undergrad final project.docx
TRANSCRIPT
Sheffield Hallam University
Designing a Home Automation System by using RF receivers
Final Year Project
Md Nasfikur Rahman Khan
BEng (Hons) Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Supervisor: Dr. Hongwei Zhang
2nd May, 2014
Preface
This report describes project work carried out within the Engineering
Programme at Sheffield Hallam University between October, 2013 and
April, 2014. This submission of the report is in accordance with the
requirements for the award of the degree of BEng (Hons) Electrical and
Electronic Engineering under the auspices of the University.
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Abstract
Home automation is a famous and most used technology in the world. The main object of this project is to develop a home automation system with a four button key fob transmitter by using RF (Radio Frequency) technology.
Nowadays, houses are gradually shifting from normal switches to centralized control system, involving a remote control transmitter. This technology is not only easy to use but also helps to prevent missuses of energy. Remote control (key fob) transmitter is small and very light weight, which will work from a decent distance. It helps elderly people to control switches from anywhere up to 75 feet. This four button key fob transmitter is also very productive for commercial uses in Industrial and medical systems.
To accomplish this object, it is designed into two parts. Both the parts have individual toggle type receivers but they work in same frequency. One of these toggle receivers works individually with some of the home appliances but the other one interfaced to an Arduino Uno Rev3 microcontroller to convert the signals from toggle to latching format. Arduino IDE software has been used to compile some programs related to the microcontroller ATmega328.
This project can be upgraded by using GSM modem, which can control home appliances by sending an SMS through a mobile or a computer. Benefit of using this technology is there will not be any range limitation compared to Radio Frequency technology.
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Acknowledgements
I would like to take this opportunity to thanks my project supervisor Dr Hongwei Zhang for his support, guidance and advice. I also want to thank my second marker Dr Tim Breikin. I want to thank Mr Mark Wesseler for giving his valuable support during lab sessions.
Finally I want to thank my father for his encouragement, support and help as an Electrical and Electronic Engineer.
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Table of Contents
Abstract.......................................................................................................0
Acknowledgements.....................................................................................3
Table of Contents........................................................................................4
List of figures...............................................................................................6
List of tables................................................................................................7
Chapter 1: Introduction..............................................................................8
1.1 Aims and Objectives...........................................................................8
1.2 Overview of the report.....................................................................10
Chapter 2: Literature review.....................................................................11
2.1 Home Automation............................................................................11
2.1.1 Description of Home Automation:..............................................12
2.1.2 History of Home automation:.....................................................14
2.1.3 Different kinds of Home automation:.........................................15
2.1.4 Benefits of using Home Automation system:..............................16
2.1.5 The Future of Home Automation:...............................................16
2.2 Embedded System...........................................................................17
2.3 Microcontrollers................................................................................17
2.3.1Most common Microcontrollers....................................................17
Chapter 3: Designing and Procedure.........................................................19
3.1 Remote Controlled Home automation system..................................19
3.1.1 Reason of using remote-control and RF system.........................19
3.2 Design description:...........................................................................20
3.2.1 Power Supply:.............................................................................21
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3.2.2 Lighting System..........................................................................23
3.2.3 Temperature Controlling System................................................25
3.2.4 Security System..........................................................................26
3.3 Summary..........................................................................................27
Chapter 4: Simulation and the Testing......................................................29
4.1 Produce the circuit for living room...................................................29
4.2 Program an Arduino board for latching............................................30
4.3 Produce the bedroom circuit............................................................34
4.4 Connection and testing....................................................................34
4.4.1 Hardware....................................................................................35
4.4.2 Testing........................................................................................38
Chapter 5: Results and Discussions..........................................................41
5.1 Simulate Results...............................................................................41
5.2 Description.......................................................................................45
5.3 Discussions.......................................................................................47
Chapter 6: Critique....................................................................................49
6.1 Unsuccessful goals...........................................................................49
6.2 Improvement needed.......................................................................50
6.3 Struggling Points..............................................................................50
6.4 Methods of improvement:................................................................50
Chapter 7: Costing.....................................................................................52
Chapter 8: Summary and Future Works....................................................53
References................................................................................................54
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List of figures
Figure 1 Sample Home Automation System (Nairaland, 2005-2014)........21
Figure 2 Diagram for Temperature Controlling System.............................25
Figure 3 File of Arduino - 1.5.6-r2..............................................................31
Figure 4 Starting state of the software......................................................31
Figure 5 Compiling codes for blink without delay......................................32
Figure 6 Compiling codes for buttons........................................................32
Figure 7 Compiling codes for state change detection...............................33
Figure 8 Diagram for the transmitter (Princeton, NG)...............................35
Figure 9 Sample photo of receiver............................................................36
Figure 10 Diagram for the receiver (Princeton, NG)..................................36
Figure 11 Schematic diagram for Arduino Uno Rev3 (Arduino, 2014).......37
Figure 12 Diagram for living room............................................................39
Figure 13 Diagram for bedroom................................................................40
Figure 14 Flow chart of the system...........................................................44
Figure 15 Circuit for living room................................................................46
Figure 16 Circuit for bedroom...................................................................46
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List of tables
Table 1 Illumination level of house............................................................24
Table 2 Operation of temperature controlling system...............................26
Table 3 Costing of devices........................................................................52
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Chapter 1: Introduction
Home Automation is the housing extension of building automation system.
This system is actually automating the residential activity. The trendiness
of home automation has increased tremendously in recent years for the
reason of higher usability and simplicity by using remote control (key fob),
smart phones and tablet connectivity (through Wi-Fi, GSM, Bluetooth, Zig
bee etc.). Home automation actually is the termination of the automation
system for the maintenance of home appliances.
Modern home automation system introduced during the world fair of
1934 in Chicago.
The first 'wired homes' built by hobbyists from America. In 1984, the
American Association of Householders invented the term of 'smart
house'.
In 1960s, an American engineer, Jim Sutherland developed 'ECHO IV'
named a developed home automation system.
The main and very basic need of using home systems like light, fan, air
conditioner, air heater by using different switches in different places.
Therefore people, especially adult people need to put a lot of afford to
switch all those components separately and with enough power to press.
Those switches are mostly made very unsafe way and it is also asking
more energy to put. These problems could be solved if home automation
system would be used.
1.1 Aims and Objectives
Home automation system has different kinds like, remote control home
automation, mobile phone home automation. Aim of this project is to
demonstrate an unostentatious Home automation system that
apprehends an outlying key fob controller and home machineries (here I
will try to show that by using some LED's).
