unce, reno, nev. caring for your animals developed by: holly george and susie kocher university of...
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UNCE, Reno, Nev.
Caring for Your AnimalsCaring for Your Animals
Developed by: Developed by: Holly George and Susie KocherHolly George and Susie KocherUniversity of California ExtensionUniversity of California ExtensionBob Hamblen, Colorado State University Cooperative ExtensionBob Hamblen, Colorado State University Cooperative ExtensionBruce Miller, Utah State UniversityBruce Miller, Utah State UniversityMelody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative ExtensionMelody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension
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We’ll be coveringWe’ll be covering
Animal digestive systemsAnimal nutritional needsHay qualityFeed and forage production versus animal needsHealth care and safety issuesManure management
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The four digestive systemsThe four digestive systemsRuminant
Pseudo-ruminants
Nonruminant herbivore
Monogastric
servicemeansnet/pukite
www.usda.gov
www.usda.gov
UNCE
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Ruminants Ruminants (cows, goats, sheep, elk, deer and bison)(cows, goats, sheep, elk, deer and bison)
Have no upper incisors or canine teethHave four stomach compartmentsStomach has more space and microorganismsCan synthesize essential amino acidsCan break down cellulose into volatile fatty acids (VFAs)
Beginning Sheperd’s Manual by Barbara Smith
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Ruminant biologyRuminant biology
Complex, multi-chambered stomach ferments feed
Microorganisms in stomach convert plant cells into usable energy
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The rumen advantageThe rumen advantage
Animals with rumens can obtain more energy from plant materials than those without rumens because of the fermentation process.
www.usda.gov
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Pseudo-ruminantsPseudo-ruminantsLlamas, alpacas
Three-chambered stomach system
No rumen, but chew their cud and digest feedstuffs via fermentation and microbial action.
alpacainfo.com
Nonruminant herbivores: horse, rabbit, guinea pig and hamster
UNCE, Reno, Nev.
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HorsesHorsesDigestive system and nutrient requirements are more similar to a pig than to a cowCompared to cows, horses need less roughage, more and higher quality protein and added B vitaminsWhere no pasture is available, a 1,000-pound horse will consume about 25 lbs/day of hay and grain, or about 4.6 tons per year
UNCE
UNCE, Reno, Nev.
Special challenges of horsesSpecial challenges of horses
Formation of bones
Irregular use and/or strenuous exercise
UNCE, Reno, Nev.
Special challenges of horsesSpecial challenges of horses
For increased energy requirements, decrease roughage and increase grain
Limited protein synthesis and poor absorption means that they must be fed high quality proteinwww.holisticvetpetcare.com
Monogastric (simple-stomached)Monogastric (simple-stomached)
www.usda.gov
Simplest of all digestive systems
Limited capacity, limited microbial action and fiber digestion
Better adapted to concentrated feeds such as grains and meats than to roughages
Single-stomached animals include pigs, birds, fish, dogs, and humans
A. Miller
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Swine factsSwine facts
Pigs are the cleanest domestic farm animal Given a reasonable amount of space in their pen or pasture, they will select a particular area for manure and not foul their own nest
servicemeansnet/pukite
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Avian digestive systemAvian digestive systemThe digestive system of poultry differs considerably from other monogastrics as they have no teeth
Digestion in the fowl is rapid 2½ hours in laying
hens 8 to 12 hours in non-
laying hens
www.usda.gov
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Exotic birdsExotic birdsRatites Ostrich, emu, rhea
Game birds Pheasant,
sagehen, quail, chukkar, doves
Nutritional needs similar to poultry
UNCE, Reno, Nev.
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Digestive tract capacitiesDigestive tract capacities
Animal Gallons
Cattle 94
Sheep or goat 12
Horse 56
Pig 7.2
Humans 1.6
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Nutritional needs of animalsNutritional needs of animals
Water
Energy
Protein
Minerals
VitaminsNRCS, Bozeman, Mont.
Water needsWater needsVary by animal size, reproductive status and weather
Average amounts: Beef cow or horse: 12
gallons/day Pig: 8 gallons/day Llama: 5 gallons/day Sheep or goat: 4 gallons/day
Amounts needed may double on hot days
USDA NRCS
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Energy: Energy: carbohydrates and fatscarbohydrates and fats
Grains
Alfalfa hay
Silage
Pasture and grass hay
NRCS, Bozeman, Mont.
