Un-aristocratic society Un-aristocratic society

Emerging middle classEmerging middle classDominant element: English laborersDominant element: English laborers¾ of immigrants to Chesapeake:¾ of immigrants to Chesapeake: Indentured ServantsIndentured Servants

Temporary servitudeTemporary servitude fixed term (4-5 years)fixed term (4-5 years) in return for passage,in return for passage, food and shelterfood and shelterCompletion of service, males: clothing, tools,Completion of service, males: clothing, tools, occasionally landoccasionally landActually: most nothing at allActually: most nothing at all

Indentured ServantsIndentured Servants

New England life span New England life span

Males: 71 yearsMales: 71 yearsFemales: 70 yearsFemales: 70 yearsCool climate and relatively Cool climate and relatively disease-free environment and disease-free environment and absence of large populationabsence of large population centerscenters

Chesapeake life span Chesapeake life span

Males: 40 yearsMales: 40 yearsFemales: slightly lessFemales: slightly less1 in 4 children died in infancy 1 in 4 children died in infancy Half died before 20Half died before 20Only 1/3 of all marriages lastedOnly 1/3 of all marriages lasted more than 10 yearsmore than 10 yearsDisease (malaria)Disease (malaria)Salt-contaminated water Salt-contaminated water

Galen and the 4 humorsGalen and the 4 humors BloodBlood (heart—sanguine (heart—sanguine or or cheerful) cheerful)

PhlegmPhlegm (mucus from brain— (mucus from brain—sluggish)sluggish)Black bileBlack bile (spleen—melancholy) (spleen—melancholy)

Yellow bileYellow bile (liver—angry (liver—angry or choleric)or choleric)

The General Condition of Women in the The General Condition of Women in the Chesapeake Region Chesapeake Region

Life was good, Life was good, ‘cause I could fall ‘cause I could fall in love with a fish.in love with a fish.

Chattle: propertyChattle: propertyAll colonies originally hadAll colonies originally had slaves slaves

Iron Act of 1750 Iron Act of 1750

Obstacle 1: no commonly accepted medium Obstacle 1: no commonly accepted medium of exchangeof exchange

No specie & experimental currencyNo specie & experimental currency

Merchant ClassMerchant ClassBoston, Boston, NY,NY,Philadelphia Philadelphia

Yearly town meetings Yearly town meetings

Salem Witchcraft Trials Salem Witchcraft Trials

Root cause: tensions over gender rolesRoot cause: tensions over gender rolesAccused women: Accused women:

Middle-agedMiddle-agedOften widowedOften widowedFew or no childrenFew or no childrenLow social positionLow social positionDomestic conflictsDomestic conflictsAccused of other crimesAccused of other crimesAbrasive to neighbors Abrasive to neighbors

Little tolerance for independent womenLittle tolerance for independent women

Church of EnglandChurch of England

PuritansPuritans

Dutch CalvinistsDutch Calvinists

Jonathan Jonathan Edwards Edwards

John John WesleyWesley

Charles Charles WesleyWesley

George George WhitefieldWhitefield

Benjamin Franklin: most Benjamin Franklin: most celebrated amateur scientist incelebrated amateur scientist in AmericaAmerica

Cotton MatherCotton Mather

Innoculation: deliberately infectInnoculation: deliberately infectPeople with mild cases of People with mild cases of smallpox to immunize them smallpox to immunize them

Whipping postWhipping postStocksStocks Ducking stoolDucking stool

After the Glorious RevolutionAfter the Glorious Revolution

Eight total royal coloniesEight total royal coloniesParliament strengthened mercantilist programParliament strengthened mercantilist program New Navigation ActsNew Navigation Acts

Restricted colonial manufacturersRestricted colonial manufacturersProhibited currencyProhibited currencyRegulated tradeRegulated trade

Changes to British Government in the 50 yearsChanges to British Government in the 50 yearsafter the Glorious Revolutionafter the Glorious Revolution

Parliament: growing supremacy over the kingParliament: growing supremacy over the kingPrime Minister and Cabinet: real executives Prime Minister and Cabinet: real executives Depended heavily on landholders and Depended heavily on landholders and merchants merchants

From 1650 to 1763, many “appointed” officials From 1650 to 1763, many “appointed” officials Purchased their commissions for selves or Purchased their commissions for selves or relatives relatives

Then stayed in England, sending “proxy” Then stayed in England, sending “proxy” officials to represent them in the colonies officials to represent them in the colonies Proxies were poorly paid and resorted to Proxies were poorly paid and resorted to corrupt and extracurricular business dealingscorrupt and extracurricular business dealings

Spent much time “away” from jobs Spent much time “away” from jobs

Meanwhile . . . Meanwhile . . .

