underground experiments in korea · 2016-05-11 · underground experiments in korea revealing the...
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UNDERGROUND EXPERIMENTS
IN KOREA
Revealing the history of the universe with underground particle and nuclear research 20162016. 5. 11.
YEONGDUK KIM
IBS / SEJONG UNIVERSITY
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Contents
2
Introduction to CUP & IBS
Scientific Programs
1. Neutrino-less Double beta decays - AMoRE
2. Sterile neutrinos – NEOS
3. Dark Matter – KIMS+
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CUP (Center for Underground Physics)
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Organization of CUP
Members :
1 Director
2 Group Leaders
~25 Research Fellows
6 Technicians
3 Administrators
~25 Adjunct Students.
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YangYang Pumped
Storage Power Plant
YangYang(Y2L) Underground Laboratory
Minimum depth : 700 m / Access to the lab by car (~2km)
(Upper Dam)
(Lower Dam)
(Power Plant)
KIMS (Dark Matter Search)
AMoRE (Double Beta Decay Experiment)
Seoul
Y2L
700m
1000m
RENO
NEOS
Center for Underground Physics
IBS (Institute for Basic Science)
Laboratories
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Laboratories
Headquarter (2018-)
Current Daejeon Lab.
Y2L-A6
Y2L-A5
Yangyang underground laboratory (Y2L)
New underground lab. (2019-)
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AMoRE
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Which isotope for experiment ?
Half-lifves depends on phase factor and matrix element.
21 20
1/2 0 0
e
mT G M
m
Half-life
MeasuredNeutrino
Mass
Nuclear
Matrix Element
Phase
factor
T1/2
0n ®mbb
48Ca
76Ge
100Mo
136Xe
150Nd
130Te
M0n
2
G0n
mbb=U
e1
2 m1+U
e2
2 m2+U
e3
2 m3
G and M has anti-correlation.
Generally no single isotope is
preferred.
100Mo is attractive, Q=3.04 MeV,
Abundance ~ 10%
0nbb
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Detector schematics of AMoRE
Phonon sensor
at the bottom
Photon sensor
at the top
MMC
MMC Phonon collector
Ge wafer
Each crystal requires
phonon collector films, MMCs, SQUIDs on heat & light channels.
MMC
MMC
SQUID
target
crystal
Scintillating Bolometer : (40Ca,X)100MoO4 + MMC
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Energy spectrum (above-ground)
• Better than 9 keV energy resolution was obtained at 10 mK temperature.
• Internal alpha background levels of each isotopes were calculated successfully.
Electron and alpha events can be efficiently identified.
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11 Phases of AMoRE Project
ckky : counts/ (keV kg year)
AMoRE-Pilot AMoRE-I AMoRE-II
Crystal Mass (kg) 1.5 5 200
Backgrounds(ckky) 10-2 10-3 10-4
T1/2(year) 1.0x1024 8.2x1024 8.2x1026
mbb (meV) 380-719 130-250 13-25
Schedule 2015 2017-2018 2020-2023
AMoRE Pilot
~ 1.5 kg
40Ca100MoO4
AMoRE-I
~ 5 kg
40Ca100MoO4
AMoRE-II
(40Ca,X)100MoO4
200 kg
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12 AMoRE Goal & Sensitivities
Aim at “Zero Background” experiment in the region of 0 signal. < 1 event
Good energy resolution & Ultra low background are MUST.
AMoRE will cover inverted mass hierarchy region.
Aim at “Zero Background” experiment in the region of 0 signal. < 1 event
Good energy resolution & Ultra low background are MUST.
AMoRE will cover inverted mass hierarchy region.
AMoRE-I
AMoRE-II
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13
Simulation for AMoRE-I setup
Material Source Activity
(mBq/kg)
Background
(10-3ckky)
CMO 226Ra 65 0.015
228Th 50 0.72
Vikuiti 214Bi <0.91 <0.119
208Tl <0.48 <0.177
Copper 228Th <0.25 <0.25
Accidentals 100Mo 0.12
Total <1.6
Major Background Sources
228Th backgrounds
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14 AMoRE-Pilot Setup (2015 ~ )
5 40Ca100MoO4 crystals
total mass = 1546g
Made by a Russian company (FOMOS)
by double crystallization.
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15 Mounting detectors
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16 Energy resolution with outside source
Pulsed Tube Cooler generates vibrational noise.
Energy resolution 14 – 32 keV FWHM @ 2.6 MeV.
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17 Running at Y2L now….
The dilution fridge reaches 8 mK with 250kg lead attached.
We are trying to reduce the vibrational noise.
• High frequency noise : reasonably low.
• Low frequency noise : should be improved. We are working on this !
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18 Backgrounds Spectrum
Higher backgrounds due to poor PID from vibrational noise.
