un-water country briefs. philippines - zaragoza.es ambukalo palangui iv agus ii agus iv agus v magat...

Legend The rapid assessment of the situation above based on available data was established in conjunction with in-country experts and officials It provides an overview of trends according to the following

trends are of significant concern

trends are of concern

trends are stable or progressing on certain issues but not on others

trends show some measure of improvement in all relevant indicators assessed

trends show significant improve-ment and there is no concern

insufficient data

Rapid Assessment

Accurate assessments of progress require relevant accurate and timely data The above data quality assessment ranges from

very poor very good

InvestmentsCurrently given that developments in the water sector are capital-intensive and that competing demands for limited public sector funds is a prevalent challenge the country experiencesinsufficient investment levels to meet the growing demand for water It is expected that the demand for water resources and the associated investment requirements will continue to grow over the years in parallel with increasing population and socioeco-nomic improvement The Philippine DevelopmentPlan 2011-2016 calls for additional infrastructureinvestments in water to be able to sufficiently provide the growing demand for water Encouraging private sector participation has been given priority to bridge the gap between the extensive capital investment re-quirements needed to build and operate the required water resources-related infrastructure projects in thecountry

Pressures on waterThe Philippines is endowed with abundant waterresources but they are under severe pressure fromgrowing populations rapid urbanization andindustrialization that increase the extraction andexploitation and competition with water neededfor irrigated agriculture A large portion of the population is without adequate and sustained access to basic drinking water supply and especiallybasic sanitation Inadequate water and wastewatermanagement infrastructure and policies oftenresult in inefficiencies in water use and pollution ofwaters Degradation of the environment and thecatchments in particular also impacts negatively onthe availability of water resources Climate eitherincreases the pressure on the resource during ElNintildeo or causes damage to properties and livelihood in the event of La Nintildea and extreme storms A major hindrance to the full adoption and implementationof IWRM in the country has been the institutional fragmentation in the sector

Overall

Data Quality

Data is available

Limited data on drinking water quality available

Insufficient information is available aboutindustriesrsquo water use

Data is available

There is no data available as to the energy needs of supplying and treating water nor for the water needed to generate electricity Therefore noassessment could be undertaken

While there is a move to change to a river quali-ty-based monitoring it is still just a vision that will require considerable effort from many differentagencies both from the private and public sectors

Lack of up-to-date harmonized and comprehen-sive data Such data is critical in implementing acoordinated water resources management amongcompeting users among others

AssessmentsIrrigated agricultureThe current level of investment in irrigation is trending upwards in recent years 40 percent of theirrigation potential is not equipped for irrigation

Drinking water supply and sanitationSome 8 percent of the population do not use an improved drinking water source and 26 percent do not use improved sanitation facilities There is considerable under-investment by the government insanitation and sewerage indicating a low spending priority Estimates show that over a 10-year periodthe country will need to invest PhP 250 billion (current 2013 US$ 6 billion) in physical infrastructure

Water intensity in industry The value generated by industry per m3 of water has sharply decreased and industry is the third largest source of water pollution nationwide

Water-related disasters Gap between rising trends in the number and damage of water-related disasters and the current levelof government investment

Water for energy energy for water Additional capacity from hydropower sources could be tapped in Mindanao after a carefulconsideration of all impacts to meet demand needs power which require substantial investments

Environment and ecosystem healthReduced streamflows decreased volumes of stored water in aquifers and artificial reservoirs and lower water quality issues Substantive gap to fill between wastewater produced and treated Current level of investment is of concern in this context Estimates show that over a 10-year period the country will need to invest PhP 250 billion (current 2013 US$ 5 000 million) in physical infrastructure

Tracking governanceFragmentation of water resource planning and management with over 40 government agenciesinvolved in the sector Current expenditure on water resources policy administration and dataalongside fragmented governance systems pose risks The government however is in the midst ofcreating a central coordinating agency

Data ConcernsData is a vital input to water management and invest-ment in water related infrastructure and projectsData for the Philippines is relatively good when com-pared to many developing nations However the lack of published economic data (eg infrastructure costsoperating costs crop values etc) in the Philippinesmakes water-related investment decisions inherentlymore complex and investments more risky for investors

An assessment of priority data needs from the basis of national decision-makers and international investors(donors and loan capital) is prudent for countries toestablish a forward-looking work programme of datamanagement Modest investments in coordinated

Disclaimersbull The most recent and updated information can be found in the original databases cited throughout

bull The rapid assessment methodology presentedhere is an advocacy tool designed to generatedebate and attention to the issues and is devel-oped in conjunction with national governmentfocal points

bull Data presented herein stems either from existing databases or was collected from national reports experts and institutions and in some cases raw data underwent various manipulations to categorize the information for this presentation

bull Due to data limitations the investment-relatedestimates may not include water-related invest-ments that are counted under other categoriesof investments and some investment categories(ie disaster prevention and preparedness)may include some investments that are not directly water-related Moreover water being acrosscutting issue investments in other parts ofthe government (not calculated here) may also benefit water management

bull The words investments invested funded for ODA refer to gross disbursements of ODAaccording to the OECD definitions The wordsinvestments invested funded for governmentrefer to government expenditure (2002 - 2011)and budget (2012) In the Philippines it has notbeen possible to separate funds from governmentsources and ODA therefore governmentinvestments include some ODA

bull The benefit-cost analysis on expansion of irrigation is based on very limited data and any decisions should be based on detailed cost-benefit analysis that incorporates all relevant local data

data collection collation analysis and disseminationare vital to demonstrate the benefits of water-relatedinvestments to governments donors and ultimatelyprivate capital investors

It is to be noted that it is virtually impossible to find national-level gender-disaggregated data for almost allthemes contained in the UN-Water Country Briefs

This project was implemented by the AQUASTAT Programme of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) on behalf of UN-Water with financial support from United States Department of State (USDS) Brief produced 13 June 2013

Additional information on the project data and methodologies can be accessed at

httpwwwunwaterorgWaterCountryBriefshtml

REGION I(Ilocos region)

REGION II(Cagayan Valley)

CORDILLERAADMINISTRATIVE

REGION

REGION III(Central Luzon) REGION IV-A

(CALABARZON)

NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION

REGION IV-B(MIMAROPA)

REGION V(Bicol Region)

REGION VII(Central Visayas)

REGION VI(Western Visayas)

REGION VII(Eastern Visayas)

REGION IX(ZamboangaPeninsula)

REGION X(Northern Mindanao)

REGION XI(Davao Region)

REGION XII(SOCCSKSARGEN)

REGION XIII(Caraga)AUTONOMOUS REGION

IN MUSLIM MINDANAO

SouthChina

Sea

PhilippineSea

SuluSea

CelebesSea

LUZON

VISAYAS

MINDANAO

GeneralSantos

Calapan

Vigan inIlocos Sur

Ca

ga

yan

Agusan

Pam

panga

Ag

no

Panay

Magat

Ambukalo

Palangui IVAgus II

Agus IVAgus V

Magat

Laoag

Tuguegarao

San Fernando

Zamboanga

Jolo

Cotabato

KoronadalDigos

DavaoTagum

DipologOroquieta

Surigao

ButuanCagayande Oro

Illigan

Iloilo

Roxas

NegrosBago

Cadiz

BaisDumaguete

Tagbilaran

Cebu

TaclobanOrmoc

Maasin

Puerto Princesa

NagaIriga

Legaspi

Masbate

Bashi Channel

BanaweTerraces

Min

dan

ao

0 100 200 30050 km

Albers Equal Area Projection WGS 1984

Legend

Lake

Dam

River

Capital Regional Capital Town

Zone of Irrigation Development

International Boundary

Administrative Boundary

The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of theFood and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country territory city or area or of its authorities

or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries

Disclaimer

FAO - AQUASTAT 2011PHILIPPINES

Irrigation Scheme

ManilaSanta Cruz

Calamba

Lucena

Infanta

BatangasLipa

San PabloTagaytay

Trece Martires

PasigQuezonCaloocanBalanga La Mesa

Angat

Pantabangan

Angat Maasim

Malolos

San FernandoAngeles

Tarlac CabanatuanPalayan

San CarlosDagupan

San Roque

UpperPampanga

PhlippineSea

Ipo

Lagunade

Bay

LakeTaal

Pam

pang

a

___ ___

UN-Water Country Brief

year

The Money Stream From 2002 to 2011 the government has expended US$ 47865 million (in constant 2010 US$) on average per year on water-related infrastructure and programmes

9647 million inhabitants

300 000 km2

322 inhabitantskm2

0654 114

0418

55

2 348 mmyear

479 000 million m3year

4 965 m3inhabitant

17

4

1 879 000 ha

60

5 sites

154 234 hectares

Total population (UN Population Division)

Total area

Population density

Human Development Index (UNDP)

(between 0 and 1 1 is highest) Country rank (total 186 countries 1 is highest) Gender Inequality Index (0 is equality between women and men 1 is least equality)

Water sanitation and hygiene-related deaths of total deaths (WHO)

Long-term average annual precipitation (CRU CL 20)

Long-term average actual renewable water resources (FAO AQUASTAT)

