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Underground Injection Control 101
EPA’s Approach to Developing Permitting Guidance for Hydraulic Fracturing Using Diesel Fuels
Webinar for Tribal Representatives
June 2, 2011
1EPA’s Approach to Developing Permitting Guidance for Oil and Gas Hydraulic Fracturing Using Diesel Fuels
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OVERVIEW
Why is Underground Injection Needed?Key Concepts in Underground Injection Control
2EPA’s Approach to Developing Permitting Guidance for Oil and Gas Hydraulic Fracturing Using Diesel Fuels
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Why Is Underground Injection Control Needed?Program MissionStatutory Authority
3EPA’s Approach to Developing Permitting Guidance for Oil and Gas Hydraulic Fracturing Using Diesel Fuels
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What is Underground Injection?
Underground Injection is the practice of placing fluids underground, in porous formations of rock and/or soil, through wells.
Well• bored, drilled, or driven shaft, or• a dug well or dug hole where the depth is greater than the largest
surface dimension; OR• an improved sinkhole; OR a subsurface distribution system
Injection wells are used to dispose of industrial wastewaters, stormwater, hazardous waste, and to place drinking water in formations for storage and future use
4EPA’s Approach to Developing Permitting Guidance for Oil and Gas Hydraulic Fracturing Using Diesel Fuels
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What is Underground Injection Control (UIC)?
• The UIC program protects underground sources of drinking water (USDWs) by setting requirements for injection activities
• Underground sources of drinking water supply more than 90% of all public drinking water systems
5EPA’s Approach to Developing Permitting Guidance for Oil and Gas Hydraulic Fracturing Using Diesel Fuels
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Safe Drinking Water Act•
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Authorizes EPA to develop minimum federal regulations for state and tribal Underground Injection Control (UIC) programs to protect underground sources of drinking waterMandates EPA to regulate underground injection of all fluids – liquid, gas, or slurry Establishes a process for approving primary enforcement authority to states and tribesAuthorizes EPA to provide grants to states and tribes in support of essential UIC program functionsProvides states with flexibility to establish effective Class II (oil and gas) programs
6EPA’s Approach to Developing Permitting Guidance for Oil and Gas Hydraulic Fracturing Using Diesel Fuels
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Early State programs to
regulate ground water
discharges
States actively involved in
ground water pollution issues SDWACWA
FirstFederal UIC Regulations
Oil and gas companies begin injecting wastes into depleted reservoirs
Injection practices increase sharply as
chemical manufacturing
boomsInjection of
hazardous steel and chemical industry
wastes begins
1972 19741930s 1960s 19801950s
TimelineUnderground Injection
Practices & Regulations7EPA’s Approach to Developing Permitting Guidance for Oil and Gas
Hydraulic Fracturing Using Diesel Fuels
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KEY UIC CONCEPTSPreventing Endangerment to USDWsPotential Fluid Migration PathwaysWell ClassificationProgram ImplementationTechnical Requirements
8EPA’s Approach to Developing Permitting Guidance for Oil and Gas Hydraulic Fracturing Using Diesel Fuels
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Brine - Salt Water (>10,000 TDS)
DRY
WET
-AQ
UIF
ER
USD
W
9 BR
INE
Useable Quality Water (3,000-10,000 TDS)
WATER TABLE
Underground Source of Drinking Water Include: Drinkable Quality Water (<3,000 TDS)
EPA’s Approach to Developing Permitting Guidance for Oil and Gas Hydraulic Fracturing Using Diesel Fuels
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10EPA’s Approach to Developing Permitting Guidance for Oil and Gas Hydraulic Fracturing Using Diesel Fuels
Underground Sources of Drinking Water
Confining Zones
Injection Zone
USDWs
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Preventing Endangerment
• Underground injection endangers drinking water sources if such injection – may result in any contaminant being present in underground
water that supplies, or can be reasonably expected to supply, any public water system, and
– if the presence of such contaminant may result in such system’ not complying with any national primary drinking water regulation or may otherwise adversely affect the health of persons. (SDWA 1421)
• Applies to USDWs that are currently public supply and may become future public supply
11EPA’s Approach to Developing Permitting Guidance for Oil and Gas Hydraulic Fracturing Using Diesel Fuels
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Surface casing
Annulus Packer
Tubing
Long-string casing Cement
Wellhead
Typical Well Construction
12EPA’s Approach to Developing Permitting Guidance for Oil and Gas Hydraulic Fracturing Using Diesel Fuels
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Preventing Endangerment:Pathways of Migration1. Faulty injection well casing2. Annulus between casing and
wellbore3. Migration through confining
layers from injection zone4. Vertical migration through
improperly abandoned and completed wells
5. Lateral migration from within injection zone into a protected portion of USDW
6. Direct injection of fluids into or above a USDW
Aban
done
d W
ell
Confining Layer
Confining Layer
Injection Zone
USDW
Inje
cted
Flu
id13EPA’s Approach to Developing Permitting Guidance for Oil and Gas
Hydraulic Fracturing Using Diesel Fuels
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UIC Well ClassificationWell Class Function
Hazardous industrial and municipal wastesFluids related to oil and gas productionSolution mining (e.g. salt, uranium)Shallow hazardous waste –only used for remediation activitiesShallow injection of nonhazardous fluids
InventoryClass I 650
Class II 151,000
Class III 21,400
Class IV 24 sites
Class V 500,000 – 650,000(Estimate: precise
inventory is unknown)
Class VI Geologic sequestration of carbon dioxide
N/A
14EPA’s Approach to Developing Permitting Guidance for Oil and Gas Hydraulic Fracturing Using Diesel Fuels
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Program Implementation
