underwater heritage management and marine...
TRANSCRIPT
UNDERWATER HERITAGE MANAGEMENT
AND MARINE TOURISM IN INDONESIA:
Potentials and Challenges
by:
Supratikno Rahardjo
INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR
“MARINE TOURISM DESTINATION MANAGEMENT FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENMT”
21-22 September 2011, Novotel Hotel, Bangka Beliting
Outline
1. Introduction
2. Actual Issues
3. Management of Underwater Cultural Heritage in Indonesia
4. Cultural Heritage for Marine Tourism
5. Integrated Management
PART 1. INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND
The territory of Indonesia largely consists of waters (seas, straits, rivers, swamps, lakes)
History of the formation of Indonesian nation was interrelated with the migration and marine activities of the ancestor throughout the Southeast Asian Islands from about 5.000 years ago.
The important achievements of ancient Indonesian civilization were related with mastering the peoples in maritime activities.
Collapse of the great kingdoms in Indonesia was related to the declining the people in mastering maritime activities.
Archaeological evidence found underwater is one of important information for understanding the past and we can learn from that for the future.
Underwater archaeological site can be developed as an interesting object for public education through marine tourism.
PART 2. ACTUAL ISSUES
Limited access of underwater cultural heritage for the benefit of general public. Maritime history sources provide information about the existence of thousands of sunkenship in the Indonesian waters, many of which are not accessible for public interest due to the restriction of utilization allowed by the government.
Underwater cultural sites in Indonesia are critically endangered. This phenomenon is not only due to various illegal activities, but also legal activities that can not be supervised effectively, such as exploration of valuables object from the sunkenship (known as BMKT) that has been done since 1989.
The drive of economic interest is stronger than the interests of culture. The findings of VOS that have important values for the history, science and culture in general and also they have high economic values, therefore these items are highly vulnerable to the possibility of commercial use, whether done legally or illegally. In fact more exploration activities are conducted for commercial purposes rather than for cultural development
The ambiguity of the government in the management and utilization of underwater cultural heritage. On the one hand the government intends to protect, but on the other hand intends to commercialize them. Both can run with the different directions and often colored by conflict situation without significant solution,
The government has not been firm in addressing the UNESCO convention on the protection of underwater cultural heritage (PUH) . Until now, Indonesia has not been able to decide whether the UNESCO convention should immediately be ratified or not.
6. Various government institutions have proposed to build maritime museum. This enthusiasm does not only arise from the central government, but also form the local governments.
PART 3a.
MANAGEMENT OF UNDERWATER
CULTURAL HERITAGE (UCH)
(conducted by Dit Gen History and Archaeology
UCH is treated as cultural goods and being used for
the benefit of cultural development (history, science, education)
Focuses of the management are: conservation, development, and utilization
Scope of utilization are for social, religious, touristic, educational, scientific, and cultural purposes.
Technically conducted by the Directorate of Underwater Archaeology, Dit. Gen. Hist and Arch, Ministry of Culture and Tourism.
Legally supported by State Law No. 5/1992, then replaced by State Law 11/2010 concernig the cultural heritage.
MINISTRY OF CULTURE AND TOURISM
Board of Research and Development for Culture and Tourism
Archaeological Research and Development Center
Directorate General of History and Archaeology
Other RD Center
Other Directorate General
Directorate of UCH
Directorate of CH
CH Protection Agency
Archaeological Research Agency
Other Directorates
GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATION RELATING TO RESEARCH
AND PROTECTION OF UNDERWATER ARCHAEOLOGY
Significance Values of of Underwater Cultural Heritage
Academic values (Information for scientific development). > It has potential as a source of data for solving scientific problems in various disciplines (archeology, history, technology, politics, economics etc.) Cultural/ideological values (Raising awareness as a maritime nation) > Maritime values: open minded, braveness, egalitarian, respect to cultural diversity etc.
