Human rights abuses in remote areas o the Congo usually go unnoticed, as war and poor in rastructure keep help rom reach-ing areas where it is needed most. Voix des Kivus is a pilot crowd-seeding system built on open source FrontlineSMS so twarewhich utilizes mobile phones to gather real-time in ormation on events occurring in hard-to-access areas o DRC. Crowd-seeding works by restricting who can send in ormation, thereby providing some validation or in ormation sources. 19 In pilotvillages, three representatives a traditional leader, a woman and an elected person each hold a mobile phone, and aregiven monthly credit, a code sheet o potential breaches o human rights, and training in how to send and use SMS. Datawhich comes in goes into a database, and every week a bulletin is generated and disseminated to organizations, governmentand policy-makers showing what happened where in the previous week. During the pilot phase, phone holders sent thou-sands o text messages recording attacks, abductions, crop diseases and ooding, demonstrating not only the wide interesto participants, but also the possibilities or gathering high quality data rom remote locations. The success o the projectsuggests that obtaining veri able, real-time data in areas that are hard to reach is less expensive and requires less oversightthan anticipated.

BOX 4: Voix des Kivus: Crowd-Seeding in Democratic Republic o Congo
http://www.sewa.org/http://www.businesscalltoaction.org/http://www.businesscalltoaction.org/http://www.sewa.org/


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BOX 5: UNICEF and the Use o RapidSMS

RapidSMS is an open-source ramework developed by UNICEF or data collection, logistics coordination, and communicationwhich allows mobile phones to interact with databases via SMS. The plat orm was designed to be customizable and has beenadapted or a broad array o specialized needs, rom remote health diagnosis to supply chain monitoring. In Ethiopia, orexample, UNICEF used RapidSMS technology to coordinate the logistics o their ood distribution programme supplying high-protein ood to undernourished children in more than 1,800 eeding centres around the country during the recent drought.In Malawi , RapidSMS was deployed to address constraints within the national Integrated Nutrition and Food Security Surveil-lance (INFSS) System, which was acing problems with slow data transmission, incomplete and poor quality data sets, highoperational costs and low levels o stakeholder ownership. Health workers are now able to enter a childs data, and throughan innovative eedback system, instantly alert eld monitors to a childs nutritional status. In Kenya , UNICEF supported the

Millennium Villages Project by customizing RapidSMS to address under- ve mortality rates at the community level througha better system o providing in ormation. In Nigeria , UNICEF is using RapidSMS to monitor the supply and distribution o bednets. And in Senegal, UNICEF and NGO Tostan launched the Jokko Initiative , a RapidSMS Community Forum that orwardstext messages sent by members to all phone numbers belonging to the network. This helps acilitate communication amonga large number o people and introduces mobile phones as pedagogical tools to rein orce literacy as well as organization andmanagement skills taught in Tostans Community Empowerment Program.

5. M T hum d v m t

M - v m t t t t v , u t , u t , u tu , m ym t, v t t v m t. F m x m m v t z u Undp t t t -

t m v um v m t t u t .

5.1 p v ty r u t

M t v v u t v ty y x v v y -t t , u tu , m ym t u t . i t t t t u , t

v m y m t t v m v t v ty t t m m -t m m t t t .

h t

p j t k p u Nacer mm r TRACnet mm v t k t -ty t x t t m t u t t , y t t t tt y m t i t t. UniceF M u m sMsy t m RapidSMS u t t t k t m t

m ut t t ( x 5). 22

T u m t , t v m t t m t m v tqu ty t y v t k t m t t m t , u m -

v m y x t . M t v ty t t t t u t t m y t t , , t , u m m t tu y t v . F t , EpiSurveyor t t t

m v t t t t t m ut y .

M u t m t u t m u t t m tt u tu . F t , K y M t y h t u t y u t xt m t m t

m t t u y v t t k u . 23 a g , j t t t m-Pedigreev y t m t t u t k t ut t ty t m t v t xt m

t m t t u t t u t .

