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DEFENSE DOCUMENTATION CENTER FOR

SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNiCAL INFORMATION

CAMERON STATION ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA

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LEAD AZIOES FO R U~E IN DETONATO RS

by

Robert L . Wogne.-

jon~K: :y 1 ?~

Feltmon Reaeorch Qftd Eng in .. r ing La botaf( :· iea P lcotinny An enol

OovM, H.J .

Tecnno col Report 2662

De;-t c.l the Army Pr ote ct SO>O 1-C.03

Appto ,·e d:

fu)d d R. 'H. vo7EL C hie f, Art ill.-.r A"' "''"" it lon Lw: •• ... ,..,.,

- ./ N ......

.,

I {

. '-

TAILE OF CONTEH~

Object

Sumrur)'

:oncl us ions

Recommendations

Introduction

Results

Physical and Chemical Characteristics Functioning Characteristics

Discussion of Results

Experimental Procedure

References

Distribution Li st

, . . • A1>tCS

2

Laboratory Test Results for Lead Azide

Particle Size of Lead Azide

3 Minimum Charge Weight of Lead Azid<: co lniti :ue RDX in the M4 7 Detonator

4 Res ult s of Functioning Tests of M4 7 and .\lodified

1

2

3

3 3

8

15

16

3~

4

5

\147 Uetc-nacors After Long-Term~ :•r.lge.IC 7! ''C 6

7

8

9

Exrlos ive Cl-arges of MCA'lified M47 Detona tors 7

Occonator Safe t y Tests

Fu::cci onin~ o! ~! 1 / l>ct o :: a:ors Cont :J. ·.;nr !k-xt ~ in:~c .~c

Lead ill' irie IIJvin,: Known t\rnoum 01 Moi~ture

Re s ults of F unctionin1~ Test:. of Modified M4 7 lJetonac ors

Re sults of Functioning Te s t s of .\147 D•conarors After Long-Term StcrJhe ac 7i "C

I

19

20

22

'

'··· ... Tablu

10 P.esuhs of Functioning Tests of Modified M47 Detonators Contaimng RD·l333 lead Az;.:t~

Afte1 Long· Term .:iior;oge at 71 °C 23

I 1 R~· .o;ults ol Functioning T~st s oi t.• ·,jified M47 D~tonators Containing PV A l~ad Azide After long· T ~rm Storage at 71 °C 23

12 Functioning T~sts of Modified M47 Detonators Containing PVA L~ad Azid~ Aft~r JAN Cycling 24

13 Ballist ic Firing Tests 2~

Figures

Hygroscopicity of Dextrinated lead Azide Tcmperatur~ Range, 20.0°C·22.2°C 26

2 P res s ure-Densiry r~lationship ofl~ad Azid~ 27

; De:u~ i :-~ atcci Lead Azide 28

' .. RD-1 333 lead Azide 29

5 Polyvinyl Alcohol lead Azide 30

6 Drit ist. Service lead Azide 31

7 Colloidal lead Azide 32

f Dexrrinated Colloidal Lead Azide 33

<) Loadi r. :: Ass.,.mbi y for M4 7 Detonator 34

J/J

OBJECT

To dct~rmin~ t ~~~ physical, chemical, and explosive properties ot urious

typu of lead azide which mighc replac~ durrinared lead azide in Ordnanc~ Corps ammunition.

SUMMARY

Durin~t th~ dc\'~lopment of a shurr C:!tonator (.\147) l.>t u:.~ t"! 7(1 :~.::;

ammunition it became c·,jd~nt rhatassmaller fuzes were made, more effi­cient explcsivc5 for usc in initiators would be needed. To met:"l such a

need scv~ral different r ypes of lead azide were invest igatcd as pos ;ible re plac~rncnts for the standard dextrinated lead azide covereJ by Military Specific;uion MlL-L-30~~. The ryr~s of lead azides investigated inc!ude ..,cxtrinat~d. RD-1333, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), British Service, colloidal, and dextrinated colloidal.

A mini mum of 25 mg RD-1333lead azide" oc 30 mg PVA lead azide Nas re 1uircd to ini<iate RDX in the M47 detonator as compared with 90 mg for

de xtrinated Jc:~d azide. Neither RD-1333 not PVA was hygroscopic, bur de xrrin.ucd lead azide picked up over.~~ moisture in 3~ minutes at 82~·

92r. re lative hu'llidity. RD-1333, PVA, !3ritish Service, colloidal, and dex:r. -,"(ed c •Jilnidal !e.o& aZJd~ had impact sensitivities of~. 4·~. 2, 2,

and 3 inches, respect ively, us ing the 2-kg weigh«, as compared wirh -6-6 inches for dextrinated lead azide.

CONCLUSIONS

I. 1{0-1333 lead azid~ and PV A lead azide arc superior to d~xrri nared

l ~ad azide in both chemical and functioning charact~risrics.

2. Oricish Service , r oi loida l, and d~xrrinat~d colloidal lead azid~ ar~ i.1ferior ·o RD-1333 or t'YA lf"ad azide for use in the intermediate charge of detonators.

R E COMME HOA TIOHS

I. RD- dB le ad azide !<:hould be ~o~sr.d in all new detonator desi~n ~¥ock and PV A l~ad azid~ s hould bt· spec ified as an ahernat~ material.

2. llw'ork to invest igate other new l)'pe s ollead azid~ to ac h1~ " ;: ' ':•ther improve ment s hould be c on! inved.

INTRODUCTION

1. Lead azide was first prepared and id~nrified in 1891 by Curtis. The first a:rerr.l'• 1u use !-:ad azide practically in the explosives iildustry ~::-. s

n.ac;e by F. ityronin,us in France in Februuy 1907. llf' secured French Parent 384,792 f« the use of lead azide in detonators. The 3c neral appli· cation of ie:td azide to military arllmw'lati«'n, !;:;;we,·er, was rerarded by haurds of rr.anufacture and its erratic sensitivity to impact. Indeed, the

history of the manufactute of lud azide iS marred by fatal expl.:>:: iv :.s . It was believed rhat these explosions were caused by the fracture of crystals which were too large Of too easily fractuted. During that period the idea was implanted that large cr)·stals of lead azide were extremely ~cr:sitive

and rhar the beta form was both extremely sensi;ive and 11ns!able.

2. To overcome rhis problem of <he formation of unde!i:~~ble crystals, va~ious ~.ater i :tls sue h as glue, dextrin, and other colloids were used in rhe precipitaring solution. These m.uerials prever.l the formativn of distinct crysra!c: and al so limit the crystal size of the lead azide. Around

1932. E. I. du Pon~ de Nemours and Co. began to manufacture a modified lead azide us ing dextrin in the precipitati~g solurion. The m.trerial was and still is referred to as dextrinated lead azide. Sh«tly thereafter the Ordnan :~ Corps adopted the use .,f dextrinared lead ;azide in detonators a<; " 't"P! '..:~; .. enr lor mercury fulminate. The new lead azide was more stable and le s s sensitive rhan ~rcury fulminate.

3. Unti l around 1951 dextrinated lead azide was used in milit ary ammu• niClon with s arisfactory results. During rhe development of the .' 47 deto· nator, ~~Qie\·er, it became evident t hat m«e powerful and effic i : ,riniriating

exohsives were needed for use in detonators. T he M47 ar rhe . ime of irs de·:e lopment lllo'as rhe smallest stab-rypc deronaror in gentr::t use by rhe Army Ordnanc~ Corps . T he cfifficulry was thar chcre jusr did nor seem co be e nough roo::- ;.: the <ielo'iatcr t o con1ain rhe expl os ives needed ro ac hieve what was re ~ uin:1 of rhr. deroni!:or. Conse1uentl y a progr\\ rn v.as sr;,rted ro e•, al uare difi ·:rn: rype~ of lead az.i.ie having grearer iniriaring power rh.&n dexrr inared lead azide .

4. Six rype!t of lead azide "'~ re subjec!ed to various l .:"'>! S ro determine rheir physi cal and funcrioning characreri stics. The differclll types werr ·

a. Dexrrinared lead aZJde, rhe first s randatd United Sutes serv:.cr: rype, made by precipir,.tion in rile prest•nce of dexrrif!.