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Here, the project is based on remote control home automation system,
which could help to save energy like electricity and lots of physical
strength. It could be secure, flexible, help to prevent power and more
accurate outcomes. Most of houses in the cities of the developed
countries now using remote control, mobile or touch screen based home
automation system to prevent energy and ensure adequate safety.
To accomplish the project, here first of all, trying to discuss about the
research has been done based on Home Automation and all related
hardware & Software.
A Remote Control transmitter has been used to transfer signals.
Then receivers have been used to receive signals. After receiving the
signal, receiver will control to turn on-off some different home
appliances after getting the signal from the key fob transmitter (as
example, lights, heater, oven etc.).
Two different rooms and four different parts of a small flat (kitchen
area, leaving area, reading area and sitting area) will try to control
through a remote control transmitter and receiver.
Next one of those receivers has been used with an Arduino board,
which will be programmed to work as a reset circuit. Then it will connect
with the receiver and help to reset some of the home appliances
according to our set timer.
Need to write a programme for the Arduino board to work as a reset
circuit and then have to connect it with the receiver board to take the
signal from the transmitter.
Different appliances simplify by different LEDs which will get signal from
the key fob transmitter.
1.2 Overview of the report
This report will explain the design and production of the embedded
controlled home automation system in 7 different chapters.
Chapter 1 will introduce the background of the home automation system,
the aims and the objectives of the project.
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Chapter 2 will describe the basics of home automation system, embedded
system and other literature reviews related to the project.
Chapter 3 will explain the procedure of designing the home automation
system. Here we will explain how we connected each and every part.
Chapter 4 will show the outcome of the project and discuss the results.
Chapter 5 will find out the weak points of the project and the way to
improve.
Chapter 6 will explain the costing of the project, including each and every
component and equipment used in the project.
Chapter 7 will summarise the project and described the further work to
get a better outcome.
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Chapter 2: Literature review
Automation is very famous thing for today's world. Nowadays, human are
trying to control everything automatically without any physical efforts. In
this process Home automation system has been introduced to using home
appliances without any muscle power. Basic task of this system is to turn
on and off different home appliances.
2.1 Home Automation
Home Automation is the boarder extension of building extension. Home
Automation may include imploded control of lighting, heating, ventilation
and air conditioning, appliances, security locks of gates and doors and
other systems for providing convenience, comfort, energy efficiency and
safety security.
Definition of Home automation can be explained in three ways.
Performance based
Home automation system is the procedure how people can get
automated performance from all home appliances which we cannot
get with our physical efforts. As example, switch control lights take
fractionally more time than the automated lighting system. The
performance based definition is actually depends on saving more
energy and power.
Services based
Home automation system can provide more and unrested services
then the human efforts. For a sample, when we are sleeping,
through this system we can control our room temperature without
any kind of disturbances. Through this way our home system can
control all the appliances according to its setting. In simple we can
say, through this system we can get more comfortable and flexible
home condition.
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System based
System wise we can say, Home automation is the technology, which
is formed a networking system to make the all home appliances
working together in a harmony, which gives us instant control over
all the appliances individually. This system provides us safe,
convenient, high-efficiency and comfortable home environment.
2.1.1 Description of Home Automation:
Home automation offers to the conduct of computer and information
technology to monitor home appliances and features. Home automation
systems can extent from usual remote control of lighting through to
diluted computer/micro-controller based networks with different degrees
of intelligence and automation. Home automation is obtained for motives
of ease, security and energy efficiency (StephenLindsay ,2013 :156−160 ) .
In present construction in industrialized countries, most houses are
depending on wire for electrical power, telephones, TV cable or antenna,
and doorbell. Though, most of household tasks are automated by the
development of specialized machineries. As example, automatic washing
machines are developed to reduce the physical labour of washing clothes
and water heaters attenuated the labour essential for bathing.
Other regular household duties, like food conservation and preparation
have been automated in large range by processing them into factory, with
the increment of pre-produced and pre-packaged foods. In some
advanced countries such as the United Kingdom, tumid dependence on
commercial food preparation businesses, such as fast food take-away.
Volume manufacture and the factory settings accommodate forms of
automation that would be ineffective or too expensive in a home setting.
Ascertained foods qualify feasible further automation of stirring the food
within the house.
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The use of aerial or aqueous fuels, and afterwards the use of electricity
occupy tumid automation in air and water heating; decrease the physical
afford necessary to manually refuel furnace and stoves. Progression of
thermostats allow of more automated restraint of inflaming, and later
cooling.
As the number of controllable instruments in the home rises,
interconnection and communication becomes a necessary and wished
characteristic. For example, a heater can transmit a discrete message
when it requires cleaning or a fridge when it wants service.
Houses will become "intelligent" and will dispatch signals or signs to the
controller when any movement happens inside. In case there is no one
supposed to be home and the alarm system is adjusted, the system could
deliver signal towards the proprietor, or the police, or an emergency
number.
In instinctive installations, it may be as expansive as rotation of the lights
when a person admits into the room. In commencing installations, houses
can intuition not only the appearance of a person inside but indicate the
person and apparently set adequate lighting, temperature, sound levels or
TV channels, acceptance the account of the day, the time of day, and
other multiplicators.
Simple examples of Home Automation are like, using of a remote control
to turn on and off a light across the room or unlocking the front or back
door as you pull into the driveway. Rotation of your home sprinkler system
by using your mobile phone device or logging in from your computer at
work to check and view your home security cameras are also examples of
using home automation. Home automation includes everything that
provides you remote or automatic control of the electronic components
inside it.
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2.1.2 History of Home automation:
Home automation featured in science fiction scripts for many years but
came out in reality or practical world since the early 20th century through
the introduction of using electricity in home. Then it increased through the
rapid development of information technology.
The usage of electrical home automation started between the years 1915
to 1920. It began to seem more useful and cheaper than the use of
servants. The system also helps to maintain a luxurious status without
huge amount of expanses.
Automation system started by the introduction of wheel. Automation
system improved a lot by the beginning of sailing boats. And then
the early 1900s automation system improved very fast and then we
can see the invention of electricity and that brings the beginning of
Home automation. On that period we got the electronic bulbs.
1978 X10 improves switches, thermostat controllers and other home
appliances like fan. On that period we actually get introduced with
all sorts of home appliances which made life more comfortable.
By 1984, Home automation became hot cake for the western
countries. Some of the house hold appliances started to be
controlled automatically without any outsider efforts. On that period
of time Home automation technology spreads to security system
like garage doors, entertainment system control, environment
control and more.
