understanding labour market integration and settlement ......understanding labour market integration...
TRANSCRIPT
Understanding labour market integration and settlement experiences of newcomers to Saskatchewan
By: Lori Wilkinson, Jill Bucklaschuk , Jack (Yi) Shen, Iqbal Ahmed Chowdhury, Pallabi Bhattacharyya & Tamara Edkins
Presentation to the Ministry of the Economy, Government of Saskatchewan 04 December 2014
Objectives of Today’s Presentation • PROJECT OBJECTIVES: to better understand the
settlement experiences of immigrants in western Canada and how they may compare to immigrants in other provinces – Labour market, service use, social integration and cohesion,
language acquisition
• TODAY’S OBJECTIVES – Examine and compare various outcomes among immigrants in
Saskatchewan and the rest of Canada with special attention to: labour market, service use, language and sense of belonging
2
Datasets used • Pan Canadian Settlement Survey (N=20,818) and Western
Canadian Settlement Survey (N=3,006) • Random samples drawn from a CIC data file
– Telephone survey conducted in late 2012-early 2013 – Response rates: between 24.6% and 38.0%
• IMDB – Landings records (LIDS) combined with tax files for all immigrants
and refugees landing between 1980 and 2012 – Census of the population
• Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Canada (2004) – Followed 5,000 immigrants for their first two years in Canada (landing
between 2002-2004)
3
How representative are the surveys? • Surprisingly good match between IMDB (Census of
immigrants) and the other surveys • Western Canada Settlement Survey
– Under-represented female economic class dependents – Over-represented female economic class principal applicants – Under-represented male and female refugees – Under-represented rural dwellers in all provinces – Under represented economic classes in Saskatchewan – Over represented refugees in Saskatchewan
• Pan Canadian Settlement Survey – Under-represented men from BC – Over-represented women from SK and MB – Over-represented men from SK and MB
4
Immigrant Arrivals by Province, 2003-12
Citizenship and Immigration Canada, 2014
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
50000
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Immigration Trends, 2003-2012 by Province of Residence
BC
AB
SK
MB
TR*
TFW, International Students, & Permanent Residents by Province
Citizenship and Immigration Canada, 2014
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
BC AB SK MB
Num
ber o
f Res
pond
ents
TFW, International Students, and Permanent Residents by Province, 2013
TFW International Students Permanent Residents
Who immigrates to Saskatchewan?
11%
82%
6%
Immigrants by Entry Class, Saskatchewan, 2013
family class economic classrefugees other
Citizenship and Immigration Canada (2014) Immigration Facts and Figures.
11%
73%
11%
2% 3%
Immigrants by Source Region, Saskatchewan 2013
Africa & Middle East Asia and Pacific
Europe and UK US
South & Central America Unknown
Select demographics from Western Canada Survey
8
Percent rural immigrants, by province
• BC - 5.5% • AB - 12.7% • SK - 16.3% • MB - 8.2%
30.8
39.9
27.6
13.0
40.5
30.1
25.1 25.8
5.6
10.5
31.2
38.9
8.9
16.6
11.8 10.4
05
1015202530354045
BC AB SK MB
Perc
ent
Skilled Worker/ Professional Family ClassProvincial Nominee Refugee
Labour Force and Foreign Credential Recognition
Immigrants in Saskatchewan report that they know where to get help finding a job
55%
69% 70% 66%
55% 59%
61% 60%
45%
66%
48%
57%
64% 64%
48% 52% 52% 51%
35%
61%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
BC AB SK MB ON QC NS NB PEI NFLD
Male
Female
Source: Pan-Cdn X2 (Male) = 158.677 df= 18 P≤0.000; X2 (Female) = 172.974 df= 18 P≤0.000
Some newcomers would like more connections with employers
Connections with possible employers as being helpful prior to arrival by province of residence
Province of Residence
Total BC AB SK MB No
