ultrasound beam fromation 2009
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G.WayneMoore,B.Sc.,MA,FASE
UltrasoundBeamformationandImageReconstructionAAPM2009Conference
WhatwewillcoverWhatwewillcoverWhatwewillcoverWhatwewillcover
HistoricalPerspectiveofUltrasoundTechnology
UltrasoundandTissueWater
PartitionofUltrasonicImagingEvents
ImageQualityAdvances
UltrasoundSystemArchitectureChanges
BeamformationAnalysisandTestDevice
ModernApproachestoSolvingOldImagingProblems
NewerApproachestoImageReconstruction 2DMatrixArrays
TestFixtureand3DVolumetricImageReconstructionAnalysis
WhatsComingintheFutureforUltrasound
WeWeWeWereJustreJustreJustreJustBagsofWaterBagsofWaterBagsofWaterBagsofWater!!!!
Anarchetypalpersonhasabout40Lof
bodyfluid
25Lareinside75trillioncells
15Lareoutsidethecells(interstitialspaces)
5Linbloodvolume
2LofRBCs
3Lofplasma
UltrasoundandTissueWaterUltrasoundandTissueWaterUltrasoundandTissueWaterUltrasoundandTissueWater
1540m/sec1540m/sec1540m/sec1540m/sec6.56.56.56.5BBBBsec/cmsec/cmsec/cmsec/cm
Stillthelaw!Stillthelaw!Stillthelaw!Stillthelaw!
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PartitionofUltrasonicImagingEventsPartitionofUltrasonicImagingEventsPartitionofUltrasonicImagingEventsPartitionofUltrasonicImagingEvents
TissueTissueTissueTissue----
ultrasoundultrasoundultrasoundultrasound
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22
DopplerDopplerDopplerDopplerDopplerDopplerDopplerDoppler
ImageImageImageImageImageImageImageImage
ProcessingProcessingProcessingProcessingProcessingProcessingProcessingProcessing
GrayScaleGrayScaleGrayScaleGrayScaleGrayScaleGrayScaleGrayScaleGrayScale
ImageImageImageImageImageImageImageImage
ProcessingProcessingProcessingProcessingProcessingProcessingProcessingProcessing33
ThescanheadorThescanheadorThescanheadorThescanheador
TransducerTransducerTransducerTransducer
SpecializedSignalSpecializedSignalSpecializedSignalSpecializedSignal
ProcessingProcessingProcessingProcessing
44
Color/GrayscaleColor/GrayscaleColor/GrayscaleColor/Grayscale
displaydisplaydisplaydisplayMassStorage:MassStorage:MassStorage:MassStorage:
VCRVCRVCRVCR
CDCDCDCD
PACSPACSPACSPACS
LANLANLANLAN
55
TransmitsignaloutTransmitsignaloutTransmitsignaloutTransmitsignalout
EchosignalreturnEchosignalreturnEchosignalreturnEchosignalreturn
History of Modern Diagnostic Ultrasound
A-ModeM-ModeB-ScanMechanically Steered Real-timeLinear Array Real-timeZero-crossing DopplerSpectral Doppler (FFT)Phased Array Real-timeCW Doppler in Probe Bernoulli EquationColor Flow DopplerTriplex modes of OperationPseudo-ColorColor Angio & Power DopplerHarmonic Imaging & VariantsContrast Media ImagingSpatial Compounding3D Imaging Volumetric4D Imaging Steered Curved ArrayPhase Aberration Correction
t6Incomplexity
1979
1985 1997
2009
3DVolumetriccardiacimage
derivedfrom2DMatrixArray
with2,500elements
pseudoColordisplayidentifies
proximalanddistalechoes
Some3DClinicalAdvantagesSome3DClinicalAdvantagesSome3DClinicalAdvantagesSome3DClinicalAdvantages:
Nogeometricassumptions
Nomentalinterpolations
(cognitivereconstruction)
Providespre-surgicalperspective
Providespost-surgicalperspective
PyramidalvolumeofultrasonicdataPyramidalvolumeofultrasonicdataPyramidalvolumeofultrasonicdataPyramidalvolumeofultrasonicdata
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EvolutionofUltrasoundSystemArchitecture + =
Proprietary
Hardware
CentricDesign
ProprietarySoftwareCentricDesign
SpecializedFrontEnd
GeneralizedBackEnd
SinglePlatform
MicrosoftXPEmbedded
SoftwarePlatform
ChangeofSystemTechnologiesSince1990ChangeofSystemTechnologiesSince1990ChangeofSystemTechnologiesSince1990ChangeofSystemTechnologiesSince1990
ProprietaryHardwareCentric
HybridCentric
ProprietarySoftwareCentric
Software+GeneralizedBackendCentric
Shiftfromanalogtodigitalbeamformers
PA=PreamplifierPA=PreamplifierPA=PreamplifierPA=Preamplifier
ADC=AnalogtodigitalconverterADC=AnalogtodigitalconverterADC=AnalogtodigitalconverterADC=Analogtodigitalconverter
TGCApplication
PAPA
PAPA
PAPA
PAPA
PAPA
PAPA
PAPA
PAPA
PAPA
ADCADC
ADCADC
ADCADC
ADCADC
ADCADC
ADCADC
ADCADC
ADCADC
ADCADC
DynamicT
imeD
elays
128ElementTransducer
10bits36MHz10bits36MHz10bits36MHz10bits36MHz
1024Values1024Values1024Values1024Values
60dBDynamicRange60dBDynamicRange60dBDynamicRange60dBDynamicRange
ThedigitalbeamformerThedigitalbeamformerThedigitalbeamformerThedigitalbeamformer
functionhashistoricallyfunctionhashistoricallyfunctionhashistoricallyfunctionhashistorically
residedinthemainconsoleresidedinthemainconsoleresidedinthemainconsoleresidedinthemainconsole
oftheultrasoundsystemoftheultrasoundsystemoftheultrasoundsystemoftheultrasoundsystem
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Digitalbeamforming2009Digitalbeamforming2009Digitalbeamforming2009Digitalbeamforming2009
Higher element counts were once
restricted by the need to have a
single wire in the probe cable for each
element in the array. Multiplexing the
elements allowed for transducers with
higher element counts and a lower
number of transmit channels in the
beamformer. Current 2D matrix
arrays with element counts of 2,500
necessitated a different approach to
beamforming, and where the
beamforming, or at least parts of it
would take place.