2

o. RD- i .B3 lud -lzide, ;an npcrimental nritish type, developed in an ~ut-mrt to re-p) .ace Brit ish ~rvice lud azide. lr is •ude by precipicacion in c he presence of a ~~c ial a~cN (Ref 1).

c . PV A le.ad .szide , rol yvin)·l alcoh.>l lead azide, devcloP'!d by the Ola n·~l.l! !-at-son Chemical Corporation. It is m.1de by precipitation in the presence of pol ~-\· in)·l alcohol {Patellt No. 2,421, 778).

d. i!:icish Service lead azide, th~ St3n.lard united Kingdom service lud azicie . lr is made by usin~ l~c.ubonate as a nucleating agent.

e. Co lloidal lead .t7.ide, unadulterate.! lead azide of very small 0 ·4 rr.ic:on) article size . It is m:1de O)" c_3rc.-ful control of the p~ccipitating solution, tempc:.uure, conccnrr.Hion . p::, and orhcr process p.u.amt·r,. rs.

f. Dcxcrin.ucd colloidal lead azide, made uperimcntally by the Olin­\l.lrhieson Ch~mic- tl Corror.1:ic::. !; is made in csSt'nrially rhe sam<' wa ·, a dexcrinarcd lc:.1J azide except that pr,-x:css contrcls are regulated co

l!ive ~n end p~ •• J uct of a very sm;aJI (1·;. micron) particle size.

RESULU

P hya i · ·:! :~nd Cr.emicol Cltor~'" ' '"''•tic•

'>. Comros icion, s1 .1oai uy, and s ensitivity characteristics of the various t ype s o" lea .1zidc inve stigated are summarized in Table 1 (p 4). A cu:•·c of the hy~roscopiciry of dextrin.1ted lead .1zide is g iven in Figure 1 (p 26). The nondc xrri nated forms arc e ssentially nonhygroscopic. Pressure­

dc::l , ic ~ c ·Jr vc' .1 rc gi vc:n in Figure 2 (p 27). Particle si;,.c characteristics are s u m.uil'~d in Tab;e 2. Phocomicrographs showing rhe different types of lcao HiJ c: 1nvcscig.ued are s hown in Figures 3 to 8 (pp 28 to 33).

F wl'lct iOflil'lfj •':horoctotriatic 1

<.. 1 c -., ., ,, .. . ,c: c onch.c;., l ro Jct crminc: rlw (•Herr of v,lf)·ing 1u.anri ; ic: s

of rroi -.t ur c. '" ·lc xr rin.u r.f k .. f d7.idc.· wlu: n u,t'cJ ., ., rh:: intNmecJiate chMg~ of ·nt \117 dt·t<.n .• ror. ln rh.:l>(" re-.1-. . clc tou.llor-. conro~inin,l( !J. I:!'·; or onorf' rr.OI'>Iutc 111 !Itt· k.a...! .1 · · :. :: h.arge func. Jont-d low order. Dcl .. ilcd resui. ,. .. , : conratnc:d 1n T .. ble ., \ :-> 19).

•

TAB

LE 1

lo~OfOIJ 'f

elf

Re1

ulh

f01

leo

d A

aicl

e

T,e

Lee

4 A

al4

e arl

tlah

D

eatr

laet

e4

Teat

o •• ,

..... ,

.c~

RD

-IJU

P

YA

S

erw

lce

Cel

lelc

lel

Cel

le1

4el

L.•·•

d uid~

. ~

92.8

98

.7

96.

11

9&.1

99

.9

9S.)

To

tall

ud

, "'0

69

.)

71.0

6 71

.6

, .. ,

71.6

7 69

.99

E•p

losi

on

c~mptro~tw~ (~

·sc<

" va

tu~)

. °C

).4

0 ~,

3-40

J,O

Vac

uum

sur

l-oil

it)':

l0

0°C

, m

l ~,as/g/-

40 t

v 0.

23-0

.41

-0.

1<r0

.2)

.... 12

c.:.c

, m

l g-

:u/p

./40

hr

0.4

6 o.

o 0.

44

IOO

"C H~ac l~st

:

Lo

ss i

n sampl~ w

t in

8 tu

, r.

-0.

30

0.12

0.

11

Lo

ss i

n safllll~ w

e in

48

hr, ~

0.).

4 0.

10

o.u

0.08

L

oss

in umpl~ w

e in

96

hr,

,;

0.39

0.

10

EK

plos

ior\

in

100

hr

eo

oe

ao

ae

-a

oo

e

:'D

pac

t u

nsi

civi

cy:

PA

App

, 2·

k& w

t, i

n.

4-6

, 4

-,

2.

2 )

Char,~ w

e, m

s 28

2

) 30

)7

2

, 18

BM

App

, 2-

lrs w

e, e

m '

1G

-28

., 0

·16

lO

,

J

YA

An•

. jO~g

•tt,

in.

12

15

18

-

21

Ct-a

rg.e

we,

mA:

28

21

)1

BM

1\p

p. ~o

o-,

wt,

em

•

·~

·~

10;)~

-:t

r,. L .... ...... RD·1H3

Colloidal

TAILE 2

G•••••••c ,. ..... •lcreroo

24.)

34.)

19.0

}.4

Gee•etrlc 51o,.tior4

D••letloro, •lc••••

1.97

2. 7

Colloidal ducr inact"d 1. 74

1 .<\•~••&~ pall cdc lcn~th, 22 micron a: ~~~om.-lra c stantlal'l tlcvaa.,un. \ .0 micr.•r '·

A•creac panicle width, 8.6 micron•; j!Comcuic suntlar..t ..tcvaac ion, l . l mi<oc r.s.

7. ~lodificd ~i.;7 detonarors were loaded us ing cliffeu·nr char~c wci~ ill 'i

of sc' r. ~ of the vvious lead azidcs under invcsrigarion. Rcsulr ~; showin~

t he mi n1m n charge weight of lead azide rc~uircd ro ioiriate the RDX base charge in the deronaror are summariv.ed in Table}. Detailt·d resuirs of rhesc

tests arc conuined in Table 8 (p 20).

TABLE 3

Milli'lllllll Charge Weight of Lee..! Aaide to l"itiote RDX itt the M47 Detorootor

Typo L.oo4 Aa i4o Wt L.oo4 Aa ido,

Dt"xtrin:ned ~0

1\0·133~ 2~

PVA '0

1Jrc1 1~h '>t"f VIC t' 2~

'"'

rl. .\1-1 7 -nrl n•<J<Idu:d '.l-1 / dl·ton.ar,.r. <ont.al:lau;.; t· HIII't I'\'\ •·· i{P· I 1\ 1

c a d azide were ~> ubJcCt(•d to pt: riod i<. fuuct iontng lt:-.t '> .dn r ·.t or.:,.•· .•• 7t '·,- . All o ( clct: rlt:ton.oror 'l with · ·oocf rh<·'>t: .tdvt:r,t· ·.rnr . c ~t· tc· , f '-. -. :rlc .. ur

subscancial decrimen1 co cheir ; unccionina capabilicies. Re~.alcs are su,.. marized in Table 4 below and derailed in Tabl•s 9 to 11 (pp 22 to 2)).

TABLE.

Reawlts ef f...ctlettl ... Testa of ti!A7 eN M.4ilie4 IIW7 Det .... ters .~~., L ... ,.~ ... rr. Stena .. et 7t•c•

Tr111• Loo4 Aal4o,

'"'••••41oto Chert•

Dczcrinat~

RD·l.H)

PVA

A•t Dl•• of H~l•

I" Loo4 Dlac, 1 ... , ...... s ••••••

0.21}

0.281

0.281

, ....•. Tl•o,

• .... h.

17

12

l3

A•t Dl•• of Holo

I" Loo4 D lac, 1 ... .

••••• s ...... 0.230

0.2 .. 8

0.2"6

'T~au conduct~d io accordaocc witb parasrap!\ 4.6 of !iip~ r.ifiutioo PA·PI>202 (Ru I) dat~d )() Scp 19\:! •ith A-edm~nt l dal~d 27 )ao 1~5).

