05/OCT/2010 UNCTAD

UNCTAD UNCTAD (UNITED (UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE NATIONS CONFERENCE

ON TRADE AND ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT)DEVELOPMENT) 1964 1964

PRESENTED BY:RAJAT SRIVASTAVA

05/OCT/2010 UNCTAD

Organisation of UNCTAD

It is established as a permanent organ of General Assembly of the United Nation.

It has a permanent organ called “Trade and Development Board” as the main executive body.

The plenary session of the Conference meets twice annually which is composed of 55 members, elected by the conference from among its members on the basis of equitable geographical distribution.

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Trade andDevelopment Board

The Committee onCommodities

The Committee onManufactures

The Committee onShipping

The Committee onInvisible Items andFinancing related to

Trade

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Main functions of UNCTAD

To promote international trade all over the world-between developed and developing countries with different socio-economic system.

To formulate principles and policies on international trade and related problems of economic development.

To make proposal for putting the said principles and policies into effect.

To review and facilitate the co-ordination of activities of the other institutions within the U.N. system in the field of international trade.

To be available as a centre for harmonious trade and related documents in the development policies of governments.

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THE FUNCTIONINGTHE FUNCTIONING

WTOWTO

No links with the UN machinery

Permanent governmental bodies to monitor the implementation of the trade rules

Negotiating governmental bodies

Neutral Secretariat

Accession has to be negotiated

Limited role of non-governmental stakeholders

WTOWTO

No links with the UN machinery

Permanent governmental bodies to monitor the implementation of the trade rules

Negotiating governmental bodies

Neutral Secretariat

Accession has to be negotiated

Limited role of non-governmental stakeholders

UNCTADUNCTAD

Intergovernmental machinery linked to UN General Assembly.

Secretariat part of the UN Secretariat (part of same budget)

Development-oriented and independent secretariat

Political role (“soft law”) Automatic membership Wide participation of non-

governmental stakeholders

UNCTADUNCTAD

Intergovernmental machinery linked to UN General Assembly.

Secretariat part of the UN Secretariat (part of same budget)

Development-oriented and independent secretariat

Political role (“soft law”) Automatic membership Wide participation of non-

governmental stakeholders

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THE IDEAS ON DEVELOPMENTTHE IDEAS ON DEVELOPMENT

WTOWTO

Same trade disciplines for allbut…

…Special treatment for developing countries

The “Doha Development Round” launched in 2001

Trade liberalisation and implementation of trade rules lead to development

WTOWTO

Same trade disciplines for allbut…

…Special treatment for developing countries

The “Doha Development Round” launched in 2001

Trade liberalisation and implementation of trade rules lead to development

UNCTADUNCTAD

Trade is one of the instruments leading to development…

…but no automatic links between trade liberalisation, poverty reduction, and development

Multidimensional links between trade and development

Special and differential treatment is key for all developing countries

No “one size-fits-all” development models

UNCTADUNCTAD

Trade is one of the instruments leading to development…

…but no automatic links between trade liberalisation, poverty reduction, and development

Multidimensional links between trade and development

Special and differential treatment is key for all developing countries

No “one size-fits-all” development models

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OVERVIEW OF MAIN ACTIVITIES Trade and commodities

Commodity diversification and development: Promotes the diversification of production and trade structures. Helps Governments to formulate and implement diversification policies and encourages enterprises to adapt their business strategies and become more competitive in the world market.

Competition and consumer policies: Provides analysis and capacity building in competition and consumer protection laws and policies in developing countries. Publishes regular updates of a Model Law on Competition.

Trade Negotiations and Commercial Diplomacy : Assists developing countries in all aspects of their trade negotiations.

Trade Analysis and Information System (TRAINS): Comprehensive computer-based information system on trade control measures that uses UNCTAD’s database. The CD-ROM version includes 119 countries.

Trade and environment: Assesses the trade and development impact of environmental requirements and relevant multilateral agreements and provides capacity-building activities to help developing countries participate in and derive benefits from international negotiations on these matters.

