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2013
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United Nations
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UN Security Council: Syrian Civil War
UN Security Council: Syrian Civil War 2013
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Table of Contents
United Nations Security Council ......................................................................... 03
Overview ................................................................................................................. 04
Timeline of the Conflict ........................................................................................ 05
Casualties ................................................................................................................ 17
Martyr Count by Death Method .......................................................................... 18
Refugees .................................................................................................................. 20
Inside Syria’s Torture Centers ............................................................................. 21
Refugees disguised as militants ............................................................................ 22
Past UN Actions
United Nations Supervision Mission in Syria ........................................... 23
Suggestion for Further Research ......................................................................... 24
Points the Resolution should address .................................................................. 24
Endnotes.................................................................................................................. 26
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United Nations Security Council1
The Security Council comprises of 15 United Nations member states, of which China, France,
Russia, United States of America, and United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
holds permanent membership. There are also other 10 non-permanent members, with five elected
each year to serve two-year terms. Under its Charter, all members are required to abide by with
the Security Council’s decision.
The UNSC is responsible for the maintenance of international peace and security. Its Charter
includes the establishing peacekeeping missions, imposing international sanctions, and
sanctioning of military action. Its powers are implemented through the United Nations Security
Council resolutions.
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Overview:
For more than four decades, power in Syria has been concentrated around the Assad family and
the Syrian Baath Party. Over the course of the revolution, the circle has tightened to a core of
Assad family members and staunch loyalists in the military, security, and intelligence
establishment. From a round of research and interviews, these seem to be the most relevant
players, the key people running the regime as it battles the revolution:
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Timeline of the Conflict (March
2011- 31 March 2013): 2
6 March 2011: Around a dozen of boys
under the age of 15 are arrested for graffiti
in the rural city of Daraa. They spray painted
the slogan of Arab uprisings: “The people
want to topple the regime.” It was seen as a
strong defiance against Syrian authoritarian
regime.
15 March 2011: On Facebook, a page called
“Syrian Revolution 2011” urged people to
protest “Day of Rage.” The effect was a
number of protests reported in al-Hasakah,
Daraa, Deir ez-Zor, and Hama, with smaller
display in Damascus.
3 April 2011: Adel Safar is appointed as the
new Prime Minister by President Bashar al-
Assad. This was done in response to the
people’s call for a change. Assad dissolved
his cabinet and assigned Safar to form a new
government. Countless thousands of Syrian
showed their support for President’s action
by gathering in a central Damascus square,
waving his picture and chanting his name.
6 April 2011: The country’s only casino was
closed by government officials in order to
win the support of religious conservatives.
The government also announces to grant
citizenship to thousands of Kurds residing in
Syria. This was also one of their most
valuable demands. On the other hand,
protest still continues in Daraa. In Houran
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chants of “Peaceful Revolution, for Muslims
and Christians” were heard.
16 April 2011: Assad gave a speech in front
of his new cabinet. He pledged to grant
greater political and social rights. He also
affirmed that his new priorities were to lift
the state of emergency law, allowing
regulated demonstrations, as well as to give
more freedom of press and freedom of
suffrage. The protesters were still not happy
and were hoping more from their President.
21 April 2011: President Assad issued a law
to end the Syria’s almost 50 year old state of
emergency. He also passed a law to abolish
the Supreme State Security Council and
granted right to peaceful demonstration. In
the intervening time, Syrians and the rest of
the world watched Syrian army and pro-
Assad aggressive supporters abusing and
killing protesters.3
19 May 2011: Sanctions are imposed on
President Bashar al-Assad for violating
human rights by the US. According to BBC,
this is the first time International
Community has looked into this matter with
so much attention. Human Right Watch
issued a report about the siege of Daraa
titled: “We’ve Never Seen Such Horror.”4
24 May 2011: According to Syrian Human
Rights group, death toll reached 1100
people. This group also claimed that those
Syrian security agents killed soldiers who
refused to fire on civilians.