28 M T em m t

M o b i l e T e c h n o l o g i e s a n d h u M

a n d e v e l o p M e n T
http://www.rapidsms.org/overview/http://www.rapidsms.org/overview/http://www.rapidsms.org/case-studies/supply-chain-management-during-food-crises/http://www.rapidsms.org/case-studies/malawi-nutritional-surviellence/http://www.rapidsms.org/case-studies/malawi-nutritional-surviellence/http://www.rapidsms.org/case-studies/http://www.rapidsms.org/case-studies/nigeria-monitoring-supplies-in-a-campaign-setting/http://www.rapidsms.org/case-studies/senegal-the-jokko-initiativehttp://healthmarketinnovations.org/program/nacerhttp://healthmarketinnovations.org/program/nacerhttp://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/publications/africa_casestudies/tracnet.pdfhttp://www.rapidsms.org/http://www.episurveyor.org/user/indexhttp://mpedigree.net/mpedigree/index.phphttp://mpedigree.net/mpedigree/index.phphttp://www.episurveyor.org/user/indexhttp://www.rapidsms.org/http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/publications/africa_casestudies/tracnet.pdfhttp://healthmarketinnovations.org/program/nacerhttp://www.rapidsms.org/case-studies/senegal-the-jokko-initiativehttp://www.rapidsms.org/case-studies/nigeria-monitoring-supplies-in-a-campaign-setting/http://www.rapidsms.org/case-studies/http://www.rapidsms.org/case-studies/malawi-nutritional-surviellence/http://www.rapidsms.org/case-studies/supply-chain-management-during-food-crises/http://www.rapidsms.org/overview/


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M T em m t 29

a u tu

i u tu , m t u t v v , u t , t/ y - m k t m t t m - m . i U , t c t ex

l a u tu c t t ( CELAC) j t u sMs t m t t m - mmu -t . T j t u m t v m t t y u t v m - -

t , u v t k x t ( u , tt , t , t u ). Mt k t u y celac m k t m t t k k x t t m - t t , t v t , t

m m t t ( u t k t ut k ). i tu , m m v y , x m k t t , m v t v u ty.

J c t e u t

M t t m ym t t t m j m k t y - u v u u m m ym t t m k m t k y-t - y t tu k (M 2009). i p t , x m , t Souktel j t tm y j k t u t xt m v t ut t i t t t .

M- u t t t v u m t xt- t t tut , mmu -t t , t y v u m t tt tu t t . i s ut a , m m t m t tut mm , Dr. Math , ut MXit t t m t m t tu t t u m t m t m t tut (but t2009).24 d v y t c u s t i u t r (csir) s ut a , j t

t t t u 12,000 u v u d . M t t t m v 100 tut .

T BridgeIt j t T z t p v t m y t tt v t t u m m t m t , , e k . a m
http://celac.or.ug/http://www.souktel.org/http://www.comminit.com/africa/content/dr-mathhttp://www.mxitlifestyle.com/http://blogs.worldbank.org/edutech/checking-in-with-bridgeit-in-tanzaniahttp://blogs.worldbank.org/edutech/checking-in-with-bridgeit-in-tanzaniahttp://www.mxitlifestyle.com/http://www.comminit.com/africa/content/dr-mathhttp://www.souktel.org/http://celac.or.ug/


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30 M T em m t

t m m-Vaayo i tu t t v t x m u t v t . M t -, t t i t t , u t m z y u t t t

mmu t , tu y u u t t k .

M u t t m t v u ty t u u -t -t xt t xt-t - u t (d tt M t 2009). F t , t i t t v V r (iVr)y t m u y t Freedom Fone t m t t y u y t t m - t t

t v m t u t um u v v . c v t t u v m u, t t ty m t v v m t t -t . i Z m , t ngo Kubatana ut z F m F t m t v m -

t m t u t y. p v m y t t t k u tv . h v , u tu u u m t x t v m

t t v -m t .