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19
AMoRE-I
FOMOS will supply 3.5 kg of enriched crystals more in 2016
AMoRE-I
Requirements :
1. 228Th < 50 micro Bq/kg
2. 226Ra < 100 micro Bq/kg
3. Total Alphas < 1mBq/kg
This will ensure to meet the goal of AMoRE-I
All crystals will be delivered until Aug. 2016.
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Crystals for AMoRE-II
Crystal Light
Yield
density Mo
Fraction
Exp
CaMoO4 100 4.34 0.49 AMoRE-1, 2(?)
ZnMoO4 ~15 4.37 0.436 LUMINEU
Li2MoO4 ~4 3.03 0.562 AMoRE-II(?)
PbMoO4 ? 6.95 0.269 AMoRE-II(?)
Na2Mo2O7 ? 3.62 0.558 AMoRE-II(?)
For AMoRE-II, crystals will be selected.
Crystal growth R&D is done at CUP & KNU in Korea.
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21
Purification for XMoO4 crystals.
100MoO3 powder by Russia :
232Th, 238U < 1 ppb
100MoO3 powder will be delivered until 2019.
We will purify 100MoO3 powder by sublimation + co-
precipitation, or recrystallization method.
Develop the purification techniques with 99.95% natMoO3
powder (0.2 ppb of 232Th and 3.5 ppb of 238U)
Purified powder will be measured by ICP-MS (10 ppt
sensitivity for 232Th and 238U now).
Ra reduction will be confirmed by Ba measurement.
XMoO4 crystal growing techniques are being developed.
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22 Example : Purification of CaCO3 powders
Main goal: Reduction of 226Ra (one of main background in AMoRE)
Solution Fe Sr Ba Th U
Initial Sol. 16,120 8,129 67 0.73 20.4
Purified Sol. 359 132 0.023 <0.001 0.039
Df 44.9 61.6 2,913 > 730 523
Starting process: CaCO3 + HNO3 → Ca(NO3)2 + CO2 + H2O
ppb unit
Note: Df = Ci/Cf , Ci & Cf are contamination of initial and final solutions
Initial Ca(NO3)2 Solution
Use the column chromatography method.
Sr and Ba are the same family of Ra
in periodic table.
Indicate large reduction of 226Ra.
Significant reduction of Th and U.
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23
Crystal Growing Technique
The center is based on crystal detector and forming a facility for crystal growing.
Goal : develop the technology for ultra-low background crystals for experiments.
With a new underground lab, underground crystal growing is possible.
Facility
Czochralski furnace CaMoO4 crystals T<1500 ℃ M< 3 kg
5 kg furnace30 kg furnace
Kyropoulos furnace
NaI crystals
T<2200 ℃ M<30 kg
Bridgmann furnace Scintillation crystals T<1500 ℃ D= 5 cm
30 kg of sapphire
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Future : ~ Ton scale enriched low-temperature experiment
If normal hierarchy, international collaboration is necessary for > ton scale exp.
AMoRE will be one of the major exp to be compiled for ~ ton 100Mo data.
International collaboration (limited) began between LUMINEU and AMoRE
CUPID : European proposal for ~ ton scale DBD experiment.
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25
2. Sterile neutrinos – NEOS
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26
Sterile Neutrino Search – NEOS
Sterile neutrinos – right-handed neutrinos
Sterile neutrinos – maybe Warm Dark
Matter
Nothing is known about the masses. Maybe
very light (mn<<1MeV) or very heavy
(mn>>1010GeV)
Sterile neutrinos may be identified since the
active neutrinos can oscillate to sterile
neutrinos (disappearance experiment) or
again oscillate to active neutrinos
(appearance experiment).
se
12
3
1 ?m
m
2 5 2
12 8 10m eV
2 3 2
32 2.3 10m eV
4
Dm
43
2 ~ 1eV 2
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27
Reactor Anomaly & Sterile ν
27
There are reports about the deficit of reactor neutrinos at baseline < 100m from the
expected flux. ~ 6%
This may be due to active to sterile neutrino oscillation, ~ 1eV.
RENO, Double Chooz, DAYA BAY (PRL116, 061801) confirmed this effect.
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Mention et al., PRD 83, 073006 (2011)
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29
NEOS (Neutrino Experiment for Oscillation at Short baseline)
29
• Hanbit Nuclear
Power Plant
• Hanbit Nuclear
Power Plant
NEOS at the5th reactor
NEOS at the5th reactor
●
RENO
near
detector
●
RENO
near
detector
Possibility to do sterile neutrino experiment at the commercial power plant.
Unique experiment with 3 baseline at the same time,
-- NEOS (25m), RENO-near(~250m) , RENO-far(1300m)
Reactor
Core
Reactor
Core
Experiments Thermal Power Baseline Country
Nucifer 70 MW ~ 7 meters France
PROSPECT 85 MW 7 - 12 (near), 15 - 19 (far) meters US
Stereo 57 MW 8.9 - 11.1 meters France
CHANDLER 60 MW ~ 6 meters Belgium
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Design and Sensitivity
“Identical two detectors at different baseline” was the key point for RENO, DAYABAY, and
Double Chooz, NEOS can do a similar analysis, the ratio between NEOS and RENO
(DayaBay)-NEAR, to improve the sensitivity for Q14.