> Encourage for the citizen for mastering maritime affairs and issues: maritime technology, astronomy, navigation, maritime resources and its problems etc. Economic Values: resource of revenue (for profit orientation)
> Indirect utilization (as tourism object/destination)
UNESCO CONV ON PUCH, 2001,
Article 1: Definition
Underwater Cultural Heritage
all traces of human existence having a cultural, historical
or archaeological character which have been partially or
totally under water, periodically or continuously,
for at least 100 years such as:
(i) sites, structures, buildings, artefacts and human remains,
together with their archaeological and natural context;
(ii) vessels, aircraft, other vehicles or any part thereof,
their cargo or other contents, together with their
archaeological and natural context; and
(iii) objects of prehistoric character.
PART 3b. MANAGEMENT OF UNDER WATER
CULTURAL HERITAGE
(conducted by PANAS-BMKT)
UCH is treated as an economic asset known as Valuable Objects
from Sungkenship (VOS/BMKT)
Focuses of the management are surveys, removal from underwater, and economic utilization.
Implementation of the management of UCH is under the National Committee for Salvage and Utilization of Valuable Objects from Sunkenship (PANNAS-BMKT/NCSU-VOS), headed by the Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries.
Legally supported by the Presidential Decree and Ministerial Decree .
BMKT Valuable
object from
Sunken ship
Keppres 19/2007
(Presdt decree)
Values of history,
culture, science,
and economic
U
T
I
L
I
S
A
T
I
O
N
ECONOMIC GOODS
resource of national
income
CULTURAL
GOODS:
resource of nat
education and
culture
(small part)
Note:
Presidential decree No. 19/2007 replaced
Presidential decree No. 12/2009.
State Law No. 5/1992 replaced by State Law
No. 11/ 2010 Concerning Cultural Property
UU RI No. 5/1992
(State Law)
PP No. 10/1993
(Government
regulation)
MODUS OPERANDI OF ILEGAL EXPLORATION AND COMMERCIALIZATION (SEARCHING, SPOT COMMERCIALITATION, LIFTING, SELLING)
FISHERMAN
DUAL PROFESION (Fisherman & Treasure hunter
Lokasi BMKT didapat dengan Tidak sengaja, misal jaring Tersangkut BMKT
PENADAH/ PENAMPUNG BMKT
SMALL TRADER
SMALL & MEDIUM COLECTOR
INVESTOR OR SPOT BUYER
BIG COLLECTOR/ FOREIGNER
OTHERS
Lokasi didapat dengan sengaja Menggunakan GPS
Sumber: BRKP
Sumber: BRKP
KEGIATAN SURVEI BENDA BERHARGA ASAL MUATAN KAPAL TENGGELAM PERIODE 2000-2010
PT.TORR
Per.Sel.Mare Kab.Halmahera
00º 37' 40" LS - 127º 25' 20" BT
Telah dilakukan survei tahun 2001
PT. Ake Lamo Pratama
Per.Ternate, Maluku Utara
00º 53' 00" LS - 127º 20’00" BT
Telah dilakukan survei tahun 2001
PT.Tricom Promosindo
