To enable manufacturers to become compliant with the FMD’srequirements (focussing on the verification of the UI) the EuropeanFederation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations (EFPIA – representing the research-based pharmaceutical industry), Medicinesfor Europe (representing the generic, biosimilar and value-addedmedicines industries) and the European Association of Euro-Pharmaceutical Companies (EAEPC – representing the parallel

distribution industry) together with the Pharmaceutical Group of theEuropean Union (PGEU – representing community pharmacists) and the umbrella organisation of pharmaceutical full-line wholesalers inEurope (GIRP) have established the European Medicines VerificationOrganisation (EMVO).

EMVO has taken responsibility for advancing the formation of theEuropean Medicines Verifications System (EMVS) in order to achieve

The Directive on Falsified Medicines (FMD or Directive 2011/62/EU amending Directive 2001/83/EC) and itssupplementing Delegated Regulation (DR 2016/161) aim at improving patient safety by preventing falsifiedmedicines from entering the legal supply chain. One of the measures that is being undertaken to obtain this goal isto mandate marketing authorisation holders and manufacturers of medicinal products (for human use) to applysafety features to the outer packaging of the medicinal product. These safety aspects comprise an anti-tamperingdevice and a unique identifier (UI) which will allow the product to be identified as authentic at the point of dispense.

IN-DEPTH FOCUS: PACKAGING

Understanding thefinancial implications ofthe upcoming falsifiedmedicines regulations

Maarten Van Baelen and Johan VerhaegheMedicines for Europe

VOLUME 21 ISSUE 3 2016 European Pharmaceutical Review 23

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the implementation of a functioning, secure,interoperable and cost-effective system across Europe by February 2019. This will, asmentioned, allow the point of dispenseverifica tion of the UI in accordance with theFMD and its DR (see Figure 1).

PracticalitiesIn practice, manufacturers will be required to print a data matrix code,which incorporates a UI, and apply an anti-tampering device on the

outer packaging of all medicines for eachindividual sales package. At the point ofdispense the medicine will be scanned andverified for authenticity against a national (or supranational) repository (see Figure 2;page 25). If the UI on the pack matches theinformation in the repository, the UI is ‘de -comm issioned’ and the pack can be supplied to

the patient. If there is a warning related to this UI, the system will highlight this as an exceptional event and the pack will not be

supplied to the patient. An investigation needsto determine whether the pack has beenfalsified or not.

The FMD states that the manufacturersshall bear the costs and the DR stipulates thatthe system has to be set up and managed by the manufacturers and the marketingauthorisation holders. To finance the system,therefore, the stakeholders representing themanufacturers – namely EFPIA, EAEPC andMedicines for Europe – have agreed on a modelthat will charge annual upfront usage feesbased on a single flat fee per marketingauthorisation holder or parallel distributor. The stakeholders see many good reasons forthis approach, the most important being that, ultimately, the marketing authorisationholders and parallel distributors are theentities responsible for putting the products on the markets and therefore rely on therepository system for their products to besupplied to the patients.

IN-DEPTH FOCUS: PACKAGING

24 European Pharmaceutical Review VOLUME 21 ISSUE 3 2016

Figure 1: Point of dispense medicines verification

Manufacturers will be required to print a data matrix code, whichincorporates a UI, and apply an

anti-tampering device on the outerpackaging of all medicines for each

individual sales package

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Manufacturers will need to

apply an anti-tampering device

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Medicines for Europe (and also the EMVO)would like to notify all the manufacturing andmarketing authorisation holders of thepractical implications of the agreed costallocation model and encourage them to havethe necessary contractual agreements in placeso that fees are paid in a timely manner,thereby ensuring that the repositories systemis fully effective from the outset. Where themarketing authorisation holder for any givenproduct is not the same legal entity as themanu facturing authorisation holder, bothparties shall be required to contractually agreeon how to attribute the usage fees betweenthem, in compliance with the FMD.