Actual annual renewable water resources per capita (FAO AQUASTAT)

of total actual renewable freshwater resources withdrawn (MDG Water Indicator) (FAO AQUASTAT)

Groundwater withdrawal as of total freshwater withdrawal (FAO AQUASTAT)

Total area equipped for irrigation (FAO AQUASTAT)

of irrigation potential equipped for irrigation (FAO AQUASTAT and AQUASTAT)

Ramsar sites (Ramsar) ndash number ndash total area

2012

2011

2012

2012

2004

2011

2011

2012

2009

2009

2006

2006

2013

Estimated of water-related government expenditure to total government expenditure 2002 - 2011o

Municipal

Industrial

Water withdrawals by sector (total 81 819 million m3 in 2009)

76 101

Cooling of thermoelectric plants 03

820 Agricultural

Philippines

During this period close to half of the governments expenditure was channeled into agricultural water resources (485 percent) Spending priority was then allocated to river development (324 percent) and disaster prevention and preparedness and flood prevention and control (102 percent)

ordmTotal government expenditure excludes ODA

30 Official development assistance (ODA) gross disbursements amounted to US$ 8188 million on average per

Water-related government expenditure includes some year channeling close to half of the disbursements into disaster prevention and preparedness and flood ODA but excludes investments in hydroelectric power prevention and control (487 percent) Over the period 2002 to 2011 the Government of the Philippinesrsquo plants which are funded primarily through private sector water-related investments accounted for an estimated 30 percent of total government expenditures funds

Annual average government expenditure during Annual average official development assistance gross the period 2002 - 2011 disbursements during the period 2002 ndash 2011

(million constant 2010 US$) (million constant 2010 US$)

23208

Disaster prevention and prepared-nessflood protection and control

1588 15552 476

58 102 4899 3990

43 552051 44741 34 03 321976 282 01 28

157 264 112

485325

100 022 226

194

487

100

32186 915 total annual average 47865 8188 total annual average

Government expenditure includes some Official Development Assistance (ODA) It has not been possible to separate funds from government sources and ODA as the General Appropriations Act the law setting the operating budget of the Philippines combines funds from the national governments and ODA

Hydroelectric power plants are primarily financed through private sector funds

Irrigated Agriculture

Impact for developmentAgriculture is a key sector of the Philippines economy contributing some 12 percent to gross domestic productand employing around 33 percent of the labour force In 2012 women accounted for 24 percent of the econom-ically active population in agriculture Since the 1960s there have been substantial investments in irrigationtechnology predominantly to increase the production of rice which covers 90 percent of the harvested irrigatedcrop area Despite this investment only 60 percent of the irrigation potential has been developed for irrigationand the government is currently investing further in irrigated agriculture to enhance food security

The figure above shows analysis of expanding irrigation for a dominant crop such as rice for the Philippines It indicates that the expansion of irrigation is likely to be economically viable even where relatively high capital and operating costs are assumed However the analysis is based on benefits and costs of converting existing cleared agricultural land Where vegetation clearing and other major land management is required prior to irrigation expansion development costs will be higher and the ratio of benefit to costs will decline It should be noted that this analysis does not include any costs associated with negative externalities such as increased pollution loads into waterway associated with expanded irrigation

The investments made in irrigation may in part have shielded the national agricultural output from significant rainfall variability in the Philippines

The economic viability of new irrigation schemes is highlydependent on the ability to achieve agronomic practiceproductivity gains in addition to gains directly relatedto a move from dryland cropping to irrigated cropping

Impact for developmentWith an installed capacity of 3 291 MW the Philippines generated 9 843 GWh in 2008 which represents around 49 percent of the nationrsquos hydropower technically exploitable capability As water quality deteriorates more energy is required to treat the supply to acceptable standards Inversely energy production requires water in large quantities and produces effluents to be treated In cognizance of the need to efficiently use both water and energy as a resource some local governments in the Philippines have adopted innovative technolo-gies that have allowed them to generate savings in energy costs through reuse of reclaimed water and the generation of soil conditioners for agricultural purposes resulting from wastewater by-products

Energy for WaterWater for Energy

mill

ion

cons

tant

200

0 U

S$

Value added by agriculturein million constant 2000 US$

Value generated by agriculturein constant US$ per m3 of water

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Since 1990 the rate of use of an improved drinking water supply source in urban areas has been stable at around 93 percent while significant improvements have occurred in rural areas which now have a similar rate of use While the rate of use of improved sanitation facilities has also improved significantly since 1990 31 percent of rural res-idents and 21 percent of urban residents still do not use improved sanitation facilities

Drinking Water Supplyand Sanitation

Impact for developmentAccording to a 2008 Water and Sanitation Program report the economic costs of poor sanitation in the Philippines are in the order of US$ 14 billion equivalent to about 15 percent of GDP in 2005 and translated to per capita losses of US$ 168 per year

0

10 000

20 000

30 000

40 000

50 000

Impact for developmentWater is a driver for industry both from the perspective of securing stable supply sources as well as from the standpoint of enhancing operat-ing efficiency It is also increasingly recognized by businesses as fundamental to the health of its customers workers and communities

Water Intensityin Industry

Value added by industryin million constant 2000 US$

Value generated by industry per m3 of water(FAO AQUASTAT World Bank)

mill

ion

cons

tant

200

0 U

S$

In 2010 based on the National Water Resources Board (NWRB) reports industrial users represented the second largest user Fifteen percent of wastewater gener-ated is attributable to industries From 2000 to 2006 the value generated by industry per m3 of water decreased by almost 12 percent per year and by 2 percent per year between 1995 and 2000

20051995 2000

10596

47 46

Rainfall variability and agricultural GDP(FAO AQUASTAT World Bank)

National rainfall index variability(percentage of deviation from average national

rainfall index)

Variability in agricultural GDP(percentage of deviation from trend of agricultural goods

produced per km2 of agricultural land)

1961 1971 1981 1991 2001-40-30-20-10

010203040

13 000

14 000

15 000

16 000

0213

0224

Value generated by agriculture per m3 of water(FAO AQUASTAT and World Bank)

Access to drinking water and sanitationamp under-5 child mortality(UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (IGME) and WHOUNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

per 1

000

live

birt

hs

50

60

70

80

90

100

20

30

40

50

60

70

Economic viability of establishing new irrigationschemes for rice

Mid-pointscenario

194 299 655

Pessimisticscenario

Optimistic

Economic viability threshold

The value generated by agriculture per m3 of water increased 49 percent from 2006 to 2009

Actualgeneration

Technicallyexploitable capabilitynot yet generated

9 843 10 157

Hydropower capacity and generation 2008in GWhyear (World Energy Council)Value generated by industry

in constant 2000 US$ per m3 of water

Water - relatedDisasters

Impact for developmentThe Philippines is highly exposed to water-related disasters On average 10 water-related disaster events occur annually in the Philippines which on average cause economic damage equivalent to 01 percent of the countryrsquos current GDP every year Climate data for the past 50 years has shown increasing temperature changes in rainfall patterns as well as an increase in extreme weather events such as typhoons flooding and droughts

The government is currently embarked on creating a National Water Resources Management Office (NWRMO) to act as the central coordinating agency for the water resourcessector responsible mainly for policy-making managing and regulating the countrys waters based on scientific data The NWRMO is also to oversee the implementation ofintegrated water resources management (IWRM) policy and plans

Enabling environment for the developmentmanagement and use of water resources

Gov

erna

nce

syst

ems

for t

he d

evel

opm

ent

man

agem

ent a

nd u

seof

wat

er re

sour

ces

Decentralized structures for water resourcesmanagement (other than above)

Infr

astr

uctu

re d

evel

opm

ent f

orth

e de

velo

pmen

t m

anag

emen

tan

d us

e of

wat

er re

sour

ces

12345

12345

Institutional Frameworks

Stak

ehol

der P

artic

ipat

ion

Capacity Building

UN-Water survey on integrated approaches in the development management and use of water resources governance 2012 (UN-Water)

1 Under development2 Developed but implementation not yet started3 Implementation started

4 Implementation advanced5 Fully implemented

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

num

ber o

f eve

nts

num

ber o

f peo

ple

kille

d

peop

le a

ffect

ed in

mill

ion

Number of disaster events

Number of people killed

Affected population in million

Water-related disasters impacts (NDRRMC)

0

5

10

15

20

25

0

240

480

720

960

1 200

0

3

6

9

12

15

0

1 600

3 200

4 800

6 400

8 000

Environment andEcosystem Health

Impact for developmentThe annual economic losses caused by water pollution are estimated at PhP 78 billion annually (current 2013 US$ 1 883 million) Losses due to environmental damage in terms of compensation and claims are on the rise in the Philippines There is considerable under-investment by the government in sanitation and sewerage indicating a low spending priority though ranked as a high priority in the Philippines Agenda 21 of 1996

Water quality index 2010

A score of 100 indicates that water quality targets are met for all five parameters (DO pH conductivity total

nitrogen and total phosphorus)

711

(UNEP-GEMSWater)