9. A ~roup of modified M47 detonators containing 15/70/(J) mg NOL No.

130 : .. i.11er mixture/ PVA I:. .. J azide/RUX was loaded. Each charge was

~vn-.oi idated at approximately 15,000 psi. fhe~ · detonators were sub·

jec ted to functionin~t rc~scs periodically during tw.:; JAN cemperacure and

humidity cycles (Ref 2). One-hundred detonacors were removed every seven

day-. and tes ted. The lase group, removed afrer four weeks ot cycling,

C.i U'iCd perforation of che lead disc. The a verage hole diameter was 0.254 inc h. Uctailcd res ult s of t he cycling tests arc listed in Table 12 (p 24).

10. Five ,.;roups of ~147 t ype •leton.uors were loaded in accordance with

f i~ urt· 9 (p .Hi e•nrr for: he variations lis ted in Table 5 (p :'). These crn n .• t ,..,r -. we r-e s ul>jc u c t.i to s tanJ .,rd :tt d :ptaocc tcsl.;; in acccdance

wir h Hcfc rc ncc 3. Thrt·c·hundu.- .1 d("ion.uors o~ each gr~ 'l "'cre tesccd. AI:

•rour-. Jl•' "' "<·d t hi ., tc .,t, prod ucing holes in the lead cli .. c ~ not :ess tha~.

u.l ~6 i n~ h d iaml·t e r. Altho ugh one fail ure occurred in l(roup ) , ()C-,: J·~w·

n.•tor-. from this Kro•.p functi oned !>:Ui s factorily when retested.

I I . S;,mplt· '> of 2 ) dl·lo;;.ii N " fr om •: .1 h of t he: live: !(roup'> lo.ultt! .t :. <le·

'•l · 1bc-d 1n par.•graph 10 were .,u• jc 1ed 10 hoostcr i n it i.u ic.n .tnd wat c::prooi­nn·. cco;l ., ·'" ~ pcl·ificd in J{d ercnc•: 3. All ~troup -. fired ~ati sf .1c1 orily i " 1.01 h ((' '>('> .

G

TAILE 5

Eapleei•• Cher1•• ef MMified ..W7 DeteHtera

MOL Ne. llO Leoti Aaltlo ROX Gro .. , ; · ••••• Mia, •t Tp,o ... ....

1 ... De•rrinareJ 103 H

~ 23 Ot'auinart'd 86 41

3 26 1'V ,o\ 9~ 36.5

4 )4 P VA 90 37

5 29 PV A 76 <1 0

: :'. One- hundred deton.ltors from t"ach oi the live: ~:ro~:ps lo.1ded as de­

scribed in paragraph 10 were assembled into M505 fuzes, modified for

c cronaror safety tes~$. The moJific,i f ~>i'es were.• asscmbled to M97A1 11!::1 20 mm shell and fired sratically with the de<onator in the out·uf·line position.

The follo'll.·i n8 re .: u:ts were obtained.

TABL.E 6

Owtonotet S.fety T eeta

c .... , Ho. of Ootonotore Touotl .... , , •••• , ••• ''••til

95 H

2 100 34

3 100 17

4 100 48

~ 100 2!1

n . !.!47-ryre detonator -; of gro~>j•S I, .~ . a nd 5 loaded as dcscrihed i n

paragr .tph to ., e re ao; semblcd int o .\150~ f uze-;. The: l c ~C!' were in turn

as !>c:mbl ed to M5; 7Al !l EI 20 mm s he! :, wiUch were rhcn s ubjected to oalli stic liri:;b tests. One-hundred rounds irom cad: grou;> <vere fired .:t

amou:m te~;>erature, .u 165° F, and at _(,~ " F , us ing the standard p:opdlanr

charge Approx imately 100 rounds of '!'acla group were fired at ar.bient

t emperature at 112~ service c hambc:r pressure . All rounds were fired aj(a inst 0.040-i nc h 24 ST aluminum target'> place,i nor mal to the- 1: 1e of fire, 3..: :, !.:et

7

irom rhe muzz lt> of the gun. All rounds functioned properly. No dud or pre­marw-e was observed. ~taiaed results of these tesu ate ~oncained in Table B (p 2~).

DISCUSSION OF RESUL T5

: .;. it v.·ill be arparent ro rhe reader in studying the results tnat cen:sin test s u.·ere c o:-:d uc(ed on some types of lead azide and noc on ocher!' . lt sho~oi d be er;.l ai ned tho.t rhis investigation v.as conduc:ed over a o;pan of se·; eral ,.ear~. wirh e ach type lead azide more or less handled as a separat~ st ud)·. The vari:stion in tests conducted on the different types of lead azide .. as , for the most pare , a result of the emphasis placed on the work at rhe time it was being done. For example, detonator safc:ry tests and bali istic fir in;; re st s v.·ere cond ucted only on PVA lead azide . Ac the time P VA :ead a zid .. was being investig:sted, there was a need to replace dextrinated lead a zide in t he M47 detonttor with a more powerful explosive. Since the use c-f a mc-~e powerful lead azidf! 1I>'Ot!ld possibl~· make the detonator more p.:>,..e rful , detonator s aiety tests were indicated. Also, since chi~ was robe the first practical ~~e in the Ordnance Corps of PYA lead azide, ballistic firing test s of rounds =oncainin8 detonators loaded wirh PVA lead azide •ere considered necessary.

l 'i. ~no· '-!'r reas(.ou for t he difi,. ·c:-:ce in the tests was that early work on som-:o cvr.::-s ., ,.,~ ·- eo them to be impractical as a subs titute for dexcrinated lead <izide . Since t;ndi ng such a substitute was rhe pri~ ;>u:pose of this investigation, extensive tests of these types were noc conducted.

16. Colloidal lead a zide ts not s uited for us es requiring good flow char­a crcrJsric ~ . !t is ideal as a spot c harge o~ priming charge in ele ctric inHiJtor , howeYer, pri mari iy because of its very fine particle s ize (Ref 4j. IJc:fore c oll oidal lead a zide was avai lable , regular lead azide (dexcrinated) had ro oc milled <o obra in a mare rial s uir a ble for this application. T he usc o( colloidal lc:::l . zide: now t- !t .~ · ! nares rhe mi!li!:g operation ;,f de~trinated

lead a1.;de wn ich, e ven ~onder c arciully c cmrolled conditions , is ha7.ard­ou o;.

17. tk x r r~na red 'ol loidal lead a-tide "Nas invest igacea as a s ubst itute fu coll oidal !e <.id i! 7idc primarily in ;nc hope o ( find ing :1 matf' rial whi.: h \l:r;uld !>t· 'i l.li taolc ior US C OC XI IO rhc or i d~c in elct:tric i nitiators bUC whic h r1o :uti

!>e le s 'i s~:1sirivc to shoclc rhan c ol loid:t l lead a zide. Res ults of th:s work indic at ed rhar i1s sensit ivit y wa :. n:x !.ubsl.antially iess than colloidal lclf.ci a.tde and the tnve~tigat ion W .AS dropped.

18. T~ result!< rcort'nt""d in Tablt"" 1 <r ~) re:'rt""sc.-:u a scoricos of laboratory

lC'SCS which show rurity, srabilil)", and impact SC' •sitivit)' charactt'ristics

Clf chco varil\us lcoad azidcos invncigated. Thco rcosuhs of tcosts for pwity

(~ lcoad azidco and~ total lt'ad) inciic<HC' chat coach t)'pC' has a charactcorisric

lcoaci Pidco co.lr.lcont. This is considcrcod to bC' an inhcorconr charactcoriscic of

the material because' of the adulterants used during manulaccurt", as -.·coli

a~ d:co cont!ols used 1n cnco process icscolf, such as tcmperaiurto and race of

ag; t 3t i.-,n. Thco diffcorencC":> in pwity, howeve r, Jo not seem '" bC' mark cod

eno ug h to pro vide a n adc1uacco means oi diffe:rcontiatin8 bcocween ryr~s.

l\eithcor is chco Jud azidco contconc a good indication of ability to initiate

another e11plosive, as will bC' shown Iacer.