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28 May 2011: A 13 year old boy named
Hamza Al Khatib was delivered to his
family as a mutilated corpse. His body
showed signs of torture that included
burning, gunshot wounds (not to kill), sexual
abuse, and severed genitalia. He was not the
only one; there were other children, men and
women who suffered the same fate.5
3 June 2011: Largest protest as of this date
takes place with about 50,000 protesters in
Hama. The government restricts access to
the Internet and succeeds in shrinking online
activities by almost two-thirds. Al-Jazeera
reports that funerals mourners were
dispersed with live fire. “This cycle of death
repeats itself throughout the revolution.”6
14 June 2011: For the first time, the Arab
League condemns the violent action of the
Syrian government.7
20 June 2011: President Assad delivers his
third major speech since the beginning of the
uprisings. He offers amnesty to protestors
but warns against the presence of
“saboteurs” in the country. He accused the
“foreign conspiracies,” “vandals,” and
“radical and blasphemous individuals.”8
10 July 2011: Government announces
“National Dialogue” to reach a political
solution. But the opposition leaders rejected
the talks as they believed that the
government continued it violent crackdown
on the protestors.
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31 July 2011: According to activist groups
around 136 people are killed in Hama, Dier
ez-Zor, Harak and Abu Kamal. This marked
the new bloodiest day of the uprising, as of
this day.
8 August 2011: Saudi Arabia’s King
Abdullah condemned Assad’s action and
called his regime a “killing machine.” At the
same time, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and
Bahrain recalled their ambassadors from
Syria.
18 August 2011: International pressure
mounts up on Assad as the Leaders in US,
France, Britain and Germany called for
Assad to resign. Similar statements were
followed by the government of Canada and
Switzerland. Switzerland also recalled its
ambassador.
23 August 2011: Syrian advocates in Turkey
announced the formation of the Syrian
National Council. The major intention of
this group was to unite all opposition groups
together and be the premier voice against
Assad. Though, as time passed, it
experienced internal disagreement and high
profile resignations.
2 September 2011: European Union
exercises a ban on imports of Syrian oil.
This move was taken to starve the regime of
its major source of income. Pending this
event, Europe has been Syria’s largest oil
importer client.
21 September 2011: Turkey’s Prime
Minister, Recap Tayyip Erdogan, cuts off all
ties with Syria. Before the uprising, Erdogan
and Assad were close friends, and their
countries enjoyed close trade relations.
Turkey also became the strongest opponent
of the Assad’s regime and materially started
supporting the fight against the government.
4 October 2011: US and Europe pushed for
heavier sanctions on Syria. Though, China
and Russia blocked this move by the use of
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their veto power .This splits the global world
powers into two groups.
12 November 2011: The Arab League
suspends Syria’s membership. This was
perceived as a harsh diplomatic punishment
as the regime was now isolated from its
neighbors. Syria felt betrayed by their Arab
allies.
27 November 2011: Arab League declared
sanctions on Syria. These included cutting
off all transaction with Syria’s Central Bank,
travel ban on Syrian executives, and freezing
assets of people related to Assad and its
regime.
7 December 2011: In ABC News’ interview,
Assad proclaims that he does not have any
regrets or remorse over the current situation
in Syria. In his words, he is trying to
“protect the Syrian people.” 9
13 December 2011: According to UN, more
than 5,000 people were killed in Syria’s
conflict as of this date. At this moment, any
form of demonstration was met with severe
force from the regime.
22 December 2011: Arab League’s
observers arrived in Syria. Since this was the
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first time this organization ever undertook
this expedition, the inexperience was visible.
The report compiled did not meet the
expectations as it lacked the concrete details
of the situation in Syria, much to the dismay
of everyone.
24 December 2011: Financial worries finally
catch up, as Syria’s oil production fell by
30-35% as a result of international
sanctions.10
6 January 2012: General Mustafa Ahmad al-
Sheikh defects to join the Free Syrian Army.
According to his knowledge, almost 20,000
soldiers, mainly Sunni Muslims, have
desolated the Syrian Army.
15 January 2012: Security forces raid the
Aleppo University’s campus during a
student protest.