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Cont…. Investment and enterprise development

International investment and technology arrangements: Helps developing countries to participate more actively in international investment rule making at the bilateral, regional and multilateral levels. These arrangements include the organization of capacity-building seminars and regional symposia and the preparation of a series of issues papers.

Investment Policy Reviews: Intended to familiarize Governments and the private sector with the investment environment and policies of a given country. Reviews have been carried out in a number of countries, including Ecuador, Egypt, Ethiopia, Mauritius, Peru, Uganda and Uzbekistan.

Investment guides and capacity building for the LDCs: Some of the countries involved are Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Mali, Mozambique and Uganda.

Empretec: Promotes entrepreneurship and the development of small and medium-sized enterprises. Empretec programmes have been initiated in 27 countries, assisting more than 70,000 entrepreneurs through local market-driven business support centers.

Macroeconomic policies, debt and development financing

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Cont… Technology and Logistics

ASYCUDA programme: Integrated customs system that speeds up customs clearance procedures and helps Governments to reform and modernize their customs procedures and management. Installed in over 80 countries, ASYCUDA has become the internationally accepted standard for customs automation.

ACIS programme: Computerized cargo tracking system installed in 20 developing countries of Africa and Asia.

E-Tourism Initiative: Linking sustainable tourism and Information and communication technologies (ICTs) for development, UNCTAD has developed this Initiative to help developing countries' destinations to become more autonomous by taking charge of their own tourism promotion by using ICT tools.

Technology: Services the UN Commission on Science and Technology for Development and administers the Science and Technology for Development Network; carries out case studies on best practices in transfer of technology; undertakes Science, Technology and Innovation Policy Reviews for interested countries, as well as capacity-building activities.

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Cont… Africa, least developing developed countries, landlocked

developing countries & small island States

Africa: Provides analytical work aimed at increasing the understanding of problems faced by African countries in their development efforts, and facilitating a better integration of Africa into the world economy. Particular emphasis is placed on supporting the New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD).

Least developed countries (LDCs): Provides analytical work and technical assistance aimed at enabling relevant States to make the best possible use of LDC status in the framework of the Programme of Action for the Least Developed Countries for the Decade 2001-2010, and to better understand the policy-related issues that are specially relevant to LDCs

Landlocked developing countries (LLDCs): Provides analytical work and technical assistance to LLDCs in support of the implementation of the 2003 Almaty Programme of Action, which deals with the special needs of LLDCs within a new global framework for transit transport cooperation for landlocked and transit developing countries.

Small island developing States (SIDS): Provides analytical work and technical assistance to SIDS in support of the implementation of the 2005 Mauritius Strategy for the Further Implementation of the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States, with particular emphasis on issues of economic vulnerability and specialization.

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UNCTAD I 1964 GENEVA

To adopt a new international division of labour and make the external sector conductive to the developing countries.

To improve invisible trade of developing countries through development of shipping, tourism, etc.

Each developed countries contributes 1% of their income to the developing countries.

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UNCTAD II 1968 NEW DELHI

To reappraise the economic situation and its implenting the recommendation of unctad I.

Problems and measures of economic integration and trade and development among developing countries.

Special measures for economic and social upliftment of the last developed among the developing nations.

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UNCTAD III 1972 SANTIAGO

Changes in shipping freight (i.e. 1/3 of total deficit in the balance of payment of L.D.C’s was due to high shipping freights.

Promotion to world trade New structure of world shipping in which the

merchant marine of developing countries play an increasing and substantial role.

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UNCTAD IV 1976 NAIROBI

Helping the poor countries by the developed countries.

Some kind of taxes may be disposed by the advanced nations to raise funds.

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UNCTAD V 1979 MANILA

150 member countries were participated in this conference.

No concrete resolution were passed but having some future consideration on monetary reforms.

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UNCTAD 1983 BELGRADE

Attainment of new international economic order.

Monetary issues such as adequacy of fund resources, conditionality etc were discussed.

Developed countries insisted on Liberalizations of trade policies by the developing nations

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UNCTAD VII 1987 GENEVA

The developed countries express their desire to provide debt relief to the poor countries.