Per.Krg Koka, Sulawesi Tenggara
06º 05' 66" LS - 124º 19' 45" BT
Telah dilakukan survei tahun 2001
PT.Intersatria Artha Samudra Raya,
Per. Tile – Tile, Sulsel
telah dilakukan survei tahun 2005
PT.Devatech Indonesia,
Per. P.Numbing, Kep.Riau
00º 37' 40" LS - 127º 25' 20" BT
telah dilakukan survei tahun 2002
PT.Adikencana Salvage,
Per. Krg Heluputan, Kep.Riau
00º 36' 25" LS - 105º 08' 50" BT
telah dilakukan survei tahun 2003
PT.Jasa Kelautan Sentosa,
Per. P.Mantang, Kep.Riau
00º 43' 26" LS - 104º 29' 20" BT
telah dilakukan survei tahun 2001
PT.Tricom Promosindo,
Per. P.Bintan Utara, Kep.Riau
01º 19' 00" LU - 104º 24' 00" BT
telah dilakukan survei tahun 2001
PT.Matra Satya Osiana,
Per. Krg.Savren (L.Natuna)
01º 37' 00" LS - 106º 31' 00" BT
telah dilakukan survei tahun 2002
PT.Tripang Arta Salvage,
Per. P.Panjang, Babel
02º 03' 20" LS - 106º 19' 30" BT
telah dilakukan survei tahun 2001
PD.Bangka Global Mandiri,
Per. Krg Kapal, Babel
02º 06' 00" LS - 106º 12’00" BT
telah dilakukan survei tahun 2001
PT. Paradigma Putra Sejahtera
Per. Selat Karimata
01º 03' 333" LS - 108º 19' 373" BT
Telah dilakukan survei tahun 2007
PT. TORR
Per. Utara Selat Karimata
01º 03' 00" LS - 108º 27' 40" BT
Telah dilakukan survei tahun 2001
PT. Sula Gading Sakti
Per. Selat Karimata
01º 42’738" LS - 108º409’881" BT
Telah dilakukan survei tahun 2002
PT. Karya Prima Nusa Karimun
Per. Laut Jawa,Kab Jepara,Jateng
05º 44' 20" LS - 110º 15' 08" BT
Telah dilakukan survei tahun 2001
PT.Matra Satya Osiana,
Per. Jepara, Jateng
06º 29' 03" LS - 110º 31' 40" BT
Telah dilakukan survei tahun 2004
PT.Matra Satya Osiana,
Per. Jepara, Jateng
06º 29' 03" LS - 110º 31' 40" BT
Telah dilakukan survei tahun 2004
PT. Paradigma Putra Sejahtera
Per. Utara Cirebon, Laut Jawa
05°14’ 55” LS - 108°58’ 39” BT telah
dilakukan survei tahun 2004
PT.Comexindo Usaha Mandiri
Per. Sebelah Utara,Kep.Seribu
05°26’ 15” LS - 106°18’ 45” BT telah
dilakukan survei tahun 2001
PT. Jasa Kelautan Sentosa , Per.Krg. Kait, tahun 2001
Koperasi Serba Usaha Biliton Undersea,Per.Tg.Pandan, tahun 2001
PT. Sena Dwisentosa, Per.P.Simedang, tahun 2001
PT. Bangun Bahari Nusantra, Per.Bangka Selatan, tahun 2007
PT.Paradigma Putra Sejahtera, Per.Timur Gosong Beting Raja, tahun 2002
PT.Paradigma Putra Sejahtera, Per.Belitung Timur, masih dalam tahap survei tahun 2008
PT. Bangun Bahari Nusantara Per. Tanjung Menjangan, Prov. Sumsel telah dilakukan survei
PT. Paradigma Putra Sejahtera
Per. Utara Cirebon, Laut Jawa
05°14’ 55” LS - 108°58’ 39” BT telah
PT. Marindo Alam Internusa
Per. Gosong-gosong Bunga
Kab. Serdang Bedagei, Prov. Sumut
PT. Bangun Bahari
Per. Bangka Tengah, Prov.
