UNAIDS – Children and HIV in Jamaica and the Caribbean

region

Caribbean Child Development CentreWorkshop on Children and HIV/AIDS

Tuesday, 14 February 2006

JOHANNES WAGNERProgramme Officer

UNAIDS Office Jamaica

Global Epidemiology

Facts and Figures

(including children)

Global summary of the HIV and AIDS epidemic,

December 2005

The ranges around the estimates in this table define the boundaries within which the actual numbers lie, based on the best available information.

Number of people living with HIV in 2005 Total 40.3 million (36.7 – 45.3 million)

Adults 38.0 million (34.5 – 42.6 million)

Women 17.5 million (16.2 – 19.3 million)

Children under 15 years 2.3 million (2.1 – 2.8 million)

People newly infected with HIV in 2005 Total 4.9 million (4.3 – 6.6 million)

Adults 4.2 million (3.6 – 5.8 million)

Children under 15 years 700 000 (630 000 – 820 000)

AIDS deaths in 2005 Total 3.1 million (2.8 – 3.6 million)

Adults 2.6 million (2.3 – 2.9 million)

Children under 15 years 570 000 (510 000 – 670 000)

* The proportion of adults [15 to 49 years of age] living with HIV in 2005, using 2005 population numbers

The ranges around the estimates in this table define the boundaries within which the actual numbers lie, based on the best available information.

Adults and children estimated to be living Adults and children estimated to be living with HIV as of end 2005with HIV as of end 2005

Total: 40.3 (36.7 – 45.3) million

Western & Central Europe

720 000720 000[570 000 – 890 000][570 000 – 890 000]

North Africa & Middle East510 000510 000

[230 000 – 1.4 million][230 000 – 1.4 million]

Sub-Saharan Africa25.8 million25.8 million

[23.8 – 28.9 million][23.8 – 28.9 million]

Eastern Europe & Central Asia1.6 million 1.6 million

[990 000 – 2.3 million][990 000 – 2.3 million]

South & South-East Asia7.4 million7.4 million[4.5 – 11.0 million][4.5 – 11.0 million]

Oceania74 00074 000

[45 000 – 120 000][45 000 – 120 000]

North America1.2 million1.2 million

[650 000 – 1.8 million][650 000 – 1.8 million]

Caribbean300 000300 000

[200 000 – 510 000][200 000 – 510 000]

Latin America1.8 million1.8 million

[1.4 – 2.4 million][1.4 – 2.4 million]

East Asia870 000870 000

[440 000 – 1.4 million][440 000 – 1.4 million]

About 14 000 new HIV infections a day in 2005

• More than 95% are in low and middle income countries

• Almost 2000 are in children under 15 years of age

• About 12 000 are in persons aged 15 to 49 years,

of whom:- almost 50% are women- about 50% are 15–24 year olds

Children and HIV and AIDS

Facts and Figures

Children Children (<15 years)(<15 years) estimated to be living estimated to be living with HIV as of end 2005with HIV as of end 2005

Western & Central Europe5 3005 300

[4 200 – 6 800][4 200 – 6 800]

North Africa & Middle East37 00037 000

[12 000 – 130 000][12 000 – 130 000]

Sub-Saharan Africa2.1 million2.1 million

[1.8 – 2.5 million][1.8 – 2.5 million]

Eastern Europe & Central Asia7 8007 800[5 300 – 14 000][5 300 – 14 000]

East Asia5 0005 000[1 900 – 14 000][1 900 – 14 000]South

& South-East Asia130 000130 000[73 000 – 250 000][73 000 – 250 000]

Oceania3 3003 300

[1 000 - 13 000][1 000 - 13 000]

North America9 0009 000

[4 600 – 14 200][4 600 – 14 200]

Caribbean17 00017 000

[9 900 – 34 000][9 900 – 34 000]

Latin America50 00050 000

[35 000 – 91 000][35 000 – 91 000]

Total: 2.3 (2.1 – 2.8) million

Estimated deaths in children (<15 years) from AIDS during 2005

Western & Central Europe< 100< 100[< 200][< 200]

North Africa & Middle East11 00011 000

[4 100 – 33 000][4 100 – 33 000]

Sub-Saharan Africa520 000520 000

[460 000 – 610 000][460 000 – 610 000]

Eastern Europe & Central Asia2 100 2 100 [1 400 – 3 600][1 400 – 3 600]

East Asia1 3001 300[470 – 3 600][470 – 3 600]South

& South-East Asia31 00031 000[18 000 – 60 000][18 000 – 60 000]

Oceania700700

[180 – 3 100][180 – 3 100]

North America< 100< 100[< 200][< 200]

Caribbean3 6003 600

[1 800 – 7 900][1 800 – 7 900]