4 February 2012: Russia and China vetoed a
UN Security Council resolution but backed
an Arab League peace plan. According to
analysts, the regime used this veto as a cover
to increase their violence and fear in Homs
and later in Idlib.11
12 February 2012: The leader of Al Qaeda,
Ayman al-Zawahiri, sides himself against
Assad and sides with the protesters. Assad
uses this reason as an argument that the
revolution is led by terrorists.12
16 February 2012: A non-binding resolution
is passed by UN General Assembly asking
for the resignation of Bashar Assad.13
23 February 2012: Former UN Secretary
General Kofi Annan is appointed as the Joint
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Special Envoy to seek diplomatic solution to
the crisis in Syria.14
15 march 2012: Demonstrations marked one
year anniversary of the Syrian uprising.
Protestors faced crackdown.15
Meanwhile,
Assad’s supporters rallied in Damascus and
the Druze city of Sweida to show their
allegiance.16
17
One man carries a poster that
vows eternal allegiance to Assad.
12 April 2012: Ceasefire takes place due to
the efforts of Kofi Annan but later it turned
out that both the government and the
opposition forces violated their sides of
agreement.18
25 May 2012: Massacres in Al Houla results
in 108 dead bodies, out of whom 49 were
children. This stirs up global attention and
ruthless condemnation of the Assad
regime.19
28 May 2012: In Damascus, as an act of
civil disobedience, shopkeepers close their
shops in a protest strike. The exceptional act
shows that alliance between the business and
government has weakened. On Facebook,
the protest was tagged with the slogan,
“Open your heart and close your shop.”20
12 June 2012: UN’s Herve Ladosous calls
the uprising in Syria a full scale civil war
and said that the government has lost control
of “large chunks” of cities.21
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16 June 2012: UN explains that the situation
has become dangerous for observers to
continue their work as they are directly
targeted in attacks. With this, it suspends its
mission.
18 June 2012: News reports claimed that
Russia sent two warships to Syria to protect
its base in Tartous. The motive behind this
was to assist in the base amid increasing
violence in Syria and to help in the possible
evacuation of the Russian citizens in Syria.22
6 July 2012: Brigadier General Manaf Tlass,
regarded as a “golden boy” of the Assad’s
regime, defects.23
11 July 2012: Syria’s Ambassador to Iraq,
Nawaf al- Fares, the most senior diplomat,
defects.24
13 July 2012: Officials move stockpile of
some of its chemical weapons out of storage.
US officials are worried that they might use
them “in an act of desperation.” 25
19 July 2012: Russia and China vetoed a UN
Security Council resolution but backed an
Arab League peace plan. This would have
otherwise, imposed further economic
sanctions on Syria.26
24 July 2012: Syria’s ambassador to Cyrpus,
Lamia al-Hariri, and her husband, Abdelatif
al-Dabbagh, Syria’s ambassador to UAE
defects. Ambassador to Belarus follows in
their footsteps.27
August 2012: A video shows rebels
performing a public execution of four
Assad’s loyalists in Aleppo.28
The Human
Rights Watch condemns the execution and
has charged both the sides with human right
violations.
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2 August 2012: Kofi Annan resigns from his
position of UN-Arab League Joint Special
Envoy to Syria. He blames a lack of unity
and will of world powers to solve the
crisis.29
6 August 2012: Syrian Prime Minister Riyad
Hijab defects and joins the revolution. He
blamed the Assad’s regime of “genocide”
and “barbarian brutal killing against
unarmed people.”30
17 August 2012: Lakhdar Brahimi, a veteran
Algerian diplomat, is appointed as the new
UN-Arab League Joint Special Envoy to
Syria.31
16 September 2012: Iran proves that it is
Syria’s closest ally in the Arab world by
confirming to the world that its
Revolutionary Guards are helping Assad’s
regime.32
33
19 October 2012: Syrian conflict starts to
spill cross border in Turkey, Israel, Iraq,
Jordan, and Lebanon.34
35
11 November 2012: Syrian opposition unites
in Doha and elected cleric Ahmed al-Khatib,
as head of Syria’s new opposition
coalition.36
30 November 2012: Given the internet
blackout in Syria, Google and Twitter
reactivated their voice to tweet program.