The discharge of municipal and industrial wastewater and agricultural runoff has caused extensive pollution of the receiving water-bodies Deforestation limited reforestation activities and the consequent degrada-tion of water-related ecosystem services in particular catchments have resulted in reduced streamflows decreased volumes of stored water in aquifers and artificial reservoirs and lower water quality

Economic damage in million current US$

dam

age

in m

illio

n cu

rren

t US$

lsquoWater-related disastersrsquo within the scope of this WCB study do not include droughts

Estimated municipal wastewater treatmentin 2010 (total produced 3 365 million m3 of which total collected and treated 441 million m3)

Primary treatment90 Secondary treatment7 Tertiary treatment3

Under 5 child mortality rate (probability of dying by age 5 per 1000 live births)

Improved drinking water sourceImproved sanitation facilities (both indicators above in of total population)

Ratification of the International Covenant on Economic Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) 7 June 1974

(The right to water is implicit within the right to an adequate standard of living and inextricably related to the right to the highest attainable standard of health outlined in the ICESCR)

Impact for developmentThe major institutional problem that has beset water management in the Philippines is the multiplicity of agencies and consequent fragmentation of water resources planning and management There are more than 40 government agencies involved in the water sector There are no cross-sectoral water resources plans to integrate various water and land use activities water quantity and quality manage-ment or the use of surface water and groundwater Due to the range of functions relative to the development and management of water resources some overlaps of responsibility and conflicts reportedly exist among agencies Fragmented public investment programmes for development and management of water resources that fail to take into account the interdependencies among users and the impact on other (non-water) economic and non-economic activities have resulted in the inadequate management of the countrys water resources

Tracking WaterGovernance

sanitation drinking water

Is the right to sanitationdrinking-waterexplicitly recognized in policy or law

urban urbanrural rural


Already fully recognized in law or policy





No No Yes but little used

Yes but little used

Can people claim their human right to sanitation or drinking-water in a domestic court

UN-Water GLAAS (WHO 2012)

Status and Trends

Government expenditure during the period Official development assistance gross disburseshy2002 ndash 2011 and budget for the year 2012 ments during the period 2002 - 2011 (million constant 2010 US$) (million constant 2010 US$)

1500 100

Mill

ion

cons

tant

201

0 U

S$

1200

75

900

50

600

25

300

0 0

2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010

Government water-related investments over the period 2002 to 2012 bull There were significant expenditures from 2002 to 2004 in hydroelectric power plants a period when new hydroelectric power plants were constructed following the Electric Power Industry Reform Act (2001) which enabled private sector funding bull The sharp increase in disaster prevention and flood protection in 2011 is attributed to a large loan from a multilateral donor agency bull The bulk of expenditure over this period has been channeled into hydroelectric power agricultural water resources and river development bull Expenditure in agricultural water resources has effecshytively doubled in real terms over this period

Water-related official development assistance over the period 2002 to 2011 bull From 2006 onwards an emphasis has been placed by one bilateral agency on disaster prevention and preparshyedness and flood protection and control bull ODA for agricultural water resources peaked in 2008 and in 2007 for hydroelectric power plants which account for second and third place in terms of overall ODA flows for this period

Actual expenditure refers to the amount spent by the government during a given year Where actual expenditure is not available the government budget is used and refers to the amount that the government reportedly budgeted for the given year The OECD Creditor Reporting System categories were chosen for the collection of these water-related investments and the data was obtained by the WCB project through in-country research in cooperation with the government (during 2012) while ODA data stems from the OECD Creditor Reporting System (collected November 2012)

Water supply and sanitation in large systems Water desalination plants intakes storage treatment pumping stations conveyance and distribution systems sewerage domestic and industrial wastewater treatment plants

Basic drinking water supply and basic sanitation Water supply and sanitation through low-cost technologies such as hand-pumps spring catchment gravity-fed systems rainwater collection storage tanks small distribution systems latrines small-bore sewers on-site disposal (septic tanks)

Water resources policy and administrative manageshyment Water sector policy planning and programmes water legislation and management institution capacity building and advice water supply assessments and studies groundshywater water quality and watershed studies hydrogeology Excluding agricultural water resources

Disaster prevention and preparednessFlood protection and control Disaster risk reduction activities such as developing knowledge natural risks cartography legal norms for construction early warning systems emergency contingency stocks and contingency planning including preparations for forced displacement Floods from rivers or the sea including sea water intrusion control and sea level rise related activities

Agricultural water resources Irrigation reservoirs hydraulic structures groundwater exploitation for agriculturshyal use

Hydroelectric power plants Including power-genshyerating river barrages

Water resources protection Inland surface waters (rivers lakes etc) conservation and rehabilitation of groundwater prevention of water contamination from agrochemicals industrial effluents

River development Integrated river basin projects river flow control dams and reservoirs Excluding dams primarily for irrigation and hydropower and activities related to river transport

Hydroelectric power plants are primarily financed through private sector funds (dotted line)


0

300

600

900

1200

1500

Government water-related investments over the period 2002 to 2012bull There were significant expenditures from 2002 to 2004 in hydroelectric power plants a period when new hydroelectric power plants were constructed following the Electric Power Industry Reform Act (2001) which enabled private sector fundingbull The sharp increase in disaster prevention and flood protection in 2011 is attributed to a large loan from a multilateral donor agencybull The bulk of expenditure over this period has been channeled into hydroelectric power agricultural water resources and river development bull Expenditure in agricultural water resources has effec-tively doubled in real terms over this period

Water-related official development assistance over the period 2002 to 2011bull From 2006 onwards an emphasis has been placed by one bilateral agency on disaster prevention and prepar-edness and flood protection and controlbull ODA for agricultural water resources peaked in 2008 and in 2007 for hydroelectric power plants which account for second and third place in terms of overall ODA flows for this period


Official development assistance gross disburse-ments during the period 2002 - 2011(million constant 2010 US$)

Status and Trends

Water supply and sanitation in large systems Waterdesalination plants intakes storage treatment pumpingstations conveyance and distribution systems seweragedomestic and industrial wastewater treatment plants

Basic drinking water supply and basic sanitationWater supply and sanitation through low-cost technologiessuch as hand-pumps spring catchment gravity-fed systemsrainwater collection storage tanks small distributionsystems latrines small-bore sewers on-site disposal (septictanks)

Water resources policy and administrative manage-ment Water sector policy planning and programmes water legislation and management institution capacity building and advice water supply assessments and studies ground-water water quality and watershed studies hydrogeology Excluding agricultural water resources

Disaster prevention and preparednessFloodprotection and control Disaster risk reduction activitiessuch as developing knowledge natural risks cartographylegal norms for construction early warning systemsemergency contingency stocks and contingency planningincluding preparations for forced displacement Floodsfrom rivers or the sea including sea water intrusion controland sea level rise related activities

Agricultural water resources Irrigation reservoirs hydraulic structures groundwater exploitation for agricultur-al use

Hydroelectric power plants Including power-gen-erating river barrages

Water resources protection Inland surface waters(rivers lakes etc) conservation and rehabilitation ofgroundwater prevention of water contamination fromagrochemicals industrial effluents

River development Integrated river basin projectsriver flow control dams and reservoirs Excluding damsprimarily for irrigation and hydropower and activities relatedto river transport

0

25

50

75

100

20022002 20042004 20062006 20082008 20102010 2012

Government expenditure during the period2002 ndash 2011 and budget for the year 2012(million constant 2010 US$)

Mill

ion

cons

tant

201

0 U

S$







Gov

erna

nce

syst

ems

for t

he d

evel

opm

ent

man

agem

ent a

nd u

seof

wat

er re

sour

ces


Infr

astr

uctu

re d

evel

opm

ent f

orth

e de

velo

pmen

t m

anag

emen

tan

d us

e of

wat

er re

sour

ces

12345

12345


Stak

ehol

der P

artic

ipat

ion

Capacity Building




1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

num

ber o

f eve

nts

num

ber o

f peo

ple

kille

d

peop

le a

ffect

ed in

mill

ion





0

5

10

15

20

25

0

240

480

720

960

1 200

0

3

6

9

12

15

0

1 600

3 200

4 800

6 400

8 000






711

(UNEP-GEMSWater)



dam

age

in m

illio

n cu

rren

t US$
















Yes but little used



Water Intensity

Impact for development Water is a driver for industry both from the perspective of securing stable supply sources as well as from the standpoint of enhancing operat-ing efficiency It is also increasingly recognized by businesses as fundamental to the health of its customers workers and communities

Energy for Water

Impact for development With an installed capacity of 3 291 MW the Philippines generated 9 843 GWh in 2008 which represents around 49 percent of the nationrsquos hydropower technically exploitable capability As water quality deteriorates more energy is required to treat the supply to acceptable standards Inversely energy production requires water in large quantities and produces effluents to be treated In cognizance of the need to efficiently use both water and energy as a resource some local governments in the Philippines have adopted innovative technolo-gies that have allowed them to generate savings in energy costs through reuse of reclaimed water and the generation of soil conditioners for agricultural purposes resulting from wastewater by-products

Drinking Water Supply in Industry Water for Energy and Sanitation

Impact for development According to a 2008 Water and Sanitation Program report the economic costs of poor sanitation in the Philippines are in the order of US$ 14 billion equivalent to about 15 percent of GDP in 2005 and translated to per capita losses of US$ 168 per year