5.2 c p v t r v y

M v t m y t , t t k mmu -t t t z , z t v m t t m .

i c m , t M t y h t t t t i v t v su t t em , d d t mm ( InSTEDD) t m v k t tu t .Ut z t t v mmu t t g c t, t m t y u t t m t t
http://www.mvaayoo.com/http://www.freedomfone.org/http://kubatana.net/html/ff/ff_cont.asphttp://instedd.org/technologies/geochat/http://instedd.org/technologies/geochat/http://kubatana.net/html/ff/ff_cont.asphttp://www.freedomfone.org/http://www.mvaayoo.com/


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M T em m t 31

t t t z ut k . T mmu t t v u z t t v m v v v t t u . g c t u

Thailand Haiti m t .

i t tu t - c , t c d t em y M m t a y u t T u m pu a e u t m ut z sMs k y t -m t m t u t . 27 a Pakistan , t F t sMs t m u y t

i t t o t M t (ioM) t u t m t t m t Z , t u k t xt m t ut t t y t t t t v f 2010. T ioM t mmu t p k t t Un um t

z t v v 50 u v u m t (psa ) p t , s pu j t u m v t , t u t

m t , m t t t t u , k t t tm t , t u t u t ty t m y m . T z t t t t u F t sMs t t 2009, y t m y f t. T z t -

t m t v v $15,000 u F t sMs m t t t u v t t v

m t xt y t m u mm u .28

T k y m t t , / m t u t , y - t , t t -m k u t y m t (am lu 2008). i y, v m t t u m t k t -t t m t u m t t t m m k , m .

M u u t y t v t t t t f t tu t . i h t x m , z t t t t - t u y vu m , u u u t qu k . w t - tt m t m , vu u t t t -

v mm t y .

c t t- t tu t y t t t u t m vt t t v t u t v m t (J k Z mm m 2011). a c ,

In 2007, Kenyan telecom operator Sa aricom launched M-Pesa (pesa means money in Swahili), a mobile nancial service thatallows Kenyans to convert cash into mobile money. 25 M-Pesa was piloted in 2005 with support rom Voda one and the UKsDepartment or International Development (DFID) rst as a tool or loan repayment, and then as a person-to-person moneytrans er service, providing remittances rom urban workers to their relatives in rural areas (Mas and Radcli e 2010). Prior to M-Pesa, less than a th o the population (18.9 percent) had access to ormal nancial services, whereas by 2011, over 70 percent

o Kenyans reported using M-Pesa, making the service the most popular money trans er service to date (Jack and Suri 2010;Stone, Johnson and Hayes 2010; Gakure-Mwangi 2011). There are now around 17.3 million registered mobile money users inKenya, 14 million o whom are M-Pesa customers. 26 And Sa aricom has around 28,000 registered agents or money conversion(Sa aricom 2011). It is estimated that M-Pesa conducts around US$650 million a month in transactions; Sa aricom and WorldBank projections have estimated that M-Pesa could move up to $10 bi llion in 2011, up rom $7 bi llion in 2010 (Fengler, Josephand Mugyenyi 2011).

Today, Kenyans can deposit, store and withdraw money, purchase airtime, pay their utility bills and school ees, and buy gro-ceries with their phone. Users can also receive remittances rom abroad directly on their phone (in a partnership with WesternUnion), earn interest on their mobile account (in a partnership with Equity bank in an initiative called M-KESHO) and buy cleandrinking water (in partnership with Grund os LIFELINK). By allowing users to cash out in registered M-Pesa agent shops, themobile money system has helped to double the use o non-bank nancial institutions (up rom 7.5 percent in 2006 to 17.9percent in 2009) and has brought millions o previously excluded people into the nancial system (FSD Kenya 2009).

Building on the lessons rom M-Pesa, there are now over 124 mobile money systems around the globe, according to the databaseWirelessintelligence.com , and it is anticipated there will be somewhere between 500 million and a billion people worldwideusing mobile money by 2015, mostly in the Asia Paci c, the Middle East and A rica (GSMA 2011; MobiThinking 2011). Some ex-amples o other mobile money services include WINGin Cambodia, MTN Mobile Money in South A rica, G-Cash in the Philippines,M-PAISA in A ghanistan, Easypaisa in Pakistan, Oi Paggo in Brazil, TchoTcho Money in Haiti, and UnionPay in China.