Colonies needed governing—laws, police, Colonies needed governing—laws, police, transportation networks, public services transportation networks, public services

Following English political tradition, colonial Following English political tradition, colonial legislatures, in place in all of the colonies, legislatures, in place in all of the colonies, began going around the governors and other began going around the governors and other officials and “taking charge.” officials and “taking charge.”

Popular with the people—enjoyed the idea of Popular with the people—enjoyed the idea of self-governance, but still considered them-self-governance, but still considered them-selves loyal subjects of the King selves loyal subjects of the King

But, governance limited to individual colonies But, governance limited to individual colonies

In fact, due to differences in economics, political In fact, due to differences in economics, political differences, social differences (Southern differences, social differences (Southern aristocracy versus egalitarian New England, for aristocracy versus egalitarian New England, for example), other differences, example), other differences, significant distrust significant distrust and dislikeand dislike of colonies and colonial assemblies of colonies and colonial assemblies for other colonies for other colonies

Absolutely no thought of uniting into one Absolutely no thought of uniting into one comprehensive group of colonies. Rather all comprehensive group of colonies. Rather all saw themselves as separate entities saw themselves as separate entities

Originally, the colonies did not want Originally, the colonies did not want to be unitedto be united

Different colonies:Different colonies: different reasons for different reasons for colonizing.colonizing.

Virginia: Virginia: economic economic Plymouth/Mass. Bay:Plymouth/Mass. Bay:religious freedomreligious freedomGeorgia: Georgia: a refuge for debtorsa refuge for debtors

The colonies also had different economic The colonies also had different economic activities as well as geographic aspects activities as well as geographic aspects

Examples: Examples: New England-- New England-- mountainous, rocky soil, mountainous, rocky soil, fishing, lumber, crafts fishing, lumber, crafts

The South— The South— warm, moist warm, moist climate; mostly climate; mostly agricultural economy with agricultural economy with crops that grew well in that crops that grew well in that climate; slave-based economyclimate; slave-based economy

From beginning, all colonies had From beginning, all colonies had a governor a governor

Mercantilism—colonies Mercantilism—colonies as a means to national as a means to national wealth wealth

Eventually, all colonies Eventually, all colonies converted to royal converted to royal colonies, with governors colonies, with governors appointed by king/appointed by king/ parliament parliament

One reason for early attempts at unification: security from Native Americans

1643: New England Confederation New England colonies agreed to work together to defend against Native American attacks or attacks by Dutch settlers in what is today New YorkFew powers and little cooperation because of disagreements; ended 1684

1754: Meeting of representatives of 7 1754: Meeting of representatives of 7 British colonies and leaders of the British colonies and leaders of the Iroquois Nation in Albany, New York to Iroquois Nation in Albany, New York to plan defense against possible attacks plan defense against possible attacks from French and Native American allies from French and Native American allies At the meeting, Benjamin Franklin At the meeting, Benjamin Franklin proposed the proposed the Albany Plan of Albany Plan of UnionUnion, that would include a , that would include a council of colony representativescouncil of colony representativesthat could levy taxes and raise that could levy taxes and raise an army as well as regulate an army as well as regulate trade with Native Americanstrade with Native AmericansRejected by colonial governmentsRejected by colonial governments

CartierCartierFrs Marquette &Frs Marquette & JoilletJoillet

Champlain (Quebec)Champlain (Quebec)

CavelierCavelierLa SalleLa Salle

Key elements of French ExpansionKey elements of French Expansion

Louis XIV’s search for national unity Louis XIV’s search for national unity and increased world powerand increased world powerFur trade—deeper into wildernessFur trade—deeper into wildernessMissionary zeal (Jesuits) Missionary zeal (Jesuits) Mississippi River Valley bottom lands drewMississippi River Valley bottom lands drew French farmers discouraged by Canada’s French farmers discouraged by Canada’s short growing seasonshort growing season

Differences between British and French Differences between British and French with regard to relations with Native Americanswith regard to relations with Native Americans

Native Americans: protect independenceNative Americans: protect independenceBritish: better & more plentiful goodsBritish: better & more plentiful goodsFrench: tolerance—adjusted behavior to NA French: tolerance—adjusted behavior to NA patterns patterns