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Energy from feedEnergy from feed
Depends on digestive tract
Total digestible nutrients (TDN) is a measure of usable energy in a feed for a given species
www.farmphoto.com
Digestibility of feedstuff by speciesDigestibility of feedstuff by species
Feedstuff Nonruminant Ruminant
Alfalfa 20-30% 40-60%
Grass 0-20% 48-90%
Straw (non- ammoniated)
Negligible 40-60%
Soybean meal 40% 90-95%
Cottonseed meal 0-10% 50%
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ProteinProtein
Most expensive nutrientProteins contain amino acids, the building blocks for muscle, hair, etc.Quantity of protein fed is more important than quality for ruminantsNonruminants require higher-quality protein sources
Crude protein and stage of growthCrude protein and stage of growth
Crop Stage of GrowthCrude Protein
(percent)
Alfalfa Early bloom 18
Alfalfa Full bloom 14
Oat hay 9.2
Oat straw 4.4
Wheat hay Boot 18
Wheat hay Full bloom 8.5
Timothy hay Mid-bloom 8.5
Sagebrush Mature 6
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MineralsMinerals
Supplement choices: Mineral block Feed additive Water additive
www.cgiar.org
USDA NRCS
Mineral requirements vary by:Mineral requirements vary by:
SpeciesBreedAge, sex and growth rateNature and rate of reproductionLactationLevel and chemical form ingestedOverall balance and adequacy of dietHormonal and other physiological activities within the animalClimate
www.ewe.uk.com
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VitaminsVitamins
Required in small amounts
Essential for metabolism
NOT normally synthesized by the body
Two types: Fat soluble – A, D, E, K Water soluble – B, C
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Vitamins for ruminantsVitamins for ruminantsRuminants produce some, but not all, of their own vitamins
Most ruminants make B, K, and C
Ruminants need A, D, and E in their diet Can convert A from beta carotene if provided
with good quality feed Can store enough A for four to six months on a
vitamin A-deficient diet Can make enough vitamin D if kept in the sun A and E are found in leafy green forages
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www.ewe.uk.com
http://services.means.net/pukite/pig
Nutrient requirements depend on:Nutrient requirements depend on:
Animal’s digestive system
Climate and season of year
Desired gain
Work performance
Production stage (breeding, pregnant, lactating, growing, dry)
Breed
What do What do youryour animals need? animals need?
http://servicemeansnet and www.usda.gov
Nutrient requirementsNutrient requirements
Animal Species
Water (gal/day)
Protein (percent)
Energy (Mcal/day)
Beef Cow 12 8-16 10.25
Swine 1 gal/100 lbs 12-18 0.69/lb
Horse 12 7-13 16
Sheep 1-3 10-14 2.68
Goats 1-3 10-14 3.3
Poultry 0.1 16-22 1.3/lb
Rabbits 0.06-0.12 12-18 954 cal/lb
Specific needs: horsesSpecific needs: horses
Water 12 gallons/day
Protein 7 to 13% of their diet
Energy1.5 to 3.0% of body weight; at least 1% of body weight as forage (roughage)
VitaminsSupplemental A and E if fed a hay diet for an extended period
Minerals
Ca to P ratios of 1.5:1 to 2:1; salt with trace minerals; check with local producers and consumers to identify any local mineral deficiencies in your area
Beef cattleBeef cattleWater
1.5 gallons per each 100 pounds of body weight
Protein 8 to 16% of their diet
Energy22 to 28 pounds of dry matter per day (or equivalent fresh material) with a fiber level of 30 to 70%
Vitamins Generally must supplement A and E
MineralsCa to P ratios of 1.5:1 to 2:1; salt with trace minerals
FatsLess than 5%; fats interfere with rumen function
Dairy cattleDairy cattle
Water1.5 gallons per each 100 pounds of body weight
Protein 8 to 16% of their diet
Energy1.4% to 2.4% of body weight, dry matter forage
Vitamins Generally must supplement A and E
MineralsCa to P ratios of 1.5:1 to 2:1; salt with trace minerals; monitor copper, zinc, selenium, cobalt and iodine levels
FatsLess than 5%; fats interfere with rumen function
Meat goatsMeat goats
Water1 to 1.5 gallons per day average, double for lactating females
Protein 10 to 14% of their diet
Energy
2 to 4% of body weight. Need a minimum of 0.5 to 1.0 pound of roughage per day to keep rumen functioning. Can add grain as supplement.