This permits an individual with a phone
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connection to send a tweet by speaking into
their phone. This system was developed and
used during the protests in Egypt when their
country faced a similar problem.37
3 December 2012: US President, Barack
Obama, warns the Syrian government
against using chemical weapons.38
39
4 December 2012: NATO requests Turkey
to deploy Patriot missiles to its southern
border with Syria.40
Hours later, Russians
delivered Iskandar missiles to Syria at the
port of Tartus.41
22 December 2012: Russian military experts
told the Syrian officials to move its stock of
chemical weapons from “many locations” to
“one or two” locations.42
1 January 2013: According to Lakhdar
Brahimi, toll of people killed could reach up
to 100,000.43
2 January 2013: UN’s data suggest that the
death toll could be more than 60,000.44
12 February 2013: Death toll increases to
70,000- up almost 10,000 from the start of
the year.45
6 March 2013: Rebels kidnapped 21 Filipino
United Nations Disengagement Observer
Force Zone (UNDOF) peacekeepers
between the borders of Syria and Israel. A
video on YouTube of a group called “The
Martyr of Yarmouk” claimed responsibility
for the kidnapping. In return for their
release, they demanded that the Syrian
forces withdraw from the area. Later, it
emerged that the story was bogus. One of
the peacekeeper said in English:
"We, the UN personnel here, are
safe, and the Free Syrian Army
are treating us good. We cannot go
home because the government of
(President Bashar) Assad do not stop
the bombing. To our family, we hope
to see you soon and we are OK
here."
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The 21 peacekeepers told The Associated
Press via Skype that all of them “are fine
and in good health.” 46
47
48
49
50
9 March 2013: The UN peacekeepers were
released to the Jordanian authorities, and all
of them were unharmed.51
Human Rights Violations:
Human Rights violation occurs when actions
by individuals, governments or a group of
people negatively affects the life of the
people in an area or country. These acts are
defined as unlawful and not in accordance
with the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights that was ratified on 10 December
1948 in Paris, France.52
Even after more than six decades of its
inception human rights violations still exist
throughout the globe. Keeping our attention
on the conditions in Syria, we shall examine
that the countless articles in the Universal
Declaration Human Rights have been
outright violated.
Article 3: Everyone has the right to
life, liberty and security of person.53
Article 5: No one shall be subjected
to torture or to cruel, inhuman or
degrading treatment or punishment.54
And several other articles which talks about
equal protection (Art. 7), arbitrary arrest
(Art. 8), innocent until proven guilty (Art.
11.1) and countless others which have been
breached. 55
According to the Amnesty International,
these numerous Human rights violations
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have been vastly committed by the Syrian
government,56
but Navi Pillay, the UN High
Commissioner for Human Rights, has
mentioned in her report that both sides have
committed war crimes.57
58
According to
UN, both sides are guilty of brutal killings
and targeted attacks, unrelenting bombing,
destruction of infrastructure, harassment,
torture and ill treatment, kidnapping, hostage
taking, and the use of children as human
shields and in dangerous non-violent roles.59
60
61
62
63 After analyzing these documented
reports, most of these horrendous acts are
committed by the Syrian army in order to
complete their military operations and
orders. 64
65
Investigation by the UN has led
to them to this conclusion that the army is
following a shoot-to-kill order from their
superiors.
In spring 2012, Amnesty International
documented the inhumane actions of the
Syrian Military. In addition to the crimes
mentioned in the UN report, they observed
attacks on hospitals and its personnel, and
fatal tortures that ranged from “broken
bones, missing teeth, deep scars and open
wounds from electric shocks, and from
severe beatings and lashings with electric
cables to other implements” whose victims
were mainly young boys and men.66
Human Rights Watch has pointed its fingers
at the government of Syria and its army for
using civilians, especially children, as
human shields in confrontations to protect
themselves. The UN has included the Syrian
government in its annual “list of shame” as
worst offenders.67
The UN Human Rights
Council has also passed a resolution
condemning the violating acts of the
government.68
Though, one can also raise an important
counter argument to all these accusations as
not all the reports have been completely
accurate. For instance, Zainab al-Hosni, who
was supposedly beheaded by the Syrian
army but she later turned out to be alive.69
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Casualties:
Weekly deaths as a result of the Syrian civil war, based on data from the Syrian National
Council70
The death toll reveals all the casualties since
the start of the uprising in March 2011. It
includes civilians, protesters, dissidents, and
pro-government soldiers. The most recent
UN report put the death count at 70,000.71
72
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Many Syrian Observer groups count armed
rebels as “civilians,” an accurate number of
civilians killed has been difficult to confirm.