Implementation stagesThe founding members of EMVO have beenofficially collaborating since 13th February 2015(founding date of EMVO) to establish the EMVS.The EMVS will comprise a European hub thatinteracts with national verification systems.Stakeholders at national level can opt for astandalone national system or can avail ofefficiencies by using the ‘blueprint approach’.The blueprint approach builds on the legal,technical, financial and IT architectureemployed by the EMVO.

Transitional Phase – founding NMVOs and establishing NMVSsEMVO currently bears the hub development costs, in addition to thecosts for the related legal and technical support provided to the national stakeholders who choose to incorporate a repositoryaccording to the blueprint approach.

The funding of EMVO takes two aspects intoaccount: governance costs and systemdevelopment costs. Membership fees, of a totalof approximately €400,000 per annum, cover the governance costs and this representsapproximately 10% of the total annual costs ofthe EMVO. The stakeholders have agreed that

the remaining costs will be financed through loans which are provided by(or via) the three manufacturer associations (EFPIA, EAEPC and Medicinesfor Europe). These loans are interest-bearing and will be repaid threeyears after the EMVS has been fully operational (that is, 2022), thus

allowing for the ramp-up costs to be financedand repaid when the system is up and running.

Operational Phase – Launched on 9th February 2016This revenue stream will only begin to flow afterthe date of mandatory application of the ruleson safety features, i.e., after 9th February 2019.For this phase, the stakeholders representingmanufacturers have agreed on a flat feefinancing model to cover the costs involved in designing, establishing and running the EMVS. The flat fee model is designed to betransparent, non-discriminatory and propor -tionate in relation to the services rendered.

The mechanisms of the flat fee modelBy virtue of Article 54a (2)e, the costs of therepositories system shall be borne by the manufacturing authorisation holders.

VOLUME 21 ISSUE 3 2016 European Pharmaceutical Review 25

IN-DEPTH FOCUS: PACKAGING

The cost allocation model calculates a single fixed fee based on the number of users of the national (or supra-national) repositories

Figure 2: European Medicines Verification System

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The term ‘manufacturing authorisation holder’ covers pharmaceuticalmanufacturers as well as parallel distributors who repackage and, for that purpose, require a manufacturing license or equivalent good manufacturing practice authorisation. However, as a rule,manufacturing authorisation holders do not operate directly on themarkets that their products serve, unless they are also the marketingauthorisation holder. In all national marketsthat are part of the EMVS, it is the marketingauthorisation holders or parallel distributionlicense holders that have the legal right to placeproducts on each national market.

The legal entity responsible for placing theproduct on the market where it is verified shallenter into an agreement with the entity managing the repositoriessystem in a given market and shall be liable for the upfront payment ofthe service fees on an annual basis to the entity in charge of thisrepository. Any marketing authorisation holder or parallel distributorthat fails to pay the flat fee will not have its medicines verified.

The cost allocation model calculates a single fixed fee based on thenumber of users of the national (or supra-national) repositories (i.e., allmarketing authorisation holders and parallel distributors requiring theverification services of any given repository). The fee payable is equalfor all users. A single flat fee model has significant advantages in termsof ease of administration in the invoicing process, as well as offeringusers predictability and transparency and consequently contributes tothe cost effectiveness of the system.

Larger manufacturing companies that have contracts with multiplemarketing authorisation holders per market will pay multiple fees,compared with small companies with fewer marketing authorisations.The level of the fees payable in any given market is estimated atbetween €4,000 and €21,000 depending on the market size and thenumber of active marketing authorisation holders and paralleldistributors active in that market. This fee level is comparable to the maintenance fee of some DCP marketing authorisations and is regarded as proportionate and non-discriminatory. For thesereasons, the EMVS access principles foresee that only those entities

holding marketing authorisations (or parallel distribution licenses) can establish a legitimate connection to the EU Hub for the up-loading of product data. This is expressly intended to protect thesystem against unauthorised and uncontrollable data upload, and to impose clear responsibility on the marketing authorisationholders for the proper implementation of the EMVS. This is in line with

the acquis communautaire1. This means that, in the event of the manu -

facturing authorisation holder and themarketing authorisation holder not being oneand the same legal entity, these parties shouldagree that fees payable for the use of the EMVSshall be made by the marketing authorisation

holders and on the terms upon which those costs may be passed on tothe relevant manufacturing authorisation holders.