Fort DuquesneFort Duquesne

Phase 1: 1754-1756Phase 1: 1754-1756Local (North Amer.)Local (North Amer.)French upper handFrench upper handFort NecessityFort NecessityFort DuquesneFort Duquesne

Phase 2: 1756-1758Phase 2: 1756-1758

Hostilities in Europe but mainly an AmericanHostilities in Europe but mainly an American fightfight1757: Pitt brought war in America more under1757: Pitt brought war in America more under British controlBritish control

Impressed enlistmentImpressed enlistmentSeizure of supplies without compensationSeizure of supplies without compensationCompelled colonists to provide shelterCompelled colonists to provide shelter

to British troopsto British troops

Phase 3: 1758-1760Phase 3: 1758-1760

British reimbursed colonists for suppliesBritish reimbursed colonists for suppliesReturned control over military recruitment toReturned control over military recruitment to colonial assembliescolonial assembliesLarge numbers of British “regulars” sent to Large numbers of British “regulars” sent to AmericaAmericaFrench suffered from series of poor harvests;French suffered from series of poor harvests; could not sustain early successescould not sustain early successesKey British victories; main one: Quebec Key British victories; main one: Quebec

Effects of French and Indian War on BritishEffects of French and Indian War on British Empire and American Colonies Empire and American Colonies

Doubled size of British EmpireDoubled size of British EmpireGreatly enlarged national debt Greatly enlarged national debt Resentment toward Americans by British leadersResentment toward Americans by British leadersForced colonies for first time to act in concert Forced colonies for first time to act in concert against a common foeagainst a common foeSeemed to confirm illegitimacy of English Seemed to confirm illegitimacy of English interference in colonial affairs interference in colonial affairs Colonials resented British regularsColonials resented British regulars

Americans angered British Americans angered British

Contemptuous of colonists due to ineptitudeContemptuous of colonists due to ineptitude during warduring warSaid Americans had made few financial Said Americans had made few financial contributionscontributionsBitter that some merchants sold food and other Bitter that some merchants sold food and other goods to Frenchgoods to FrenchPersuaded many English leaders that a major Persuaded many English leaders that a major reorganization of the empire was necessaryreorganization of the empire was necessary London increased authority over colonies London increased authority over colonies

Different viewpoint about colonies Different viewpoint about colonies

Land itself was of value to empireLand itself was of value to empirePopulation it could supportPopulation it could supportTaxes it could produceTaxes it could produceImperial splendor it would conferImperial splendor it would confer

Franklin Pitt Franklin Pitt

Unfortunate qualities of King George IIIUnfortunate qualities of King George III

Determined to be active and Determined to be active and responsible monarchresponsible monarchRemoved Whig coalitionRemoved Whig coalitionReplaced with new coalition Replaced with new coalition through patronage and bribesthrough patronage and bribesGained uneasy control of Gained uneasy control of ParliamentParliamentSerious intellectual and psychological Serious intellectual and psychological limitationslimitations

Bouts of insanityBouts of insanityImmature and insecure Immature and insecure

BackgroundBackgroundProclamation of 1763 angeredProclamation of 1763 angered colonists against the Kingcolonists against the King

French and Indian War caused a financialFrench and Indian War caused a financial crisis in Great Britaincrisis in Great Britain

Britain stationed 10,000 troops inBritain stationed 10,000 troops in America. Protection of colonists orAmerica. Protection of colonists or threat to the colonials if they wantedthreat to the colonials if they wanted liberty? liberty?

New king (1760), George III, New king (1760), George III, chose chose George GrenvilleGeorge Grenville, a financial , a financial expert, expert, to serve as to serve as Prime MinisterPrime Minister (1763)(1763)

George GrenvilleGeorge Grenville

Mutiny Act of 1765Mutiny Act of 1765 Colonists required to assist in Colonists required to assist in provisioning and maintaining provisioning and maintaining the the Army (quartering)Army (quartering) Ships of the British navy assignedShips of the British navy assigned to patrol American waters and to patrol American waters and search for smugglerssearch for smugglers Customs Service enlargedCustoms Service enlarged No more proxies for colonial No more proxies for colonial postsposts

Reduced duties on foreignReduced duties on foreign molasses while taxingmolasses while taxing things not taxed before. things not taxed before. Smugglers could be tried in Smugglers could be tried in single-judge court.single-judge court.

George GrenvilleGeorge Grenville1.1. American customs serviceAmerican customs service (collected duties or taxes on(collected duties or taxes on imports) imports) losing moneylosing money. .