The number of children and women killed
are recorded separately from overall
civilians. Pro-government deaths include
those of armed forces, police, and officials.73
Martyr count by Death Method74 (The Undocumented are mostly
gunshot wounds)
Seventy thousand and counting! How did we
reach this number? It’s essential that we ask
questions about this reported number of
deaths. Sharmine Narwani, in her article
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“What the Syrian death tolls really tells
us?”75
takes a different route to these
reported numbers. An important question to
ask while examining the number 70,000 is;
what is the importance of having this kind of
statistic? Will this high figure bring a
peaceful solution swiftly? Or might this
contribute to escalate the situation further by
causing division and raising fingers?
Closely examining our modern history, one
can argue that death tolls during modern
wars are regularly manipulated, inflated or
downplayed to cater to the needs of the
highly politicized parties. For example,
Libya’s new government recently published
a press statement denouncing that the
number of causalities had been exaggerated
during the 2011 Libyan civil war; causing
NATO’s humanitarian intervention.76
Several prominent figures have questioned
this number of 70,000. Rami Abdulraham of
the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights
(SOHR), labels UN’s effort as “political”
and the result “propaganda”77
Will this number, 70,000+, be used by the
foreign nations as a mean to intervene in
Syria?
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Refugees:
The UN’s March 2013 estimate puts the
number of Syrian refugees to one million,
who have fled to bordering countries in
order to seek refugee from the conflict.
Around 2.5 million Syrians have already lost
or fled their homes and hence became
internally displaced, due to lack of food and
water, and fear of death. The UN High
Commissioner for Refugees has reported
that the number of people seeking refuge has
drastically increased in the year 2013.78
79
As of March 2013, the UNHCR estimates
3,000 people are crossing Syria’s border per
day to seek refuge in neighboring countries.
According to UNHCR, 78% of refugees are
women and children.80
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Inside Syria’s Torture Centers:81 82
Scores of prisoners undergo torture and ill
treatment, including beatings, being strung
up by their wrists, electrocution, burnings,
mock executions and sexual abuse. There
are many cases of rape and assault reported
and over a dozen reporting of torture on
children.
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Refugees disguised as militants:83
According to official statements from the
Turkish Democratic Party (DP), around
10,000 Taliban militants are using refugee’s
camps in Turkey as a cover, to gain access
to the common border between Syria and
Turkey.
Namik Kemal Zeybek, said that these
militants were using the refugee camp as
their base. At night, these radicals leave the
camps and attack Syrian targets, and in the
morning return to the base.
Turkey’s border is allegedly used to transfer
foreign militants and weaponry into Syria.
“In July, Turkish lawmaker Refik Er-Yilmaz
said that many CIA and Mossad agents were
in Hatay, and that the spies carry various
types of identification.”84
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Past UN Actions:
United Nations Supervision Mission in Syria
(UNSMIS)
On 25 March 2012, Kofi Annan, the then
Joint Special Envoy of the United Nations
and League of Arab States to Syria,
proposed a six-point plan that was accepted
by Syria and endorsed by this Security
Council. The six points asks the Syrian
authorities to:85
1. Syrian-led political process to address
the aspirations and concerns of the
Syrian people
2. UN-supervised cessation of armed
violence in all its forms by all parties to
protect civilians
3. All parties to ensure provision of
humanitarian assistance to all areas
affected by the fighting, and implement a
daily two-hour humanitarian pause
4. Authorities to intensify the pace and
scale of release of arbitrarily detained
persons
5. Authorities to ensure freedom of
movement throughout the country for
journalists
6. Authorities to respect freedom of
association and the right to demonstrate
peacefully
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Suggestion for Further Research:
Kindly keep in mind that this study guide is
intended to serve only as a comprehensive
overview of the crisis in Syria, and by no
means are its content extensive. I have
outlined major events and happenings which
you should you use as a base for further
research. Since, this is highly current topic; I
would recommend you read reliable news
weekly, in order to stay updated of any new
happenings.