57.8% 44.2% 46.7% 59.2% 1488 (52.1%)
Yes 42.2% 55.8% 53.3% 40.8% 1368
(47.9%) Total
682 (100%)
755 (100%)
642 (100%)
777 (100%)
2856 (100%)
Source: WCSS, 2013. Χ2 = 50.613, df=3, P≤0.01 11
Those with good language skills are more likely to be working
Ease of Language Use by Labour Force Participation Ease of Language Use
Total
Difficult Somewhat difficult
Neither difficult nor
easy
Somewhat easy Easy
In labour force 42.1% 59.8% 73.7% 81.9% 89.8% 16541
(83.6%)
Not in labour force
57.9% 40.2% 26.3% 18.1% 10.2% 3248 (16.4%)
Total 617 (100%)
798 (100%)
1827 (100%)
5107 (100%)
11440 (100%)
19789 (100%)
Source: PCSS, 2012 χ2=1563.918, df=4, P≤0.00 12
Unemployment rate by immigrant class & province
Source: WCSS, 2013 X2 (SP)=12.672, df= 6, p≤0.05; X2 (PN) =23.897, df=6, p≤0.001; X2 (R) =39.315, df=6, p≤0.00
14 10.1 8.5
13 13.2
3.8
9 10.3
19.7
5.5
28.9
11.3
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
BC AB SK MB
Perc
ent
Skilled worker/professional Provincial Nominee Refugee
Factors influencing employment British Columbia
Alberta Saskatchewan Manitoba
Sex 3.12** 2.12** 2.19** 2.18** Education in Canada
1.52*
0.48* .34** 0.61*
English ability 1.74* 2.61** 1.66* 1.39* Months in Canada
1.06 1.19* 1.33** 1.10
Economic class
3.5** 0.54* 2.85** 1.21
Racialized minority
1.43 1.31 0.57* 0.81
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WCSS 2013
SK & MB more satisfied with pre-arrival FQR
42%
48%
56%
51%
40% 40% 42%
44%
35%
49%
37%
46%
49%
52%
38%
42%
35% 37%
35%
41%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
BC AB SK MB ON QC NS NB PEI NFLD
Male
Female
PCSS, 2013 X2 (Male) = 122.358 df= 18 P≤0.000; X2 (Female) =108.970 df= 18 P≤0.000
Rural residents in Saskatchewan feel lack of Canadian experience prevents them from finding work Difficulty finding a job due to lack of Canadian experience by Urban Residence and Province of Residence
Province of Residence Total BC AB SK MB
Urban 63.3% 41.4% 45.7% 66.6% 881 (56.0%)
Rural 36.7% 58.6% 54.3% 33.4% 692 (44.0%)
Total 431 (100%)
365 (100%)
289 (100%)
488 (100%)
1573 (100%)
Even economic class immigrants want better pre-arrival assessment of education
Assessment of international education and experience as being helpful prior to arrival by immigration class
Immigration Class
Total Skilled worker or
professional
Family class
Provincial nominee Refugee Business
class CEC Live-in caregiver Other*
No
49.1% 54.0% 44.9% 54.5% 66.2% 48.8% 56.0% 60.6% 1481 (51.2%)
Yes
50.9% 46.0% 55.1% 45.5% 33.8% 51.2% 44.0% 39.4% 1412 (48.8%)
Source: WCSS, 2013. Χ2 = 25.979, df=7, P≤0.01 17
Trouble finding work that matches my qualifications by province and class
Post-arrival job status, immigrants compared to Canadian-born
Immigrant Born in Canada
Pre-arrival Post-arrival NOC A 47% 28% 37% NOC B 30% 27% 26% NOC C 21% 31% 28% NOC D 2% 14% 9%
Among university-educated immigrants, 43% of females and 35% of males worked in occupations requiring a high school education or less. In comparison, only 15% of university-educated Canadian-born worked in occupations requiring high school education or less.
Statistics Canada ALF 2014; WCSS 2013; Uppall and Larochelle-Côte 2014
Change in post-arrival job-skill match by province
53%
51%
52%
51%
25%
27%
28%
27%
23%
23%
20%
23%
0% 20% 40% 60%
BC
AB
SK
MB
UpSameDown
Job-skill match by province & class 67%
53%
75% 66%
21% 12%
28%
9%
31%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
BC AB SK MB
Status decline Stayed same Status increase
Refugees
22%
47% 45%
55% 49%
27% 28% 22% 25% 26% 28%
23%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
BC AB SK MBStatus decline Stayed same Status increase
Provincial Nominees
46% 55% 53%
66%
31% 31% 33% 19% 23%
15% 14% 16%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
BC AB SK MB
Status decline Stayed same Status increase
Skilled Worker & Professional
Family class: no statistically significant differences.