Vitamins May need to supplement A and E
MineralsCa to P ratios of 2:1; copper, zinc, and selenium are likely to be low
FatsLess than 5%; fats interfere with rumen function
Dairy goatsDairy goats
Water1 to 1.5 gallons per day average, double for lactating females
Protein 10 to 14% of their diet
Energy
2 to 4% of body weight. Need a minimum of 0.5 to 1.0 pound of roughage per day to keep rumen functioning. Can add grain as supplement.
Vitamins May need to supplement A and E
MineralsCa to P ratios of 2:1; copper, zinc, and selenium are likely to be low
FatsLess than 5%; fats interfere with rumen function
SheepSheep
Water1 to 1.5 gallons per day average, double for lactating females
Protein 10 to 14% of their diet
Energy
2 to 4% of body weight. Need a minimum of 0.5 to 1.0 pound of roughage per day to keep rumen functioning. Can add grain as supplement.
Vitamins May need to supplement A and E
Minerals
Ca to P ratios of 2:1; zinc and selenium are likely to be low. Copper levels must be monitored as sheep are susceptible to copper toxicity.
FatsLess than 5%; fats interfere with rumen function
Llamas and alpacasLlamas and alpacas
Water1 gallon per 100 lbs of body weight per day
Protein8 to 14% of their diet; depends on life stage
Energy 1.5 to 2.2% of body weight per day
VitaminsNeed to supplement E; may also need to supplement A
MineralsCa:P ratio of 1.5:1 to 2:1; zinc and selenium are likely to be needed; susceptible to copper toxicity, like sheep
UNCE, Reno, Nev.
SwineSwine
Water 1 to 5 gallons per day
Protein 12 to 18% of their diet
Energy 3 to 6% of body weight per day
Vitamins
Make vitamin C and some of the B vitamins; will need to supplement A, D, E, K, B-series, and other water soluble vitamins
MineralsSodium & chloride (salt), calcium, phosphorus, copper, iron, zinc, iodine, selenium
USDA NRCS
PoultryPoultryWater 1 gallon per 10 chickens per day
Protein 16 to 22% of their diet
EnergyNeeds vary with age; layer hens require 1/4 pound of complete ration per day. Chickens can not digest cellulose.
Vitamins
Need A, E, K, B series, C, choline, folic acid, biotin, pantothenic acid; most are included in balanced ration. Vitamin D is produced in the skin if the birds have access to sunlight.
Minerals
Ca:P ratios of 2:1 for meat birds and 8:1 for laying hens; also require salt and trace amounts of iodine, iron, manganese and zinc
Poultry: for meat or eggs?Poultry: for meat or eggs?A laying ration provides two times more vitamin A, 2½ times more vitamin D and at least 3 times more calcium
A mature, lightweight bird will eat about 1/4 pound of feed daily, or 90 lbs/year, while producing about 240+ eggs each year
Broilers can gain 2 pounds for each pound of feed eaten
L. Allen, Nev.
Exotic birdsExotic birds
Water 1 to 3 gallons per day
Protein 16 to 22% of their diet
Energy1 to 2.5% of body weight in dry forage per day; 16% fiber
VitaminsAll but C probably need to be supplemented
Minerals
Ca:P ratios of 2:1, layers need more calcium. Sodium, copper, zinc, manganese, iron and iodine are also required.
RabbitsRabbits
Water 8 to 16 ounces per day
Protein 12 to 18% of their diet
EnergyVaries by breed, age, and gender; feed must contain 16% fiber for proper intestinal system function
VitaminsGenerally, none required if using a complete formulated feed
MineralsGenerally, none required if using a complete formulated feed
www.flicker.com
Let’s talk hayLet’s talk hay
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What determines hay quality?What determines hay quality?
Type of hay (alfalfa vs. grass)Stage of plant maturity and leafinessHow well it dried after being cutForeign material present (weeds, wire, etc.)Storage & handling
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You be the judge!You be the judge!
