understanding cancer and related topics understanding cancer developed by: lewis j. kleinsmith,...
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Different Kinds of Cancer Lung Breast (women) Colon Bladder Prostate (men) Some common sarcomas: Fat Bone Muscle Lymphomas: Lymph nodes Leukemias: Bloodstream Some common carcinomas:TRANSCRIPT
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Understanding Cancer and Related TopicsUnderstanding Cancer
Developed by:Lewis J. Kleinsmith, Ph.D.Donna Kerrigan, M.S.Jeanne KellyBrian HollenDiscusses and illustrates what cancer is, explains the link between genes and cancer, and discusses what is known about the causes, detection, and diagnosis of the disease.
These PowerPoint slides are not locked files. You can mix and match slides from different tutorials as you prepare your own lectures. In the Notes section, you will find explanations of the graphics. The art in this tutorial is copyrighted and may not be reused for commercial gain.Please do not remove the NCI logo or the copyright mark from any slide. These tutorials may be copied only if they are distributed free of charge for educational purposes.
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What Is Cancer?
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Different Kinds of Cancer
Lung
Breast (women)
Colon
BladderProstate (men)
Some common sarcomas:FatBone
Muscle
Lymphomas:Lymph nodes
Leukemias:Bloodstream
Some common carcinomas:
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Naming Cancers
Prefix Meaningadeno- glandchondro- cartilageerythro- red blood cellhemangio- blood vesselshepato- liverlipo- fatlympho- lymphocytemelano- pigment cellmyelo- bone marrowmyo- muscleosteo- bone
Cancer Prefixes Point to Location
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Loss of Normal Growth Control
Cancer cell division
Fourth orlater mutation
Third mutation
Second mutation
First mutation
Uncontrolled growth
Cell Suicide or Apoptosis
Cell damage—no repair
Normal cell division
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Example of Normal Growth
Cell migration
Dermis
Dividing cells in basal layer
Dead cells shed from
outer surface
Epidermis
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The Beginning of Cancerous Growth
Underlying tissue
During the development of skin cancer, the normal balance between cell division and cell loss is disrupted. The basal cells now divide faster than is needed to replenish the cells being shed from the surface of the skin. Each time one of these basal cells divides, the two newly formed cells will often retain the capacity to divide, thereby leading to an increase in the total number of dividing cells.
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Tumors (Neoplasms)
Underlying tissue
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Invasion and Metastasis
3Cancer cells reinvade and grow at new location
1Cancer cells invade surrounding tissues and blood vessels
2Cancer cells are transported by the circulatory system to distant sites
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Malignant versus Benign Tumors
Malignant (cancer) cells invade neighboring tissues, enter blood vessels, and metastasize to different sites
Time
Benign (not cancer) tumor cells grow only locally and cannot spread by invasion or metastasis
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Why Cancer Is Potentially Dangerous
Melanoma cells travel through bloodstream
Melanoma(initial tumor)
Brain
Liver
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Genes and Cancer
Chromosomes are DNA molecules
Heredity
RadiationChemicals
Viruses
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DNA Structure
DNA molecule
Chemicalbases
GC
TA
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DNA Mutation
Additions
Deletions
Normal gene
Single base change
DNA
CT
A G C G A A C TAC
A G G C G C T AAC A C T
A G C T A A C TAC
A G A A C TAC
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Oncogenes
Mutated/damaged oncogene
Oncogenes accelerate cell growth and division
Cancer cell
Normal cell Normal genes regulate cell growth
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Proto-Oncogenes and Normal Cell Growth
Receptor
Normal Growth-Control Pathway
DNA
Cell proliferation
Cell nucleus
Transcriptionfactors
Signaling enzymes
Growth factor
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Oncogenes areMutant Forms of Proto-Oncogenes
Cell proliferation driven by internal oncogene signaling
Transcription
Activated gene regulatory protein
Inactive intracellular signaling protein
Signaling protein from active oncogene
Inactive growth factor receptor
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Tumor Suppressor Genes
Normal genes prevent cancer
Remove or inactivate tumor suppressor genes
Mutated/inactivated tumor suppressor genes
Damage to both genes leads to cancer
Cancer cell
Normal cell
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Tumor Suppressor GenesAct Like a Brake Pedal
Tumor Suppressor Gene Proteins
DNACell nucleus
Signalingenzymes
Growth factor
Receptor
Transcriptionfactors
Cell proliferation
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p53 Tumor Suppressor ProteinTriggers Cell Suicide
Normal cell Cell suicide(Apoptosis)
p53 protein
Excessive DNA damage
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DNA Repair Genes
Cancer
No cancer
No DNA repair
Normal DNA repair
Base pair mismatch
T CATC
A GTCG
T CAGC
A GTCG
A GTG A GTAG
T CATCT CATC
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Cancer Tends to Involve Multiple MutationsMalignant cells invade neighboring tissues, enter blood vessels, and metastasize to different sites
More mutations, more genetic instability, metastatic disease
Proto-oncogenes mutate to oncogenes
Mutations inactivate DNA repair genes
Cells proliferate
Mutation inactivates suppressor gene
Benign tumor cells grow only locally and cannot spread by invasion or metastasis
Time
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Mutations and Cancer
Genes Implicated in Cancer
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Cancer Tends toCorrupt Surrounding Environment
Growth factors = proliferation
Blood vessel
Proteases
Cytokines
Matrix
Fibroblasts, adipocytes
Invasive
Cytokines, proteases = migration & invasion
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