Ratification of the International Covenant on Economic Value generated by industry per m3 of water Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) 7 June 1974(FAO AQUASTAT World Bank)

50 000

mill

ion

cons

tant

200

0 U

S$

105 96

47 46

(The right to water is implicit within the right to an adequate standard of living and inextricably related to the right to the

40 000 highest attainable standard of health outlined in the ICESCR)

30 000

Access to drinking water and sanitation 20 000 amp under-5 child mortality (UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (IGME) and 10 000 WHOUNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme)

0 100 70 1995 2000 2005 Hydropower capacity and generation 2008

60in GWhyear (World Energy Council) 90 Value generated by industry

80 50

per 1

000

live

birt

hs


9 843 10 157

70 40Value added by industry in million constant 2000 US$ Actual Technically 60 30

generation exploitable capability In 2010 based on the National Water Resources Board not yet generated 50 20 (NWRB) reports industrial users represented the second largest user Fifteen percent of wastewater genershyated is attributable to industries From 2000 to 2006 the value generated by industry per m3 of water decreased by almost 12 percent per year and by 2 percent per year between 1995 and 2000


1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Improved drinking water source Improved sanitation facilities (both indicators above in of total population) Under 5 child mortality rate

(probability of dying by age 5 per 1000 live births)

Since 1990 the rate of use of an improved drinking water supply source in urban areas has been stable at around 93 percent while significant improvements have occurred in rural areas which now have a similar rate of use While the rate of use of improved sanitation facilities has also improved significantly since 1990 31 percent of rural resshyidents and 21 percent of urban residents still do not use improved sanitation facilities

Impact for development Agriculture is a key sector of the Philippines economy contributing some 12 percent to gross domestic product and employing around 33 percent of the labour force In 2012 women accounted for 24 percent of the economshyically active population in agriculture Since the 1960s there have been substantial investments in irrigation technology predominantly to increase the production of rice which covers 90 percent of the harvested irrigated crop area Despite this investment only 60 percent of the irrigation potential has been developed for irrigation and the government is currently investing further in irrigated agriculture to enhance food security

Rainfall variability and agricultural GDP Value generated by agriculture per m3 of water Economic viability of establishing new irrigation (FAO AQUASTAT World Bank) (FAO AQUASTAT and World Bank) schemes for rice

40 655

mill

ion

cons

tant

200

0 U

S$ 16 000

0213

0224 194 29930

Economic viability threshold 20 10

0

15 000

14 000 Pessimistic Mid-point Optimistic

scenario scenario 13 000 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

The figure above shows analysis of expanding irrigation Value generated by agriculture for a dominant crop such as rice for the Philippines It 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 in constant US$ per m3 of water indicates that the expansion of irrigation is likely to be

National rainfall index variability (percentage of deviation from average national

Value added by agriculture economically viable even where relatively high capital in million constant 2000 US$ and operating costs are assumed However the analysis is rainfall index)

Variability in agricultural GDP based on benefits and costs of converting existing cleared The investments made in irrigation may in part have agricultural land Where vegetation clearing and other

(percentage of deviation from trend of agricultural goods shielded the national agricultural output from significant major land management is required prior to irrigation produced per km2 of agricultural land) rainfall variability in the Philippines expansion development costs will be higher and the ratio

The value generated by agriculture per m3 of water The economic viability of new irrigation schemes is highly of benefit to costs will decline It should be noted that increased 49 percent from 2006 to 2009 dependent on the ability to achieve agronomic practice this analysis does not include any costs associated with

productivity gains in addition to gains directly related negative externalities such as increased pollution loads to a move from dryland cropping to irrigated cropping into waterway associated with expanded irrigation

-40 -30 -20 -10

0

300

600

900

1200

1500







Status and Trends














0

25

50

75

100

20022002 20042004 20062006 20082008 20102010 2012


Mill

ion

cons

tant

201

0 U

S$

mill

ion

cons

tant

200

0 U

S$



2006 2007 2008 2009 2010




0

10 000

20 000

30 000

40 000

50 000





mill

ion

cons

tant

200

0 U

S$


20051995 2000

10596

47 46



rainfall index)



1961 1971 1981 1991 2001-40-30-20-10

010203040

13 000

14 000

15 000

16 000

0213

0224



1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

per 1

000

live

birt

hs

50

60

70

80

90

100

20

30

40

50

60

70


Mid-pointscenario

194 299 655

Pessimisticscenario

Optimistic



Actualgeneration


9 843 10 157









Environment and Water - related Ecosystem Health Disasters

Impact for development The Philippines is highly exposed to water-related disasters On average 10 water-related disaster events occur annually in the Philippines which on average cause economic damage equivalent to 01 percent of the countryrsquos current GDP every year Climate data for the past 50 years has shown increasing temperature changes in rainfall patterns as well as an increase in extreme weather events such as typhoons flooding and droughts

Estimated municipal wastewater treatment in 2010 (total produced 3 365 million m3 of which total collected and treated 441 million m3)

Impact for development The annual economic losses caused by water pollution are estimated at PhP 78 billion annually (current 2013 US$ 1 883 million) Losses due to environmental damage in terms of compensation and claims are on the rise in the Philippines There is considerable under-investment by the government in sanitation and sewerage indicating a low spending priority though ranked as a high priority in the Philippines Agenda 21 of 1996


90 Primary treatment

7 Secondary treatment

3 Tertiary treatment

The discharge of municipal and industrial wastewater and agricultural runoff has caused extensive pollution of the receiving water-bodies Deforestation limited

(UNEP-GEMSWater) reforestation activities and the consequent degradashy Water-related disasters impacts (NDRRMC)

711

tion of water-related ecosystem services in particular catchments have resulted in reduced streamflows decreased volumes of stored water in aquifers and artificial reservoirs and lower water quality

15 8 000

peop

le a

ff ec

ted

in m

illio

n

num

ber o

f peo

ple

kille

d

0 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

12 6 400

9 4 800

6 3 200



3 1 600

0



25 1 200

Enabling environment for the development management and use of water resources

Gov

erna

nce

syst

ems

for t

he d

evel

opm

ent

man

agem

ent a

nd u

seof

wat

er re

sour

ces

1 2 3 4 5

1 2 3 4 5


Stak

ehol

der P

artic

ipat

ion

Capacity Building


1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

num

ber o

f eve

nts


0

5

10

15

20

0

240

480

720

960


dam

age

in m

illio

n cu

rren

t US$


Impact for development The major institutional problem that has beset water management in the Philippines is the multiplicity of agencies and consequent fragmentation of water resources planning and management There are more than 40 government agencies involved in the water sector There are no cross-sectoral water resources plans to integrate various water and land use activities water quantity and quality manageshyment or the use of surface water and groundwater Due to the range of functions relative to the development and management of water resources some overlaps of responsibility and conflicts reportedly exist among agencies Fragmented public investment programmes for development and management of water resources that fail to take into account the interdependencies among users and the impact on other (non-water) economic and non-economic activities have resulted in the inadequate management of the countrys water resources

Tracking Water Governance


Is the right to sanitationdrinking-water explicitly recognized in policy or law

urban urban rural rural









Yes but little used

Infr

astr

uctu

re d

evel

opm

ent f

orth

e de

velo

pmen

t m

anag

emen

tan

d us

e of

wat

er re

sour

ces

Decentralized structures for water resources management (other than above)

UN-Water GLAAS (WHO 2012) 1 Under development 2 Developed but implementation not yet started 4 Implementation advanced 3 Implementation started 5 Fully implemented

The government is currently embarked on creating a National Water Resources Management Office (NWRMO) to act as the central coordinating agency for the water resources sector responsible mainly for policy-making managing and regulating the countrys waters based on scientific data The NWRMO is also to oversee the implementation of integrated water resources management (IWRM) policy and plans


year

The Money StreamFrom 2002 to 2011 the government has expended US$ 47865 million (in constant 2010 US$) on average peryear on water-related infrastructure and programmes

During this period close to half of the governments expenditure was channeled into agricultural waterresources (485 percent) Spending priority was then allocated to river development (324 percent) anddisaster prevention and preparedness and flood prevention and control (102 percent)

Official development assistance (ODA) gross disbursements amounted to US$ 8188 million on average peryear channeling close to half of the disbursements into disaster prevention and preparedness and floodprevention and control (487 percent) Over the period 2002 to 2011 the Government of the Philippinesrsquowater-related investments accounted for an estimated 30 percent of total government expenditures

30


300 000 km2

322 inhabitantskm2

0654114

0418

55

2 348 mmyear


4 965 m3inhabitant

17

4

1 879 000 ha

60

5 sites

154 234 hectares


Total area

Population density


(between 0 and 1 1 is highest)Country rank (total 186 countries 1 is highest)Gender Inequality Index (0 is equality between women and men 1 is least equality)








of irrigation potential equipped for irrigation(FAO AQUASTAT and AQUASTAT)


