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Understanding and sustaining insect pollinators in your garden
Celeste A. Searles Mazzacano, Ph.D.Presented for EMSWCD
yellow-faced bumble bee; C.A.S. Mazzacano© 2017 C. A. Searles Mazzacano
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A. Importance of pollinators
B. Cast of characters
C. Creating habitat
D. Sustaining habitat
E. Projects & resources
Insect Pollinators
Mining bee; CASM
Flower scarab; CASM
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• pollination: transfer of pollen within or between flowers for fertilization, seed & fruit set
• wind, insects, birds, mammals
Why are pollinators important?
honey bee; C.A.S. Mazzacano
Bumble bee on echinacea; Wikimedia Commons
Bat Conservation International
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• 70% of flowering plants pollinated by insects
- most pollinated by bees
• 87 of 115 leading US food crops depend on insect pollinators
Why are pollinators important?
Importance of bees to food production
(from Wilson & Carrill, 2016)
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Who pollinates?
More than insects!!!!!
• Bats
• Hummingbirds
Anna;s Hummingbird;C.A.S. Mazzacano
Tayler/naturepl.com
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Who pollinates?More than bees!!!!!
• Wasps
• Flies
• Beetles
• Moths & butterflies
sand wasp; C.A.S. Mazzacano
Bee fly; C.A.S. Mazzacano
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Who pollinates?
More than European honey bees!!!!!
- > 4,000 spp. of native bees in North America
‣ bumble, mining, mason, leafcutter, orchard, sweat, digger, and carpenter bees
Bumble bee; C.A.S. Mazzacano
Sweat bee; C.A.S. Mazzacano
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“Managed” bees areeconomically important
• honey bees, bumble bees, orchard mason bees, alfalfa leafcutter bees
Who pollinates?
CA almond grove; Kathy Keatley Garvey
summer leafcutter bee, Crown Bees catalog
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Many stressors
• habitat loss
• pesticides
• diseases (viruses, fungi, bacteria)
• parasites (varroa mite, tracheal mite)
Challenges for pollinators
Varroa mite on bee pupa; Jason Graham, Univ. of FL
foulbrood-infected larvae; Univ. of GA
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• Colony Collapse Disorder (2006) in managed honey bee hives
• many bumble bees are also declining
• much less known about status of other wild bees
Challenges for pollinatorsdead bees; Rodale’s
Franklin’s Bumble Bee; Dana Campbell
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• managed bees may spread & intensify disease in wild bees
• wild bees pollinate many plants more efficiently than honey bees
Challenges for pollinators
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Center for Biological Diversity (2017)
• 749 of 1,437 native bee species assessed are declining (52%)
• many more species lacked population data to assess
• habitat loss, pesticides, climate change, urbanization
Challenges for pollinators
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Bees
C.A.S. MazzacanoC.A.S. Mazzacano
C.A.S. Mazzacano C.A.S. Mazzacano C.A.S. Mazzacano
C.A.S. Mazzacano
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Bees
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Bees
short-tongued Sphecodes cuckoo sweat bee; Tom Murray
Types of flowers pollinated vary
• short- vs. long-tongued bees
• generalist vs. specialist foragers
long-tongued Eastern Bumble Bee; sankax, Flickr
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BeesCoelioxys cuckoo bee; Laura Clark, iNaturalist
Not all bees are pollinators
• nest parasites (cuckoo bees)
• “nectar robbers”
nectar-robbing hole; C.A.S. Mazzacano
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Social vs. solitary bees