During the later 80s and early 90s, wireless connection started to be
utilized in house. Through Wireless connection people started to
control different home appliances by staying away from home.
On the later part of 90s Home automation started to spread all over
the world. On that period mobile GSM and Zigbee system started to
operate that section besides remote control system.
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2.1.3 Different kinds of Home automation:
There are several kinds of Home automation system have been
introduced. First and the most common Home automation system was
wired home automation system like light, fan garage doors controlled by
switches. Then it introduced with the wireless Home automation system.
Remote controlled Home automation system is very famous and the most
utilized Home automation system. Then, people started to use broad band
system, Wi-Fi networking system and many more.
Remote control Home automation system
First wireless Home automation system was based on remote
control. Most of the remote controlled system transfers the signal
through RF system. In that procedure user get the benefit of using
something different than the switches and they don’t need to move
to control their home appliances according to their choices.
Global System for Mobile
By using GSM (Global System for Mobile) system, user can easily
operate his home appliances through a mobile phone by a simple
miscall or SMS (Short Message Services).
ZigBee
Through Zigbee technology user can easily control whole home
power supplies through a monitor power. It also uses mobile phone
to control the system without any delay or error. Through this
technology people can control their home appliances from anywhere
in the world.
Besides for the development of Home automation system, Arduino,
Raspberry Pi and many more different companies are making some
PCBs (Printed Circuit Board) which make the life simpler.
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2.1.4 Benefits of using Home Automation system:
Home Automation system is the most helpful procedure to manage home
appliances from in or outside home. By using this system anyone can
simply maintain all the home appliances without any physical attendance
at home. This is the most convenience way of using modern technology in
day to day life.
Home Automation system is also the best way to provide adequate
security without too much physical efforts. Recently, Close Circuit Camera
feeds also provide you live or save views to protect your home in any
conditions. You can also control the alarm system in emergency as one of
your friends want to get in but does not have the key to unlock the door.
All in all, it is the best way to provide safety to any unoccupied home¿
2.1.5 The Future of Home Automation:
The new base in home automation is an android smart phone. Home
automation equipment recently use existing home Wi-Fi networks. But
very soon there will be some gadgets like google glass. Google Glass is a
very exceptional device which could be worn like glass but it will provide a
screen over the right eye. That screen is controlled by voice command
and by touching an intelligent touchpad on the right side. It will connect
via Bluetooth or connect to Wi-Fi to a smart phone device and plays
Google Glass applications.
There is another project is coming in the Home Automation department is
named ivee, which looks like an alarm clock. This alarm clock can talk with
the operator, it can take order, and it can control some home appliance.
As example, if anyone asks about the weather to ivee and if ivee is
connected with Wi-Fi then it can tell and show you the total forecast. It
also can trigger on and off the light and other home appliances like
television, radio, light, air-conditioner etc. Some other different kinds of
Home Automation projects are ongoing to improve and make easy the
living of people.
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For modern home automation system, embedded system and
microcontrollers are the most important elements. There is a discussion
about these two topics.
2.2 Embedded System
All computing systems other than general purpose computer (with
monitor, keyboard, etc.) are embedded systems.
Embedded system is a way of working, organizing or performing one or
many tasks according to a fixed set of rules, program or plan. In other
words, an arrangement in which all units assemble and work together
according to a program or plan. An embedded system is a system that has
software embedded into hardware, which makes a system dedicated for
an application (s) or specific part of an application or product or part of a
larger system. It processes a fixed set of pre-programmed instructions to
control electromechanical equipment which may be part of an even larger
system (not a computer with keyboard, display, etc.)
(Godse , Mulani (2009 :1−5 ) ).
For organising an embedded system, microcontrollers are the most
essential elements.
2.3 Microcontrollers
A microcontroller is a small computer that contains a microprocessor
which controls some aspects of the environment. Microcontrollers are
used for control some devices and engines automatically, such as home
automation system, automobile system, medical devices, remote control
devices, power controlling tools, quad-copter and other embedded
system. Some microcontrollers use 4-bit words. For low power
consumption, this kind of microcontrollers operates at clock rate
frequencies as low as 4000 Harz. Microcontroller is the main aspect of
designing an embedded system.
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2.3.1Most common Microcontrollers
There are lots of microcontrollers from different brands. Here, a discussion
about some of the microcontrollers has been used for home automation
system.
Atmel AT89 series: AT89 series is an Intel 8051 family
microcontrollers, which is an 8-bit microcontroller and manufactured
by the Atmel Corporation.
Atmel AVR series: Atmel AVR is a single chip microcontroller which
is developed by Atmel in1996.
AT91SAM (AT91 Smart ARM Microcontrollers) series: AT91 is a 32-bit
microcontroller integrated circuit and produced by Atmel.
Intel MCS-51 or 8051 series: 8051 is a single chip microcontroller
series developed by Intel and used in embedded system.
For the prospect of the project, an Atmel AVR series microcontroller
(ATmega328) has been used. ATmega328 is actually a reset
microcontroller, which helps to build a strong reset circuit.
All in all, this project's primary aspect is to develop a Home automation
system working as an embedded computer and a microchip works to
control some of the procedure.
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Chapter 3: Designing and Procedure
As already explained in previous parts, home automation is a smart home
maintenance system with intelligence, safety and luxurious home system.
This procedure helps to provide a comfortable, user friendly home system
and also reduces the cost of energy and utility. This home system also
helps the elders to sustain with the new technologies; it helps them to use
all home appliances with little effort.
3.1 Remote Controlled Home automation system
First wireless Home automation system is the remote controlled Home
automation system and still it is the most user friendly automation system
in the world. In this procedure a remote control console can control all
sorts of home appliances according to the user's choice. This remote
controlled console can be a mobile phone or any ordinary remote control
consoles like a key fob.
A remote controlled console can transfer signal through different ways like
RF system, GSM technology, ZigBee etc. For this project we are using RF
(Radio Frequency) system.
3.1.1 Reason of using remote-control and RF system
Wireless Home automation technologies represent a system to utilize
home appliances with more ease and less efforts. Remote control system
actually provides the cheapest way to utilize those facilities. By the use of
remote control technology, user easily can get the facility through a less
expansive device like a cheap mobile phone set or a cheap key fob
transmitter.
Considering the other sources it is more comfortable to carry and easy to
control from anywhere. It helps to enhance the flexibility and security. For
example, if the user gets a message or signal by saying there is
something wrong or an intrusion then he can check the situation through
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video cameras. Another example could be, turning on any home
appliances like heater, computer from outside the house or from any
distances. In that point it needs to mention the importance of controlling
(turning on and off) some home appliances when users are outside.
