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Unconscious Bias and Its Impact on Clinical Practice
Josephine M. Kim, Ph.D., LMHC, NCC
Harvard School of Dental Medicine
Harvard Graduate School of Education
September 21, 2018
Why Is Culture Powerful?
Culture:
Molds people’s values, attitudes, and beliefs;
influences their perceptions of self and others; and
determines the way they experience their
environment.
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ETHNOCENTRISM
What happens when we don’t understand cultural differences?
We misunderstand and judge each other, and
we potentially offend those around us
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How Offensive Are you?
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Cultural Influences on Communication
“Only 30% of
communication
is verbal”
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“Weird or just different?” Derek sivers, TED Talks
Ethnocentrism
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Looking at the world primarily from the perspective of one's own culture
The belief that one's own group identification is the most important or is superior to those of other groups
Judging other groups in relation to their own particular culture, especially with regards to language, appearance, behavior, and customs.
EMBRACING & CELEBRATING DIVERSITY
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Complexity of
Identity
Intersections of Identity
NATIONALITY, CULTURE, & MIGRATION STATUS
ABILITY &DISABILITY
RACE ÐNICITY
RELIGION, SPIRITUALITY,BELIEFS, AND VALUES
SEXUAL ORIENTATION &
GENDER IDENTITY
9PRIVILEGE & OPPRESSION
CLASS & STATUS
Diversity, Identity, and Intersectionality
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All the ways in which we are different and similar – can be seen and unseen.
Gender
AgeSkin
WeightRacePhysical ability
PossessionsTransportation
Hair
Clothing
Physical aids
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Profession
Hobbies
Personal History
Values/Beliefs Parenting
Goals
SESMedical Experiences
Hopes/Dreams
Cuisine
Home Life
Personality
Family of Origin
Sexual Orientation
Language
Upbringing
Religion
Idiosyncrasies
Learning Style
Medical/Mental Condition
AccomplishmentsExpectations
TravelLife Experiences
Personal Triumphs
Strengths/Struggles
Interaction StylePersonality and Temperament
(Modified from Jackson, Keynote Slide 5, 2018)
Spirituality
How do –Isms show up?
Classism Sexism Racism Ableism
Rankism Heterosexism Transphobia Linguicism
Colorism Nativism Nationalism Ethnocentrism
Adultism Ageism Sizeism Nameism
Elitism Islamophobia Anti-Semitism Xenophobia
“When those in power, who experience freedom, privilege, and entitlement,
determine a ‘standard,’ mainstream, viable way of living, all others become
subject to bias, prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination.”
Taharee Jackson (2018)
(Modified from Jackson, 2018, Slide 10)
Discrimination: Treatment based on class or category rather than individual merit
Prejudice: A preconceived preference or idea about certain diversity groups
Bias: An unfair act or policy stemming from prejudice
Root of all Isms
Who Am I in Your Eyes?
Kim
, 20
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I clean houses for a living, and the work is very hard.
I am good at basketball, but my true love is football.
I am a struggling single mother and cannot finish high school.
I work in the school cafeteria. I have been here for 10 years.
I play the violin for the Boston Symphony.
I graduated from MIT and work for a large biotech company.
I am a terrible driver.
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Reflections from the Implicit Associations Test (IAT)
Implicit Association Tests (IAT)K
im, 2
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Slide Adapted from: Managing Bias, Facebook Learning and Development Team
Retrieved from: https://managingbias.fb.com/
About 80% of people who take the Age IAT hold a bias favoring young people.
“Women suffer workplace ‘fat phobia’
even if they're not actually overweight”
“They are believed to be less
competent and lazy”
“They are less likely to get hired”
“Overweight or obese doctors are
seen as less trustworthy”
Fat Phobia(Timming, Re, Perrett, 2016)
Are Greg & Emily more likely to be hired than Jamal & Lakisha?
Identical resumes; the only difference was the name
White-sounding names had a 50% greater chance of
receiving call backs than Black-sounding names
Employers who listed as an “equal opportunity employer” had
the same level of bias
Source: Bertrand, M., & Mullainathan, S. (2004). Are Emily and Greg more employable than Lakisha and Jamal? A field experiment on labor market discrimination. The American Economic Review, 94(4), 991-1013.
Explicit and Unconscious Bias
• What factors about each person do you find yourself reacting to?
• Does anything about “this person” remind you of anybody? Are there positive or
negative associations?
• Whom would you immediately look upon favorably? And who has earned your
doubts from the get-go? What bias is at play?
Mary Jo Andrew Sanja Simon Dustin
“In-group favoritism may be the largest contributing
factor to the relative disadvantages experienced by
Black Americans and other already disadvantaged
groups.”
Blind Spot by Banaji & Greenwald (2013)
Hidden discrimination found in an
“absence of helping”
Ted Bundy
Serial murderer &
rapist
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John Fetterman
Mayor of Braddock, PA
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Pratibha Patil
12th president &1st woman presidentof India
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Zachary Bonner
Ceo of Little Red Wagon Foundation,
Inc
Kahneman
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Purple Yellow Red
Orange Green Black
Green Blue Orange
Red Black Green
Yellow Blue Orange
Name the Colors
Ridley Stroop, 1935 (The Stroop Effect)
Purple Yellow Red
Orange Green Black
Green Blue Orange
Red Black Green
Yellow Blue Orange
Name the Font Color
Ridley Stroop, 1935 (The Stroop Effect)
“Word reading is quicker than color naming.
The Stroop effect illustrates selective
attention: It is easy to ignore some features
of something but not others.”
Check our bias to wreck our bias
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Multiculturalism in Daily Practice
Refers to practices that integrate diversity and culture-specific awareness, knowledge, and skills into interactions with people (Sue, Arredondo, & McDavis, 1992).
Recognizing one’s power and privilege and actively disrupting bias and stereotypes while working to create a more equitable society by promoting equal access, opportunity, and validity (Kim, 2017).
Allowing people to be fully human (Freire, 1970) because “human beings aren’t better than other human beings” (Jackson, 2017).
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