Latin America3 2003 200

[2 400 – 6 600][2 400 – 6 600]

Total: 570 000 (510 000 – 670 000)

Estimated number of children (<15 years) newly infected with HIV during 2005

Western & Central Europe

200200[< 400][< 400]

North Africa & Middle East8 9008 900

[2 600 – 30 000][2 600 – 30 000]

Sub-Saharan Africa630 000630 000

[560 000 – 740 000][560 000 – 740 000]

Eastern Europe & Central Asia3 7003 700[2 600 – 6 400][2 600 – 6 400] East Asia

2 3002 300[840 – 6 300][840 – 6 300]South

& South-East Asia44 00044 000[25 000 – 83 000][25 000 – 83 000]

Oceania1 1001 100

[230 – 4 800][230 – 4 800]

North America500500

[<1 000][<1 000]

Caribbean3 8003 800

[2 000 – 8 000][2 000 – 8 000]

Latin America7 7007 700

[5 600 – 14 000][5 600 – 14 000]

Total: 700 000 (630 000 – 820 000)

• Children living with HIV 2.3 million [2.1 – 2.8 million]

• New HIV infections in 2005 700 000 [630 000 – 820 000]

• Deaths due to AIDS in 2005 570 000 [510 000 – 670 000]

End-2005 global HIV and AIDS estimatesChildren (<15 years)

Children HIV and AIDS

Vulnerability to HIV Infection

Vulnerability to HIV Infection

• Economic, social, cultural and legal factors;

• Cause and effect are interrelated;

• A single effect or the totality of effects increases vulnerability to HIV.

Vulnerability to HIV Infection

HIV Infection

Illness

Stigma and Discrimination

Children without adequate care

Vulnerability to HIV Infection

Reduced Access to Health Services

Poor Nutrition

Poor housing

School drop out

Economic Problems

Violence

Deaths of parents

Emotional distress

Children becomeCare Giver

Sexual Exploitation

Exploitative Child Labor

Child trafficking

Issues of Property and Inheritance

Vulnerability to HIV

Child Labour in the Caribbean

Child Labour

• Study commissioned by ILO Sub-regional Office for the Caribbean, (ILO a UNAIDS Co- Sponsor agency) in 2005.

• Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Guyana, Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago

Child Labour

• The study reflects a broad comparative approach and completes the six companion studies on the individual countries.

• Identify apparent gaps and inconsistencies in laws relating to child labour.

• Provide a guide for legislative reform.

Child Labour

• Definition: Both paid and unpaid work and activities that are mentally, physically, socially or morally dangerous and harmful to children. It is work that deprives them of opportunities for schooling or that requires them to assume the multiple burdens of schooling and work at home and in other workplaces and work that enslaves them and separates them from their family.

Child Labour - Conlusions

The commissioned study concluded that: • There are constitutional provisions in all

countries surveyed which recognize and declare certain fundamental rights and freedoms.

• In addition, some countries have further provisions in their criminal acts that outlaw worst forms of child labour. Gaps could be remedied by a process of amendments.

Child Labour - Conclusions

• With exceptions of the Bahamas, none of the countries has the requisite legislative framework dealing with light work, defined as:

Not likely to be harmful to the health or development of young persons and not such as to prejudice their attendance at school, their participation in vocational orientation or training programmes approved by the competent authority or their capacity to benefit from the instruction received.

Child Labour – Recommended Reform

• Caribbean countries should ensure that a policy on child labour is placed in the context of national social and economic development policies that address the larger issues of poverty, education, family, life and youth development.

• Establish a comprehensive Policy framework to guide law reform on the issue of child labour.

Child Labour – Recommended Reform

• Within the Caribbean Region the law on minimum age for admission to employment varies widely (12-16 years).

Request: Set minimum age - not less than 15 years, consistent with the compulsory age for completion of schooling and human development standard of the country.

Child Labour – Recommended Reform

• No existing specific legislation on child trafficking in the surveyed countries

Request: Introduction of comprehensive legislation on the sale and trafficking of children.

Child Labour

Beyond legal action other actions have to beundertaken by the Governments to create asupportive environment :• Poverty• Poor parenting• Violence against children• Sexual abuse of children• Deficiencies in the educational, health and legal

sectors; and • Lack of Monitoring and Evaluation systems

Child Rights – Legal Obligations of the States

• All states in the Caribbean region have ratified the Convention on the Rights of the Child. None has entered any reservation to reduce their obligation to protect children from all forms of violence.

Child Rights

• Every child should enjoy every right in the Convention on the Rights of the Child .

• The failure to protect one right of the child could be the basis to put the life of the child in

jeopardy through their contracting HIV or through them facing the consequences of HIV infection.