ColorLeafinessMaturityTextureOdorForeign material
Hay judging notesHay judging notes
Sample 1
Sample 2
Sample 3
Sample 4
Color
Leafiness
Odor
Maturity
Texture
Foreign Material
Ranking
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Your land’s feed/forage potentialYour land’s feed/forage potential
Depends on whether you plan to graze animals or produce crops to feed animals
NRCS, Bozeman, Mont. www.usda.gov
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Learn the termsLearn the terms
Feed: provided to animals Measured in tons per acre
Forage: consumed by grazing Measured by Animal Unit Month (AUM) 1 AUM = the amount consumed by a
1,000-pound animal in one month
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How much feed do you need?How much feed do you need?FEED (Hay)
Tons/ Month
FORAGE
AUMS / month
1 cow 0.4 1.0
1 horse 0.5 1.25
1 sheep 0.1 0.2
1 llama 0.15 0.3
1 goat 0.1 0.2
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Calculating forage productionCalculating forage production
Amount produced depends on: Soil fertility Irrigation Grazing management Length of growing
season
www.farmpicture.com
www.usda.gov
Annual feed and forage productionAnnual feed and forage production
FERTILE SOILS POOR SOILS
FEED
(Hay in tons/acre
/ year)
FORAGE (AUMs/
acre/year)
FEED
(Hay in tons/acre/
year)
FORAGE (AUMs/
acre/year)
Irrigated 2-4 3-4 < 2 1-2
Non-irrigated
1-2 1-2 0.5 or less 0.5
Range/ Woodland
1 0.5 0.5 or less 0.25
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Balancing feed and forage Balancing feed and forage requirements with your land requirements with your land
productivityproductivity
Seasonal forage availabilitySeasonal forage availabilityJan Feb
March
April
May
JuneJuly
August
Sept
Oct
Nov
Dec
UCCE
Cow seasonal energy requirementsCow seasonal energy requirements
UCCE
Late Lactation(180 days)
Birth
Peak Lactation (45 days)
Breeding
Lactation(145 days)
Weaning
Begin Last
Trimester
45 days to Birth
Forage quality versus quantityForage quality versus quantity
High quality pasture
Low quality pasture
Daily requirement of high quality
forage
Daily requirement of low quality
forage
Nutrient intake of low quality
forage
Half the quality X half the consumption =one-quarter the nutrition
UCCE
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Providing nutrition year-roundProviding nutrition year-round
Purchase feed
Improve pasture production
Grow feed instead of, or in addition to, forage
USDA NRCS
The “normal” animalThe “normal” animal
Attitude and behavior are the first and most-visible indicators of an animal’s health. Be observant!
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Nutrition and healthNutrition and healthWell-fed animals in good condition are healthier and more resistant to disease
Two categories of disease: Infectious (“to put into”)- caused by
parasites, fungi, bacteria, viruses, protozoa
Noninfectious – results from issues such as nutritional deficiencies, metabolic disorders, trauma, congenital defects & toxic materials
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Preventive healthcare for animalsPreventive healthcare for animals
Consult a local veterinarianMaintain schedules of vaccinationsKeep complete recordsQuarantine new animals
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What about vaccinations?What about vaccinations?
