under floor heating
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UNDER FLOOR HEATING TECHNOLOGY
Ordre of EngineersTripoli - Lebanon
Eng. Wael Zmerly 02-11-2007
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WHAT IS “FLOOR HEATING”
TO USE THE FLOOR AS A HEAT EMISSION SURFACE
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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Heating systems inspired by this idea were built by the Chinese, Egyptians and Romans.
2000 years ago
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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
At the start of this century floor heating appears in its present form.Hot water cycles inside a tube burred under ground.
In London in 1909, one of the Royal palaces was heated with this new system.
1900
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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
1945 TO 1950In Europe, from 1945 to 1950, over 100,000 homes were heated by this technique.
Very soon, however, it was noted that the equipment was causing numerous physiological problems due to the following facts:
Metallic pipes instead of plastic (long distance between pipes)
The boiler temperaturewas 70ºC to 80ºC. The reason why the floor temperature was 34ºC to 40ºC. Which caused also some health problems.
40ºC
No use of cement slab, High thermal inertia.
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THE NEW SYSTEMS
FROM 1970s3 New values were added:
Low surface temperature (28 - 29ºC).
Low thermal inertia of the floor slab.
29ºC
• More insulation, Low heat losses.
• Use of Floating floors.
Uniform heat distribution. • Plastic pipes, small pitches.
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ADVANTAGES
☺ Uniform heat distribution.
☺ Healthy conditions. Absence of air draughts.
☺ Safety.
☺ Space saving.
☺ Low noise
☺Temperature reduction from feet to head.
☺ Lack of dryness due to low temperatures.
☺ Friendly to the environment.
☺ Efficient. Low operating cost.
☺ Reduction of roof thermal loses.
☺ Short-term depreciation.
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HEATING OUTPUT RELATED TO LIMITED AREA.
RELATIVLY HIGH THERMAL INERTIA.
INCONVIENIENTS
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HEAT AND COMFORT
Hottest part of the room is at ceiling level.Room temperature setting at 21ºC.Cold feet due to cooler convective air current.
RADIATOR HEATING FLOOR HEATING
Coolest part of the room is at ceiling level.Room temperature setting below 21ºC (19). No draught.No cold feet.Less dust which can settle on walls, furniture and curtains.
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16 20 24ºC
170cm
270cm
10cm
HEAT REPARTITION
16 20 24
Floor heating radiant panel
Ceiling heating
Radiators (external walls)
Radiators (internal walls)
Warm air
Warm air
Floor heating
Ceiling heating
Radiators ext.
Radiators int.
Thermal comfort Ideal curve
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APPLICATIONS
RESIDENTIAL. OFFICES.
INDUSTRIAL.
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PANEL CONTAINEMENT STRUCTURES
Thermal Concrete
Insulation
Floor Slab
Tiles
Protective diaphragm
Acrylic adhesive
Acrylic grouting
Panel Pipes
Insulation strip
Skirting board
2.0cm
2.5cm
4.0cm
1.5cm
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LAYOUT
Loops
Distribution manifold
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LAYOUT
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LOOP CONFIGURATIONS
variation
SINGLE SERPENTINE
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LOOP CONFIGURATIONS
Floor temperatureVariation
PARALLEL SUPPLY AND RETURN – COUNTERFLOW TYPE
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LOOP CONFIGURATIONS
Floor temperatureVariation
PARALLEL SUPPLY AND RETURN – SPIRAL TYPE
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LOOP CONFIGURATIONS
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MATERIALS
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PIPES
PEX with oxygen barrier
PEX – ALU - PEX
PIPE REEL
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MANIFOLDS
For correct operation and maintenance of the system, manifolds must have:•Main on/off valves,•Panel on/off valves,•Micrometric panel regulating valves,•Automatic air vents,•Drain cocks.
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MANIFOLDS
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PERIFERAL INSULATION STRIP
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INSULATION BOARD
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INSULATION BOARD
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INSULATION BOARD
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EXPASION JOINTS
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NETWORK TESTING
•For 30 min at 150% of working pressure•For 90 min at double working pressure•Installation test•Same pressure during the pouring of thermal concrete
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CONCRETE COMPOSITION
• 0,8m³ river sand
• 0,4m³ gravel, 4 - 6mm grain size
• 350 kg cement
• 2,5 kg plasticizer
• 250 kg water
• 900 gr/m³ polypropylene fibers
1m³of concrete contain
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CALCULATION PARAMETERS
Ambient air temperature
Outer diameter of pipe
Internal diameter of pipe
Thermal conductivity of pipe
Flow temperature of waterCenter to center distance
Thermal resistance of the floor
Thermal conductivity of slab
Thickness of slab above pipe
Panel surface
Thermal resistance below panel
Underneath room temperature
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REQUIRMENTS
CENTER TO CENTER DISTANCEThe most frequently used grids are as follows:• 7,5 15,0 22,5 30,0 37,5• 5,0 10,0 15,0 20,0 30,0
MAXIMUM DESIGN WATER TEMPERATURE
• 45 a 55°C with traditional boilers;• 40 a 45°C with district heating, condensing boilers, heat pumps;• 32 a 38°C with solar panels.
HEAT OUTPUT REQUIREDTwo aspects in consideration :• the lack of heat loss through the floors,• the heat contribution of any panels located on the floor above.
SURFACE TEMPERATURE OF THE FLOOR
To avoid uncomfortable physiological conditions, the surface temperature of the floor should be less than:• 29°C in continuously occupied environments,• 33°C in bathrooms, showers and swimming pools,• 35°C in perimeter areas or rooms rarely used.
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REQUIRMENTS
TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE OF HEATING FLUID
It is advisable not to be too high in order:• not to over-reduce the average temperature of the fluid, and thus the heat output of the panel;• to avoid surface temperatures which differ too much from each other,• Usually it is used below 8 ÷ 10°C
PANEL FLOWConsidering that the maximum flow of a panel is on average between:•200 ÷ 220 l/h, for pipes with Di = 16 mm•120 ÷ 130 l/h, for pipes with Di = 13 mm
HEAD REQUIRED It is advisable that the difference between the preset head and that should be at least 200 ÷ 300 mm w.g.
LENGTH OF THE PANEL In domestic applications, it is advisable not to go beyond the commercial lengths of pipe rolls (120 ÷150 metres)
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HEAT OUTPUT
tp = surface temperature of floor, °Cta = ambient temperature, °Cq = specific heat output (upwards) of panel, W/m2
In particular (at ambient temperature = 20°C), the maximum specific output which can be transferred by a panel is:• qmax = 8,92 . ( 29 – 20 ) 1,1 = 100 W/m2 in continuously inhabited environments.• qmax = 8,92 . ( 33 – 20 ) 1,1 = 150 W/m2 in bathrooms, showers and swimming pools.• qmax = 8,92 . ( 35 – 20 ) 1,1 = 175 W/m2 in perimeter areas or rooms rarely used.
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CONTROL SYSTEM
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CONTROL SYSTEM
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BOILER ROOM
Mixing Valve
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BETONKOERNAKTIVERUNG
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WALL HEATING
Radiant wall heating is one of the most comfortable form of heating available. Water circulating at 30-40ºC in pipes built into the wall provides gentle but highly efficient radiant heat.
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CEILING HEATING
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ELECTRICAL FLOOR HEATING