Through this technology we can listen the music system which is playing
inside the house, user can connect with personal computer to collect
some important files or it could be helpful to get a text when any home
appliances need to check or change (Aurell, 2005).
High flexibility, geographical distance and good scalability properties are
the most common reason to make remote-control system suitable for all
sorts of users.
3.2 Design description:
According to the previous discussion, Home automation system makes the
home condition and utilization of appliances easy, simple, comfortable
and flexible, user friendly, secure and saves energy. Therefore, the Home
automation system designed in this project with automatically control of
following factors.
Energy to start with
Temperature
Windows and doors
Power socket
Water heating
Illumination
Entrance control
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Figure 1 Sample Home Automation System (Nairaland, 2005-2014)
These points organises into four different systems.
Power Supply: Energy to start with
Lighting System: Illumination
Temperature Controlling System: Air conditioning system
Security System: Access control, Windows and doors etc.
3.2.1 Power Supply
The perfect remote-control Home automation system can be achieved by
provide a sufficient power to utilise the whole system properly. Though it
is a remote-control system, but the system needs two individual power
supplies for the transmitter and the receiver part. As example, if a user
tries to use a mobile phone as a transmitter, he needs to charge it first to
make it utilizable. Then he needs to use a different power supply for the
lighting system he tries to use.
For a smart home, two kinds of power supplies need to be used.
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Switching Power Supply
Automatic Power Supply
Rechargeable Power Supply
3.2.1.1 Switching Power Supply
As the name suggests, this is a simple switch controlled power supply.
This power supply controlled by turning switch on and off. This system
could be used for something which is less usable like the water heater in
toilet. User could use it during the time of using the toilet. For the
prospect of the project, this kind of power supply has been used only for
the only for the bedroom sector. However, this power supply can start
working by getting the signals manually from the user or the automatic
power supply.
3.2.1.2 Automatic Power Supply
This is the power supply which helps user to control home environment for
making it comfortable and flexible before he gets in. Through this power
supply user can turn on most of the home appliances without entering the
house. User can control all the electronic devices very easily and with
comfort any time whenever he wants.
Automatic power supply is always working and this power supply does not
need to turn on and off. This supply system will be connected with the
living room appliances and also connect with the switch which turns on
the bedroom power supply.
According to this project through this power supply user can easily control
the living and kitchen area. It helps to turn on the whole house heating
system that makes our home more comfortable before getting in.
3.2.1.3 Rechargeable Power Supply
Rechargeable or the battery controlled power supply has been used for
charging the remote control console. As example, if the user wants to
control the home automation system through a mobile phone then he
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needs to make sure the phone is always charged on or the console's
batteries are not damaged.
In this project, it has been tried to use this battery controlled remote
console as the only transmitter. Through this device user can transfer the
signals from the transmitter towards the receivers.
Therefore, overall home automation system constituted by several kinds
of power supplies. Through this system, it has been trying to provide the
main energy for the all appliances of the house.
3.2.2 Lighting System
Lights are the most important home appliances in a house and intelligent
lighting system is the most important part of a smart home. An
integrated system used to control or contain a soothing visual
environment is called lighting system. Core of the lighting system is the
brightness of the level adjustment.
The whole house has couple of windows and doors, that’s why the day
light motion would be considerable. In a bright day, the indoor lighting
system would be essential at all. Besides on that kind of times through
this procedure user can save a huge amount of power and energy.
On the other side, it has been tried to arrange a form for the whole
system that it can measure the necessity of lights during any time of day.
As example through this system user can get the signal through a mobile
phone or a remote control transmitter that he does not need to turn on
the light before getting inside the house. A pre-set peak value has been
arranged to help to roll down the situation quickly. Through this way, the
system also can control the brightness of the lights.
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An example of home illumination level is given below (ToolBox, 2013).
Table 1 Illumination level of house
Activities Illumination (lux)
Living room area without sunlight 20-50
Living room area with sunlight 0-15
Getting in time 50-75
Time of cooking 100-150
During the time of reading 200
Entertainment time 70-100
Toilet time 30-50
Sleeping time 0-10
We know, Illumination, I =Lf . .CV . LLF
A I
Where,
I= illumination (lux)
L1= lumen per Lamp
C v= coefficient
LLF= light loss factor
A I= area per lamp (meter 2).
3.2.3 Temperature Controlling System
Temperature controlling system is one of the important systems for the
whole house during the winter or rainy periods. Basically in a western
country, where seven month is considering as winter period and only
three to five months consider as summer, this system is the most
important appliance of a house. Though we are developing this project
considering all sorts of weather summer is also in consideration. That’s
why temperature controlling system is divided into three sectors,
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Figure 2 Diagram for Temperature Controlling System
For basic heating system a temperature controlled heater has been used,
which works with a timer PCB (Programmable Circuit Board) and a
temperature controlling equipment. This heater helps to remain the room
temperature 23 degree Celsius all the time. It is also noise less and
windless. So the user feels the house is getting hot not the heater.
Basically, cooling system is necessary during the time of summer. For the
smart house an automatic cooling system has been utilized, which does
not need to turn on manually. It helps to remain the house temperature
23 degree Celsius. It is also noise free but has some wind effects.
As mentioned before that the house has couple of windows and doors.
That’s why ventilation system has been utilized for this project. Through
this system user can utilize the day light and the natural environmental
wind facilities. However, when the force of the wind go beyond the margin
of 23 degree Celsius then the windows will automatically closed to filter
them out.
Overall through this system home temperature can be controlled and
adjust into a bearable situation any times of day or night.
Table 2 Operation of temperature controlling system
House
temperature
Heating
system
Cooling system Windows Ventilation
system
>23°C(without
wind)
>23°C(with wind)
OFF
OFF
ON
OFF
OPEN
CLOSE
OFF
ON
<23°C(without
wind)
ON
ON
OFF
OFF
OPEN
CLOSE
OFF
ON
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<23°C(with wind)
=23°C(without
wind)
=23°C(with wind)
OFF
OFF
OFF
OFF
OPEN
CLOSE
OFF
ON
3.2.4 Security System
Modern home is full of appliances and those need enough security system
and safety facilities. The main objective of the security system is to
ensure the safety of the house. It is developed by three systems, which
have been explained below.
Normal Security System
Night Time Security System
Emergency Alarm System
Nowadays, each and every house should have the security system for
controlling access. This is one of the convenient systems of the house.