19. The lead azide content is dcocermined by rr.e .tsurir. ~ t he niaogen con·

tconr oft~ sample and calcuhcing '";lead a7jdco. Theo r; lead in a !.' -1mplco

on chis basi s is alwa)'S leu chan chat given b)· ,, t<;t;;! lt.'ad analysis. A

s~mple calculation sho-.·ing chis ill> ourlined bC'low:

7. Pb in Pb:-.',

'0 Pb 1n sampl~ b ase-d on le-ad a z ide

'0 Tota l le-ad in s ample- u.t~c-· 1 o n

analysi s !CJr ' -·a J (Ta ble I )

"; F. xc c-ss ! ~ad in sampl e- in add itic r.

tCJ t nat calculate-d from l' b:-.',

291.2~8

] U7. Zl

207.21 i91.2S8 • 100. 71.08

71. 08 " 0.928. (,~. ;)(,

lr Js D<: lic\·ed t hat t he , :npurirics in ihe dcxrrin.u cd , l{ l).J 333. P V t\ , and

d e xrr i n3' "" '~ o:o ll o i<l:tl :.:-.ld .n~ ides , wlai<· h :> •e IJI .t:Ju(;,n ~tt· rl u~ i n ;: ::r ~ .1nK

additives , a re !ead orgar i.: coiJird C',~s a nd lead hyd roxide.

20 . 5-.>mc work o n imp urir ie• in liriti s h Scr'-'ic e lc.sd .17iJc j ;, de ·.:-, i i"· ·' in Rcierenc ,.. 5. ltc re it is s t.ll cd chat lead carbo n.ltt- , whic h i s u-;ed .1;, "

nuciC'acing agconr d ur ing m.l .s u(act urC' , ;5 i ncorr~nrerl in rhe molcc..~o~ c and

cha r r he swfacc of cryst al!> o f Brui .. ~. ')crvice lead azide i r. p ure:, ad .,..,;,!,.

21. Vacu um s tabiiir y re s t s a nd lQ[," ( hear re s rs i todic.:tre thar ; hl" type s

o ( Jco ad azi de inves rigated as possih:e rcplacc:nv·m•. ~ s Je x!ri nat~u ic.ad

9

!":.

azid~ 3iv~ oil no mor~ 3as and los~ no more wc:i&N on h~atin& than dea· trin.aced l~ad azide. Based on the dar a in Table 1 (p -6), all types inv~sti· 3ated ar~ considered stable.

22. One of the major problems connected with the use of pdrn:!!Y explo­sives such as lead azide is that they are relatively sensitive ro initi.ation by mechanical ener1Y· The Picadnny Arsenal impact se~sitivity test 1ives a relative ir.d:;atio•• ;.! sensarivil; to impact and is used as a suide in establishing handling procedures. These proc:~dures have been well escab­lisMd for dexuinated lead azide (i.01pact sensitivity on PA machine v:ith a 2-lcg wc is -4··6 in.) and for more sen"'irive explosives such as colloidal lead azide (impact sensitivity on PA machine with a 2 kg·wr is 2 in.). ll is certainly not desirable, however, to use explosives which are chis sen­siti\'e unless necessary. This being the case, a dim v~ew was talcen of subscicurin& for dexcrinared lead azide a more sensitive materia!. British Service lead azide, colloidal lead azide, and deatril'llted colloidal lead azide all fell into this cate&ory. The impact sensitivity of PV A lead azide ""d RD·l333 a:.:ide compared bvo~ably illith thac of dextdnated lead azide.

23. Resuits shown in Figure 1 (p 26) illustrate the hygroscopic nature of dcxcrinaccd !t-an azide. More extensive cescs demonstrating chis hygro­scopicity are reported in Reference 6. lc is evidc:n: chat dextrinated lead azide us~d on ch~ loading lines could have a higher moisture conceril chan 1 he ·: )~; maximum t:-crmiued by Reference 3. Consid~rable time could elapse oct "'cen ch~ time that the "dried" lead azide is removed from che dry house until it is used on the loading line. It has co be screened and subdivided inco containers, which are placed in bo.:es e.Juipped wich loose fining lids. The hoxcs are scored in rest houses for an indeterminate length of time. Periodically, these boxes ace cransierred co chimney-type barricades prior co use on the loading lines. f i.,ally, the containers arl! removed from the box and placed in the loading barricade, where the azide is used in loading ammunition. While the !T.at !:: ria l is in these barricades, atmospheric con­ditions more oi!en r ~. -t n noc arc fa\'orable for the dexuinated lead azide co pick "'f moisture. In fact , the chimney barricade seems co be an ideal ar­rang~mcnc for chis co t ake place.

24. lt :win~ demons trated rhe hybroscopic nacure of dcxtrin.ued iea•J azide a nd realizing that it can c-nnto~in moisture when loaded, che effect('.{ mobr•lfe on it s functioning was considered. It i s logical to assume chat S'>lll~ of chis moisture would ha\'e co be volatilized before the lead azide' COiu O ~

ra,scd to a cemperature high enough co be initiated by flame. ":herd ore, il

is considertd that the higher the moisture conten; . the harder it will be to inir iate th(. lud azide, es~cially by hear transfer. Becau~e of the moiscure present and the slower resulting iniri•rion, ic is ~lieved chat the "utpur oi Jud ~zide i~ reduced considerably. "!"his decrease in output might be

the 1\. suh "fa subscancial decrease in cue scable deconation rar~ or the in­abilir; of the ic:ad azaae to auain irs scable rate oi detonation in a limited column ler.gth.

25. The Iauer assumption is considered to be the more valid of che two, since the diffe:ence in the functioning of dry and moist lead azide is mosc pronounced when che ~uantities and column lengths are small. h has been tentatively established that a column length of approximatel y 0. 1 inch dry ~extrinared lead azide is re=tui.red !or high-order iniriMion of RDX ;(the di ameters of the columns and ~ he consolidation press!:res are simiiar to those used in loading Ordnance Corps detonators. Since most detonators a!'e designed w:~ll a considerably Iunger iead azide columr., the cffecr nl mois ture in lead azide is not generally noted. In short detonators such as chc M47, however, the effect of moisture is very noticeable (see Table 7, p 19). This points up the inability oi the lead azide co aHain ics stable detonation race in s hon columns in the presence oC appreciable quantities of rr.oist ure .

26. Aside from impairing the functioning of lead azide, moisture in a deconator has orl:er detrimental effects. When moisture is present in the lead azide charge, it promotes the hydrolysis of the lead azide with the fo::::ac ion of hydra zoir acid. This ;.~ i~ c: .. , rf:act with coppt:i ur Cut;per­be aring alloys to fotm cupric azide (Refs 7 and 8).

27. \\ he n hydrazoic acid reaccs with copper or cupric oxide, the cupric az ide (Cu(N 1) 1 ) is for me d a s very dark brown nr cdles with a reddish glow or ~s a moss-gre"'~ ,t;rilnul ar macerial (Ref 5). Anhydrous c upric a zidcs are :;<!id co !-e very sens iti ve , e soecia ll y to friction . It is s ta ted in Reference 9 t hat "copp'!'r azide is of suc h sens itive ness to fr iction that aire ad j a stroke wi1 h a feather oi a he n would be s ufficie nt to d,.tonale the sale "

J (

I l 28. In view of t he above rl isc u-.s ion t he possi bili1y that at:c idc ms could

be ca useri by t he forroat io~ a nd initiation of sens itive copper azidr. j -.

realistic. Thercfo:e. one of three t hin~s ca:; be done to pre ve nt tl-.e fu. · maiion of t he undes irabl e azide. Une is ro s ubstirute a nother eT.r :o-; i•te fo!

lead azide, the se cond is co render t he gilding metal r.tp compau i·~ :. by

coating, :snd 1he rhird ro exclude the ;·se of c oppe r or l·oppN-bearing alloys.

11

, .

29. The subscicucion of ~norher explosive fnr le~d azide is unlikely in c~ n~ar fur~Ue. Because of ll~ ~1nrem~ scabilicy, hi&h density, and oucpur of lead azide, ic is believed chat il will be some time before any e•plesive !s developed which can rake ics place. However, improvements can be made

oy usin!' cy~s ocher chan rhe standard d~•crinared lead azide, such a!' PYA lead azide and RD-1333 lead azide, which are relari.ely ftOnhyaroscopic. This will der;;;.ase c: • .: Wcelihood ;:~ moiscure &ecrin& inside rhe dercnacor

cup.

30. l'ith regar.i ro c~ting of cop~r pares, no mauer what cype of coacin& mat~rial is us~d. there is always che possibility of it1' be ina scraped off and leavin8 the copper surface exposed. The 8rirish at present use cirt­coat~d copper cups for containing lead a7.ide (Ref 10).