Consult a local veterinarian for adviceFollow state or local regulationsTake into account the prevalence of disease in your areaConsider the effectiveness of the vaccine or bacterinCost of the vaccineAdverse reactions
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Adherence to drug labelsAdherence to drug labels
Follow veterinarian recommendations
Follow label requirements
Make sure drug is species-specific
Keep records
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Additional preventive careAdditional preventive care
Parasites Internal External
USDA-ARS
Parasites…beef as an exampleParasites…beef as an exampleWorms Lice Grubs
SymptomsDiarrhea
Blood in urine Weight loss
Scratching
Loss of blood
Look like marbles under the skin on animal’s back
How it spreads to other animals
Eggs in manure spread to grass or eggs in drinking water
Direct contact with other animals
Heel fly lays eggs on lower legs
Treatment or control measures
Dewormers: bolus, paste, drenches and injectables
Spray, clips, liquid pour-on dusts, rubbers, injectables
Sprays, dips, liquid pour-on, injections
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Do your animals have access Do your animals have access
to any of these? to any of these? Toxic plants
Toxic bedding
Moldy hay or grain
Trash
Lawn clippings
Pesticideswww.aphis.usda.gov
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Some plants may be toxicSome plants may be toxicSome are poisonous in some seasons onlySome affect certain species and not othersMost cause specific physiological symptoms
Poison hemlock
http://cal.vet.upenn.edu
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Symptoms caused by toxic Symptoms caused by toxic plantsplants
Gastrointestinal
Nervous system
Respiratory system
Skin
Reproductive system
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Cause nervousness or Cause nervousness or excitabilityexcitability
Arrowgrass
Bracken fern (horses)
Chokecherry
Larkspur
Locoweed
Lupine
Poison hemlock
Lupine
Locoweed cal.vet.upenn.edu
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Other tips for animal safetyOther tips for animal safety
Toxic plants
Toxic bedding
Moldy hay or grain
Trash
Lawn clippings
Pesticideswww.farmphoto.com
Other tips for animal safetyOther tips for animal safety
Toxic plants
Toxic bedding
Moldy hay or grain
Trash
Lawn clippings
Pesticides USDA NRCS
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Other tips for animal safetyOther tips for animal safety
Toxic plantsToxic bedding Moldy hay or grainTrashLawn clippingsPesticides
www.farmpicture.com
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Other tips for animal safetyOther tips for animal safety
Toxic plants
Toxic bedding
Moldy hay or grain
Trash
Lawn clippings
PesticidesUSDA NRCS
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Other tips for animal safetyOther tips for animal safety
Toxic plants
Toxic bedding
Moldy hay or grain
Trash
Lawn clippings
Pesticides
www.farmpicture.com
Dispose of dead Dispose of dead animals properlyanimals properly
http://defendingfarmanimals
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Caring for your animalsCaring for your animals
Provide good quality nutrients year-roundEstablish a preventive healthcare programImplement health care and safety measures
www.ars.usda.gov
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UNCE, Reno, Nev.
What impacts What impacts can animals can animals
cause?cause?
manure
What What parts of parts of animals animals cause cause
impacts?impacts?hooves
A. Miller
mouths
bodies
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Impacts from hoovesImpacts from hooves
On pastures Compaction Trails Reduced
productivity
On stream banks Trampling Erosion Pollution
UNCE, Reno, Nev.
Impacts from mouthsImpacts from mouths
Overgrazing plants can weaken their root structure; plants don’t recover
Pasture productivity decreases
Soil erosion increases
www.farmphoto.com
UNCE, Reno, Nev.
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Impacts from bodiesImpacts from bodiesObjects in the pasture are damaged Trees, posts, irrigation works, fences
Weed seeds and pests are transported
UCCE
UNCE, Reno, Nev.
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Impacts from manureImpacts from manure
Polluted runoff
Odor
Dust
Insects and parasites
UNCE, Reno, Nev.
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How to avoid impacts?How to avoid impacts?
Good grazing management avoids hoof and mouth impacts
Good facility design avoids animal body impacts
www.usda.gov
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Good manure managementGood manure management
Keeps livestock healthy
Returns nutrients to the soil
Improves pastures and gardens
Protects the environment
OSU Extension Service
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Poor manure managementPoor manure managementLivestock become sickConditions are unsanitaryNeighbors complainInsect and parasite populations increaseEnvironment is harmed
USU, Logan, UT
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How much manure do How much manure do animals produce?animals produce?
How much manure do you think two horses kept in a small stable for three months in the winter will produce? www.usda.gov
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TonsTons of horse manure! of horse manure!
2 horses, 1,000 pounds each WEIGHT: 50 lbs/day X 2 = 100 pounds VOLUME: 0 .81 cubic feet/day
WEIGHT: 50 lbs/day X 30 days/month x 3 months = 4,500 pounds of manure
VOLUME: 0.81 cu ft/day X 30 days/month x 3 months = 73 cubic feet of manure
How much manure will How much manure will your animals produce?your animals produce?