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UNCTAD VIII 1992 COLOMBIA

170 member countries agreed on board features of revitalising UNCTAD and to make it more effective in dealing with development related issues.

It has agreed to create Trade and Development Board (TDB).

Establishment of five ad hoc (created for a particular purpose only) group to support the committee & TDB.

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UNCTAD IX 1996 MIDRAND

UNCTAD IX met at Midrand in South Africa in 1996 in which it discussed issues pertaining to WTO, sustainable development and debt relief to developing nations.

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UNCTAD X 2000 BANGKOK(THAILAND)

the effective integration of all countries in the international trading system;

improving supply capabilities; overcoming the debt problem; strengthening the commitment to social development; ensuring women´s political, economic and social participation; generating adequate financial flows for development; undertaking institutional reforms; reducing financial volatility; focusing on central problems of acute poverty and growing

inequality within and among nations; and, supporting knowledge-based development as a necessary

element for effective participation of developing countries in the world economy.

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UNCTAD XI 2004 SAU PAULO, BRAZIL

the effective integration of all countries in the international trading system;

improving supply capabilities; overcoming the debt problem; strengthening the commitment to social development; ensuring women´s political, economic and social

participation; generating adequate financial flows for development; undertaking institutional reforms; reducing financial volatility; focusing on central problems of acute poverty and

growing inequality within and among nations

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Unctad XII 2008 ACCRA, GHANA

Food prices increases Diversification and value added Increasing the level of investment in technology and

infrastructure Equitable distribution of rents: Harnessing development gains from windfall incomes Human resource development: Ensuring a stable macroeconomic framework Food safety and health standards Food safety and health standards

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NIEO (NEW INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC ORDER)

At the Sixth Special Sessions of the United Nations General in 1975, a declaration was made for the establishment of a NIEO.

NIEO is based on “equity, sovereign equality, common interest and cooperation among all States, irrespective of their social and economic systems.

NIEO aims at a development of the global economy as a whole, with the set up of inter-related policies and performance targets of the international community at large.

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TENETS OF NIEO Developing countries must be entitled to regulate and control the

activities of multinational corporations operating within their territory.

They must be free to nationalize or expropriate foreign property on conditions favourable to them.

They must be free to set up associations of primary commodities producers similar to the OPEC; all other States must recognize this right and refrain from taking economic, military, or political measures calculated to restrict it.

International trade should be based on the need to ensure stable, equitable, and remunerative prices for raw materials, generalized non-reciprocal and non-discriminatory tariff preferences, as well as transfer of technology to developing countries; and should provide economic and technical assistance without any strings attached.

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OBJECTIVES OF NIEO

NIEO aims at social justice among the trading countries of the world.

It suggests more equitable allocation of world’s resources through increased flow of aid from the rich & poor in the world at large.

Its aim is to provide poor nations increased participation an have their say in the decision making process in international affairs.

It intends to deal with the major problems of the South, such as balance of payment disequilibrium, debt crisis, exchange scarcity etc.

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ADVANTAGES OF UNCTAD

Training material is disseminated more efficiently. The programme provides universities and accounting institutions

in developing countries with access to material and training in a cost-effective way.

The programme allows students and professionals to learn on their own time, in their own place, at their own pace.

Study materials and lessons are accessible in PDF format for online study. Participants can learn independently or with offline instructional support.

The programme can reach remote locations in instances where the instructor cannot travel. This way, course participants, policy makers and company managers can be reached in developing countries.

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SOME NUMBERSSOME NUMBERS

UNCTAD secretariat: 400 staffUNCTAD secretariat: 400 staff

Annual Regular budget: US $ 57 millionAnnual Regular budget: US $ 57 million

Extra-budgetary funds: US$ 35 million (2005)Extra-budgetary funds: US$ 35 million (2005)

No field officesNo field offices

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Main UNCTAD publications

Annual analytical reports:Annual analytical reports:- Trade and Development Report- World Investment Report- LDCs Report- Information Economy Report - Report on Africa

…. and many other publications

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QUESTIONS??????

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THANK YOU