uncertain times to today us history and government ny state regents exam review
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Uncertain Times to Uncertain Times to TodayToday
US History and GovernmentUS History and Government
NY State Regents Exam NY State Regents Exam ReviewReview
Brown v. BoardBrown v. Board
Civil Rights movement gained Civil Rights movement gained tractiontraction
Court overturned Court overturned Plessy v. FergusonPlessy v. Ferguson and declared “separate-but-equal” and declared “separate-but-equal” was not constitutionalwas not constitutional
Desegregation took effect slowlyDesegregation took effect slowly
March to EqualityMarch to Equality
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was a leader for Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was a leader for non-violent, civil disobedience toward non-violent, civil disobedience toward laws aimed at limiting civil rightslaws aimed at limiting civil rights– Bus Boycott (Parks), sit-ins, demonstrations Bus Boycott (Parks), sit-ins, demonstrations
(March on Washington)(March on Washington) Desegregation took effect in Little Rock Desegregation took effect in Little Rock
with the aid of US troops sent by Ikewith the aid of US troops sent by Ike Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibited Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibited
discrimination for the federal governmentdiscrimination for the federal government
Dwight D. EisenhowerDwight D. Eisenhower
Housing Boom and Baby Boom as Housing Boom and Baby Boom as troops returned from war and started troops returned from war and started familiesfamilies
Period of economic prosperity as Period of economic prosperity as millions of consumer products were millions of consumer products were soldsold
Conformity among Americans as the Conformity among Americans as the fear of communism strengthenedfear of communism strengthened
John F. KennedyJohn F. Kennedy
New Frontier proposed bold new ideasNew Frontier proposed bold new ideas– Tax cut, Medicare, Civil Rights Legislation, Tax cut, Medicare, Civil Rights Legislation,
and increased funding for educationand increased funding for education Only the tax cut was passed under KennedyOnly the tax cut was passed under Kennedy
Bay of Pigs invasion was a failed Bay of Pigs invasion was a failed attempt to overthrow Communism and attempt to overthrow Communism and Castro in CubaCastro in Cuba
Cuban Missile Crisis put the world on Cuban Missile Crisis put the world on the brink of nuclear warthe brink of nuclear war
Lyndon JohnsonLyndon Johnson
Great Society plan to improve the Great Society plan to improve the quality of life and opportunity for quality of life and opportunity for AmericansAmericans– Civil Rights legislationCivil Rights legislation
Civil Rights Act, 1964 and Voting Rights Act, Civil Rights Act, 1964 and Voting Rights Act, 19651965
– Aid to cities for urban planning and slumsAid to cities for urban planning and slums– Medicare Act of 1965Medicare Act of 1965– War on poverty programs like Job CorpsWar on poverty programs like Job Corps
Vietnam War escalated under Johnson Vietnam War escalated under Johnson
Youth CultureYouth Culture
Rebellious spirit developed in the Rebellious spirit developed in the 1960s and 1970s1960s and 1970s
Experimented openly with drugs and Experimented openly with drugs and sexsex
New fashions broke from traditionNew fashions broke from tradition 1968 millions were protesting the 1968 millions were protesting the
war in Vietnam until 1973war in Vietnam until 1973
Women’s LiberationWomen’s Liberation
Feminist Movement of the 1960s as Feminist Movement of the 1960s as women were not satisfied with women were not satisfied with traditional roles as housewivestraditional roles as housewives
Opposed unequal pay and sexist Opposed unequal pay and sexist languagelanguage
Abortion issue became divisiveAbortion issue became divisive– 1973 1973 Roe v. WadeRoe v. Wade case before the case before the
Supreme Court declared right to privacy Supreme Court declared right to privacy gave rights to abortion in early pregnancygave rights to abortion in early pregnancy
MilitancyMilitancy
Demand for change became violentDemand for change became violent African-Americans believed in Black African-Americans believed in Black
PowerPower– Black Panthers and Black Muslims challenged Black Panthers and Black Muslims challenged
the traditional NAACPthe traditional NAACP– Malcolm X argued using violence Malcolm X argued using violence
Native Americans formed American Indian Native Americans formed American Indian Movement and declared “red power”Movement and declared “red power”– Protested racial biases and stereotypesProtested racial biases and stereotypes
The Warren CourtThe Warren Court
Under Chief Justice Earl Warren Under Chief Justice Earl Warren major social change came to the USmajor social change came to the US
Mapp v. Ohio, Mapp v. Ohio, 1961 (Search and 1961 (Search and Seizure)Seizure)
Baker v. Carr,Baker v. Carr, 1962 (Representation) 1962 (Representation) Gideon v. WainwrightGideon v. Wainwright, 1963 (Lawyer), 1963 (Lawyer) Miranda v. Arizona,Miranda v. Arizona, 1966 1966
– Rights of the AccusedRights of the Accused
Vietnam WarVietnam War Eisenhower sent aide to South VietnamEisenhower sent aide to South Vietnam Kennedy sent aide and military advisorsKennedy sent aide and military advisors
– Domino Theory: feared communism spreadingDomino Theory: feared communism spreading Johnson used the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution Johnson used the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
to escalate war with the Northto escalate war with the North– Sent more combat troopsSent more combat troops– War grew increasingly unpopular in late 60sWar grew increasingly unpopular in late 60s