Job status generally increases with time
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0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
<1 year 1-1.9 years 2-2.9 years 3-.9 years 4-4.9 years 5+ years
NOC A
NOC B
NOC C
NOC D
Why don’t labour market outcomes rebound? • There is “less than perfect” international transferability of
skills and work experience – Those with higher skills experience the largest declines
• Some immigrant characteristics put them at risk of low returns – Low or no language skills, “lower” quality education, lack of
good job networks – Some evidence of labour market discrimination
• There tends to be an assumption that migration is a rational decision based solely on labour market return – Fails to take into account the non-economic reasons for migration – Assumes that immigrants have full knowledge of the labour
markets in which they are entering
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Community Integration & Settlement Service Indicators
Immigrants in SK & AB have strongest sense of belonging Sense of Belonging by Province of Residence
Province of Residence
Total BC AB SK MB
Weak 5.8% 2.5% 3.7% 4.7% 4.1%
Moderate 24.6% 16.7% 16.2% 22.0% 19.9%
Strong 69.6% 80.8% 80.0% 73.4% 75.9%
Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
Source: WCSS, 2013 χ2=35.124, df=6, P≤0.01
Rural dwellers in SK have lowest sense of belonging
Total BC AB SK MB Rural Weak 2.7% 1.1% 1.0% 3.1% 1.7%
Moderate 16.2% 11.6% 20.2% 9.4% 14.7% Strong 81.1% 87.4% 78.8% 87.5% 83.7%
Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
Urban Weak 6.1% 2.8% 4.3% 4.9% 4.5% Moderate 24.9% 17.6% 15.8% 23.3% 20.6%
Strong 69.0% 79.7% 79.9% 71.8% 74.9%
Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
Service use by urban area
29.7
35.5
13
35.3
25
37.9
29.1
35.6
42.3
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Perc
ent
27
Service access by province and rural/urban
Source: WCSS, 2013 χ2 (Rural) =8.595, df=3 , p≤ =0.035; χ2 (Urban) =11.945, df=3, p≤ =0.01
12.1
26.9 26.5
39.7 37 35.7 35.1
43.4
05
101520253035404550
BC AB SK MB
Perc
ent
Rural Urban
28
Satisfaction with services received by province
7.5 5.8 5.1 5.1 6.4 4.0 4.8 5.1 5.9 7.1
36.7 32.7 30.5 30.7
35.2 32.4 32.3 33.1
41.2
26.6
55.7 61.5
64.5 64.2 58.4
63.5 62.9 61.9
52.9
64.3
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
BC AB SK MB ON QC NB NS PEI NL
Perc
ent
Low Medium HighSource: Pan-Canadian Settlement Survey, 2012. χ2=74.581, df=18, P≤0.01 29
Reasons for not accessing services by province
46.8
18.2
9.8 7.6
59.2
32.2
20.5
11.7
46.2
32.3
21.6 14.9
41.3
22.8
12.6 6.6
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
You do not needhelp to settle
Lack ofinformation orawareness of
services
Confusion aboutwho to go for
help
Lack of servicesin local
community
Perc
ent
BC AB SK MB
Almost 1/3 of those experiencing difficulty finding work have not used services
Difficulty finding work because there are not a lot of jobs available that match my qualifications by service use
Service Use
Total Accessed services
Did not access services
No 78.6% 71.2%
1268 (74.2%)
Yes 21.4% 28.8%
440 (25.8%)
Total 702 (100%)
1006 (100%)
1708 (100%)
Source: WCSS X2=12.030 df= 1 P≤0.001
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Services most needed after arrival by province
46.8 50.3 55.4
53.1
15.3 12.3
7.8 9.9
37.8 37.5 36.8
37.0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
BC AB SK MB
Perc
ent
Employment Services Health and Wellness Other
Source: WCSS, 2013. χ2 = 16.133, df=6, P≤0.013
Top-ranked services needed for Saskatchewan
• Employment services - 55.4% • Supportive counselling - 8.7% • Information about living in your province - 8.3% • Health and Wellness - 7.8% • English language assessment and instruction - 5.9% • Programs to connect you with members of the local
community - 5.3% • Interpretation and Translation - 4.3% • Programs to help your children - 3.4%
Language Indicators
Urban dwellers prefer pre-arrival language assessment
Desire for pre-arrival language assessment & training by rural/urban
Rural or Urban Total Rural Urban
No 70.7% 59.7% 1738
(60.9%)
Yes 29.3% 40.3% 1116
(39.1%)
Total 304
(100%) 2550
(100%) 2854
(100%)
Source: WCSS, 2013. χ2 = 13.797, df=1, P≤0.01 35
Service use by language and province of residence
Service use by English language ability & Province of Residence
English Language Ability Total None Moderate Excellent
BC Accessed services 51.2% 42.6% 34.2% 232
(36.2%) Did not access services 48.8% 57.4% 65.8% 409
(63.8%) AB Accessed services
60.0% 51.5% 32.0% 258 (34.6%)
Did not access services 40.0% 48.5% 68.0% 487
(65.4%) SK Accessed services
54.1% 43.9% 31.3% 211 (33.8%)
Did not access services 45.9% 56.1% 68.7% 414
(66.2%)
Source: WCSS χ2 (BC) = 6.141, df=2, P≤0.05; χ2 (Alberta) = 17.484, df=2, P≤0.01; χ2 (Saskatchewan) = 10.896, df=2, P≤0.01
36