For additional reading I would suggest the
following links.
1. Syria: A Regional Crisis (January
2013 Report): http://bit.ly/XxxKlT
2. Stories of tortures in pictures:
http://bit.ly/KXHTWe
Points the Resolution should
address:
1. Should Bashar al-Assad be
recommended to the International
Criminal Court?86
87
2. Is armed intervention a feasible and
effective approach?
3. How will the Security Council
continue to engage foreign ministries
of Syria’s neighboring countries,
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which have become embroiled in the
violence?
4. How can the Security Council clearly
and confidently mark out the central
perpetrators in the ongoing violence?
5. How does the Security Council plan
to coordinate with other UN agencies
to address this issue, and what other
resources does it intend to employ?
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ENDNOTES
1 http://www.un.org/en/sc/
2 http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/11/11/248851.html
3 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NSuEHY4L9hk&feature=player_embedded
4https://docs.google.com/a/sabanciuniv.edu/viewer?url=http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/re
ports/syria0611webwcover.pdf&chrome=true
5http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pNvRoP9qXeI&bpctr=1351149661&oref=http%3A%2F%2
Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DpNvRoP9qXeI%26bpctr%3D1351149661&has_verifie
d=1&bpctr=1364683500&bpctr=1364683504&bpctr=1364683510&bpctr=1364683514&bpctr=
1364683518
6 http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=xNDVziFI_Vc
7 http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jun/14/arab-league-condemnation-syria-violence
8 http://www.al-bab.com/arab/docs/syria/bashar_assad_speech_110620.htm
9 http://abcnews.go.com/International/bashar-al-assad-interview-defiant-syrian-president-
denies/story?id=15098612#.UIjjTsXAcs9
10 http://backinbeirut.blogspot.com/2012/05/sanctions-take-their-toll-on-syrias-oil.html
11 http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/story/2012-02-03/un-syria-resolution/52951158/1
12 http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/09/13/us-alqaeda-zawahri-idUSBRE88C0KT20120913
13 http://en.rian.ru/world/20120803/174958929.html
14 http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2012/sgsm14124.doc.htm
15 http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/03/15/us-syria-idUSBRE8280G820120315
16 http://www.demotix.com/news/1109509/syrian-protesters-mark-one-year-anniversary-
uprising-london#media-1109640
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17http://mideast.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/03/15/syria_marks_one_year_anniversary_of_rev
olt_with_continued_violence
18 http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2012-04-11/world/35451408_1_cease-fire-plan-homs-
opposition-group
19 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-18233934
20 http://mediaoriente.com/2012/06/01/join-the-strike-a-message-to-merchants-and-shop-
keepers-in-syria/
21 http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/06/12/us-syria-idUSBRE85B0DZ20120612
22 http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/world_now/2012/06/russia-reportedly-sending-2-warships-
with-marines-to-syria.html
23 http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/07/world/middleeast/opponents-of-syrias-president-gather-
in-paris.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0
24 http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/jul/11/syria-ambassador-iraq-defected-opposition
25 http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702303644004577523251596963194.html
26 https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2012/sc10714.doc.htm
27 http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/middle-east-live/2012/jul/25/syria-assad-strikes-back-
aleppo-live
28 http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=ey-0H7Y3v_I
29 http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=42609#.UVeeshf-GSo
30 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-19146380
31 http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=42702#.UVefuRf-GSo
32 http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/sep/16/iran-middleeast
33 http://www.democraticunderground.com/1014233270
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34 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/11/20121112193038751565.html
35 http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/oct/04/turkey-syria-threat-security-live
36 http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/11/11/248851.html
37 http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-12-01/google-and-twitter-intervene-in-syrian-
blackout/4402420?WT.svl=news2
38 http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-202_162-57556771/obama-warns-assad-against-using-
chemical-weapons-there-will-be-consequences/
39 http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/04/world/middleeast/nato-prepares-missile-defenses-for-