Through this system users can control the unwanted entrances. For this
part a high resolution video camera has been used just outside the main
entrance that turns on whoever will use it for entering into the house, user
can find it out before any unwanted situation happens. Through this way
user can get a safe and secure entrance facility.
To get a safe and sound sleep, a high resolution camera has been used,
which can capture at night too. Besides for safety during the sleeping
period a timer has been connected with the main entrance that make the
door closed after a certain time at night ad it will remain like this if the
user don’t unlock the door manually.
As the name suggests, alarm system controls all the alarms which control
a safe and secure house all the time. It is developed into two sections.
Burglar Alarm
Gas & Fire Alarm
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Burglar alarm is the alarm system which normally used for night security.
Sometimes, this alarm system proves very helpful when the house
members are outside. It started to give responses or signals if there is any
indecent situation happens like robbery or stealing. Sometimes this
system helps the user to find any unwanted person inside the house.
There is a button for the user to set it off. However, if the user willingly or
unwillingly does not turn it off and it continued for more than three
minutes then there will be a signal send to nearest police control room to
find the solution.
Gas and fire alarm is very important source of safety of a house. If gas
leaks is detected by gas monitor or fire monitor can detect flames, heat
and smoke anywhere in the building, this alarm will be activated. Without
any delays, doors and windows will be unlocked and opened. This system
will give a signal to all the members of the house and in order to avoid gas
explosion or fire distinguish; ventilation system will be automatically
switched off. Then the system will send a signal towards the fire station to
reduce the destruction.
3.3 Summary
The main method used in this smart home system is using automation
system to control and develop an appropriate design for the system to
achieve the goal to build a smart house. Because of the utilization of the
four basic factors of automation system, this house can get the
intelligence without the physical effort of human. Power supplies are given
the energy, lighting and temperature controlling system help to maintain
a sustainable condition by adjusting temperature and illumination.
Security system helps to provide a safety environment for the users of the
house. Through a smart control design, it could also reduce the energy
cost for users.
According to the whole discussion, priority level could be like,
Power supply > Security system > Lighting system > Temperature
controlling system.
27
Through the priority level it's can be said that, Temperature controlling is
needed but its priority comes after lighting system. Because people can
stay on cold but it would be tougher to live without light. Then security
system gives us safe and prosperous life but before all, a power supply is
needed to make all those work.
In the end, it can be said that a smart home makes life easy, comfortable
and simple. It also helps to reduce risk and also the energy cost.
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Chapter 4: Simulation and the Testing
The Objective of the project is to design and simulate a remote controlled
home system. The design of the system been explained in Chapter 3 and
now we will describe the simulation of the system including the building of
the circuit. The simulation part will be described into four different parts
and all the parts consist of some sections.
Produce the circuit for living room
Program a Arduino for latching
Produce the circuit for bed room
Connection and testing
As explained, for building a perfect home automation system according to
the design, four different steps need to follow. In the simulation, actual
home appliances are replaced by some different colour LEDs.
4.1 Produce the circuit for living room
Living room area is the most important of the house. Besides, attached
kitchen makes it more essential. This sector of the house is controlled by
the automatic power supply. In this sector of the house consists of four
important parts of this design.
Automatic Power Supply
Security system
Temperature controlling system
Lighting system
This system runs by the automatic power supply. This power supply has
been controlled by sensors on all the doors and windows. Through this
sensor, the power supply can turn off if there is no member in the house
and no signals from the users. These sensors will automatically turn on if
there are any traces of movement inside the house or any signal from the
29
users. As example, if the user just gets closer to the main entrance door
or any windows, this sensor will help the power supply to turn on
automatically. Through this circuit, has been trying to control the lighting
system of that area. Besides, the power supply works automatically. So,
whenever the user sends a signal to turn on the light, it gets on without
any delay. Same way user can control the temperature of the house. To
accomplish this goal, an Arduino board has been needed to connect with
the receiver to transfer the signals and get the benefit of latching.
4.2 Program an Arduino board for latching
For the project an Arduino Uno Rev3 board has been used and the
description of the hardware will explain in the later part of this chapter.
This device has been used to control the temperature controlling system
of the house. For simulating the device it has been tried to follow some
previous examples given on the software itself. The typical first program
for a microcontroller which is simple blinks of a LED on and off. For the
project, it has been needed to change some part from the given
examples. On that part pin 13 has been declared as LED pins and in
Arduino itself has a LED, which is connected with pin 13. Besides when
during the use of Arduino with the receiver, it has been connected with
the LED using as sample of our whole heating system.
Whole Procedure through the software, trying to explain in some steps,
First need to download the software Arduino IDE 1.5.6-r2 and open it
30
Figure 3 File of Arduino - 1.5.6-r2
Then, the software needs to run.
Figure 4 Starting state of the software
31
Next, find out the 'BlinkWithoutDelay' file from the examples and try
to change some parts of the given codes. Then need to compile it.
Figure 5 Compiling codes for blink without delay
Same way, need to open another example named 'Button' and then
change it according to project needed.
Figure 6 Compiling codes for buttons
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Then another programming code from the example called
'StateChangeDetection' need to run and then some change of codes
need to be done.
Figure 7 Compiling codes for state change detection
4.3 Produce the bedroom circuit
This project is actually based on a smart and small flat consists of one or
more than one bedrooms. Besides the bedroom area is also attached with
toilet and shower facilities. Overall that sector of the house is far more
important than it looks. This sector of the house is controlled by a
switching power supply. In this sector of the house consists of three
important part of our design.
Switching Power Supply
Security system
Lighting system
This system runs by a power supply which is controlled by switching
system. This switch can be controlled manually and automatically. This
power supply is also connected the automatic power supply, which easily
can manipulate this service by the choice of user or sometimes for
condition. In short we can say, this power supply also get power from the
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automatic power supply, but it can start and continue to work without the
help of automatic power supply.
In this circuit, the design of lighting system for the bedrooms and the
toilet needs to simulate. If the circuit gets the power supply manually or
automatically then the lighting system will start working whenever it gets
the signal from the user. This circuit also build a security system for the
bedroom and toilet area. Overall it builds simultaneously to provide all
kind of ease, comfort and flexibility a person can get from his or her
bedroom area.
4.4 Connection and testing
For this project, a perfect home automation system includes all the
sectors according to the design need to format. Because of enough time,
funding and minimum resources it was not possible to build it was as
decided. There are some parts which are not simulated as declared.
Below, a demo version has been trying to portray similar to the design.
4.4.1 Hardware
First of all, need to describe all the hardware available for the project. As
explained that the aim of the project is to build the whole process
controlling by three separate power supplies.