BOX 6: Mobile Money and M-PESA
http://instedd.org/map/thailand-chiang-rai-surveillance-rapid-response-teams/http://instedd.org/map/thailand-chiang-rai-surveillance-rapid-response-teams/http://instedd.org/map/eis_haiti/http://www.frontlinesms.com/2010/10/15/texting-for-life-in-pakistan-the-international-organisation-of-migrationhttps://wumt.westernunion.com/WUCOMWEB/staticMid.do?method=load&pagename=receiveMobile&countryCode=US&languageCode=enhttps://wumt.westernunion.com/WUCOMWEB/staticMid.do?method=load&pagename=receiveMobile&countryCode=US&languageCode=enhttp://www.equitybank.co.ke/products.php?subcat=128http://www.equitybank.co.ke/products.php?subcat=128http://www.equitybank.co.ke/products.php?subcat=128http://www.grundfoslifelink.com/int/03_how_we_do_it_payment_system.htmlhttp://www.grundfoslifelink.com/int/03_how_we_do_it_payment_system.htmlhttp://www.grundfoslifelink.com/int/03_how_we_do_it_payment_system.htmlhttp://wirelessintelligence.com/http://www.wingmoney.com/http://www.wingmoney.com/http://www.mtn.co.za/MTNSERVICES/MONEYSERVICES/Pages/MTNBanking.aspxhttp://site.globe.com.ph/web/gcash?sid=TsPMzcuxpRcAACuWiHUAAACXehttp://site.globe.com.ph/web/gcash?sid=TsPMzcuxpRcAACuWiHUAAACXehttp://www.roshan.af/Roshan/M-Paisa.aspxhttp://www.easypaisa.com.pk/http://novaoi.oi.com.br/http://novaoi.oi.com.br/http://www.digicelgroup.com/en/media-center/press-releases/achievements/mobile-money-service-comes-to-haiti-with-tchotcho-mobile-from-digicel-and-scotiabankhttp://www.digicelgroup.com/en/media-center/press-releases/achievements/mobile-money-service-comes-to-haiti-with-tchotcho-mobile-from-digicel-and-scotiabankhttp://en.unionpay.com/news/newsroom/file_50670631.htmlhttp://en.unionpay.com/news/newsroom/file_50670631.htmlhttp://www.digicelgroup.com/en/media-center/press-releases/achievements/mobile-money-service-comes-to-haiti-with-tchotcho-mobile-from-digicel-and-scotiabankhttp://novaoi.oi.com.br/http://www.easypaisa.com.pk/http://www.roshan.af/Roshan/M-Paisa.aspxhttp://site.globe.com.ph/web/gcash?sid=TsPMzcuxpRcAACuWiHUAAACXehttp://www.mtn.co.za/MTNSERVICES/MONEYSERVICES/Pages/MTNBanking.aspxhttp://www.wingmoney.com/http://wirelessintelligence.com/http://www.grundfoslifelink.com/int/03_how_we_do_it_payment_system.htmlhttp://www.grundfoslifelink.com/int/03_how_we_do_it_payment_system.htmlhttp://www.equitybank.co.ke/products.php?subcat=128https://wumt.westernunion.com/WUCOMWEB/staticMid.do?method=load&pagename=receiveMobile&countryCode=US&languageCode=enhttp://www.frontlinesms.com/2010/10/15/texting-for-life-in-pakistan-the-international-organisation-of-migrationhttp://instedd.org/map/eis_haiti/http://instedd.org/map/thailand-chiang-rai-surveillance-rapid-response-teams/


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t v m t u sMs t t t z u ty , m v m (b 2006). 29

M u t t m t v t ut t z ut t u t k t xt . M u v t t t t tu yt m t y y . T - t x u t u t

, u h t 2010, t m v m t t m ym u m u t t y t um t z t t u (b t t . 2011).

o u , t t tut t u t t u t t t t t v y u t u ( . ., t m t m k t u v u ). Y t,t t t t m v v m t v m t -z t t tt v mu - u t t u .