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31 NEOS Detector
• Volume of Liquid Scintillator (LS) is ~ 1000 L
• Mixture LS: LAB based + DIN based (9:1)
• 0.5 % gadolinium is loaded.
• 8’’ photomultiplier (PMT)
• 38 PMTs in mineral oil
• 4π muon detector for veto (
except bottom)
• Plastic scintillator
• 2’’ or 5’’ PMTs
• Borated polyethylene (10 cm)
• B-PE shields neutrons produc
ed at lead.
• 10 cm lead shield for gamma
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32
Main Detector Constucted & Installed.
32
@ Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute
Construction and Installation at
Tendon Gallery finished on Aug.
6th, 2015
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33 Milestones of NEOS Experiment
August 2015: Start data taking, (Reactor off)
October 2015: Reactor on
May 2016: Detector will be uninstalled.
IBD candidate rate
Thermal Power
NEOS Preliminary
Neutrino event rates ~2000/day. Highest rate among all n detectors in history !!
Reactor ON/Off ratio is large, ~20, highest ratio among short baseline detectors.
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34 MC Tuning - 𝛾 and β sources
Reconstructed Energy [MeV]
214BiBlack dots: DataBlue line: MC
Reconstructed Energy [MeV]
212BiBlack dots: DataBlue line: MC
Reconstructed Energy [MeV]
12BBlack dots: Data
Blue line: MC
1.00016 ± 0.00053
137Cs
60CoPo-Be
n-GdCapture
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35 Energy Spectrum
Reactor on: ~ 2000/day
Reactor off: ~ 82/day
Signal / Backgrounds ~ 23
S/B ratio is high enough to investigate the energy spectrum in detail.
We Do see the similar ~5MeV bump !
Shape analysis for sterile neutrino is on going for 6months data and will be
presented Neutrino 2016.
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36
3. Dark Matter Search – COSINE
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37
Why NaI(Tl) exp ?
• DAMA group reported modulation for 14 years consistently. “DAMA anomaly”
• Direct check for DAMA is necessary even though other experiments rejected DAM
A modulation signal based on standard WIMP-nucleon interaction.
Difficulty
1. Muon (or solar neutrino) induced neutrons
are not abundant to explain the modulation
rate.
2. DAMA phase is 1 month earlier than muon
phase.
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38 DAMA vs LUX, SuperCDMS
• There are still plausible models for both DAMA and other data together.
(ex) Arina et al., PRL 114, 011301 (2015)
A DM particle interacting with
ordinary matter via the exchange of a
light pseudoscalar can accommodate
the DAMA data while being
compatible with all null direct DM
searches.
The best fit is obtained when the
pseudoscalar mediator is much lighter
than the DM mass and has universal
coupling with heavy quarks, as in
hadronic axion models.
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39
KIMS-NaI/DM-ICE (COSINE-100) Experiment
• Crysmatec company apparently can not supply ultra-low background NaI(Tl)
crystals.
• 2014-2015 : ~10 R&D crystals will be tested.
• KIMS-NaI + DM-ICE COSINE-100 exp.
DAMA ~ 1dru, 2 keV threshold.
Goal : unambiguous (de)confirmation of DAMA modulation
Purification < 0.5 dru
Lower threshold ~ 1 keV
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Detector Development
NaI-002
NaI-005
K.W.Kim et al., Astropart. Phys. 62, 249 (2015)
P. Adhikari et al., arXiv:1510.04519
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Construction of shielding
Acrylic Box
Cu Box
slide-in
Acrylic + Copper box
source
window
Stacking lead was finished (Feb/3/2016)
Muon veto with plastic scintillator is finished.
We will start phase-0 experiment jointly with DM-Ice collaboration using ~100 kg
crystal from June/2016 at Y2L
YaleUrbana-
Champain
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42 Sensitivity of KIMS-NaI experiment
200 kg× 3 year
7.3 sigma observation
If DAMA is right..
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CUP Infrastructure
For the next generation neutrino and dark matter programs, CUP is
developing ultra-low background technology and infrastructure.
Ultra-low background technology can be realized with a
combination of low background measurement and purification with
the ultra-sensitive sensor.
CUP is unique to have all the technique in a center.
Ultra-pure
Crystals
Low-Temp
Sensor
Ultra-LowRate
Detection
CUP
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Summary
44
AMoRE project will cover inverted mass hierarchy for a discovery and will
lead the ton-scale 0nbb with international collaboration.
NEOS will test the sterile neutrino anomaly in near future.
KIMS+ will conclude the DAMA anomaly, and will investigate most low mass
WIMP parameter space, and also for high mass with LZ exp.
CUP will be the Center for the Ultra-low Background Techniques. For the
planned projects, we need a new underground laboratory, which will be the
basic facility for the fundamental, great physics.