Switching
Automatic
Rechargeable
To achieve this aim three separate and very cheap battery holder power
supplies has been used. One of those power supplies works for the
transmitter (rechargeable), one for the automatic power supply and the
other one is occupied for the switching power supply.
Transmitter: Instead of using an android touch screen or a mobile
phone remote control console, a key fob transmitter has been possible
to arrange. This transmitter is very easy to use and comfortable to
carry. This key fob works on 315 Mega Harz frequencies and can
34
control four separate appliances through four different keys or
buttons. This transmitter is based on remote control encoder PT2262;
it is actually paired with PT2272 utilizing Complementary metal–oxide–
semiconductor (CMOS) technology. For this transmitter two CR2016
coin cells has been used and altogether it weighs 21.22g.
Figure 8 Diagram for the transmitter (Princeton, NG)
Receiver: Considering the electronic & radio communication, a
receiver is a group of components that can receive electromagnetic or
radio waves and helps to convert the signal into a usable form. There
is an antenna which intercepts electromagnetic waves and transforms
them into a small source of information for the receiver, which receiver
will transfer into the craved signal or information. For this project a
simple radio frequency receiver has been used, which does not need
any programming, addressing or configuring. It works on 5-10V direct
current and automatic connected with the 315 MHz matching
transmitter (4-key fob remote control).
Figure 9 Sample photo of receiver
35
It is actually a remote control decoder based on PT2272 - 4 data IR
application circuit. This transmitter and receiver can be paired for
transmitting and receiving exactly four signals. Besides through this
particular remote control transmitter user can control more than one
receiver at a time. Therefore if more than one receiver is in the area of
transmitter, then the transmitter can transfer same information to all
of them.
Figure 10 Diagram for the receiver (Princeton, NG)
Arduino Uno Rev3: Arduino is a micro-controller (ATmega328) based
programmable circuit board that can be used in electrical
multidisciplinary project. Arduino consists of an open-source single
board designed surrounding by a 32-bit Atmel ARM or an 8-bit AVR
microcontroller. (For the project we use Fundino Uno Rev3 which is
copy version of Arduino Uno Rev3). Uno means one in Italian language.
Arduino Uno or Arduino 1.0 stands for moving forward. Where first
time an Arduino board can be connected to a computer with a USB
cable or power to get started.
36
Figure 11 Schematic diagram for Arduino Uno Rev3 (Arduino, 2014)
37
LEDs: LED or Light Emitting Diode is an electrical component, which
has two terminals and conducting electricity in one direction. Diodes
are used in most of the electronic technologies like televisions,
computers, radios etc. Diodes are actually help to conduct electronic
components.
Software Requirement: Software is the most important part for the
project, because for the whole heating system we use an Arduino
Uno rev3 board. This board is preprogramed and for the project
Arduino IDE 1.0.5-r3 software (Integrated Development
Environment) has been used.
4.4.2 Testing
Simulation of overall system will be divided into two parts.
Part 1: First, here is an explanation of the entrance part of the house or
the living room area. Living room is the most important part of the house.
Attached kitchen makes it more important. This part consists of a light,
whole internal heating system, whole house power sockets and cooking
system. For this project some LEDs has been used as symbol of different
home appliances. Overall two different breadboards have been used and
one of them has been made for living room area. As explained before that
the receiver can work on 6V power supply, that’s why for the living room
we use 6V power supply which easily can help to accomplish demo
version of our key fob controlled smart home. A four battery included
battery holder has been used for getting 6V energy, which gives us more
than 20mA direct current. Then this power supply needs to be connected
with the solder less breadboard.
Here we connect the 315 MHz receiver's ground pin with the ground of the
power supply and the input pin with the other part (voltage in) of the
power supply. Then four LEDs connect with the four output pins of the
receiver (D0, D1, D2, and D3) and ground. The short leg of the LED's goes
in ground and big leg connects with the receiver. Some LEDs need some
38
support from the resistors but for this project we use the LEDs which are
workable without any support from resistors.
Figure 12 Diagram for living room
We also connect an Arduino Uno Rev3 board with the receivers output of
D1 which is working for heating system of whole house. This Arduino
board is preprogramed as we explained before. However, for this
particular project we have to change some codes. This circuit is made with
a micro controller which helps to reset by itself. Pin 2 of Arduino is
connected with ground and pin 13 is connected with the LED, which we
are using as heater (check the figure below). Though heater is a kind of a
home appliance what we use often but long time use of heater can make
lots of problems related to health and mind. That’s why; we use this
automatic reset micro controlling board Arduino Uno rev3. This Arduino
Uno Rev3 helps our circuit to control heating system automatically after
getting start.
Part 2: The other part of the house is the bed room area. This part
consists of a bed room and an attached toilet. For that part we use totally
different circuit board and a separate power supply. However, here we use
the same frequency's receiver and transmitter key fob. For that reason,
we easily can use the same fey fob we used for living room area. Though
we can use the same breadboard for that part too but though we are
trying to use a same frequency key fob so we don’t want to make it more
complicated.
39
Figure 13 Diagram for bedroom
Here, for the bed room area we use the same design as Living room.
Although for that part we do not use any Arduino board. This part is
consisting of a light for the bed room, a fan or cooling system for bed
room, a light for toilet and water heating system for toilet.
The transmitter of 315 Mega Harz can control the receiver contact with
them. For the cost and utility we use the same transmitter key fob here.
We connect everything same way as we have been done with Living room
area.
To save energy we try to use two different power supplies and though it’s
a student flat so we think may be, there is no necessity to use both the
parts together. Bed room and toilet's power supply is connected with a
switch that need to press to turn on the power supply for that part.
However the living room area's power supply is on during we are outside
and we can switch it off when we will using the other part. On that we can
turn on the heater and the light of living room before getting into the
house and after getting in we can control both the supplies according to
our choice. Sometimes, we may need to use both the power supply
together as example on party nights. On that situation we can turn the
bedroom and living room supplies altogether and we can control both of
the with a same key fob transmitter, which makes the part more
comfortable and effort less.
Overall, with less resources, facilities and expanses we try to maintain a
smart with all kind of automation facilities instead of the security system.
However, overall we can say the simulation and the testing was successful
and it can provide users a smart and intelligent home system with decent
sorts of facilities.
40
41
Chapter 5: Results and Discussions
A home automation system was designed, programmed and the model
version already has been built. Each and Every part of the system have
been assembled and tested. Now through this demo version has been
trying to simulate the operation of an actual home automation system for
a small one bedroom flat for student.