turkey.html?_r=0
40 http://edition.cnn.com/2012/12/04/world/meast/syria-civil-war/index.html
41 http://www.westernjournalism.com/russia-arms-syria-with-powerful-ballistic-
missiles/?utm_source=twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitter
42 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/12/201212221532021654.html
43 http://edition.cnn.com/2013/01/01/world/meast/syria-civil-war/index.html
44 http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=43866#.UVenMBf-GSo
45 http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/02/12/us-syria-crisis-un-idUSBRE91B19C20130212
46 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/03/201337155418183229.html
47 http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/video/2013/mar/07/syria-philippines-peacekeeper-
kidnapping-
video?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+co%2FwCIn+(
World+news+and+comment+from+the+Guardian+%7C+guardian.co.uk)
48 http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/world-news/syrian-rebels-hold-un-peacekeepers-
29114166.html
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49http://www.thestar.com/news/world/2013/03/06/20_peacekeepers_monitoring_israelsyria_ceas
efire_detained_by_about_armed_fighters_un_reports.html
50 http://edition.cnn.com/2013/03/07/world/meast/syria-peacekeepers-
detained/index.html?hpt=hp_t3
51 http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/10/world/middleeast/syria-rebels-say-un-peacekeepers-
have-been-released-to-jordan.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0
52 http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/
53 http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/index.shtml#a1
54 http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/index.shtml#a5
55 http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/
56 http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/MDE24/041/2012/en/30416985-883b-4e67-b386-
0df14a79f694/mde240412012en.pdf
57 http://bigstory.ap.org/article/syrian-rebels-push-offensive-major-airport
58 http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/syria-rebels-may-have-committed-war-crimes-says-
un/129466/
59 http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/countries/SY/Syria_Report_2011-08-17.pdf
60http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/17session/A.HRC.17.CRP.1_Englishonly
61http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/SpecialSession/CISyria/PeriodicUpda
teCISyria.pdf
62 http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/SY/A.HRC.S-17.2.Add.1_en.pdf
63 http://www.rescue.org/sites/default/files/resource-file/IRCReportMidEast20130114.pdf
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64http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/17session/A.HRC.17.CRP.1_Englishonly
65http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/SpecialSession/CISyria/PeriodicUpda
teCISyria.pdf
66 http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/MDE24/041/2012/en/30416985-883b-4e67-b386-
0df14a79f694/mde240412012en.pdf
67 http://blogs.aljazeera.com/topic/syria/un-report-accuses-syrian-troops-torturing-and-executing-
children-and-using-children
68 http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=42409
69 http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/oct/05/syria-attack-media-beheaded-girl
70http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Weekly_deaths_over_the_course_of_the
_Syrian_civil_war.PNG
71 http://www.crowdvoice.org/protests-in-syria
72 http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/02/12/us-syria-crisis-un-idUSBRE91B19C20130212
73 http://www.crowdvoice.org/protests-in-syria
74 http://syrianshuhada.com/default.asp?lang=en&a=st&st=9
75 http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2013/feb/15/syrian-death-tolls-tell-us
76 http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/jan/08/libyan-revolution-casualties-lower-expected-
government
77 http://mideastshuffle.com/
78 http://www.crowdvoice.org/protests-in-syria
79 http://edition.cnn.com/2013/03/06/world/meast/syria-civil-war/?hpt=hp_t3
80 http://www.crowdvoice.org/protests-in-syria
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81 http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2168079/Inside-Syrias-27-torture-centres-We-suck-
blood-floor.html
82 http://www.crowdvoice.org/protests-in-syria
83 http://en.shiapost.com/2012/12/19/taliban-militants-use-turkey-to-infiltrate-into-syria-turkish-
lawmaker/
84 http://www.presstv.ir/detail/2012/12/19/278923/taliban-members-enter-syria-via-turkey/
85http://middleeast.about.com/gi/o.htm?zi=1/XJ&zTi=1&sdn=middleeast&cdn=newsissues&tm=
96&f=20&tt=2&bt=8&bts=8&zu=http%3A//www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2012/sc10583.doc.ht
m
86 http://roomwithalegalview.wordpress.com/2013/01/19/can-bashar-al-assad-be-tried-by-the-
international-criminal-court/
87 http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2013/jan/16/syria-international-criminal-court-
justified-gamble