• solitary: each female builds & provisions own nest
• social: shared nests, castes with different roles
mining bee; C.A.S. Mazzacano
wild honey bee nest; vickbird
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Social vs. solitary bees
drone & workers; Max Westby, EoL
Social (honey bees, bumble bees, some sweat bees)
• several generations at onetime in colony or nest
• members care for offspring that aren’t theirs
• division of labor
Bumble bee nest; Panoramedia
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Social vs. solitary bees
Miner bee on nest; C.A.S. Mazzacano
Solitary bees (mining bees, mason bees, sweat bees, plasterer bees)
• female provisions “cells” in nest where she lays eggs
• plant- and ground-nesting
Colletes nest aggregation; bumblebee.orgCellophane bee brood cell;NatureWorks
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Bees• Carpenter, bumble, squash,
long-horned, and honey bees (Apidae)
• Sweat bees (Halictidae)
• Mining bees (Andrenidae)
• Mason, carder, leaf-cutter bees (Megachilidae)
• Polyester & yellow-faced bees (Colletidae)
• Oil-collecting bees (Melittidae)
Anthophoridae; C.A.S. Mazzacano
Honey bee; C.A.S. Mazzacano
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Eucera; Alvesgaspar, Wikimedia Commons
Long-horned bees
Melissodes; Laura Jansen Simpson, iNat
Ceratina; Valter Jacinto, EoL
Small carpenter bees
Ceratina; Valter Jacinto, EoL
Anthophora; Hank Wallays, EoL
Digger bees
Anthophora digging out nest tunnel; C.A.S. Mazzacano
Carpenter bees
Xylocopa; C.A.S. MazzacanoXylocopa varipunctata;
Barbara Vance, iNaturalistNomada;
Discover Life
Cuckoo bee
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Bees• Carpenter, bumble, long-horned,
squash, and honey bees (Apidae)
- medium to large; fuzzy/hairy
- have hair bands, stripes
- long-tongued
- carry pollen on hind legs
Peponapis squash bee; Holly Prendeville, U of NE
long-horned bee; Kathy Keatley Garvey
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BeesHoney bees (Apis mellifera)
• medium size; hairy body & eyes
• brown/black with golden bands
• visit a variety of flowers
• carry pollen in corbiculae
• less effective pollinators for some crops than many native bees
Honey bee; C.A.S. Mazzacano
wild honey bee hive; C.A.S. Mazzacano
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Bees
Bumble bees (Bombus)
• medium to large; robust, hairy
• yellow, black, orange, white, or brown hair bands
• carry pollen & nectar mix in stiff hairs (scopa) in concave basket on hind legs (corbiculum)
California Bumble Bee;C.A.S. Mazzacano
Tri-colored Bumble Bee; themountaincampus, iNat
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BeesBumble bees (Bombus)
• visit wide range of plants
• active in cooler, wetter weather than honey bees can tolerate
• buzz pollination
Nevada Bumble Bee; Mike Patterson, iNat
Fog-belt Bumble Bee; Cara Fitchett, iNat
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Agapostemon odoratissimus; Mary Keim, EoL
Metallic green bees
Agapostemon; Darwin Bell
Sweat bees
Halictus ligatus; Ricardo Ayala, EoL
Lasioglossum; Stephen Cresswell
Nomia melanderi (alkali bee); Entomology Today
Dieunomia nevadensis; John Ascher, Discover Life
Dufourea; Cory Sheffield
Xeralictus; Laurence Packer, Discover Life
Augochlora pura; Sam Kieschnick, EoL
Sphecodes davisii; Ilona Loser, Discover Life
Sweat bees
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Bees• Sweat bees (Halictidae)
- range of sizes & colors
- may be metallic, striped
- short-tongued
- carry pollen on hind legs
- most are ground-nesting; varying sociality
Agapostemon splendens; Sean McCann, EoL
Dieunomia; Anne Reeves
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Andrena barbilabris; Henk Wallays, EoL
Andrena prima; Oklahoma Panhandle State Univ.