5.1 Simulate Results
After turning on the automatic power supply for the whole system, the
transmitter starts to deliver signals and then the receivers started to
receives the signals without any delay. 315 Mega Harz transmitter has
been used which consists of four keys or buttons which work for four
different parts of the whole process.
In that part, a briefly explanation of the overall outcome of the project has
been discussed. As it was discussed that, the project has been designed
for a small one bedroom flat and whole system has been divided into two
sections. One of those sections is the living area and the other one is the
bedroom area. First we will discuss about the living room area, which is
included with kitchen facilities and bedroom area is attached with a toilet
and shower facilities. Living room area is getting energy from an
automatic power supply and on the other hand bedroom area gets it from
a switch controlling power supply.
Living room area:
Automatic power supply turns on whenever any movement happens
around the entrance door of the building. After turning on the automatic
power supply which controls all the home appliances for the living room
and the kitchen area, it has been that the LED in Arduino board will turn
automatically on and it starts to latch or blink with minimum delay. It
42
happens because of the compilation of the program has been written for
that purpose.
As explained in Chapter 3, for the prospect of the project a same range of
receiver and transmitter has been used for the whole system. Through
this transmitter user can transfer signals for four different kinds of
appliances including the lighting system, temperature controlling system,
power sockets and cooking facilities.
Key 'A' for lighting system
Key 'B' for the whole temperature controlling system
Key 'C' works for the power sockets
Key 'D' will act to utilize the cooking facilities
For the use of living room facilities key 'A' has been used for turning on
the lighting system, key 'B' is working for turning on and off whole internal
home temperature or air controlling system (which also connected with
the Arduino board for latching the system properly), key 'C' is used for all
the power socket includes the socket for refrigerator, television, oven,
table lamp etc. and key 'D' helps to turn on the whole cooking systems
including the cooker, air distinguisher, water heater for kitchen facilities.
Besides it has been planned to use an alarming system for the whole
house security. By using the power socket system, user can accomplish
this facility by spending a little amount.
Bedroom area:
Bedroom area connects with the switch controlling power supply, so to run
the home appliances of bedroom area first user needs to turn on this
power supply. It can be done through the automatic power supply or by
sending signal manually by using the transmitter.
Considering the previous discussions, user will use same transmitter for
both the power supplies. However, the bedroom sector can get the energy
from the automatic power supply too, but it needs to come via the switch
controlling power supply. User can use both of this power supplies
43
together or he can use automatic power supply and turn off the switch
controlling power supply. Anyhow, automatic power supply will be always
on if the user is inside the house else he turn it off manually. Now, the
outcome of the bedroom circuit will be discussed here.
For that sector,
Key 'A' turns on and off the lighting system.
Key 'B' works for the temperature controlling system for that sector.
Key 'C' controls a separate lighting system for using the toilet and
shower facilities.
Key 'D' helps to use the water heating facilities only for the toilet
and shower area.
For using this area of the house, first user needs to turn on the power
supply connected with this area. Then, for turning on the lighting system
of bedroom, button or key 'A' of the transmitter need to press. Lighting
system for the bedroom will remain on until the user presses the button
'A' second time. For turning on the cooler facility or fan, user needs to
press key 'B' and it continue to cooling the environment of the room until
he turns it off by pressing it again. As mentioned before, key 'C' works for
the lighting system of the toilet and shower area and same way, user
needs to press key 'C' to turn it on and off. Last but not the least key 'D'
helps to use the water heating system to enhance the toilet and shower
facilities. If user wants to use hot water for toilet and shower purposes, he
just needs to press button 'D' and for cancelling the use same way press it
again. Security of bedroom area also confirmed through the same security
system oriented for living room area. All the windows are connected with
some sensors and all of those sensors are getting power from the
automatic power supply (power sockets).
Through this flow chart the whole system can be easily explained.
44
Figure 14 Flow chart of the system
45
5.2 Description
Through, the whole project controlled by three different power sectors and
one of them is for the transmitter which needs to be on all the time and
others are working for the receivers. So, first of all, user needs to make
sure both the power supplies are on and giving 4.5V to 7V and more than
20mA current. User always needs to keep the key fob transmitter with
him, that he can control anything from anywhere at home. It has been
discussed that the key fob has four key and it works from the distance of
40-75 feet.
The power supply for living and kitchen area is already on. When user
presses key 'A' of key fob, it can be seen the light of living room turns on
and it remain like that until he presses the key 'A' again. In the same way,
when the button or key 'B' has been pressed, the overall home
temperature controlling system turns on. For controlling the temperature
of home it has been trying to use a clock timer to turn on and off or reset
the air conditioning system. An Arduino Uno Rev3 reset board has been
used for controlling the latching facility. To accomplish this goal, the key
fob transmitter gives signal to the receiver, receiver will transfer it to the
Arduino and then the Arduino converts the outcome into latching. For that
reason, when user presses key 'B', whole flat's heating system turned on
for a time being and turn off for same duration (we did not make the reset
timer into a reasonable time because of the need of our experiment)and it
will turn on again after a same amount of time. As discussed, key 'C' is
connected with the power sockets for the whole flat, so when we pressed
key 'C' on the key fob it transfers energy for the sockets of whole flat.
Micro-wave oven, television, refrigerator and rice-cooker get power
through those power sockets. So, when the whole power sockets turned
on, all those appliances automatically get power and then user can easily
use those manually. Last but not the least; key 'D' works for turning on
the whole cooking system includes, cooker, water kettle, etc. Besides, all
of those appliances can be controlled in the same time or more than one
at a time or once at a time. As example, before entering user easily can
46
turn on the lighting system for living room and the heating system that
gives warm and comfortable environment before getting in. Overall this
system is the most important part of the project.
Figure 15 Circuit for living room
For discussing the practical use of the bedroom facilities like light, fan,
toilet light and toilet water heater, first user needs to turn the power
supply on relevant to that sector. After turning it on, user can easily
control all the home appliances related to bed room. To turn on the light
for the bed room user needs to press key 'A', for tuning on the fan, user
needs to use key 'B', for using toilet facilities, we need to press key 'C' and
key 'D' individually for toilet light and toilet water heater.
Figure 16 Circuit for bedroom
47
5.3 Discussions
After completing the simulation, assemble and viewing the results, it is
obvious to see that the simulation of the home automation system
achieves the desired goals. It shows the acting status of a smart home,
which covers the sectors of ease, comfort and flexibility.
This smart home controls by four separate systems.
Power supply system can distribute energy for all the home
appliances into two separate sectors with minimum efforts.
Lighting system can adjust to control during any situation, either in
day or night periods.