2012

2011

2012

2012

2004

2011

2011

2012

2009

2009

2006

2006

2013


ordmTotal government expenditure excludes ODA Water-related government expenditure includes some ODA but excludes investments in hydroelectric power plants which are funded primarily through private sector funds

Annual average official development assistance gross disbursements during the period 2002 ndash 2011(million constant 2010 US$)

Annual average government expenditure duringthe period 2002 - 2011

(million constant 2010 US$)

2320815552

489920511976

157022

32186

1588476

3990447282264226915

total annual average total annual average47865 8188

Municipal

Industrial

Water withdrawals by sector(total 81 819 million m3 in 2009)

76101

Cooling of thermoelectric plants03

820 Agricultural


485325

10243410301

___100

19458

48755343228

112___100














Philippines




REGION


(CALABARZON)












IN MUSLIM MINDANAO

SouthChina

Sea

PhilippineSea

SuluSea

CelebesSea

LUZON

VISAYAS

MINDANAO

GeneralSantos

Calapan

Vigan inIlocos Sur

Ca

ga

yan

Agusan

Pam

panga

Ag

no

Panay

Magat

Ambukalo

Palangui IVAgus II

Agus IVAgus V

Magat

Laoag

Tuguegarao

San Fernando

Zamboanga

Jolo

Cotabato

KoronadalDigos

DavaoTagum

DipologOroquieta

Surigao

ButuanCagayande Oro

Illigan

Iloilo

Roxas

NegrosBago

Cadiz

BaisDumaguete

Tagbilaran

Cebu

TaclobanOrmoc

Maasin

Puerto Princesa

NagaIriga

Legaspi

Masbate

Bashi Channel

BanaweTerraces

Min

dan

ao

0 100 200 30050 km


Legend

Lake

Dam

River







Disclaimer


Irrigation Scheme

ManilaSanta Cruz

Calamba

Lucena

Infanta

BatangasLipa

San PabloTagaytay

Trece Martires


Angat

Pantabangan

Angat Maasim

Malolos

San FernandoAngeles


San CarlosDagupan

San Roque

UpperPampanga

PhlippineSea

Ipo

Lagunade

Bay

LakeTaal

Pam

pang

a








trends show significant improveshyment and there is no concern

insufficient data

Rapid Assessment


very poor very good

Investments Currently given that developments in the water sector are capital-intensive and that competing demands for limited public sector funds is a prevalent challenge the country experiences insufficient investment levels to meet the growing demand for water It is expected that the demand for water resources and the associated investment requirements will continue to grow over the years in parallel with increasing population and socioecoshynomic improvement The Philippine Development Plan 2011-2016 calls for additional infrastructure investments in water to be able to sufficiently provide the growing demand for water Encouraging private sector participation has been given priority to bridge the gap between the extensive capital investment reshyquirements needed to build and operate the required water resources-related infrastructure projects in the country

Pressures on water The Philippines is endowed with abundant water resources but they are under severe pressure from growing populations rapid urbanization and industrialization that increase the extraction and exploitation and competition with water needed for irrigated agriculture A large portion of the population is without adequate and sustained access to basic drinking water supply and especially basic sanitation Inadequate water and wastewater management infrastructure and policies often result in inefficiencies in water use and pollution of waters Degradation of the environment and the catchments in particular also impacts negatively on the availability of water resources Climate either increases the pressure on the resource during El Nintildeo or causes damage to properties and livelihood in the event of La Nintildea and extreme storms A major hindrance to the full adoption and implementation of IWRM in the country has been the institutional fragmentation in the sector

Overall

Data Quality

Data is available


Insufficient information is available about industriesrsquo water use

Data is available

There is no data available as to the energy needs of supplying and treating water nor for the water needed to generate electricity Therefore no assessment could be undertaken

While there is a move to change to a river qualishyty-based monitoring it is still just a vision that will require considerable effort from many different agencies both from the private and public sectors

Lack of up-to-date harmonized and comprehenshysive data Such data is critical in implementing a coordinated water resources management among competing users among others

Assessments Irrigated agriculture The current level of investment in irrigation is trending upwards in recent years 40 percent of the irrigation potential is not equipped for irrigation

Drinking water supply and sanitation Some 8 percent of the population do not use an improved drinking water source and 26 percent do not use improved sanitation facilities There is considerable under-investment by the government in sanitation and sewerage indicating a low spending priority Estimates show that over a 10-year period the country will need to invest PhP 250 billion (current 2013 US$ 6 billion) in physical infrastructure


Water-related disasters Gap between rising trends in the number and damage of water-related disasters and the current level of government investment

Water for energy energy for water Additional capacity from hydropower sources could be tapped in Mindanao after a careful consideration of all impacts to meet demand needs power which require substantial investments

Environment and ecosystem health Reduced streamflows decreased volumes of stored water in aquifers and artificial reservoirs and lower water quality issues Substantive gap to fill between wastewater produced and treated Current level of investment is of concern in this context Estimates show that over a 10-year period the country will need to invest PhP 250 billion (current 2013 US$ 5 000 million) in physical infrastructure

Tracking governance Fragmentation of water resource planning and management with over 40 government agencies involved in the sector Current expenditure on water resources policy administration and data alongside fragmented governance systems pose risks The government however is in the midst of creating a central coordinating agency








insufficient data

Rapid Assessmentyear

The Money StreamFrom 2002 to 2011 the government has expended US$ 47865 million (in constant 2010 US$) on average per year on water-related infrastructure and programmes


Official development assistance (ODA) gross disbursements amounted to US$ 8188 million on average per year channeling close to half of the disbursements into disaster prevention and preparedness and flood prevention and control (487 percent) Over the period 2002 to 2011 the Government of the Philippinesrsquo water-related investments accounted for an estimated 30 percent of total government expenditures


very poor very good

InvestmentsCurrently given that developments in the water sector are capital-intensive and that competing demands for limited public sector funds is a prevalent challenge the country experiences insufficient investment levels to meet the growing demand for water It is expected that the demand for water resources and the associated investment requirements will continue to grow over the years in parallel with increasing population and socioeco-nomic improvement The Philippine Development Plan 2011-2016 calls for additional infrastructure investments in water to be able to sufficiently provide the growing demand for water Encouraging private sector participation has been given priority to bridge the gap between the extensive capital investment re-quirements needed to build and operate the required water resources-related infrastructure projects in the country

Pressures on waterThe Philippines is endowed with abundant water resources but they are under severe pressure from growing populations rapid urbanization and industrialization that increase the extraction and exploitation and competition with water needed for irrigated agriculture A large portion of the population is without adequate and sustained access to basic drinking water supply and especially basic sanitation Inadequate water and wastewater management infrastructure and policies often result in inefficiencies in water use and pollution of waters Degradation of the environment and the catchments in particular also impacts negatively on the availability of water resources Climate either increases the pressure on the resource during El Nintildeo or causes damage to properties and livelihood in the event of La Nintildea and extreme storms A major hindrance to the full adoption and implementation of IWRM in the country has been the institutional fragmentation in the sector

Overall

30


300 000 km2

322 inhabitantskm2

0654114

0418

55

2 348 mmyear


4 965 m3inhabitant

17

4

1 879 000 ha

60

5 sites

154 234 hectares


Total area

Population density












2012

2011

2012

2012

2004

2011

2011

2012

2009

2009

2006

2006

2013Data Quality

Data is available



Data is available


While there is a move to change to a river quali-ty-based monitoring it is still just a vision that will require considerable effort from many different agencies both from the private and public sectors

Lack of up-to-date harmonized and comprehen-sive data Such data is critical in implementing a coordinated water resources management among competing users among others

AssessmentsIrrigated agricultureThe current level of investment in irrigation is trending upwards in recent years 40 percent of the irrigation potential is not equipped for irrigation

Drinking water supply and sanitationSome 8 percent of the population do not use an improved drinking water source and 26 percent do not use improved sanitation facilities There is considerable under-investment by the government in sanitation and sewerage indicating a low spending priority Estimates show that over a 10-year period the country will need to invest PhP 250 billion (current 2013 US$ 6 billion) in physical infrastructure





Tracking governanceFragmentation of water resource planning and management with over 40 government agencies involved in the sector Current expenditure on water resources policy administration and data alongside fragmented governance systems pose risks The government however is in the midst of creating a central coordinating agency






2320815552

489920511976

157022

32186

1588476

3990447282264226915


Municipal

Industrial


76101


820 Agricultural


485325

10243410301

___100

19458

48755343228

112___100

Philippines

e e esSea



Cg

ayan

Agusan

Pam

panga

Ag

no

Min

dan

ao

Pam

pang

a

Data Concerns Data is a vital input to water management and investshyment in water related infrastructure and projects Data for the Philippines is relatively good when comshypared to many developing nations However the lack of published economic data (eg infrastructure costs operating costs crop values etc) in the Philippines makes water-related investment decisions inherently more complex and investments more risky for investors

An assessment of priority data needs from the basis of national decision-makers and international investors (donors and loan capital) is prudent for countries to establish a forward-looking work programme of data management Modest investments in coordinated

Bashi Channel

data collection collation analysis and dissemination are vital to demonstrate the benefits of water-related investments to governments donors and ultimately private capital investors