Service use by language & province of residence Service use by English language ability & Province of Residence
English Language Ability Total None Moderate Excellent
BC Accessed services 51.2% 42.6% 34.2% 232
(36.2%) Did not access services 48.8% 57.4% 65.8% 409
(63.8%) AB Accessed services
60.0% 51.5% 32.0% 258 (34.6%)
Did not access services 40.0% 48.5% 68.0% 487
(65.4%) SK Accessed services
54.1% 43.9% 31.3% 211 (33.8%)
Did not access services 45.9% 56.1% 68.7% 414
(66.2%)
Source: WCSS χ2 (BC) = 6.141, df=2, P≤0.05; χ2 (Alberta) = 17.484, df=2, P≤0.01; χ2 (Saskatchewan) = 10.896, df=2, P≤0.01
37
Service use by language and immigration class
English Language Ability Total
None Moderate Excellent Family class
Accessed services 34.8% 38.5% 24.1% 225
(26.4%) Did not access services 65.2% 61.5% 75.9% 626
(73.6%) Provincial nominee
Accessed services 84.6% 63.2% 38.4% 248
(40.9%) Did not access services 15.4% 36.8% 61.6% 358
(59.1%) Refugee Accessed services
75.6% 64.1% 51.4% 189 (57.4%)
Did not access services 24.4% 35.9% 48.6% 140
(42.6%)
38
Why does province of residence matter? • Structure of immigration policy and settlement funding
– Changes to the funding and structure of settlement services (moving from a provincially-run to centralized control)
• Demographics are changing – More immigrants moving to Canada’s west than ever before – More immigrants living outside of Canada’s largest CMAs
• Labour markets are different – Saskatchewan labour market and demographic changes influence job
outlook – Alberta has been relying on TFWs for much longer than other
provinces (TFWs cannot access services) – Strong mismatch between skills and job, especially among those living
in rural areas
39
What are the implications for labour market success? • How can we better facilitate pre-arrival connections with
potential employers? • What other employment services can be provided for
newcomers? How do we advertise these services? • Status decline is a real phenomenon and affects half of
all immigrants. This is also a problem for native-born Canadians and those with education in Canada. – Skills/jobs mismatch seems to be the greatest in rural areas – Nearly 1/3 of those will job difficulties do not access services. Is
there a way to reach out to them?
40
How are we doing with regard to FQR?
• Having credentials, work experience, and internationally-acquired educational skills recognized remains a significant problem for all immigrants, regardless of job status, education or skill set
• How can we encourage professional organizations and accreditation bodies to assist in pre-arrival skill and educational assessments?
• There is a widely held perception that lack of Canadian experience is an impediment to acquiring a job
41
How do we better address language readiness?
• Self-report language skills are not a good indicator of real language ability—but we are not aware of any study that can link language scores with labour market outcomes
• Those with lower language skills struggle in the labour market regardless of how much or where they obtained their education
• There are some immigration classes who are more likely to experience poor language skills and have difficulty accessing services. Can we assist them in different ways?
42
Additional Findings, Reports and Information
Immigration Research West 92 Dysart Road University of Manitoba Winnipeg, MB Canada R3T 3M5 Email: [email protected] [email protected] http://umanitoba.ca/about_IRW.html
43
Selected Data Sources • Alberta Labour. Immigrants in the Labour Force. Edmonton: Government of
Alberta, 2014 • Citizenship and Immigration Canada. Evidence from the Pan-Canadian
Settlement Outcomes Survey, 2012. Ottawa: CIC, January 2013. • Citizenship & Immigration Canada IMDB Microdata File. Ottawa: CIC 2013. • V. Esses, L. Hamilton, L. Wilkinson, L. Zong, J. Bucklaschuk and J.
Bramadat. Western Canada Settlement Outcomes Survey. Calgary: CIC Western Region Office, June 2013.
• Statistics Canada Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Canada. Ottawa: Statistics Canada, 2007.
• Statistics Canada Annual Labour Force Survey, Ottawa: Statistics Canada, 2014
• Statistics Canada National Household Survey, Ottawa: Statistics Canada, 2014
44
Acknowledgements • Immigration Research West • Citizenship and Immigration Canada, Western Region • Citizenship and Immigration Canada, National Headquarters • Western Settlement Survey University of Saskatchewan:
Martin Gaal, Joe Garcea and SSRL • Population Research Laboratory, University of Alberta • Western Settlement Survey researchers: Victoria Esses
(Western University), Leah Hamilton (Mount Royal University) and Li Zong (University of Saskatchewan)
• Research assistants: Janine Bramadat, Palak Dhiman, Kaitlyn Fraser, University of Manitoba
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