2. Felt colonists smuggling goods without2. Felt colonists smuggling goods without paying duties.paying duties.3.3. Result: Parliament passed the Result: Parliament passed the SugarSugar

Act Act inin 1764. 1764.

Colonial merchants—complainedColonial merchants—complained that the Sugar Act reduced theirthat the Sugar Act reduced their profits and violated their rights.profits and violated their rights.

Merchants angry because were being Merchants angry because were being taxed by a body where they had notaxed by a body where they had no duly elected representativesduly elected representatives..

King’s loyal subjects; upset with ParliamentKing’s loyal subjects; upset with Parliament

George GrenvilleGeorge Grenville

Currency Act of 1764Currency Act of 1764 Required colonial assemblies to Required colonial assemblies to stop issuing paper moneystop issuing paper moneyStamp Act of 1765Stamp Act of 1765 Imposed a tax on most printedImposed a tax on most printed documents in the colonies documents in the colonies

““Indeed, there was something in the GrenvilleIndeed, there was something in the Grenville program to antagonize virtually everyone.”program to antagonize virtually everyone.”

Northern merchants: restraints on Northern merchants: restraints on commerce commerce and increased burden of taxes would hurt and increased burden of taxes would hurt themthemSettlers: resented closing the WestSettlers: resented closing the WestSouthern planters: feared additional taxes Southern planters: feared additional taxes and and losing ability to pay debts to English losing ability to pay debts to English merchantsmerchantsProfessionals: shared concerns of Professionals: shared concerns of merchantsmerchants and plantersand plantersSmall farmers: suffer from increased taxes Small farmers: suffer from increased taxes and and abolition of currencyabolition of currency

Boston: Sons of LibertyBoston: Sons of Liberty

Active and vocalActive and vocalprotestsprotests——spread to otherspread to othercoloniescolonies

Throughout the colonies,Throughout the colonies, thethe British began to British began to challenge challenge thethe basis of colonial power—the basis of colonial power—the colonial assemblies colonial assemblies (or legislatures)(or legislatures)

Shocked by depression of 1760sShocked by depression of 1760s

More TaxesMore Taxes

Stamp Act of March 1765Stamp Act of March 1765Required that stamps be Required that stamps be placed on many kinds of itemsplaced on many kinds of items

1765—Colonists united to defy the law.1765—Colonists united to defy the law.

Virginia Resolves Virginia Resolves Patrick Henry: Americans Patrick Henry: Americans possessed the same rights possessed the same rights as Englishmen—right to be as Englishmen—right to be taxed by own representatives taxed by own representatives

James Otis James Otis

Persuaded members of Mass. Colonial Persuaded members of Mass. Colonial Assembly to call an inter-colonial congress:Assembly to call an inter-colonial congress:The Stamp Act CongressThe Stamp Act Congress

More TaxesMore TaxesThe Townshend ActsThe Townshend Acts

Imposed duties on goods imported toImposed duties on goods imported to colonies from Great Britaincolonies from Great Britain

Charles Townshend—Charles Townshend—new Chancellor of new Chancellor of ExchequerExchequer

a ship owned by Boston a ship owned by Boston merchant John Hancock—merchant John Hancock—accused of accused of smugglingsmuggling

Unrest and Violence Unrest and Violence June 1768—British agentsJune 1768—British agents seized the seized the Liberty Liberty

Result: riots in BostonResult: riots in BostonResult: 4,000 RedcoatsResult: 4,000 Redcoats

One soldier forOne soldier for every 4 citizensevery 4 citizens

Lord Frederick North Lord Frederick North

Three-penny tax on teaThree-penny tax on tea

Taxation without Taxation without representationrepresentation

March 5, 1770: Boston MassacreMarch 5, 1770: Boston MassacreUnrest and ViolenceUnrest and Violence

Former slave Crispus AttucksFormer slave Crispus Attucks and 3 others slainand 3 others slain by British troops.by British troops.

Propaganda and an etchingPropaganda and an etching by Paul Revere incited peopleby Paul Revere incited peopleJury of colonists found British Jury of colonists found British soldiers guilty of manslaughtersoldiers guilty of manslaughter but punishment was tokenbut punishment was tokenCaptain Preston defended by John Adams Captain Preston defended by John Adams

Leading and most effective Leading and most effective radicalradicalCalled for a boycott of British Called for a boycott of British goods—including women goods—including women boycotting English cloth and tea.boycotting English cloth and tea.