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Law encourages states to seek “primary enforcement authority” for the UIC program (SDWA 1422 and 1425)Depending on the well types being regulated, states have to meet specific minimum federal requirements or demonstrate that their programs are “effective”States can be, and often are, more stringent than minimum federal requirementsEPA is responsible for implementing the program when a state chooses not to, or is unable to obtain federal approval, to do so
15EPA’s Approach to Developing Permitting Guidance for Oil and Gas Hydraulic Fracturing Using Diesel Fuels
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Program Implementation
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33 States have primary enforcement authority (primacy) for the UIC program
2 Tribes (Fort Peck and Navajo) have primacy for Class II
EPA and States share program implementation in 7 States
EPA directly implements the entire UIC Program in 10 states
EPA’s Approach to Developing Permitting Guidance for Oil and Gas Hydraulic Fracturing Using Diesel Fuels
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TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTSWell ConstructionArea of ReviewOperation & MonitoringMechanical Integrity TestingWell ClosureAuthorization to Inject
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• Based on: • Descriptive data on injection and confining zones• Local & regional geologic maps & cross sections• Well logs and tests• Geomechanical data
• Operators submit this data with permit applications; permitting authorities review to evaluate whether injected fluids can be confined
• The purpose of this evaluation is to address potential migration via faults and fractures or lateral fluid displacement
Technical Requirements
18EPA’s Approach to Developing Permitting Guidance for Oil and Gas Hydraulic Fracturing Using Diesel Fuels
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Well Construction
• Multi-layer design: pipe-within-a-pipe• Well materials and cements should be compatible with
the injectate• Some wells have sophisticated metallurgy and cements• Each component protects USDWs by:
• Delivering injected fluids to the intended injection zone• Preventing migration of fluids from injection zone to USDWs
along the borehole
19EPA’s Approach to Developing Permitting Guidance for Oil and Gas Hydraulic Fracturing Using Diesel Fuels
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Typical Well Construction
20EPA’s Approach to Developing Permitting Guidance for Oil and Gas Hydraulic Fracturing Using Diesel Fuels
Surface casing
Annulus Packer
Tubing
Long-string casing
Cement
Wellhead
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AoR
AoR
Area of Review Area surrounding an injection well that may be affected by the injection activityMay be determined by:
Fixed radius (around injection well)Mathematical modeling to determine the Zone of Endangering Influence
Operators must submit maps of the with the permit application showing:
Location of all wells, faults, mines/quarries, and surface features (e.g. roads and residences)
Corrective action options within the • Monitoring in the injection interval
Remedial cementingPlugging or re-plugging Reduce injection pressure
(AoR)
21EPA’s Approach to Developing Permitting Guidance for Oil and Gas Hydraulic Fracturing Using Diesel Fuels
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Operation & Monitoring•
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Requirements vary according to well class, examples are:Limits on injection pressure to prevent:
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Initiating new fractures or propagating existing fractures in the injection zone or confining zoneCausing movement of injection or formation fluids into USDWs
Continuous pressure monitoring Automatic shut-off devices to stop injection at established limits, or to prevent flow from injection zone
22EPA’s Approach to Developing Permitting Guidance for Oil and Gas Hydraulic Fracturing Using Diesel Fuels
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Operation & Monitoring•
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Monitoring and Testing may also include:•••
Injectate monitoring Ground water monitoring Mechanical Integrity Tests (MITs)
Operators report the results to the permitting authority on a regular basis specified in regulations or the permitMonitoring Injectate
•••••
Injection rate Injection pressure Monthly and cumulative injected volume Annulus pressure and volumeInjectate characteristics such as density, pH, and other parameters
23EPA’s Approach to Developing Permitting Guidance for Oil and Gas Hydraulic Fracturing Using Diesel Fuels
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Operation & Monitoring
• Ground water Monitoring• Provides early warning of unauthorized or
unanticipated fluid movement • Potential locations:
• Within the injection zone • Above and below the confining zone(s)• Within USDWs
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Mechanical Integrity Testing (MIT)
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Internal: to demonstrate no significant leak in the casing, tubing, or packerExternal: to demonstrateno significant fluid movement into USDW through channels adjacent to injection wellbore
USDW
luid
Confining Layer
Confining Layer
Injection Zone
Inje
cted
F
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Injection Well Closure
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Proper closure care and monitoring assures that the well will not be a conduit for future fluid movement Plug with cementConduct post-closure monitoringUp front, a well owner/operator must demonstrate financial responsibility (FR) – in other words, have adequate resources to close the well
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Authorization to Inject
By Permits• Individual
Area – multiple wells•
By Rule• Certain well types
Low risk to USDWs•
o Field inspections and monitoring submissions are used to identify non-compliance (violations)
o States and EPA may impose administrative, civil, and criminal penalties for significant non-compliance
27EPA’s Approach to Developing Permitting Guidance for Oil and Gas Hydraulic Fracturing Using Diesel Fuels
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More Information About the UIC Program
EPA Website: http://water.epa.gov/type/groundwater/uic/index.cfm
Code of Federal Regulations: Underground Injection Control Regulations 40 CFR 144-148: http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-
idx?sid=d6ee71a544eca89c533c825135913f13&c=ecfr&tpl=/ecfrbrowse/Title40/40cfrv22_02.tpl
28EPA’s Approach to Developing Permitting Guidance for Oil and Gas Hydraulic Fracturing Using Diesel Fuels