31. The substitutit'n of an< ;her mater· al for copper·t,caring all.>ys or copper is feasible and so ..,e • ·ork has been done in chis dire~'ion. The Navy has reco6niud the r.roblemof ::omp:~tihility ancJ uses only aluminum and srairt-

!ess steel as the deton.uor cup material. The Ordnanc~ Corps prefcr!t scain- wl , . ·~ L..

less steel ar "detonator cup material, however gilding mecal .. lnd ::~luminum ,- .. :-

are a lso used. !3oth stainless steel and gilding m~c~l provide better cort- (1~ ' i - ':. • )

finement than aluminum. - - -

32. ! n stud) in~ new typt' !o ol lead azide, a great deal of care was taken rq;. , ,.1 ng cnaracteriza!ion of crystal size. h has always been generally accepted thar a ft'w of rhe acci•lental explosions • ·hich have occurred with lead azide during it s history were caused by the fracture of crystals which were coo iarge or too easily fractured . Much h.ts been wriuen on this sub· jeer but there is liule s upporrin~t dara in rhe lite rature. Garner and Gomm (Ref 11) found that lead azide exists in 'rwo distinct crystalline forms: the ordinar}' a lpha form and a leo;s cornnoon beta form. Subsc:juenr work (Ref 12) by ~Iile s s ugge sts t hat accidenral explos ions might bt' actrib utcd to the

grow inK of tht' bera variN }' and are not necessarily caused by the so-called "extreme" s e no; it i\· i:y of .tbnormally long crystals which may be present .

On the s ubjecr of long crys ta ls, Miles says "The idea rhar large .:rystals of such exrlosiv•· subsr.1nc ~·o; • ~ Je.1d .tzicle arc a lw.1 ys cxces~ively s en!'!:• tivc: ro o;l:ock or frini on h.1 o; heo.: n wiclc: ly received . bur in view of these facrs sc·cmo; ro ho~vt' Jiulc found.u ion."

33. kc:cenr work tJ_:~ Armour HeM· .~rr h FounJ.~ ;i on ( i~cf 13) has st.,~wn

that beta lead azide rc·adil )· cr.tnJ:C' '- ro rhc: al pha form in rhe presenc" of a:pha lead azide and wate r. Jr o;.J '> ;.! ~o s how n thar it rakes a v·.:ry carefl!l b: control led and exacting rroceci urc to mo~ nufacture beta lead a ;.:i•L•.

12

I •

I I

Consequently, unless it is the specific intemion to manufacture ~ta lud a7.ide, the alpha l~ad azide is produced. li any beta lead u.ide is prl)• duced in the preliminary sta3es when malcing alpha lead azide, and if i; should ~ ca riC'd to the end prociiJCt, it would be rapiJly transformed to the alpha form when the materials are storeJ under water.

34. h is ~lieved that the sensitivity of lead .-zide is due at least in part to iJ'_terr.;o.l strrsses formed in the crystal which arc: .10 inherent re· suit of the manufacturin& process. Conse=tuently both large ar • .J small crystal!' could be stresSC'd, making them extremely St'nsitive to impact. In support of this theory 'it may be nOled that colloidal lud azide, which has a very small cryscal size, is a 3reat deal more sensitive to impacl than PVA or RD-1333 lead azide , which have a much larger cryst:>l si7.c. Further confirmation rl..:tt cr}s,al size i! r.ot a controlling inilucnce e n im· pact sensitivity may be found ir Reference 23.

35 The r 'receding discussion i~ r,.latt>d to thi s re port in that cerr aiil r ·:> :.~ps dealing void: PVA lead a7.id~ have expressed much .:oncern because its crystal size is larger than that of the conventional dcxrrinated lead azide. In addition, ;he shape of irs crystals, rather long and n.urow, in· dicates 'to some chat beta lc:ad azide may be ·present. Based upon the t.fis· cussion in paragraphs 32·34, however, iris considered that PVA lead azide and RD-1333 lead azide if made proper I y are acceptable and can be hand I~..; ~ .lfel? us; 05 the same precaur ions observed when handlin~t 1 he conventional dexrrinared lead azide.

36. The funcrior.ing characteristics of tead aLide used as the inter·

mediate charge in the M~7 type detonator indicate thar PVA and RD-1333 II lead azides are about 2.5 times more efficient :han dextrinarcd lead a7.ide . when used in small quantit ies (see Table 8, p 20). The difiercnce between the output of the materials may be due to two fo~ctors. First, dexrrinated lead azide contains less lead azid~ than the other l}'pcs investigated. This is considered to be.; miu~r point. More imr.orr Jnt , however, it is helieved ,; _ _., <ypes i.westigated (includir.g PVA 'lnd RD-1333) ocher than d<-ICtrinated lead azide build up to a :r.tablc detor,acion rare in a much s horter column length than .-!exuin.ued lead azid~ . It i<> bel ieved th.u this is due to rn;~e factors: Om•, the other types of lead azide Jnvc·stigated may be more readily initi ated ; two, becauc;c ,jf thc:ir cr }:;ralline :;truct:.~ie they have fewer voids to traverse; and tnrcc , t heir prc s~ urt.-·d<·n~i;y rcl :uions hip J!" s uch that they have a higher pressed denr.iry , thu '> creating a self·conf~.~crncnt whirh reduces the loss of energy to the o utc; idc.

13

37. Tht- incrnl>ed olllrlll of P\'A and RD·l .H3 lead azid~ s~ems co be ideally suicc-d co small d~onacorl' wht-r~ availaulc- charg~ space is limic~d. Uu ol PV A or R[).l333 lead azide in small detonacors insu~ad of .i~•· crinat~d J~ad azide will r~suh irt increased amounts of base char~~. whkh would 5"~scancially increase the c.lllplll of the detonacor itself.

38. Tabl~!i >, 10, .... .! 11 (pp 2~ .. nd 23) show the results of f unc· tionin~t tests conducted periodically on N47 t)'~ detonacors concainin& dcxrrinaced, PV A, and R[).l333 lead azi;ic as the incermediace char1e during storage at 71 °C. ~vcral duds •ere encouncered ov~r tht- storag~

period. These duds -.·er~ due to failur~ of tht- pri~r mil to be iniciatea and noc to ~ny deficiency of cht- lead nid~ charge. The fact t hac no lo"· order functioning of the deton:uors 9/as observed throu!thout t ht- storage pro~ram indicates that the~ materials •ht'n loaded in detonators Me _,..

stab!~ for lon~t periods of scoragt'.

39. Fro"' thr res ult s obtained, 1 ;s chi;>us that two type!i, P V f. :tnrl

RD-1333. stand out as being gt'nerally superior to nextrinated lead azide. The ot h'er 1 ypcs invest igatcd, Urit ish Service, colloidal, and dextrinated colloidal, whi!t' superior to dcxuinatt'd lead iiZide in some respects, such :.s output and hy~roscopicity, have certain disadvantages such as flo•· ability or sens itivity to shock. It is c~ncluded that detonator design can be s~Jl.. ; • ·. nti f\ 11)' impro·:cJ i>y using PVA or RD·l3331cad azide instead of dex· trir1ated lead azide.

40. RD-1333 lead azide h.-s one ad v.1nta~c over PVA lead azide which has not b~en discussed yet. This is the C.tct that RD-1333 lead azide is a nonpropriet.:~ty ma~erial. PVA leatl azido is a p.uented product (Paten« No. 2,421,778 htl·d 10 June i917) c utrcmly hl'in~; m.1nufacturcd hy the holder of the patent , Olin Mathies on Chemica! Corporation, East Ahon, Illinois. On this basi!. , PVA lc.td .;zidc may be.- cons idered second choice to RD· 1333 lc.1d azidt>.