Samuel AdamsSamuel Adams

British constitutionBritish constitutionUnwritten; general sense of how things Unwritten; general sense of how things donedoneDistributed power to 3 elements of Distributed power to 3 elements of society:society: monarchy, aristocracy, common peoplemonarchy, aristocracy, common peopleDesigned so no one unchecked powerDesigned so no one unchecked powerKing & ministers had corrupted the King & ministers had corrupted the constitutionconstitution

Concept of virtual representationConcept of virtual representation

Each Member of Parliament (MP) represented Each Member of Parliament (MP) represented the interests of the whole nation and the whole the interests of the whole nation and the whole empire, no matter where they came fromempire, no matter where they came fromThe many boroughs of England, the whole of The many boroughs of England, the whole of Ireland, and the colonies thousands of miles Ireland, and the colonies thousands of miles away were thus represented in Parliament,away were thus represented in Parliament, even though they elected no representatives ofeven though they elected no representatives of their own.their own.Americans: actual representation—the people Americans: actual representation—the people elect their own representativeselect their own representatives

Unrest and ViolenceUnrest and ViolenceBritish East India Company—British East India Company— tea monopoly harmed by the tea monopoly harmed by the colonial boycotts. colonial boycotts.

More than 8 million tonsMore than 8 million tons unsold in warehouses—unsold in warehouses— BEIC nearing bankruptcy.BEIC nearing bankruptcy.

Lord North: the Tea Act of 1773:Lord North: the Tea Act of 1773:BEIC duty free tea sales to coloniesBEIC duty free tea sales to coloniesColonial merchantsColonial merchants taken out of tea taken out of tea trade—trade—infuriatedinfuriated. .

Unrest and ViolenceUnrest and Violence

December 16, 1773:December 16, 1773:Boston Tea PartyBoston Tea Party

15,000 pounds of tea into Boston Harbor15,000 pounds of tea into Boston Harbor

Unrest and ViolenceUnrest and Violence

King George’s response:King George’s response:The Intolerable Acts of 1774The Intolerable Acts of 1774

1. Boston Harbor shut down.1. Boston Harbor shut down.2. Quartering Act2. Quartering Act

3. Military commander in3. Military commander in chief, General Thomas Gage,chief, General Thomas Gage, appointed governor of Massachusettsappointed governor of Massachusetts (reduced self-government)(reduced self-government)

4. Royal officers tried elsewhere 4. Royal officers tried elsewhere

Extended boundaries of QuebecExtended boundaries of QuebecGranted political rights Granted political rights to Roman Catholicsto Roman Catholics and recognized and recognized legality of Catholiclegality of Catholic Church in enlarged Church in enlarged provinceprovinceConcern: plot afoot to Concern: plot afoot to subject Americans to subject Americans to papal tyrannypapal tyranny

Quebec Act Quebec Act

The First Continental CongressThe First Continental Congress

September 1774, PhiladelphiaSeptember 1774, Philadelphia56 delegates (all colonies but Georgia) 56 delegates (all colonies but Georgia)

Rejected plan for colonial unionRejected plan for colonial unionStatement of grievancesStatement of grievancesSeries of resolutions:Series of resolutions: preparations for defensepreparations for defense against possible attackagainst possible attackNon-importation, Non-importation, non-exportation, non-consumptionnon-exportation, non-consumptionMeet spring of 1775Meet spring of 1775

After First Continental Congress,After First Continental Congress, colonial militias formed—colonial militias formed— minutemen. Stockpiled minutemen. Stockpiled arms and ammunition.arms and ammunition.

General Gage learned of stockpiling throughGeneral Gage learned of stockpiling through Loyalists. April 1775—marched on Loyalists. April 1775—marched on Concord, Mass. with 700 Redcoats.Concord, Mass. with 700 Redcoats.Warnings from Revere, Dawes and PrescottWarnings from Revere, Dawes and PrescottApril 19, 1775: 70 militia on LexingtonApril 19, 1775: 70 militia on Lexington Village Green--Village Green--

The The “shot heard “shot heard around thearound the world”—world”—8 minutemen killed; 9 8 minutemen killed; 9 wounded. wounded. One Redcoat injured.One Redcoat injured.

The Road to RevolutionThe Road to Revolution

British then continued on toBritish then continued on to Concord--Concord--found arsenal empty.found arsenal empty.

Heading back to Boston, 3,000-4,000Heading back to Boston, 3,000-4,000 minutemen fired on British from behindminutemen fired on British from behind stone walls and trees.stone walls and trees.

Numerous British casualties—the beginningNumerous British casualties—the beginning of the American Revolution. of the American Revolution.