32 M T em m t

UNDPs DDR programme (Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration) in the Central A rican Republic in 2011 pi loted aninnovative mobile-based data collection system or conducting arms and munitions inventories and baseline socio-economicpro les o combatants rom mobile eld units. Data-collecting systems usually rely on expensive, awkward laptops that needa reliable power source, skilled enumerators, and customized so tware, making mobile data collection difcult, i not im-possible in remote and/or con ict-ridden areas. Yet, this pilot project uses open-source KoboToolbox so tware and low-costPersonal Digital Assistants (PDAs) that need minimal technical expertise and electrical power (usually needing to be chargedonly once a day). Data entry is relatively simple, meaning ewer errors, and results are immediately available making itquicker than either paper-based data collection or computer orms. The plat orm is ast, can be rapidly deployed, installed and

dismantled pretty much anywhere and can be adapted to shi ting eld conditions. To date, 6,400 ex-combatants have beenveri ed and 5,000 disarmed at 21 sites in the Central A rican Republic.

BOX 7: UNDP and DDR in Central A rican Republic
http://www.undp.org/cpr/we_do/ddr.shtmlhttp://www.undp.org/cpr/we_do/ddr.shtmlhttp://www.peacebuildingdata.org/carhttp://www.kobotoolbox.org/http://www.kobotoolbox.org/http://www.peacebuildingdata.org/carhttp://www.undp.org/cpr/we_do/ddr.shtml


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M T em m t 33

5.3 e v m t e y

M t u t u t k t z vu t k t v m t y- t u u t tt , m t -

v m t t .

F t , Weather In o or All t t ut t t m t t m tt y m t t u ut t a t t. T j t m t v

u t m t m t t vu m , m , m z mmu t . Tt m j t , DatAgro l t am Avaaj Otalo i u tu kt t m t m t v m v t t ut t t m t

t m u ty (p t t . 2010).

M u t m tu u , u e y t, t Blue Line mobile application m t n d t t m m t t u m -

t y. w t t xt m t , t v m t t m m t x t m-mu t t t d t m t u t , m t t mu t t . 30

M u v m t u , u t t u -t , t t t m m t , t y, m z t z t y v m t t t . Greenpeace Argentina , x m , u mobile phone advocacy tools

to lobby t t u t y F t l y t t t tu v t xt m(gu z 2009). 31 M v , sMs- t u t t z m k y -

t ut um t . F t , t s ut a - m -t FishMS t qu y t v m t m t t

t v sMs.

o t m t u u t m v m t m m t m t u v m t t t . w t mobile sensing t , y v tt t m t t k mu t t t t y m m t ut -

v m t t k ut qu ty. i Ghana , x m , m u t tt ut u m x t y t m (gps). p t t

t k qu ty u t v y y ut , t t t t t t m ut a (K k V 2008). 32

With small-scale solar micro-grids and an SMS-based crediting system, SharedSolar a research project at Columbia Univer-sity in the United States is linking poor people with more a ordable sources o energy. Micro-grids piloted by SharedSolarconnect people to localized power sources, such as solar power, which are activated and credited using SMS. Up to 20 consum-ers in a 50 to 100m radius rom individual households to schools and small business can be connected to these grids. Thepre-paid metering gives rural households the chance to buy smaller units o electricity, and the remote, SMS-based creditingsaves billing, collection, and management costs. 33 SharedSolar rst piloted the project in Mali in 2010 and is currently estab-lishing another 24 systems across Mali, Tanzania and Uganda. 34