41. ll.ork 10 ckvclo1• improved type :-- o{ lt:.ui .t;-i.-1..· is cor.tin:•ing. Cuner.tly b<"i n,R (ons id•·rt·d ·' ' .1 11 improvc·mc nl ov~.· r HI>· I'\~' 1<-.1d .1zidt· jo; ,, type known ·'" HI>- I S·1 ~ ).-.acl .t,.id t· ( Hd ',), h j.., CXJ•C:I:!c:d rh.ll liulc will h··. achJC''I.•d in ohr.tinin~: .1 1\'l"'l' 1<:.1rl ·•Zillc: lt.1v in~ ~:rc·;H cr in iliating abi~icy rh.1n IUJ· l3331e.ld .~,. , , J.. . lc i:-.c· Xpl'tll·J ,how~o· vt"r, t hat improvemcnc .> s uch ;. ~ h 1 ~her bull .k n-.iq ... l. ich wdl l" \lt.tnc•· it!> !o.u.lin): properties ~"il '' be :-.c hic vcd. RO·U•n ll·.;d .tzidC' -..·ill be chc o; u bj~.·ct of a tec hnical r::pon in c he ( uc ure .

1·1

,,.::

EXPERIMIMT AL PROCEDURE

42. Th~ m .. r~riala 11ud ia che wO..Ic cover~d by r.~.ia repon iaclude:

......... S,Jeclflcetlelt r -t•4

Lud azide (deacrinaced) MIL·L·3055 Aaend 1 ~4 MaR"It 1,2

Pol)•vinyl alcuhol lead azide Commercial DYirish Service lud azide IG 237 5 }L1 1942 RD-13.H lead azide Commercial Colloidal lead azide Commercial Oeauinated colloidal lead azide Comme.rcial

Basic lead styphnace, ~min Commercial rhrouah 32S mesh

Tecracene, SO,. min rhrouah Commercial 325 mesh

Arhimony sulfide, Grad~ 1 .IAN·A·159 31 March 1948 C!ass a, b. or e

Barium nirrate. Class a, m JAN·B·162 28 AIIJUS: 1946 min rhro11Jh 10 mesh, m min on 140 UM!Sh

Gildins metal (95/5 brass); sheet JAN·G··U9 31 December 1949 and scrip

ROX, T~t-= :;, Class C PA·PD-.. 16 13 May 1""

43. The color, form, l~ad azide conrent, roral l~ad, acidiry, and sol11· l-ility tests were cond .. cted in accordance wirh the merhods oudined in Rderencto 14. Eaplosion temperature, vacuum stability, and impact sen­sit ivity test s were conducred in accordance with the methods oudined in Reference 1 S.

44. T he D'"S!>ur~·densi r y relationships of dearrinated lead aziC:e and PVA

lead azioe were determired ir. accorJance with the proc~dure specified in Referenc-e 16, with th,. followi"8 modifications:

a . .A No. 8 blasting cap shell was inserted into an aluminum cup (l en~tth, 2.00 ! O.OS inc~s; .:nrernal di:!meter, 0. 248 1 0.005 inch; wall thickness, 0.02S ! 0.001 inch) s upponed in a S·ml graduated cylinde: <;.• hich had ~en cYC down to a 3-ml capaciry. This was weighed on a balaw.c.-, ,.,;ing as a rare weight an empcy cap, And anCMher aluminum cup an'.~ ,;r.1duat,.

118

·.

o ( s imilar dimc.-nsions. The shell •as then filled -.ith mer .. 111y and the ~•· c~ss mercury carefully remov~d •ith a 1lass slide. TM ~rcury·filled shell •as ·~i&bed as before and the •~i&hr of ~rcury in tM shell deter­~incd by diff~rence.

b. Aft~r consolidatin1 the increments at the pressures seated ana "ei&l.·ial che sample concained in r:.e blascin1 cap shell, mercury •as added co fill the re.T.ainder of rhe SfaC~ i" ch~ shell. AJilin the ~uess mercury was r~moved and rbe •ei&hr ol the shell containinJ the sample: and mercwy detenrined.

4~. Hysroscopicity tescs •er~ conducted as specified in Reference 17.

46. The.- detonators used in this rcporc were loaded in the manner standard at Picatinny Arsenal. References 18 :on~ 19 sive details of che prc.~essin1 of the explosives and explos.ve mixcures and the loadins of the M47 deto­nators. These are typkal of the processing of explosives and loadins of deto~ators used in the worl< described in chis report.

47. The fl!~ctioning, waterproofness, and booster initiation rests were conducted by c h~ methods oudined in Reference 3. The method of con­ducting deconator safecy rests :.nd the ballistic firins tests is 1iven in Reference 20. Part icle size measurements of PV A lead azide were obtained usir~ che methods describ~ l i1 Reference 21. The method of loadin& the ~ gru••1·.:- ~; detonarors (parasraph 11) is contained in Referenc~ 22.

REFERENCES

1. Th~ Manufac ture of L"~d .'azid, RD-1 HJ on th~ 7 lb Batch Seal~. ERDE R(."port 17/R/ 53, Dec(."mber 19H

2. Military Standard M1L•STD-304, " T(."mperat ure and Humidity Test for Use in De\•(." lopmenr of Fuzes ," J ul y 1951

3. D.~: :; .• ,;ror '()21: I !... c.::.:imR. t\ s .t eml1!y utui l'aclung, P icat inny Arsenal Purchase Descript ion PA· Pf>-2C:! (Rev 1) with Ammdmc:nt 1, n January 19~3

4. T . 'l. Stevc.-ns, Stn•a,;<> S t ability T Psts of Colloidal L'ad lozid~ fo' Us~ in Low En.-r~:y r:t,.ct•w OetarJatms, Picarinny Atsrl\al Explosives Devllop· mcm Section Rrrort No. 8, March 19' 7

J6

,,.

: '· lt.J. Holloway, G.W.C. Taylor, aDd A.T. Thom .. , TIM Dnrlo'"''"' •rwl ,.,.11/«1- oi Leu Aattle ltD IUJ, ERDE Repon 7/R/51, 4 July 1951

6. Robert L. t'aJMr, ltachlnll G. Slaeffield, and r.:-nald E. Snaer, lrrvesli· a•tio" ofl'olya•fflyl Alcollol Leu Aaillr-For IJse ifl DeiOMiou, Pica:iMy ArHnai Eaplosivea Dnelop111..ac Section Repon No. 60, Nay ~~~

7. ~ •. S. I .11ren, 5twy of,,. AC"tro~ of L,ltl AarJr o" Co,er, P i~acinny

Arsual Technical Repon 1152, Februar)· 1942

I. F. E. Ball, T&, l'drcliorurwl Es""'"''o" of Co'"' A aile Corroriofl ifl IJrilish Srr11in Storrs. Ar-lllt'n& ReHarch and De.elopiMal Nftloranci.-9/ 55, Auausc 1955

9. A. Cir~ ~. "The Eaplosin P~ereniea of Cu <NH,)a," Z. Gu. Sc6iesa· • s,,.,,s,olf., .. Jl. 42·5 (1943)

10. Procudinas of the Ordna~u Board, Q8089 co Q8092, 10 Auaust 1954

11. W.E . Garnn anc1 A.S. Gom•, "The !hermal De~ornposicion and DetonatiN of Lead Azlde Cryacah," J. C~"' S~. 2123-21)4 (1931)

12. F .D. Niles, "The f•macion and Characceriacion of Cryacala of Le8d Azide a~ Sollie Other lniciatiaa Eaploaina," I Chm SOC', 2532·2542 (1931)

1). Cryst•lloa,.,6ic P,.mie• of p,;,.,., E•,lositlrs, Armour Research !='oundarion, Connn NG. OAI-11·022·0RD-(PHB. Report No. 6, 25 April " 1\C ' . , ;v

15. Clear, ~.J. Slt1rttlt1rtl L•borlllory Procrt/wes for Sr,.~ iti&Jily, BrisflfiCt' •Pili S&t~bility of Ea,/osivu. Picatinny Arsenal Technical Repon 1401, Revision 1, 28 February 1950

16. Picacinny Ars..aal Chemical Laboracory Repon No. 136796

17. P ic:uinny .~rsen;ol Gen~ral Laboratory Repons, 54·H1·1354, L'ad Azid•. 1 july 1954; 51·Hl·2H2, lly1rosco('icily of Dralriftat•tl PbN,, 1 March 1952

18. Prcparatiort of Pr;,.., MV.t~~r• for DriOflfllors. icatinny Arsenal L~scri?lion

of Man:ofacrurc 5~·4-;9, 6 Au~tust 1954

19. St'ifNIICt' of o,,rtlliort, TJlEI (11441) l>r1o11111or, Picatinny Arsenal Dt­scrircion of Manufacture 25·1·75, 26 Nay 1954