Nixon continued the war, eventually Nixon continued the war, eventually negotiating a ceasefire agreementnegotiating a ceasefire agreement– War Powers Act (1973) limits powers of War Powers Act (1973) limits powers of
President to involve troops without declaration President to involve troops without declaration of war from Congressof war from Congress
Richard NixonRichard Nixon
New Federalism cut spending on social New Federalism cut spending on social programs and gave tax revenue to statesprograms and gave tax revenue to states
Foreign Policy AchievementsForeign Policy Achievements– Negotiated ceasefire in Vietnam (ended war)Negotiated ceasefire in Vietnam (ended war)– Established diplomatic relations with ChinaEstablished diplomatic relations with China– Introduced détente (lessening of tensions) with Introduced détente (lessening of tensions) with
the USSR the USSR Watergate scandal ended his PresidencyWatergate scandal ended his Presidency
Gerald FordGerald Ford
First act was to pardon President First act was to pardon President NixonNixon
Economy suffered from stagflationEconomy suffered from stagflation– High unemployment and high inflationHigh unemployment and high inflation– Reduction of war spending and oil crisisReduction of war spending and oil crisis
Continued Nixon’s policy of détenteContinued Nixon’s policy of détente
Jimmy CarterJimmy Carter
Presidency hampered by poor Presidency hampered by poor economyeconomy
Foreign policy revolved around Foreign policy revolved around human rightshuman rights– Panama Canal Treaty turned over Panama Canal Treaty turned over
controlcontrol– Camp David Accords established peace Camp David Accords established peace
between Israel and Egyptbetween Israel and Egypt– Iranian Hostage CrisisIranian Hostage Crisis
Ronald ReaganRonald Reagan
Domestic Policy dealt with the economyDomestic Policy dealt with the economy– Supply-side Economics “Reaganomics” Supply-side Economics “Reaganomics”
Cut taxes on businesses and wealthy: Trickle-downCut taxes on businesses and wealthy: Trickle-down
– Increased military spending helping economyIncreased military spending helping economy Increased national debtIncreased national debt
Foreign Policy focused on rebuilding Foreign Policy focused on rebuilding American confidence after VietnamAmerican confidence after Vietnam– Worked to roll back communism by funding Worked to roll back communism by funding
“freedom fighters”“freedom fighters”
George H. W. BushGeorge H. W. Bush
Americans with Disabilities Act Americans with Disabilities Act prohibited discrimination against prohibited discrimination against people with disabilities in employment people with disabilities in employment and public accommodationsand public accommodations
Cold War ended while Bush was in Cold War ended while Bush was in officeoffice
Gulf War 1990-1991 fought against Gulf War 1990-1991 fought against Iraq to free ally Kuwait from invasionIraq to free ally Kuwait from invasion
Bill ClintonBill Clinton
Pushed but failed to get health care Pushed but failed to get health care reform through Congressreform through Congress
Impeached for lying under oathImpeached for lying under oath NAFTA created a trade association NAFTA created a trade association
between Canada, US, and Mexicobetween Canada, US, and Mexico Foreign Policy initiatives taken by Foreign Policy initiatives taken by
Clinton:Clinton:– Kosovo, peace talks between Israel and Kosovo, peace talks between Israel and
Palestine, human rights push in ChinaPalestine, human rights push in China
George W. BushGeorge W. Bush
Won a narrow election in 2000 over Won a narrow election in 2000 over GoreGore
No Child Left Behind became major No Child Left Behind became major domestic legislation in educationdomestic legislation in education
War on Terrorism with Sept. 11War on Terrorism with Sept. 11thth attacksattacks
United States invaded Iraq to remove United States invaded Iraq to remove dictator Saddam Husseindictator Saddam Hussein
TechnologyTechnology
Last 50 years the country has shifted Last 50 years the country has shifted from Industrial economy to a “post-from Industrial economy to a “post-industrial” economy or service industrial” economy or service economyeconomy
Computers introduced in the 1990s Computers introduced in the 1990s and the Internet have made and the Internet have made communication easier as well as communication easier as well as finding informationfinding information
EnergyEnergy
New sources of energy have been New sources of energy have been developeddeveloped– Nuclear Energy has no pollution but is Nuclear Energy has no pollution but is
unsafeunsafe– Solar, wind, and hydropower are being Solar, wind, and hydropower are being
used to replace coal and oilused to replace coal and oil
EnvironmentEnvironment
Global WarmingGlobal Warming– Pollutants in the atmosphere prevent Pollutants in the atmosphere prevent
heat from escaping into space creating heat from escaping into space creating a Greenhouse Effecta Greenhouse Effect
Acid RainAcid Rain– Pollutants in the air turn into acidsPollutants in the air turn into acids
Thinning of the Ozone LayerThinning of the Ozone Layer Water PollutionWater Pollution
PopulationPopulation
Population in America continues to Population in America continues to riserise– West and South are attracting migration West and South are attracting migration
and immigration (Hispanic)and immigration (Hispanic)– Taxing on water and power suppliesTaxing on water and power supplies
Medical advancements allow Medical advancements allow Americans to live longerAmericans to live longer
Strain on government programsStrain on government programs– Baby Boomers are retiring and collecting Baby Boomers are retiring and collecting
Social SecuritySocial Security