BOX 8: Rural Electricity Through SharedSolar
http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=31193http://www.datadyne.org/programs/mip/datagrohttp://mobileactive.org/mobile-tools/avaaj-otalohttp://www.gtz.de/en/weltweit/maghreb-naher-osten/21489.htmhttp://www.gtz.de/en/weltweit/maghreb-naher-osten/21489.htmhttp://mobileactive.org/text-messaging-save-treeshttp://mobileactive.org/text-messaging-save-treeshttp://mobileactive.org/text-messaging-save-treeshttp://www.wwfsassi.co.za/?m=5&s=5http://www.mobilesensing.org/http://mobileactive.org/urban-sensing-mobile-phones-data-collectionhttp://sharedsolar.org/http://sharedsolar.org/http://mobileactive.org/urban-sensing-mobile-phones-data-collectionhttp://www.mobilesensing.org/http://www.wwfsassi.co.za/?m=5&s=5http://mobileactive.org/text-messaging-save-treeshttp://mobileactive.org/text-messaging-save-treeshttp://mobileactive.org/text-messaging-save-treeshttp://www.gtz.de/en/weltweit/maghreb-naher-osten/21489.htmhttp://www.gtz.de/en/weltweit/maghreb-naher-osten/21489.htmhttp://mobileactive.org/mobile-tools/avaaj-otalohttp://www.datadyne.org/programs/mip/datagrohttp://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=31193


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34 M T em m t

6. c o tu t U M T d v m t

M t v t t- m x t t y v v m t u t u v ty um t t . i t t ty u m , t t um t t t t tu v m t mm t u u y m . o t t , t

y t m t y- j t t t t u um v -m t t t u t m x . Y t, t t v v t ut t u t t t t m t v t t tt t k y u t .

6.1 p y

p y v m t

s t u m t y t m u t m t t t y m y v m t , t t u t t t

t m t m m t t u t . F t , t tt t t t t t v y u ty y m -

t t v t . i qu t u t , m t m v y m t t , v t v t u t x m t k . F y, k icT v - t t v t ut t m utt m t k / i t t

t u t v t t u t - i t t k t .

a t m t v m t

T u t t mm tt t m t qu ty t t u-m t m t t t y y t z . i m t t t

m t m u y v t u v ty , u v sMs, m - t m t m , t m . p v t m t t t m t v t v u t ut y t u t m t v . l k t t m t t t t v t u y-f

o g v m t t t v .

U / u

i m t u t , m u t y u t u v - u t , v m m t u um u t

(c t t . 2007). w m t v m m v m tu t m t u t , u t v t k v -. s m u t v tt m t t v m t y u t t t t k v

mu t v qu v . w t t u tt t t t m mmu-t t k v t xt v y t y t/ t y ut

t t t t t m v t t t t u t m m t k t m t v tt t t v t m k t

v tm t .

6.2 i t u tu

l k t u tub y t m t t m t k v , t u tu m u m t t -

t y m t t v v m t. l k v t t t ty u

c h a l l e n g e s a n d o p p o r T u n i T i e s i n

u s i n g

M o b i l e T e c h n o l o g i e s f o r d e v e l o p M e n T


37/58


38/58

36 M T em m t

m t t y ut u t v t m t j t j t v . M - t y icT t m t y t t v m t

u t t u v , u t t t u t v ty, ut t t u yt v t y mu t t t m u t um v m t t t v .

c y t xt

T y m t t v u mm t t t u tu m t t

y t t u t u t xt. T m um u x t- um t k mmu t . a t , t tu t , u u y v u t .

Qu t t u : w t t t t t sMs v t v t m ? i t t ty v u t t , t v y t m m ( . . m u y)? c u u x t t v -t t t k v ? w t t t y t m t t t ?

d v t t t m t ut t

l m t k v u u y t y mt y j t t - tu t . T y m t k y t k y t

t v m t m j t . M y m m , y u -s a , t x t k t u m k t m y t t t u k t u t v m t j t / m y u t j t t ty . p t-

t t y m t u t v t -


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M T em m t 37

t , k- t t u t, m k t j t t m , t t u t t . i , v , j t u u u t ty m m t t v m t m t m m t t k

v m t t t t t .

6.5 p j t im m t t

st t m , ju t t , u y u

l - m m t t m t y t t v u t u y t t mt t u . a t y v u k y mm - f , u t t , um qu m t t t t t m y t

ju t t j t m m t . i v t t t m t m y - t t y t v t j t u t t t .