20. Letter from Lake City Arsenal to Ordnance Ammunition Command (ORDCW 400.112/1198), 2 November 1956, Subject: M47 Detonator with PVA Lead Azide, Report of Evaluation Test

21. J.W. Lavitt, An Improved Microscopic Method for the Determination of the Crystal Size Distribution of "2-Micron" RDX, Picatinny Arsenal Technical Report 1957, September 1953

22. Special Loading of M47 Detonators Utilizing Polyvinyl Alcohol Lead

Azide, Lone Star Report LS-i70, 13 January 1956

23- F.P. Bowden and K. Singh, Size Effects in the Initiation and Growth of

Explosives, Nalure. Vol 172 No. 4374, August 29, 1953

18

TAILI7

,_., .. , .. tA Mt7 .._, ..... C...lal .. D.111tt ....... L•4 AaW. ....... ~ ............... .... o ••••• ., .......... ......... .. .. Me. PlrM . L••4 Dltc, 111. •

" , .... 4 M .. •o.-.• Lew 0.4er .. ••• ..... .. , . 0., ,

" 0 .236 .210 .~67

0.6 ,, , 0 .235 .221 .2~4

0.1 , )' 2 .227 .176 .245

0.9 , )0 ' .217 .151 .244

After Tee WMiae ....... et A•~leM Te-.eretllre

0.5 , , 0 0.2H 0.210 o. ~~s 0.6 , , 0 0. 2H 0.193 0.261 - 8 , , 2 0.23.2 0. 168 0.258 0.9 35 21 14 0.225 0. 189 0.248

19

TAILII

les.tts .. ,__.._ ... Tests ef Me41fle4 *7 .,.. ..... .,,.

Deatfl-.te4 D ...... , •••• "•'• l II .... -. .. 4 Aat4e, IDI, t: •• , ..... L••4 Diu, lr~. 4

T•ue411 •• •• .. .... o • ...,~ Lew0r4e,C ...... .. .. .... 45 110 34 45 0 0.212 0 . ."32 0.177

45 100 40 45 0 0. 218 0.2 .. 4 0, 170 45 90 44 45 0 0.194 0.228 0.081

"' 85 46 44 1 0. 219 0.251 0.159 45 80 49 21 17 0.149 0.214 0.075 45 , ,. 2 43 0.163 0.145 0.081 45 70 " 0 45

ID.1J3J Leu Aa14e,

•• -49 70 5~ 49 0 0.271 0.295 0.247 ~0 r..:: 60 50 0 0.276 0.303 0.249 ~ ~~ 63 ~0 0 0.282 0. 306 0.258 ~0 50 66 50 0 0.286 0. 31') 0.262 50 -4 5 69 50 0 0.273 0.306 0.240 )() 40 72 )() 0 0.288 0.318 0.258 50 ~, 75 )() 0 0.290 0.313 O.zH jO 30 78 50 0 0.266 0.285 0.228 50 2~ 80 50 0 0.239 0.277 0.192 50 20 82 .... 6 0.213 0.252 0.158

8Dt :o.:.atora conuined B "' ! NOL 130 pnawr cnia ia add it ion co chvae• ,;!-l'ltrD ia cable.

Tuu coD<! ucccci ia •ccordaacc .,;,t. par•araph 4.6 of S9cc PA-P().202 ( Rc• I ) da&co ~ ~ 1n~ wirh .A -.cnci,...cc I , .: .. ::::1 l7 jaa 19~~ -

bll iah order; dccoaatul cauaed pcrforall<-n of lead di•c.

<"Lo w orde r, ~locator fa iled 10 c• uac pcrfor•uoo of lead d 1ac.

20

/

TABLE 8 (Con«)

Ho. L«ad Aildo, RDX,

Taitttl mg mg

Ho. fifi High Ordar La» OrcUr

70 60 60 62

33 64 30 67

45 70 40 72

35 74 30

Brllilh

S«f T iCil

L UOG A i lau,

mg

76

43 "0 61 43 O) 64

-4 3 66

43 30 68

45 43 - i i

43 H0 ' J

1 , 35 74

45 30 76

45 25 "y 1

43 20 79

45 43 45 45 45 45 44 45

43 45 43 45 ■13

45 4 5

4 5 .-,3

21

0

0

0

0

0

0

i 0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

24

Dlamatcr of H ale In

L«a i Dl.c, In.

Avg Max Mln

0.260 0.308 0.230 0.267 0.291 0.230 0.264 0.298 0.206 0.263 0.303 0.206 0.252 0.290 0.192 0.269 0.302 0.231 0.224 0.275 0..81 0.236 0.276 0.197

0.2 76 0.300 0.223

0.2^3 0.293 0.232 0.2 HO 0.314 0,238 0.275 0.296 0,21!

0.269 0,296 0,218 0.267 0.288 0,224 0.260 0.294 0.216

0.259 0.306 0.229 0,229 0.27^ 0,206

0.191 0,263 0,115

TABLE 9

Pfosdta oi Functioning T*tti of M47 Dttonatort AH«r Long-Torm Sferage at 7rCa

Jforog« Tim«, No. months To.fod

0 230

; 50

2 50

3 50

4 50

5 50

6 50

7 50

8 50

9 50

10 5C

12 50

Ö 100

14 50 15 50

16 50

17 50

Dlometor of Hal« n Lead Disc, in.

Avg Max Mln

0.213 0.240 0.174

0.215 0.243 0.179 0.221 0,249 0.189 0.221 0.247 0.192 0.228 0.251 0.200

0.215 0.242 0.178 0.225 0.275 0.190

0.213 0.241 0.189 0.224 0.249 0.199 0.220 0.252 0.156 0.228 0.261 0.190 0.230 0.284 0.210

0.223 0.266 0.200

0.231 0.259 0.207 0.229 0.263 0.220 0.217 0.245 0.199 0.230 0.274 0.209

Detonators comninfd.- 15-5 mg NOL 130 primer miü

110-10 mg dertrinated lead a?.ide

Appro« 3^ mg KDX

All detooators tested in accordaxicc •ifh parngrejjh 4.6 of ('luchasc l>cscriptioo PA-

Pr>-202. j

n

TABLE 10

Roulte ef Fv~tctiHI"' Totti .t Medlflocf M47 Ootonatore C•'"'olttl"'! II0.1l33 L•cf Aalct. After La"f' Tor"' Stor•1• at 71°CO

Dlo•et•• of Hole ;,. St•••t• Tl.,o, .... Loolll Diu, IR. ........ r ...... • •• ...,. Min

0 100 0.281 0.311 0.2~i

~ o.2n 0.2~ 0.2~0

2 100 0.263 0 .288 0.224 3 100 0.267 0.292 0.240 4 100 0.~83 0 . 298 0.24~

6 100 0.274 0.293 0.239 8 100 0.266 0.296 0.234

12 100 0.248 0 .280 0. 196

•o~conuora concaioN 13/ 40/72 •1 NOL 130 prim~r •iatUR/R~BH lead uid~/RDX. r •• u -~·· Cot'!d •>:leJ in accordaoc~ wirh PA·P~202.

TAILE 11

Roults of FunctiHI"f Totti ef Mocflflocf M47 Dotonatore Colttohtl"' PVA Loocf AatO. Aftw L•"t·Tor"' Storage at 11•c:-

D I•••••• ef Hole In St•••vw T l •• ..... Loolll o;ac, 1 ... ........ r •• , • ., ,..,, ....

0 100 0. 281 0.308 ?9 0.261 0.287

~ i v(. 0. 2~6 0. 278

3 100 0.2H 0.269 ~ !00 0.24~ 0.278

1()1) 0.26~ 0 .282

9 100 0.2}1 0.248 II 100 0. 233 o .n8 13 100 0. 24L 0.2G1

------------- --

"''" 0 . 2~2

0.213 0 .238 0. 198 \.1 .196 0.240 0 .219 0.206 .1.2}2

• o t1ooa i.OU COt>taJo~J I)/ 70/ 60 ... NOL no prl-· !Oia/ P V .. le a d a;ucle/ !( ·~ .: . T~r. •. cor..ivC't~d i11 ...-«;rdoace • irh puaa11"h 4.{; of P vd•••• O.acro,:tiot> PA·PI~201.