Andrena cerasifolii; Hartmut Wisch, Discover Life
Panurginus; Jules Barlet
Protandrena abdominalis; Smithsonian
Macrotera; Discover Life
Calliopsis puellae; Lynette Schimming, Discover Life
Protoxaea; John Ascher, Discover Life
Mining bees
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Bees• Mining bees (Andrenidae)
- range of sizes & colors
- red, orange, cream, dark blue, striped
- short-tongued
- carry pollen on hind legs
- ground-nesting
Perdita minima; Jillian Cowles, Discover Life
Protoxaea gloriosa; Robert Behrstock, Discover Life
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Anthidium; Miroslav Deml, EoLOsmia ribifloris; USDA Megachile rotundata; spider-bite, iNaturalist
Lithurgopsis apicalis; Bob O’Kennon, iNaturalist
Hoplitis hypocrita; Hartmut Wisch, Discover Life
Ashmeadiella xenomastax; Hartmut Wisch, Discover Life
Atoposmia copelandica; Laurence Packer, Discover Life
Heriades leavitti; John Ascher, Discover Life
Coelioxys sayi; John Ascher, Discover
Life
Mason, carder, resin, & leafcutter bees
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Bees• Leafcutter, carder, mason, and resin bees
(Megachilidae)
- small to medium
- moderately hairy head & thorax
- robust, cylindrical; yellow & black stripes/spots, brilliant metallic colors
- long-tongued
Anthidium; Anita Gould, iNaturalist
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Bees• Leafcutter, carder, mason, and resin bees
(Megachilidae)
- carry pollen beneath abdomen
- solitary nesters in existing tunnels in soil, wood, stems
Megachile periharta; North Thurston HS Science Club, BugGuide.net
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Wasps
Wasps vs. bees
• less hairy
• more pronounced “waist”
• brighter color patterns
• most are predators, but some types feed young on pollen & nectar
BEE WASP
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Wasps
Pollen wasps (Pseudomasaris)
• black or brown; yellow, white or red bands; clubbed antennae
• pollen & nectar in internal crop
• solitary nesters
Pseudomasaris coquilletti; Mathesont
Pseudomasaris vespoides; Hartmut WischPseudomasaris vespoides nest;
USDA Bee Lab
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Flies
Flies vs. bees
• only 1 pair of wings that stick out to side when perched
• big round eyes dominate head
• shorter, thinner antennae
• may be bare or hairy
Villa lateralis; Linda Dahlberg, Discover Life
Eristalis arbustorum; Hadel Go, Discover Life
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FliesFlower flies (Syrphidae) & bee flies (Bombyliidae)
• bee & wasp mimics
• adults eat nectar, pollen, honeydew
• larvae predators (flower fly) or parasites (bee fly)
Helophilis flower fly; C.A.S. Mazzacano
Chrysanthrax cypris bee fly; Royal Tyler
Toxomerus syrphid; MJ Hatfield
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Beetles• adults eat nectar, pollen,
and often other insects
• bright colors & patterns
• larvae may be predators, wood-borers, or parasites
Margined Leatherwing; David Hebert
Anthocomus soft-winged flower beetle; oldbilluk, iNaturalist
Texas Flower Scarab; vadalton, iNaturalist
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Beetles• Soldier Beetles (Cantharidae)
• Long-horned Beetles (Cerambycidae)
• Blister Beetles (Meloidae)
• Flower Scarabs (Scarabaeidae)Kern’s Flower Scarab;
C.A.S. Mazzacano
Red-eared Blister Beeetle; Ken-ichi Uchida
Locust Borer; Bruce Marlin
Pennsylvania Leatherwing; Sheryl Pollock, Discover Life
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Beetles• Checkered Beetle (Cleridae)
• Soft-winged Flower Beetle (Melyridae)
• Tumbling Flower Beetle (Mordellidae)
Hoshihananomia perlata; Stanislav Ktejcik, EoL
Ornate Checkered Beetle; Ken-ichi Ueda, iNaturalist
Four-spotted Collops; Ken-ichi Ueda, iNaturalist
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Moths & ButterfliesButterflies
• perch with wings held vertically
• sip nectar with long, straw-like proboscis
Zabulon Skipper; C.A.S. Mazzacano
Western Pine Elfin; C.A.S. Mazzacano
Great Arctic; C.A.S. Mazzacano
Gray Hairstreak; C.A.S. Mazzacano
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Moths & ButterfliesMoths
• feathery antennae; wings rooflike or flat when perched
• often night-flying
• can be important pollinators of night-blooming plants
White-banded Black Moth; C.A.S. Mazzacano
LeConte’s Haploa; C.A.S. Mazzacano
Yucca Moth; Ann Cooper
Hera Buck Moth; C.A.S. Mazzacano
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Creating habitat
Portland OR; C.A.S. Mazzacano
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Planting for pollinators• Nectar & pollen sources
- diverse
- long bloom time
- native plants
- species groupings
- low & tall plants
Flower Fly; Pat Reed
Sweat bees swarming red osier dogwood; C.A.S. Mazzacano
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Planting for pollinatorsFlowers for bees
• purple, yellow, blue flowers; often sweet-scented
• nectar-rich
• landing platform
Foxglove; C.A.S. Mazzacano
Small-flowered penstemon; Paul Noll
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Planting for pollinatorsFlowers for bees