U t t y j t m t

T v ty y v m t t t v u u y t t ty t t v ty t k . F t , m m t t u u u ( t v u u u ) t t t t v y v v v m t t -

t u j t . c u t t t t t y t t v v m t t v t m t m t t t t u t j t .

e u qu t x t j t m m t ty

T m y z t t t m t t m m t m- vt (h t m 2008). c t t t t , k t u t t m m t t y.

T t u v t u y u t y . du t z y m t t m v , u t t u ty v t t k . a t v t m k t

t ut t u t . T x t t v t u t mu t u t. a t t u t m v m -t m t ty m t ty u t t t m .

l m t j t m x ty

at t u t t v , v u t qu u t k ut t u x t k t . T v x m t v u y,t t t m t y m t k y xt t m x ty t m , u t t t t t (d , V

T y m 2008).


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38 M T em m t

7. Ty y c u t Undp p mm

U ndp u t u t x t u m t t u t mm j-t t t m t um v m t. F m t t t, t u t t m t - t t y v u t t v m t m t. o t t ,

t v m t mm t m t u t t u t t t t t t x t v m t ut ut ut-m . F y, v tm t m t m v m t y tt t y y-k icTd - v mm t t t y t m v t t t v m t t t k .

a u x m t t u t t tu m y v u t t m t t t hdi, t t Mdg , t t m v t y -t y t y m t v m t mm ( u 7). i ,t tu t t t t mm t u v t t t m k t u t t t u :

l t m um k t hdi

l v t y u t ty

c t- f t tu t

p t t t t u y

M um t m t y v

l t m um k t m v t t v m

l sMs t

p t v t - t t t m t t / t u tu t t

h v Undp t v m t- t j t mm

a x t , t u u y t t t u t ( mmu t ) t t t t v -m t t t t t t t m u t t k v u t t u 7 t u t ty x t . F x m , g m hdi t 0.4 ut ut t m m u t t t U t st t .

h , t ldc y v t m m t . F y, t v t t t m t t mmu t m t t k , t t

m y t u t t m .

7.1 p mm l hum d v m t c t xt

c u t t um v m t t m x t- t y , v t t v y x m t y t t t m t t u m t v -

m t m . a t u , m v t u u t t v y t y, j tm y m t y u t x y u u - - t- tt v - t v . p j t t t xt u t m z t -

z t v t u t t t t t m t y, t um- t t t z t v u m v .

T y p o l o g y o f c o u n T r i e s f o r u n d p p r o g r a M M i n g


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M T em m t 39

r t v y m v t ( t 15 t v m ): dj ut , et ,gu , g , s , Y m

r t v y m u t ( v 60 t u t ): b , c t iv ,g m , g , K y , M u t , s

o Undp icTd mm um v m t t xt 2010: 67 j t 29u t $79 m ( x u a t )

7.2 p mm M um hum d v m t c t xt

a um u t t t m um um v m t t um - t m - v m t t t v . s t u t m t m t t m , t-y, m v , j t m t t , u - u , t t t xt , t t j t t z u v v

m v .

r t v y m v t ( t t t v m 2009): b t ,c , M v , s l k , T

r t v y m (m t 100 t u t ): e s v , M v ,

M , s ut a , su m, T , V t m o Undp icTd mm m um um v m t t xt 2010: 70 j t

33 u t t x tu $38 m

FIGURE 7: Mobile Phone Access and Human Development 2010

s u : iTU 2011 Undp 2010n t : c u t v y Undp t y. hdi 2010: ( t 0.471), m um ( t 0.670), ( t 0.785)

hum d v m t i x

M o

b i l e p h o n e s u

b s c r i p t i o n s

i n p e r c e n t

200

150

100

50

0

M k t %

gni t

m

u m

v y

t


42/58

40 M T em m t

8. a g m a

T t t t u m t t u t v m tut m . Y t, m t t t t y t t t t m t t y v v , um t v t v m .

it t t t t t t t t m t t t t u -t t k t t t u t . c t y, t y t

t t mm t v y t m . but t y t t v t t t v m t v m t t t . M

t t m t y v m t t t t t z , t k , v -v , m m t u v v y,

t y, u t ty t u t u t tut .