23

TABLE 12

Functioning Ttfti of Modified M47 Detonator»

Containing PYA lisi Aiid« AH«r JAN Cycling0

Storag* Diam«l*r of Hoi« In

Parlod, No. Flrxj Load Dlic, In.*

wk High Ord«rb Low Order1-' Dud6 Avg Max Mln Sid Dov

0.281 0.30Ö 0.252 0.013

0.262 0.295 0.234 0.017

0.266 0.292 0.215 0.013

0,248 0.281 0.216 0.016

0.254 0.288 0.232 0.013

Overall average 0.262

0 100 0 0

1 99 0 1 2 100 0 0

3 100 0 0

4 100 0 0

Detonators contained 15/70/60 mg NOL 130 primer mix/PVA lead atide/RDX. Teats ronducted in accordance with paragraph 4.6 of Purchase Description PA-PD-202.

b , Hi/?h order, detonator caused perforation of lead disc.

Low order; detonator laiied to cause perfotanon ot lead disc.

"Detonator wa» not initiated.

Low oraers iiod duds not included in calcoiatioo».

M

TABLE 13

Saillttlc Firing T«itt

«mp*f ar ur tf

3rrh icnt

-63 F W F amb irnt

.ln-,S icnt

-6') F 165 F arri) icnt

amb icnt

-65 F 165 F amb icnt

100

100

89 I00a

100

100

"9 100*

100 100 80

100a

No. Round«

HlHlng Torgtt functioning

9^ 94 8A

98

94

9^

^

96

100 97 i-^

92

97

9-i H-t

98

91

9^

^5

96

100

9^ 77

92

Fired a! ] 12", service pressure

25

u

rN I

U o o

v c a

OS

5

a E

u 13

13

J

a

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'■.;.

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^J

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VI

r

w*

s

f'« ft Dexmoated f olloidal Lead Add« (magnification 500*)

33

-■*£

I

1

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'. · • ' · • . 11 • I p .. . , lr! I • 0 I •ii. I: ., • . ' I' •• ,., : •I 1•o.·l ' l · . 1::1•1 1

• 1•1 • I o • • , . o l • •:: I t0! 1• . ,, . ~;,I: j1! o ~ j o I 1 I • ' ' • I . , ,, ' I '• .. ····=; •. . ': : s 'I' .. ,, .. ,, .•. ,,. ·"··'I•·' 'I· 011 ;1:1111!1• ' '11·•1111! I •' II· I . 0 '" • •• , .. .. - - - - -

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Commandin~ Officer r .cacinn~ .\rsen;d

DISTIUIUTIOM LiST

ATTN: Technical Informacion ~ction Dover , N.J.

Chid of Ordnance Departmenc of che Army

ATTN: ORDTN ORDTH OHDTS OROJM

ORO IS l.J s !-:i n£con 2~. O.C.

Corr.m~ nd i ng ( ,c nc.-ral

OS'i'AC ATT:-. : OR OS ~-.-\

OROS~'-~

P icn inn y Arser:al

Dever , ·' · J

Comma ndi ng General Ordna nce .-\mmunicion Command ATTN: ORDL Y- ARAC Joliec . Il l.

1\rmec Services 7 echni cal lnform;.cion Age ncy .Arl ington Hal! Station . •. rl i n ~con 12. Virgi ni 3

Corr ma ncicr

:\aval Ordnance Labe>raro!y .'.IT~ : i.. •br.1ry

I. Kabik Jr hJCe Oak Silver ~pring, Mar yl a nd

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24

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C orr.mand er

L .S. ~avai ::>rJnanc~ Te~l Scarior.

ATT N: T~ch Library Branch

l n )· o~ t r n. Chi na L11k~

C a l iforni a

Oep,.·tm~n! of th~ N.1v y

ll:aval Rese ar c h l.a bora!ory

1 a s hi ngc o n 25 , O. C.

C a nad ian "' rmy Sca ff

2450 \f ass ac h us e tt s t\veniX', N.l'. \\as hingt o n 8, n.c.

lJera rtmenc of ~he ~a,· y

i3ure au of Ordn,t nce

t\ TT:-. : S f• :-r ion ~cL3a

\ta shi ngcon 2" , O. C.

Comma nd ing Office r

o:~ :r,. of Ordnance Re~P 'I •(" !'l

!lc-:: -::_:.; , u uke Sca cion

Durh a m, ~orch Carol i na

Co rr. :n.1 nd ing Olfaccr

f o u Decrick

A;;:-, ; C hic f. .\iD Oiva ~ ion

f rede rick , \laryl.1nd

d ra tJsh j o; nr <;<·nice ~ .... ission

,\lint S!: 1 .._; Supply Y •[f for T, c hnaca l ';nvi c ,- -:

ATT:-. : Report<; O ffi c er

1800 K ( . ~C C I, :-. . 11.. i. a shang!on ?5 , D. C.

r· oiT'rr..! ~:.:::~g ( , t·nt·rJo

i- rAn kfo rll .-.r .,e n.l l

~rad ge & T .1cony '-;tre et'>

Phl!aJelphaa n . .... enn

c.,,. ....

26

27

28

29

30

) l

)2

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I out rtnat~ In~ atl~~. ~lther RO· l .UJ no r PYA Wll "~· hyirotcopl..: . but dntrlnal~ lead azide plc:lted up o~

5J. molllure In JS mlnutet 11 82,·9~ relltl~ humidity. "0· 1333, PYA. lt111tll Servlc•. co! loldaJ, &~ ontrlnared collotdiii..S uJdl Mel l"''flct tenlltlvJUet ~ S, • • , , 2, 2. ud 3 lllcbet, retpec•

lt3 931

, Uftl)'. 1111!'1 1M 2•q ..... .. ~Md Wldl 4-6 **',. ............. ......

F~llman Rrsearc'l and En(lneerlnJ :..a be. , Plca: Jn;,y Arsenal. fol. J.

LEAD AZIDE~ POR US£ 11'1 D£TONA TORS. t>, lloben L. Yo'apr jen 60, 38p. 23 rcoft Tt'chnlcal r cpc . 2No2. Ordfo r r rom LC ml$3. r1 ph~. 30 1'9 1 tJ 938

Ou r1n1 the developn enl d ~ Jhon detonato r (M47) ;or .tt' In 2fl mm a mmunll lon II beame t : ldc" l that 11 amellt' t l uzet wert' mack-, more efficient •:JrPlOi lvee lo r •J I" In lnlllatort would be needed. To .meet 1uch a nen! scv<'ral dltfer~at types d leed azide •·•ere lnvr • · tlra ' "'1 11 pou lhle reJ~laceiTiftlll fo r lite n•l>dard durrlnated lead az~ covered lly Mlhtary ScJeclllea· lirA Ml._. L ·lOSS. 'The 1:ypH d lead azldet lnvUII· ~"" J • • I•.J• ,!, • rt ,,.;~r<"J RD-1333. polyvlllyl alc:oftol ( ,} o(A). lr lll t h Ser vtc• . collotdll. alld deatrtMieod collooM I. A mllllmum d 2.5 "'I RD-1333 lad .1:~ o :lll mil PYA lead aal4e waa r•tred 10 lrl!llar~ RD'C In the Mf? datautor u oompered wtlh 90 "'I for (!nt1Mer1 ... ··~. ' ' Apr M) (e-vn)

PB 143 918

..I. Detoo~aton · · Mater;.;; : · 2. U ed azl~· · ChcmlC#l

analytll I . W~r. R. l. li . PA 'B· 2662

, oe~ ..... , .................... . AO 2· 2· 60

Commanding Officer

Late City Arsenal

■ATTN: D.E. Stonger Independence, Mo.

Copy No.

34

Commanding Officer

Lone Star Ordnance Plant

Texarkana, Texas 35

Commanding General

Aberdeen Proving Ground

ATTN; D & PS

Maryland 36

Commanding Officer

Diamond Ordnance Fuze Laooratories

ATTN: Technical Reference Section Connecticut Ave., at Van Ness St., N.W.

Washington 2s, D.C.

37

Office of Technical Services

Ac ]uisitions Section

Department of Commerce

Washington 25, D.C. 38- 39

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