It is to be noted that it is virtually impossible to find national-level gender-disaggregated data for almost all themes contained in the UN-Water Country Briefs

San Roque

Dagupan San Carlos

Pantabangan Upper

Pampanga Palayan



httpwwwunwaterorg WaterCountryBriefshtml CORDILLERA Tarlac

(Zamboanga Dipolog

Cabanatuan ADMINISTRATIVE Phlippine

Sea REGION Philippine

Angeles Sea REGION I Laoag San Fernando Angat Maasim Angat (Ilocos region)

a

Tuguegarao Ipo Malolos Vigan in

Ilocos Sur La Mesa Infanta Balanga Caloocan Manila Quezon Banawe

REGION II (Cagayan Valley)

Pasig Laguna Santa Cruz de

LUZON Terr aces Magat Magat Bay San Fernando South Trece Martires Ambukalo Calamba

China Lake Tagaytay Taal San Pablo

Sea REGION III

(Central Luzon)

Lipa Lucena Batangas DisclaimersREGION IV-A

(CALABARZON)


REGION V Naga (Bicol Region)

Iriga Calapan Legaspi

Masbate REGION IV-B REGION VII (MIMAROPA)

REGION VI Roxas (Eastern Visayas) (Western Visayas) Tacloban

Cadiz Panay Ormoc Iloilo VISAYAS

Bago Cebu Maasin Negros REGION VII REGION X Puerto Princesa (Central Visayas) Surigao

Bais Tagbilaran (Northern Mindanao)

Dumaguete Butuan

REGION IX Cagayande Oro MINDANAO

bull The most recent and updated information can be found in the original databases cited throughout

bull The rapid assessment methodology presented here is an advocacy tool designed to generate debate and attention to the issues and is develshyoped in conjunction with national government focal points


bull Due to data limitations the investment-related Agus V Oroquieta Sulu Peninsula) Agus IVAgus I IIlligan estimates may not include water-related invest-Sea Palangui IV REGION XIII

AUTONOMOUS REGION Tagum (Caraga) ments that are counted under other categories IN MUSLIM MINDANAO Cotabato Davao of investments and some investment categories

Digos Zamboanga (ie disaster prevention and preparedness) Koronadal

General may include some investments that are not REGION XII Jolo Santos REGION XI (SOCCSKSARGEN) directly water-related Moreover water being a (Davao Region)

C l b

Legend

International Boundary River Administrative Boundary Lake

Capital Regional Capital Town Dam

Zone of Irrigation Development Irrigation Scheme

0 50 100 200 300 km


PHILIPPINES FAO - AQUASTAT 2011

Disclaimer The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country territory city or area or of its authoritiesor concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries

crosscutting issue investments in other parts of the government (not calculated here) may also benefit water management

bull The words investments invested funded for ODA refer to gross disbursements of ODA according to the OECD definitions The words investments invested funded for government refer to government expenditure (2002 - 2011) and budget (2012) In the Philippines it has not been possible to separate funds from government sources and ODA therefore government investments include some ODA









mill

ion

cons

tant

200

0 U

S$



2006 2007 2008 2009 2010




0

10 000

20 000

30 000

40 000

50 000





mill

ion

cons

tant

200

0 U

S$


20051995 2000

10596

47 46



rainfall index)



1961 1971 1981 1991 2001-40-30-20-10

010203040

13 000

14 000

15 000

16 000

0213

0224



1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

per 1

000

live

birt

hs

50

60

70

80

90

100

20

30

40

50

60

70


Mid-pointscenario

194 299 655

Pessimisticscenario

Optimistic



Actualgeneration


9 843 10 157







Gov

erna

nce

syst

ems

for t

he d

evel

opm

ent

man

agem

ent a

nd u

seof

wat

er re

sour

ces


Infr

astr

uctu

re d

evel

opm

ent f

orth

e de

velo

pmen

t m

anag

emen

tan

d us

e of

wat

er re

sour

ces

12345

12345


Stak

ehol

der P

artic

ipat

ion

Capacity Building




1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

num

ber o

f eve

nts

num

ber o

f peo

ple

kille

d

peop

le a

ffect

ed in

mill

ion





0

5

10

15

20

25

0

240

480

720

960

1 200

0

3

6

9

12

15

0

1 600

3 200

4 800

6 400

8 000






711

(UNEP-GEMSWater)



dam

age

in m

illio

n cu

rren

t US$




















Yes but little used



Status and Trends

Government expenditure during the period Official development assistance gross disburseshy2002 ndash 2011 and budget for the year 2012 ments during the period 2002 - 2011 (million constant 2010 US$) (million constant 2010 US$)

1500 100

Mill

ion

cons

tant

201

0 U

S$

1200

75

900

50

600

25

300

0 0

2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010

Government water-related investments over the period 2002 to 2012 bull There were significant expenditures from 2002 to 2004 in hydroelectric power plants a period when new hydroelectric power plants were constructed following the Electric Power Industry Reform Act (2001) which enabled private sector funding bull The sharp increase in disaster prevention and flood protection in 2011 is attributed to a large loan from a multilateral donor agency bull The bulk of expenditure over this period has been channeled into hydroelectric power agricultural water resources and river development bull Expenditure in agricultural water resources has effecshytively doubled in real terms over this period

Water-related official development assistance over the period 2002 to 2011 bull From 2006 onwards an emphasis has been placed by one bilateral agency on disaster prevention and preparshyedness and flood protection and control bull ODA for agricultural water resources peaked in 2008 and in 2007 for hydroelectric power plants which account for second and third place in terms of overall ODA flows for this period


Water supply and sanitation in large systems Water desalination plants intakes storage treatment pumping stations conveyance and distribution systems sewerage domestic and industrial wastewater treatment plants

Basic drinking water supply and basic sanitation Water supply and sanitation through low-cost technologies such as hand-pumps spring catchment gravity-fed systems rainwater collection storage tanks small distribution systems latrines small-bore sewers on-site disposal (septic tanks)

Water resources policy and administrative manageshyment Water sector policy planning and programmes water legislation and management institution capacity building and advice water supply assessments and studies groundshywater water quality and watershed studies hydrogeology Excluding agricultural water resources

Disaster prevention and preparednessFlood protection and control Disaster risk reduction activities such as developing knowledge natural risks cartography legal norms for construction early warning systems emergency contingency stocks and contingency planning including preparations for forced displacement Floods from rivers or the sea including sea water intrusion control and sea level rise related activities

Agricultural water resources Irrigation reservoirs hydraulic structures groundwater exploitation for agriculturshyal use

Hydroelectric power plants Including power-genshyerating river barrages

Water resources protection Inland surface waters (rivers lakes etc) conservation and rehabilitation of groundwater prevention of water contamination from agrochemicals industrial effluents

River development Integrated river basin projects river flow control dams and reservoirs Excluding dams primarily for irrigation and hydropower and activities related to river transport



0

300

600

900

1200

1500





Status and Trends









0

25

50

75

100

20022002 20042004 20062006 20082008 20102010 2012


Mill

ion

cons

tant

201

0 U

S$







Gov

erna

nce

syst

ems

for t

he d

evel

opm

ent

man

agem

ent a

nd u

seof

wat

er re

sour

ces


Infr

astr

uctu

re d

evel

opm

ent f

orth

e de

velo

pmen

t m

anag

emen

tan

d us

e of

wat

er re

sour

ces

12345

12345


Stak

ehol

der P

artic

ipat

ion

Capacity Building




1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

num

ber o

f eve

nts

num

ber o

f peo

ple

kille

d

peop

le a

ffect

ed in

mill

ion





0

5

10

15

20

25

0

240

480

720

960

1 200

0

3

6

9

12

15

0

1 600

3 200

4 800

6 400

8 000






711

(UNEP-GEMSWater)



dam

age

in m

illio

n cu

rren

t US$
















Yes but little used



Water Intensity


Energy for Water





50 000

mill

ion

cons

tant

200

0 U

S$

105 96

47 46



30 000




80 50

per 1

000

live

birt

hs


9 843 10 157




1990 1995 2000 2005 2010






40 655

mill

ion

cons

tant

200

0 U

S$ 16 000

0213

0224 194 29930


0

15 000










-40 -30 -20 -10

0

300

600

900

1200

1500







Status and Trends














0

25

50

75

100

20022002 20042004 20062006 20082008 20102010 2012


Mill

ion

cons

tant

201

0 U

S$

mill

ion

cons

tant

200

0 U

S$



2006 2007 2008 2009 2010




0

10 000

20 000

30 000

40 000

50 000





mill

ion

cons

tant

200

0 U

S$


20051995 2000

10596

47 46



rainfall index)