T m u x t s ut m y m t t t v t t k t u m t . U t t y, t mt v t u m t n t t t s ut , ut t . n y , v t ( t - t - t) k t t v , v y - ut t v m t u . a m , u v t , U M-pesa x m , f t y t s ut ut t t n t . T y t t

u m t t t t t i t t m , t t v t t t k t t t y m t u . T m t v t m t t

v v m t, u t z t iadg .

M y t m t y t t v y u y v t t m m , m t t -t m t , v y t u ( u v t ). T t ,

cbo , ngo , cso m m um t u t v -m t m y v m t z t t t . T u , t t y t u -

t t u m v m t mu t t t u t tu t u t y v m t t v . Undp t Un mu t u t t y t t u m t t v y.

su t ty ty t t m t t t t ym t m t - v m t. s ty u t y t f t t t -

v t t u t k v m t t t t t u t u t t v . h , t t t t u t t v v t u

v , t m v t k t t t tt t k t t v v m t tv t t t t m k t t t m y x t . F u ,

t u m t t v v y t t t m t

m z t k m t m t m t .

i t t u u t y v m t , v m t t ut ,t u tu , t , mm t t t m - t t v t tt t t m t vu t um v m t, t t t u

v ty t y t u . w t ut t t t , t t t m t - v m t m ju t t t: t t .

a g l i M p s e a h e a d


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9. e t

1 at t t m t m u J u y 2012, iTU t mt m u t t x . s v ty v t u t v . s : http://

www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/statistics /

2 iTU t m t v t x . p t t 1.

3 T u t m t iTU M k t 2010 k t Undp hdi t 2010.

4 b , M y , p k t , s , T , Uk t x m k t t mt T , m d tt t tu y.

5 F x m t , i v 2011: http://www.in odev.org/en/Publication.1093.html .

6 T ut t t t U ym t , : http://blog.ushahidi.com / .

7 http://demgov.gbiportal.net/2011/08/03/texts -and-balances-nigeria%e2%80%99s-2011-election .

8 T a t x m m M c J m l . 2011. i t tut c u t e t F u : ev m F ex m t a t . T t t u t x m t v u t Qu k c u t p t c tu , m t t y

t t t t v t y u t t t t - y t k tu t u t t m . T um t t u t t

t t t t t ; u t t z , t u t t t m t m t . it ut 471 t a t

u t 2010 m t y t . T t v t u v t u t y 25% tt m t k y t uy v t u t t t m t y ut

60%. T t t , t : http://www-igcc.ucsd.edu/assets/001/502329.pd .

9 su t m v m v t u ty u u pin (p i t t num-), Tan (T t num ) t tu .

10 su m m v t , v sMs. T v t y m -t t y v u m t 7 b a t t . ot j t u m t t (7 b M ), m m t t , t x t , U t ,

- t t y u - u m tt t t m t .Unep t t t m y , t v t k , tm , Unep Tu z y ut t k ngo t . s : www.7billionactions.org .

11 s F z, lu r o . 2011. ov v t p c tc T p m: T p t p m y p p m (p t p m y ). w b k:M . a o t 2011, http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2011/07/08/000333038_20110708021205/Rendered/PDF/628790BRI0Phil0me0abstract0as0no010.pd .

12 s : http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/LACEXT/BRAZILEXTN/0,

,contentMDK:20754490~pagePK:141137~piPK:141127~theSitePK:322341, 00.html . a :http://www.prepaidmvno.com/2011/09/14/govt -studying-entering-mvno-market-to-serve-bolsa- amilia-bene ciaries-bnamericas/ . a : http://www.proyectocapital.org/index.php/en/documents-en/302-mobile-banking-and-conditional-cash-trans er-programs .

e n d

n o T e s

M T em m t 41
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