• may reflect UV light
• can have nectar guides
• often with bilateral symmetry
day lily, visible vs. UV light; David Kennedy checkermallow;
Portland Nursery
Blue-eyed Mary; USDA
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Planting for pollinators
Flowers for bees
• short-tongued bees prefer clusters of tiny flowers (herbs, daisy, marigold, phlox)
Phlox; C.A.S. Mazzacano
English thyme; milkandhoneyherbs
Fleabane (Erigeron); Max Licher
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Planting for pollinatorsFlowers for bees
• long-tongued bees can access tubular flowers (penstemon, foxglove)
Woodland Penstemon; Lyn TopinkaGrand Collomia; Mark Turner
Seep monkeyflower; Russ Kleinman
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Planting for pollinatorsFlowers for beetles
• dull white, green, or reddish flowers; can smell fruity, spicy, or bad
• often with open bowl shape; may lack nectar
• magnolia, aster, sunflower, rose, goldenrod, Spirea
Prickly Poppy; CASM
Magnolia; Portland Nursery
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Planting for pollinatorsFlowers for flies
• small shallow flowers
• drab; pale or brown/purple
• bad odor
• elderberry, skunk cabbage
Tachninid on catmint; Beatriz Moisset, USDA
Red trillium; USDA Plants
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Planting for pollinatorsFlowers for butterflies
• composite flowers; orange, yellow, pink, blue
• perching platform
• light scent
• sages, manzanita, trumpet flower, rock cress
Blanketflower; C.A.S. Mazzacano
Showy Milkweed; C.A.S. Mazzacano
Funereal Duskywing; C.A.S. Mazzacano
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Planting for pollinatorsFlowers for moths
• white or pale flowers in clusters
• open late afternoon or night
• strong sweet smell
• pink honeysuckle, evening primrose, yucca
White-lined Sphinx on California fuschia; Las Pilitas Nursery
pink honeysuckle; Las Pilitas Nursery
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Planting for pollinatorsSpring bloom with natives
• red-flowering currant, vine maple, western crabapple, Scouler’s willow, red twig dogwood, Oregon grape, kinnikinnik, camas, globe gilia
Oregon grape; C.A.S. Mazzacano
Globe gilia; Jeffrey Caldwell
Western crabapple; Heidi Bohan
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Planting for pollinatorsSummer bloom with natives
• mock orange, twinberry, salal, lupine, Douglas & birch-leaved spirea, native roses and berries, showy milkweed, Oregon sunshine, penstemon
mock orange; C.A.S. Mazzacano
penstemon; C.A.S. MazzacanoOregon sunshine; Portland Nursery
lupine; C.A.S. Mazzacano
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Planting for pollinatorsLate summer/fall bloom with natives
• Douglas’ aster, Canada goldenrod, coyote brush, pearly everlasting, seaside daisy, Oregon stonecrop
Douglas’ aster; nwplants.com
Canada goldenrod; Univ. of Waterloo Pearly everlasting;
Paul Slichter Coyote brush;calflora.net
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Beyond the bloom• water & nutrients
- safe access for small insects
- “puddling” sources for butterflies
• sun
- warming in the morning, refuge in the afternoon
Western Tiger Swallowtails “puddling” for minerals; C.A.S. Mazzacano
beneficial insect “bath”
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Beyond the bloom
• shelter & nesting sites
- dead snags (mason & leafcutter bees)
- rotting logs (sweat bees, flower flies)
- old rodent burrows (bumble bees)
standing snag; C.A.S. Mazzacano
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Beyond the bloom• shelter & nesting sites
- rock & brush piles (beetles, caterpillars, pupae)
- undisturbed soil(ground-nesting bees, beetle & fly larvae)
- grass clumps (nesting & overwintering)
Flower Fly; Pat Reed
prairie junegrass; Paul Slichter
brush pile; C.A.S. Mazzacano
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Beyond the bloom• Nesting & egg-laying sites
- stem bundles & bee blocks
- open at 1 end only
- tunnels <1⁄4” diameter, 3-5” deep; if >1⁄4”, then 5-6” deep
Leafcutter bees; Kathy Keatley Garvey/
UC Davis
Osmia rufa in nesting tube; BioImages
Alfalfa leafcutter nest board; USDA ARS
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Sustaining habitat
Integrated pest management (IPM):
• ecosystem-based strategy
• long-term prevention of pests/damage using multiple techniques
- biological control, habitat manipulation, planting & watering practices, pest-resistant varieties
- preserve natural system as much as possible
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Sustaining habitat
• build healthy soil
• proper plant placement & irrigation
• plant mostly natives
• “scout” your gardens
• tolerate some damage
Cluster Rose; C.A.S. Mazzacano
Black Twinberry; C.A.S. Mazzacano
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Sustaining habitat
• Reduce/eliminate pesticides
- disrupts natural enemies
- pests faster to disperse & re-colonize treated areas than natural enemies
ichneumonid wasp attacking cabbage white larvae; Wageningen Univ.