AnimalVolume (cu ft/day)
Weight (lbs/day)
Moisture (percent)
Beef 1.02 63 88
Ducks 0.73 46 75
Goats 0.63 40 75
Horse 0.81 50 78
Sheep 0.63 40 75
Amounts produced per 1,000 pounds of each type of animal
Nutrient value of manures Nutrient value of manures
AnimalN
(lbs/ton)
P2O5
(lbs/ton)
K2O
(lbs/ton)
Beef 11.3 8.4 9.5
Chicken 27.3 23.5 13.2
Goat 22.0 5.4 15.1
Horse 12.1 4.6 9.0
Sheep 22.5 7.6 19.5
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Manure can be a resourceManure can be a resource
Livestock remove nutrients from land while grazing
Returning manure to soil promotes soil fertility and plant growth
Important nutrients Nitrogen (N) Potassium (K or K2O)
Phosphorus (P2O5)USDA NRCS
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Can I use all my manure?Can I use all my manure?
How much will you have?
Where can you safely store or compost it?
Where can you safely incorporate it in or on your property?
whatcom.wsu.edu/ag/compost
How much manure is enough? How much manure is enough?
To provide annual phosphorus needs for a one-acre pasture: one 1000-pound cow one 1400-pound horse three market (150-
pounds) hogs twelve 100-pound
sheep 225 laying hens
USDA NRCS
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Effective management Effective management depends on:depends on:
Collection
Storage
Application
Removal
www.farmphoto.com
Manure collects in:Manure collects in:
Pastures
Cages
Bedded stalls or barn
Dry lots/confinement areas, paddocks, corrals or other “sacrifice areas”
UNCE, Reno, Nev.
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Pasture collectionPasture collectionRequires the least amount of effort
Natural weathering reduces volume by up to 60 %
Nutrients are directly recycled
May require occasional dragging of pasture to break up and distribute the manure
www.farmphoto.com
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Cage collectionCage collection
Small animals such as rabbits or fur animals and poultry or birdsManure drops through the cage and is removedWaste may include bedding material such as straw or wood shavings
www.rockingranch.com
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Bedded stall or barnBedded stall or barn
Horses, cattle, swine and poultry
Manure and soiled bedding are removed by manual cleaning
www.nationalhorsestalls.com
UNCE, Reno, Nev.
Dry lots, corrals or other Dry lots, corrals or other confinement areasconfinement areas
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Manure storage considerationsManure storage considerations
Distance from streams, ponds and wells
Prevailing wind direction
Slope of ground
Soil typewww.milfordanimalhospital
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Manure storage - avoiding runoffManure storage - avoiding runoffInstall buffer strips Vegetated areas
between storage and stream
Install berms or ditches Prevents water
from entering or leaving storage area
Cover manure
www.milfordanimalhospital
WSU Extension
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Composting Composting
Reduces volume
Kills parasites
Reduces weed seeds
Reduces odor
Provides slow- release fertilizer
Provides soil amendment www.farmphoto.com
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Composting requirementsComposting requirements
Oxygen
Moisture
Correct carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (30:1)
Temperature (120 to 160 F) www.nhq.nrcs.usda.gov
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What do I do with the manure?What do I do with the manure?Apply it to your property
Arrange with gardeners, landscapers, or farmers to remove it Prefer composted manure
Haul it yourself Most expensive
Landfilling (bury on your property) Not recommended; expensive and potential
for runoff increases
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Tips for safe manure or Tips for safe manure or compost applicationcompost application
Maintain a minimum separation distance of 100 feet from water sources on flat groundGreater distances are needed for sloping groundKeep away from natural drainagesIncorporate as soon as possible
www.nhq.nrcs.usda.gov
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Tips for safe manure or Tips for safe manure or compost applicationcompost application
Monitor the soil’s nitrogen content to avoid overapplication
Complete the composting process to prevent spreading weed seeds
Consider seasonal conditions – winter, wet conditions, etc.
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The bottom line The bottom line (no pun intended)(no pun intended)
Manage manure to maintain healthy animals and healthy land
Applying manure to your property increases the nutrient value and organic content of your soil
Managing the impacts caused by animals will improve your land, your neighbor’s land and wildlife habitat
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SummarySummaryAnimal water and feed needs vary depending on species, breed, age and reproductive cycle
Animals require preventive health care; individual requirements vary
Balancing the production of food with animal needs requires adjustments throughout the year
Develop management plans for animal impacts before they become a problem
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HomeworkHomework
Finish the Feeding Requirements Activity Sheet.Check your property for any of the safety issues discussed in this lesson.Develop a manure management plan for your property.Monitor the wildlife present on your property and make a list of nuisance wildlife that cause problems and beneficial wildlife you would like to encourage.