1961 1971 1981 1991 2001-40-30-20-10

010203040

13 000

14 000

15 000

16 000

0213

0224



1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

per 1

000

live

birt

hs

50

60

70

80

90

100

20

30

40

50

60

70


Mid-pointscenario

194 299 655

Pessimisticscenario

Optimistic



Actualgeneration


9 843 10 157



















711


15 8 000

peop

le a

ff ec

ted

in m

illio

n

num

ber o

f peo

ple

kille

d

0 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

12 6 400

9 4 800

6 3 200



3 1 600

0



25 1 200


Gov

erna

nce

syst

ems

for t

he d

evel

opm

ent

man

agem

ent a

nd u

seof

wat

er re

sour

ces

1 2 3 4 5

1 2 3 4 5


Stak

ehol

der P

artic

ipat

ion

Capacity Building


1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

num

ber o

f eve

nts


0

5

10

15

20

0

240

480

720

960


dam

age

in m

illio

n cu

rren

t US$















Yes but little used

Infr

astr

uctu

re d

evel

opm

ent f

orth

e de

velo

pmen

t m

anag

emen

tan

d us

e of

wat

er re

sour

ces





year




30


300 000 km2

322 inhabitantskm2

0654114

0418

55

2 348 mmyear


4 965 m3inhabitant

17

4

1 879 000 ha

60

5 sites

154 234 hectares


Total area

Population density












2012

2011

2012

2012

2004

2011

2011

2012

2009

2009

2006

2006

2013






2320815552

489920511976

157022

32186

1588476

3990447282264226915


Municipal

Industrial


76101


820 Agricultural


485325

10243410301

___100

19458

48755343228

112___100














Philippines




REGION


(CALABARZON)












IN MUSLIM MINDANAO

SouthChina

Sea

PhilippineSea

SuluSea

CelebesSea

LUZON

VISAYAS

MINDANAO

GeneralSantos

Calapan

Vigan inIlocos Sur

Ca

ga

yan

Agusan

Pam

panga

Ag

no

Panay

Magat

Ambukalo

Palangui IVAgus II

Agus IVAgus V

Magat

Laoag

Tuguegarao

San Fernando

Zamboanga

Jolo

Cotabato

KoronadalDigos

DavaoTagum

DipologOroquieta

Surigao

ButuanCagayande Oro

Illigan

Iloilo

Roxas

NegrosBago

Cadiz

BaisDumaguete

Tagbilaran

Cebu

TaclobanOrmoc

Maasin

Puerto Princesa

NagaIriga

Legaspi

Masbate

Bashi Channel

BanaweTerraces

Min

dan

ao

0 100 200 30050 km


Legend

Lake

Dam

River







Disclaimer


Irrigation Scheme

ManilaSanta Cruz

Calamba

Lucena

Infanta

BatangasLipa

San PabloTagaytay

Trece Martires


Angat

Pantabangan

Angat Maasim

Malolos

San FernandoAngeles


San CarlosDagupan

San Roque

UpperPampanga

PhlippineSea

Ipo

Lagunade

Bay

LakeTaal

Pam

pang

a









insufficient data

Rapid Assessment


very poor very good



Overall

Data Quality

Data is available



Data is available


















insufficient data






very poor very good



Overall

30


300 000 km2

322 inhabitantskm2

0654114

0418

55

2 348 mmyear


4 965 m3inhabitant

17

4

1 879 000 ha

60

5 sites

154 234 hectares


Total area

Population density












2012

2011

2012

2012

2004

2011

2011

2012

2009

2009

2006

2006

2013Data Quality

Data is available



Data is available
















2320815552

489920511976

157022

32186

1588476

3990447282264226915


Municipal

Industrial


76101


820 Agricultural


485325

10243410301

___100

19458

48755343228

112___100

Philippines

e e esSea



Cg

ayan

Agusan

Pam

panga

Ag

no

Min

dan

ao

Pam

pang

a



Bashi Channel



San Roque

Dagupan San Carlos

Pantabangan Upper

Pampanga Palayan




(Zamboanga Dipolog




a







Sea REGION III

(Central Luzon)


(CALABARZON)









Dumaguete Butuan









C l b

Legend




0 50 100 200 300 km








0

300

600

900

1200

1500





Status and Trends









0

25

50

75

100

20022002 20042004 20062006 20082008 20102010 2012


Mill

ion

cons

tant

201

0 U

S$







Gov

erna

nce

syst

ems

for t

he d

evel

opm

ent

man

agem

ent a

nd u

seof

wat

er re

sour

ces


Infr

astr

uctu

re d

evel

opm

ent f

orth

e de

velo

pmen

t m

anag

emen

tan

d us

e of

wat

er re

sour

ces

12345

12345


Stak

ehol

der P

artic

ipat

ion

Capacity Building




1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

num

ber o

f eve

nts

num

ber o

f peo

ple

kille

d

peop

le a

ffect

ed in

mill

ion





0

5

10

15

20

25

0

240

480

720

960

1 200

0

3

6

9

12

15

0

1 600

3 200

4 800

6 400

8 000






711

(UNEP-GEMSWater)



dam

age

in m

illio

n cu

rren

t US$
















Yes but little used



Water Intensity


Energy for Water





50 000

mill

ion

cons

tant

200

0 U

S$

105 96

47 46



30 000




80 50

per 1

000

live

birt

hs


9 843 10 157




1990 1995 2000 2005 2010






40 655

mill

ion

cons

tant

200

0 U

S$ 16 000

0213

0224 194 29930


0

15 000










-40 -30 -20 -10

0

300

600

900

1200

1500







Status and Trends














0

25

50

75

100

20022002 20042004 20062006 20082008 20102010 2012


Mill

ion

cons

tant

201

0 U

S$

mill

ion

cons

tant

200

0 U

S$



2006 2007 2008 2009 2010




0

10 000

20 000

30 000

40 000

50 000





mill

ion

cons

tant

200

0 U

S$


20051995 2000

10596

47 46



rainfall index)



1961 1971 1981 1991 2001-40-30-20-10

010203040

13 000

14 000

15 000

16 000

0213

0224



1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

per 1

000

live

birt

hs

50

60

70

80

90

100

20

30

40

50

60

70


Mid-pointscenario

194 299 655

Pessimisticscenario

Optimistic



Actualgeneration


9 843 10 157



















711


15 8 000

peop

le a

ff ec

ted

in m

illio

n

num

ber o

f peo

ple

kille

d

0 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

12 6 400

9 4 800

6 3 200



3 1 600

0



25 1 200


Gov

erna

nce

syst

ems

for t

he d

evel

opm

ent

man

agem

ent a

nd u

seof

wat

er re

sour

ces

1 2 3 4 5

1 2 3 4 5


Stak

ehol

der P

artic

ipat

ion

Capacity Building


1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

num

ber o

f eve

nts


0

5

10

15

20

0

240

480

720

960


dam

age

in m

illio

n cu

rren

t US$















Yes but little used

Infr

astr

uctu

re d

evel

opm

ent f

orth

e de

velo

pmen

t m

anag

emen

tan

d us

e of

wat

er re

sour

ces





year




30


300 000 km2

322 inhabitantskm2

0654114

0418

55

2 348 mmyear


4 965 m3inhabitant

17

4

1 879 000 ha

60

5 sites

154 234 hectares


Total area

Population density












2012

2011

2012

2012

2004

2011

2011

2012

2009

2009

2006

2006

2013






2320815552

489920511976

157022

32186

1588476

3990447282264226915


Municipal

Industrial


76101


820 Agricultural


485325

10243410301

___100

19458

48755343228

112___100














Philippines




REGION


(CALABARZON)












IN MUSLIM MINDANAO

SouthChina

Sea

PhilippineSea

SuluSea

CelebesSea

LUZON

VISAYAS

MINDANAO

GeneralSantos

Calapan

Vigan inIlocos Sur

Ca

ga

yan

Agusan

Pam

panga

Ag

no

Panay

Magat

Ambukalo

Palangui IVAgus II

Agus IVAgus V

Magat

Laoag

Tuguegarao

San Fernando

Zamboanga

Jolo

Cotabato

KoronadalDigos

DavaoTagum

DipologOroquieta

Surigao

ButuanCagayande Oro

Illigan

Iloilo

Roxas

NegrosBago

Cadiz

BaisDumaguete

Tagbilaran

Cebu

TaclobanOrmoc

Maasin

Puerto Princesa

NagaIriga

Legaspi

Masbate

Bashi Channel

BanaweTerraces

Min

dan

ao

0 100 200 30050 km


Legend

Lake

Dam

River







Disclaimer


Irrigation Scheme

ManilaSanta Cruz

Calamba

Lucena

Infanta

BatangasLipa

San PabloTagaytay

Trece Martires


Angat

Pantabangan

Angat Maasim

Malolos

San FernandoAngeles


San CarlosDagupan

San Roque

UpperPampanga

PhlippineSea

Ipo

Lagunade

Bay

LakeTaal

Pam

pang

a









insufficient data

Rapid Assessment


very poor very good



Overall

Data Quality

Data is available



Data is available


















insufficient data






very poor very good



Overall

30


300 000 km2

322 inhabitantskm2

0654114

0418

55

2 348 mmyear


4 965 m3inhabitant

17

4

1 879 000 ha

60

5 sites

154 234 hectares


Total area

Population density












2012

2011

2012

2012

2004

2011

2011

2012

2009

2009

2006

2006

2013Data Quality

Data is available



Data is available
















2320815552

489920511976

157022

32186

1588476

3990447282264226915


Municipal

Industrial


76101


820 Agricultural


485325

10243410301

___100

19458

48755343228

112___100

Philippines

e e esSea



Cg

ayan

Agusan

Pam

panga

Ag

no

Min

dan

ao

Pam

pang

a



Bashi Channel



San Roque

Dagupan San Carlos

Pantabangan Upper

Pampanga Palayan




(Zamboanga Dipolog




a







Sea REGION III

(Central Luzon)