It is incumbent upon marketing authorisation holders (and parallel distributors) to ensure they are ready to pay the fee forverification services by the EMVS, including through their contractualrelations put in place with manufacturing authorisation holders, where appropriate.

26 European Pharmaceutical Review VOLUME 21 ISSUE 3 2016

IN-DEPTH FOCUS: PACKAGING

About Medicines for EuropeMedicines for Europe (formerly EGA) represents the generic, biosimilar andvalue-added medicines industries across Europe. Its vision is to providesustainable access to high quality medicines for Europe, based on fiveimportant pillars: patients, quality, value, sustainability and partnership. Its members employ 160,000 people at over 350 manufacturing and R&Dsites in Europe, and invest up to 17% of their turnover in medical innovation.

Medicines for Europe member companies across Europe are bothincreasing access to medicines and driving improved health outcomes. They play a key role in creating sustainable European healthcare systems bycontinuing to provide high quality, effective generic medicines, whilst alsoinnovating to create new biosimilar medicines and bringing to market valueadded medicines, which deliver better health outcomes, greater efficiencyand/or improved safety in the hospital setting for patients.

The objective of the Market Access team is to shape a dynamic andsustainable market situation in the EU that enables fast and fair pricing and reimbursement for generic, biosimilar and value-added medicines. We thereby aim to improve and increase access to medicines for patients. For more information please follow us at www.medicinesforeurope.com andon Twitter @medicinesforEU.

Maarten Van Baelen joined Medicines for Europe in 2011as Medical Affairs Manager with responsibilities in the areasof Falsified Medicines and Pharmacovigilance. Under hislead, Medicines for Europe negotiated the membership ofthe association with the European Medicines VerificationOrganisation ‘EMVO’ (a project costing approximately€100 million/year) who obtained agreement from the

European Medicines Agency and National Competent Authorities on fees tobe charged for pharmacovigilance services. Before joining Medicines forEurope, Maarten was active in the pharmaceutical industry, consulting onpharmacovigilance, and in the medical device industry, liaising with KeyOpinion Leaders. He combined these roles while working over weekends ina community pharmacy. In addition to his scientific knowledge as apharmacist, Maarten is now completing an MBA degree from the SolvayBrussels School of Economics and Management and the École des PontsBusiness School.

Johan Verhaeghe joined Medicines for Europe (formerlyEGA) in January 2015 as the Falsified Medicines DirectiveProject Manager. As part of the Market Access team, heprovides support to member companies and nationalassociations with regard to the implementation process ofcomplying with this European Directive, in line withMedicines for Europe’s commitment in this field: to helpcreate a safer medicines supply chain to protect European citizens bybringing various stakeholders together and uniting them in a win-win spiritto achieve this aim. With an educational background in philosophy, Johanapproaches projects with pragmatism and excels in maintaining focus on thegoals to be achieved.

1. The obligation to affix safety features onto medicines packages, as in Article 54(o) of theDirective 2001/83 as amended, is addressed to marketing authorisation holders, and it isan obligation of the QP of the manufacturing authorisation holder to ensure that thesefeatures are indeed affixed in accordance to the marketing authorisation of the productconcerned (Article 51/1/a). The Human Medicines Directive holds the marketingauthorisation holder legally responsible for a medicinal product on a given market and allrelated obligations, such as pharmacovigilance (see Article 6, paragraph 1a, of Directive2001/83). These obligations are also imposed on parallel distributors, even if the EUlegislation does not recognise them as marketing authorisation holders in the formalsense. In case a marketing authorisation holder delegates certain GMP related functions toa holder of the manufacturing authorisation, the scope and responsibilities of suchdelegation are set out in a GMP compliant Technical Agreement, but the responsibility forthe compliance of the medicinal product with its marketing authorisation remains with theholder of said authorisation.

Footnote

Larger manufacturing companiesthat have contracts with multiple

marketing authorisation holders permarket will pay multiple fees, compared

with small companies

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