Bangka Belitung
PT. Comexindo Usaha Mandiri
Per. Pamanukan, Kab. Subang
KEGIATAN PENGANGKATAN BENDA BERHARGA ASAL MUATAN KAPAL TENGGELAM PERIODE 2000-2010
PT.Adi Kencana Salvage,
Per. Tl. Sumpat Bintan
Utara, telah dilakukan
pengangkatan
Tahun 2005
PT.Adi Kencana Salvage,
Per. Kr. Heliputan, Kep. Riau 00°36’-25’’ LU - 105°08’-50’’ BT
telah dilakukan pengangkatan tahun
2004
PT. Paradigma Putra Sejahtera
Per. Karawang, Jawa Barat 05°30’200’’ LS- 107°44’200’’ BT
telah dilakukan pengangkatan
Tahun 2008
PT. Paradigma Putra Sejahtera
Per. Utara Cirebon, Laut Jawa 05°14’ 55” LS - 108°58’ 39” BT
telah dilakukan pengangkatan
Tahun 2004 yang seluruhnya
berjumlah 232.672 pcs
PT.Adi Kencana Salvage,
Per. Jepara, Jawa Tengah
telah dilakukan
pengangkatan
Tahun 2007
PT.Tuban Oceanic Research &
Recovery (PT.TORR),
Per.Krg Cina Selat Karimata
telah dilakukan ppengangkatan
Tahun 2001, hasil pengangkatan
11.000 buah
PT.Intersatria Artha Samudra Raya,
Per. Tile – Tile, Sulsel
Belum dilakukan pengangkatan
Karena alasan cuaca & teknis
PT. Paradigma Putra Sejahtera
Per. Belitung Timur
Prov. Bangka Belitung
Tgl 4 Mei s.d 15 Juli 2009
PT. Comexindo Usaha Mandiri
Per. Pamanukan, Kab. Subang
Lifting of the Artifacts
Auction
PART 4. UNDERWATER CULTURAL HERITAGE
FOR MARINE TOURISM:
Utilization Models
Site-base model.
Museum-based model.
Open air-based model.
Maritime/underwater heritage trail model.
Combination model.
•
BENDA TEMUAN DI DALAM SITUS KAPAL TENGGELAM
• Ships and their parts • Navigation equipment • Other equipment in a ship that is absolutely necessary during
the journey (cookware, lighting, etc.) • Weapons for security • Cargo (goods, ceramics and other items) • Cargo other than goods that are intended to be derived in a
particular place • Crew’s personal items • Personal items of the passengers • Remnants of the activities during the journey
etc.
Cultural items from shipwreck site
Tulamben Site: “USAT Liberty”
SITE-BASE MODEL. This model is the most ideal for marine tourism. By this model, the object should be placed at the original location, which is under water. The disadvantage of this model is that the objects are usually only be enjoyed by limited visitors who have the ability to dive with the diving instrument (SCUBA)
MUSEUM-BASED MODEL. This model can be divided into two category, namely (1) museums that put the underwater cultural heritage as the main collection, and (2) museums that put the underwater cultural heritage not as the main collection, but as a part of other
collections as a whole.
MARITIME MUSEUM, JAKARTA
VASA MUSEUM, SWEDEN
SUBMARINE MONUMENT, SURABAYA
OPEN AIR-BASED MODEL. Generally, the main object of this model is a real ship from the past, or a model of famous ship or boat from the living tradition.
OPEN-AIR Wrecksite of traditional boat from the 7th century at Rembang beach, Northern Coast of Central Java.
MARINE HERITAGE TRAIL MODEL. This model include more
than one sites and need more complex organization. Usually involves
many stakeholders.
VOC-SHIPS GRAVEYARD TRAIL?
MILITARY MUSEUM (MUSEUM KEPRAJURITAN, TMII, JAKARTA)
COMBINATION MODEL. Open-air
presentation at museum garden.
PART 5.
INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF UNDERWATER CULTURAL HARITAGE
EXPLORATION Base on practical problems (eg. salvage, total removal) Base on scientific (theoretical problems, selected removal,
stricted to scientific standard) DATA-DEVELOPMENT Documentation (visual & audio visual); research reports;
registration, data-base management CONSERVATION Preservation, consolidation, protection. UTILIZATION > Academic (research & development); cultural/ideological
(public education); economic indirect (marine tourism).
INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF
UNDERWATER CULTURAL HERITAGE
EXPLORATION
DATA DEVELOPMENT
Practical Problem Base
Scientific Problem Base
CONSERVATION UTILIZATION
ACADEMIC / CULTURAL
ECONIMIC / TOURISM
LAND BASED
UNDERWATER BASED
MARITIME TRAIL BASED
LAND BASED
UNDERWATER BASED