(CALABARZON)









Dumaguete Butuan









C l b

Legend




0 50 100 200 300 km








0

300

600

900

1200

1500







Status and Trends














0

25

50

75

100

20022002 20042004 20062006 20082008 20102010 2012


Mill

ion

cons

tant

201

0 U

S$

mill

ion

cons

tant

200

0 U

S$



2006 2007 2008 2009 2010




0

10 000

20 000

30 000

40 000

50 000





mill

ion

cons

tant

200

0 U

S$


20051995 2000

10596

47 46



rainfall index)



1961 1971 1981 1991 2001-40-30-20-10

010203040

13 000

14 000

15 000

16 000

0213

0224



1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

per 1

000

live

birt

hs

50

60

70

80

90

100

20

30

40

50

60

70


Mid-pointscenario

194 299 655

Pessimisticscenario

Optimistic



Actualgeneration


9 843 10 157



















711


15 8 000

peop

le a

ff ec

ted

in m

illio

n

num

ber o

f peo

ple

kille

d

0 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

12 6 400

9 4 800

6 3 200



3 1 600

0



25 1 200


Gov

erna

nce

syst

ems

for t

he d

evel

opm

ent

man

agem

ent a

nd u

seof

wat

er re

sour

ces

1 2 3 4 5

1 2 3 4 5


Stak

ehol

der P

artic

ipat

ion

Capacity Building


1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

num

ber o

f eve

nts


0

5

10

15

20

0

240

480

720

960


dam

age

in m

illio

n cu

rren

t US$















Yes but little used

Infr

astr

uctu

re d

evel

opm

ent f

orth

e de

velo

pmen

t m

anag

emen

tan

d us

e of

wat

er re

sour

ces





year




30


300 000 km2

322 inhabitantskm2

0654114

0418

55

2 348 mmyear


4 965 m3inhabitant

17

4

1 879 000 ha

60

5 sites

154 234 hectares


Total area

Population density












2012

2011

2012

2012

2004

2011

2011

2012

2009

2009

2006

2006

2013






2320815552

489920511976

157022

32186

1588476

3990447282264226915


Municipal

Industrial


76101


820 Agricultural


485325

10243410301

___100

19458

48755343228

112___100














Philippines




REGION


(CALABARZON)












IN MUSLIM MINDANAO

SouthChina

Sea

PhilippineSea

SuluSea

CelebesSea

LUZON

VISAYAS

MINDANAO

GeneralSantos

Calapan

Vigan inIlocos Sur

Ca

ga

yan

Agusan

Pam

panga

Ag

no

Panay

Magat

Ambukalo

Palangui IVAgus II

Agus IVAgus V

Magat

Laoag

Tuguegarao

San Fernando

Zamboanga

Jolo

Cotabato

KoronadalDigos

DavaoTagum

DipologOroquieta

Surigao

ButuanCagayande Oro

Illigan

Iloilo

Roxas

NegrosBago

Cadiz

BaisDumaguete

Tagbilaran

Cebu

TaclobanOrmoc

Maasin

Puerto Princesa

NagaIriga

Legaspi

Masbate

Bashi Channel

BanaweTerraces

Min

dan

ao

0 100 200 30050 km


Legend

Lake

Dam

River







Disclaimer


Irrigation Scheme

ManilaSanta Cruz

Calamba

Lucena

Infanta

BatangasLipa

San PabloTagaytay

Trece Martires


Angat

Pantabangan

Angat Maasim

Malolos

San FernandoAngeles


San CarlosDagupan

San Roque

UpperPampanga

PhlippineSea

Ipo

Lagunade

Bay

LakeTaal

Pam

pang

a









insufficient data

Rapid Assessment


very poor very good



Overall

Data Quality

Data is available



Data is available


















insufficient data






very poor very good



Overall

30


300 000 km2

322 inhabitantskm2

0654114

0418

55

2 348 mmyear


4 965 m3inhabitant

17

4

1 879 000 ha

60

5 sites

154 234 hectares


Total area

Population density












2012

2011

2012

2012

2004

2011

2011

2012

2009

2009

2006

2006

2013Data Quality

Data is available



Data is available
















2320815552

489920511976

157022

32186

1588476

3990447282264226915


Municipal

Industrial


76101


820 Agricultural


485325

10243410301

___100

19458

48755343228

112___100

Philippines

e e esSea



Cg

ayan

Agusan

Pam

panga

Ag

no

Min

dan

ao

Pam

pang

a



Bashi Channel



San Roque

Dagupan San Carlos

Pantabangan Upper

Pampanga Palayan




(Zamboanga Dipolog




a







Sea REGION III

(Central Luzon)


(CALABARZON)









Dumaguete Butuan









C l b

Legend




0 50 100 200 300 km









year




30


300 000 km2

322 inhabitantskm2

0654114

0418

55

2 348 mmyear


4 965 m3inhabitant

17

4

1 879 000 ha

60

5 sites

154 234 hectares


Total area

Population density












2012

2011

2012

2012

2004

2011

2011

2012

2009

2009

2006

2006

2013






2320815552

489920511976

157022

32186

1588476

3990447282264226915


Municipal

Industrial


76101


820 Agricultural


485325

10243410301

___100

19458

48755343228

112___100














Philippines




REGION


(CALABARZON)












IN MUSLIM MINDANAO

SouthChina

Sea

PhilippineSea

SuluSea

CelebesSea

LUZON

VISAYAS

MINDANAO

GeneralSantos

Calapan

Vigan inIlocos Sur

Ca

ga

yan

Agusan

Pam

panga

Ag

no

Panay

Magat

Ambukalo

Palangui IVAgus II

Agus IVAgus V

Magat

Laoag

Tuguegarao

San Fernando

Zamboanga

Jolo

Cotabato

KoronadalDigos

DavaoTagum

DipologOroquieta

Surigao

ButuanCagayande Oro

Illigan

Iloilo

Roxas

NegrosBago

Cadiz

BaisDumaguete

Tagbilaran

Cebu

TaclobanOrmoc

Maasin

Puerto Princesa

NagaIriga

Legaspi

Masbate

Bashi Channel

BanaweTerraces

Min

dan

ao

0 100 200 30050 km


Legend

Lake

Dam

River







Disclaimer


Irrigation Scheme

ManilaSanta Cruz

Calamba

Lucena

Infanta

BatangasLipa

San PabloTagaytay

Trece Martires


Angat

Pantabangan

Angat Maasim

Malolos

San FernandoAngeles


San CarlosDagupan

San Roque

UpperPampanga

PhlippineSea

Ipo

Lagunade

Bay

LakeTaal

Pam

pang

a









insufficient data

Rapid Assessment


very poor very good



Overall

Data Quality

Data is available



Data is available


















insufficient data






very poor very good



Overall

30


300 000 km2

322 inhabitantskm2

0654114

0418

55

2 348 mmyear


4 965 m3inhabitant

17

4

1 879 000 ha

60

5 sites

154 234 hectares


Total area

Population density












2012

2011

2012

2012

2004

2011

2011

2012

2009

2009

2006

2006

2013Data Quality

Data is available



Data is available
















2320815552

489920511976

157022

32186

1588476

3990447282264226915


Municipal

Industrial


76101


820 Agricultural


485325

10243410301

___100

19458

48755343228

112___100

Philippines

e e esSea



Cg

ayan

Agusan

Pam

panga

Ag

no

Min

dan

ao

Pam

pang

a



Bashi Channel



San Roque

Dagupan San Carlos

Pantabangan Upper

Pampanga Palayan




(Zamboanga Dipolog




a







Sea REGION III

(Central Luzon)


(CALABARZON)









Dumaguete Butuan









C l b

Legend




0 50 100 200 300 km















insufficient data






very poor very good



Overall

30


300 000 km2

322 inhabitantskm2

0654114

0418

55

2 348 mmyear


4 965 m3inhabitant

17

4

1 879 000 ha

60

5 sites

154 234 hectares


Total area

Population density












2012

2011

2012

2012

2004

2011

2011

2012

2009

2009

2006

2006

2013Data Quality

Data is available



Data is available
















2320815552

489920511976

157022

32186

1588476

3990447282264226915


Municipal

Industrial


76101


820 Agricultural


485325

10243410301

___100

19458

48755343228

112___100

Philippines

e e esSea



Cg

ayan

Agusan

Pam

panga

Ag

no

Min

dan

ao

Pam

pang

a



Bashi Channel



San Roque

Dagupan San Carlos

Pantabangan Upper

Pampanga Palayan




(Zamboanga Dipolog




a







Sea REGION III

(Central Luzon)


(CALABARZON)









Dumaguete Butuan









C l b

Legend




0 50 100 200 300 km








un-water country briefs. philippines - zaragoza.es ambukalo palangui iv agus ii agus iv agus v magat...

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