Temperature controlling system helps to control room temperature
most of the time according to user's need.
Alarming system also helps to provide enough security throughout
the whole day and night.
The cooperation of the all the four systems can be beneficial for any kind
of home or flat. There are lots of supporting factors for utilizing this
project in practical environment. Through this procedure, user easily can
control all the home appliances with limited efforts and limited expanses.
Some of those technical merits are explained below.
Wireless radio frequency system makes the home system more
comfortable and safe to use.
Do not need to give any extra physical efforts to turn on and off any
appliances like, lights, and heater etc.
Overall expanse is very much in control and it is cheaper than the
other smart home prospects as example, touch screen, mobile
control etc.
Through this process user also can save some energy than the
normal switch controlled home automation.
48
It makes possible to control electronic devices without using
ordinary switch board, which makes the room visibly more
attractive.
User can control most of the home appliances from 75 feet distance
during any time of day.
To control both the rooms separately we are using two distance two
different power supplies. However, we can control both of the rooms by
using one power supply. Then both the rooms appliances will work
together and the outcome will come in same time.
For using this method in real condition, user needs to consider some of
the factors.
Five control systems need to be designed more precisely and
clearly. All the details should be maintained carefully. As example,
instead of using battery power supplies, user can use a normal
power supplies.
Because of real home experiences, instead of using four or five
appliances, use should consider to use more appliances. However,
to accomplish this goal, receivers with more outputs should be
chosen to use.
Instead of using only PCB (Programmable Circuit Board) controller,
user can consider to use a combination of PLC (Programmable Logic
Circuit) controller.
Economically it can be more beneficial to use a single power supply
instead of two separate power supplies.
With the consideration of the above factors, a practical smart home can
be designed, simulated and used with real experiences.
49
Chapter 6: Critique
During the whole project we have achieved lots of obstacles. However, if
we compared with our original specification then we will find some areas
we struggled a lot to achieve, some areas we could not get success and
some areas we need to improve.
6.1 Unsuccessful goals
Security System:
During the design, it had been decided that to use an alarm system for
maintaining the home security. However, it increased the total cost of
the project, besides the time period is not enough to achieve this goal.
Single power Supply :
For the saving of energy, it was needed to use a single power supply
for whole project. Using one power supply could help us to save more
energy. However, this goal could not be achieved. Though, using the
same frequency receivers reduce the amount of cost. Besides, using
same transmitter for both the receivers also reduce some energy and
cost.
Controlling room temperature:
In the beginning, it was the plan to control the temperature of the
whole house instead of maintaining whole heating system. The
receivers have been used are not capable to accept that kind of
signals. Those receivers and transmitter only can control momentary,
toggle and latching signals.
50
6.2 Improvement needed
Using same breadboard:
We could use a big breadboard for the whole system, although we
prefer to use two separate breadboards for two separate parts.
However, we can use a big breadboard, where we can build both the
circuits.
Distance of the transmitter:
The transmitter we are using can only work from the distance of 25-30
meters. That means, we can only control living room appliances from
very little distance.
More than four Appliances:
A room in a small flat could have more than four appliances in a room.
However, we could not achieve this goal because of limitation of the
receivers. Those receivers cannot give more than four outcomes.
6.3 Struggling Points
control both the circuits separately:
For the project we need to control both the circuit separately but
because of the same transmitter, we need to control power supplies
separately. That needs more effort and more energy too.
testing circuit:
We struggled a bit during the testing of the circuits. Using the Arduino
Uno Rev3 and the Arduino IDE software was a little touch to
accomplish.
6.4 Methods of improvement:
Single power supply could be possible, if we can manage a different
receiver which provides more outcomes.
51
To control room temperature we need to use a regulator and a circuit
which would work for controlling the temperature.
To use single breadboard is very simple to accomplish. We just need to
buy a breadboard which is bigger that two different circuits could be
built in one.
By changing the transmitter we easily can control it from far distances.
Actually it depends on the frequency too. So changing of the
transmitter would be a solution for that.
To get more outcomes we just need to get some more output pins for
the receivers. For that, we can build those receivers on that way or we
can totally change the receivers. Same thing we need to do for
controlling both the circuit separately. We can change the frequency of
one of the receivers and use two separate transmitters or we can add
a new transmitter and change one of the receivers.
For reducing the energy, PCB system could be replaced by PLC
system. Through this way, energy could be saved in huge margin but
the cost of the project and the practical utilization would be tougher.
In the end, it could be said that, the project has some errors and some
unsuccessful sections. But overall, it is practically proved and almost there
where it was planned in the beginning.
52
Chapter 7: Costing
The Project is designed by based on a transmitter (Key fob), a receiver
and an Arduino Uno R3 board. These products we purchased from an
American company named, Adafruit Industries Ltd. The other materials we
bought from local shop, Maplin - Electronics Specialist.
315 MHz - Key fob 4-Button RF remote control was bought from
Adafruit Industries Ltd, an America based company.
Two 315 MHz - Toggle Type simple RF T4 receiver was bought from
Adafruit Industries Ltd.
Arduino Uno- R3 was bought from a China based company.
6 volt/100mA power supply battery holder was purchased from Maplin.
1.5 V 4 AA batteries were purchased from Maplin, Sheffield.
Solder less Two Breadboard was bought from Maplin, Sheffield.
LEDs, Wires, Cables and other tools has been utilized in the project
were bought from Maplin, Sheffield.
Table 3 Costing of devices
Electronic equipment Per cost Units Total cost
Key fob transmitter £5.80 1 £5.80
T4 Receiver £4.93 2 £9.86
Arduino Uno- R3 £19.58 1 £19.58
Battery Holder £4.29 1 £4.29
4 AA batteries pack £3 2 £6
Solder less breadboard £7.52 2 £15.04
Extra equipment £42 - £42
Total cost = £105 Inc. VAT
The total cost of project is about £105 Inc. VAT
53
Chapter 8: Summary and Future Works
The project designed, produced and tested a home automation system in
several parts.
Design System
Design with Arduino board
Program with code for Arduino
Assembling and testing the model for result.
This Project could be design in nature by using handy portable key fob
facility. The cost of the project is also not that high and it is also take less
time to consume. This Project can be useful for the people who want to
use unconventional way to use switches and that can help to reduce
exceeding use of energy and power, such as electricity.
So, overall it could be a beneficiary project for the practical, busy and
urban life.
However, this project can be upgraded by using GSM modem, which can
control home appliances by sending an SMS. Benefit of using this
technology is there will not be any range limitation compared to RF
technology.
54
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