wasp attacking navel orangeworm; UC Statewide IPM Project
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Sustaining habitat
• Reduce/eliminate pesticides
- removing natural enemies may allow additional pests to establish
- non-lethal levels can impair pollinator brood-rearing, production of females, & foraging
Bumble & honey bees on artichoke; C.A.S. Mazzacano
Convergent lady beetle; C.A.S. Mazzacano
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Creating & maintaining habitat
• IF pesticides used, treat to suppress target organism only
• minimize risks to human health, non-target organisms, & environment
• use least toxic alternative (insecticidal oils & soaps, microbials)
Oleander aphids on rush milkweed; C.A.S. Mazzacano
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Creating & maintaining habitat
Common name bloom time
meadowfoam* summer
globe gillia* spring
meadowfoam* spring
farewell-to-spring* early summer
Phacelia late summer
yarrow summer
Oregon sunshine summer
showy milkweed summer
lupine summer
Douglas aster fall
Canada goldenrod fall
blue wild rye N/A
*annual
• can plant as seeds or starts
• soil preparation & weed control important during establishment
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Creating & maintaining habitat
• create planting plan
• prepare planting area
• plant, mulch, water, monitor
Laren Leland, Portland OR Laren Leland, Portland OR
Laren Leland, Portland OR
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Creating & maintaining habitat
Prepare planting area
• exhaust weed seed bank
- till-water-mow-weed (hand pull, spot-treat)
Fabian Menalled, MSU Extension, MT
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Creating & maintaining habitatPrepare planting area
• sheet composting, a.k.a.“lasagna bed”
• solarization
- clear plastic = soil sterilization
- black plastic = kills grass
Sustainable Living Center Oregon
UC Master Gardener-Sonoma Co.
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Creating & maintaining habitatSeeding
• aerial/broadcast or seed drill
• even distribution, good contact with soil
• mix with bulking agent (sand, sawdust)
• seed from 2 different directions
Texas A&M Univ.
wildflower seed mix; Central Coast gardening
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Creating & maintaining habitat
Seeding
• sow perennial seeds in early fall in PNW (Sept. to mid-Oct.)
• 2 oz wildflower seed per 1000 sq. ft
Texas A&M Univ.
wildflower seed mix; Central Coast gardening
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Creating & maintaining habitat
spring early summer
pollinator demonstration
garden
late summer
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Creating & maintaining habitat
OSU Extension
Pollinator pathway; Kim Smith Design
central CA pollinator garden; Megan O’Donald
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Creating & maintaining habitatnative pollinator garden, Los Angeles CA; Carol Bornstein
mining bee tunnels in garden path; Megan O’Donald
bee block; Oregon Metro
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Resources
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Resources
Great Sunflower Project
Encyclopedia of Life
Koch, Strange, & Williams; USFS
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Resources
www.oregon.gov/ODA
entomology.oregonstate.edu
$3.99; iOS only
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Resources
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Resources
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Visit emswcd.org to find more workshops and resources!
* annual plant sale!
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Projects
bumblebeewatch.org
greatsunflower.org
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Questions?
Yellow-faced Bumble Bee; C.A.S. Mazzacano
Western Swallowtail, C.A.S. MazzacanoFlower scarabs; C.A.S. Mazzacano
Netwinged Beetle, C.A.S. Mazzacano
Celeste A. Searles Mazzacano, [email protected]
Copyright © 2017 Celeste A. Searles Mazzacano. All rights reserved. This presentation or any portion thereof may not be reproduced or used in any manner whatsoever without the express written permission of the author.
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