Sub-beamforming
performed in the
probe
100 Channels feeding
& receiving2,500 elements
Would be normally whata standardfront endwould expect to see
High speed serial interface that provides control signals for the sub-beamformere.g., defining delays for each unique element
x (f)x(f)
Time sampling is digital, all else is analog
x
x(f)
BeamformationAnalysisBeamformationAnalysisBeamformationAnalysisBeamformationAnalysisTextTextTextText----fixtureandsetfixtureandsetfixtureandsetfixtureandset----upupupup
Commerciallyavailable
ultrasoundprobeand
systemtestingdevice
usingasinglecrystalto
bothreceivesignalsfrom
theprobeandtransmit
signalsintothesystem
viatheprobe.
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+
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ComparatorTransducer
Amplifier
Red LEDGreenLED
Threshold Level
Threshold timer
10 mSec
ON OFF
Power On Timer
200 mSec
Target Generator
3-5 cm 10 MHz
5-7 cm 5 MHz
7-9 cm 2.5 MHz
Target Transmitter
TestDevice BlockDiagram
26sec = 2cm 26sec = 2cm 26sec = 2cm
1 0M Hz 3 -5c m 5M Hz 5- 7c m 2. 5MH z 7- 9cm
FundamentalImaging
samplerategapsin
phasedarraysector
display
2nd HarmonicImaging
HarmonicImage
FundamentalImage
Anexampleofexpanding
aperturefocusingusedto
maintainspatialresolution
throughoutdepthoffield
Active aperture changes asa function of depth
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Oldimagingproblems,newimagingapproachesOldimagingproblems,newimagingapproachesOldimagingproblems,newimagingapproachesOldimagingproblems,newimagingapproaches
1540m/sec1540m/sec1540m/sec1540m/sec
6.56.56.56.5BBBBsec/cmsec/cmsec/cmsec/cmStillthelaw!Stillthelaw!Stillthelaw!Stillthelaw!
Transducer
Shadow
Scanning Field
ShadowingObject
ShadowinginPropagationEventsShadowinginPropagationEventsShadowinginPropagationEventsShadowinginPropagationEvents
Objectsthatareveryreflectiveor
veryattenuatingremove
ultrasoundfromtheimagearea
behindthemassproducing
shadows.Theseeventsmarkaspecificinteractionbetween
ultrasoundandtissues,anda
propertyoftheshadowing
tissues.
Transducer
Scanning Field
RefractiveShadow
RefractiveSurface
UltrasoundRefractionattheEdgeofaCircularObjectUltrasoundRefractionattheEdgeofaCircularObjectUltrasoundRefractionattheEdgeofaCircularObjectUltrasoundRefractionattheEdgeofaCircularObject
Circularorcysticstructurescanproducerefractionattheedgeof
thestructure,bendingthebeamintotheobject,producing
shadowsextendingfromtheedge
oftheobject.Thishappenswithachangeinpropagationvelocity,
butdoesnothappenifthereare
novelocitychanges.
Probe
Breast
Lesion
NormalScanLines
SonoCT
ScanLinesSpatialCompoundingSpatialCompoundingSpatialCompoundingSpatialCompounding
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SpatialSpatialSpatialSpatial
CompoundingCompoundingCompoundingCompounding
UsingMultipleUsingMultipleUsingMultipleUsingMultiple
AperturesandAperturesandAperturesandAperturesand
AnglesAnglesAnglesAngles
LimitedFieldsofViewLimitedFieldsofViewLimitedFieldsofViewLimitedFieldsofView
Withastructureidentifyingalgorithm,thesystemlocatesandpositionsmajorstructures,calculatingthe
structurelocationinthecontinuousslicingscanofthe
transducer.Thistechniqueisequivalenttocompound
B-scanningwithoutascanningarm.
SliceMotion
SieScapeSieScapeSieScapeSieScape bySiemensbySiemensbySiemensbySiemens
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ComplexBeamformingin4DSystemsComplexBeamformingin4DSystemsComplexBeamformingin4DSystemsComplexBeamformingin4DSystems
60 Degree Angle
20 Degree Angle TextTextTextText----fixtureandsetfixtureandsetfixtureandsetfixtureandset----upfor4DImageFormationAnalysisupfor4DImageFormationAnalysisupfor4DImageFormationAnalysisupfor4DImageFormationAnalysis
UsingaPhilipsiE33UltrasoundSystemandX7UsingaPhilipsiE33UltrasoundSystemandX7UsingaPhilipsiE33UltrasoundSystemandX7UsingaPhilipsiE33UltrasoundSystemandX7----2tprobe2tprobe2tprobe2tprobe
Inordertocreatereal-time 4Dultrasoundimages
(i.e.,threespatialdimensionsplusmotion),volume
datasetsmustbeacquired,processedand
displayedataratehigherthanthecapacityofthe
humaneyetoretainavisualimpression
2D Matrix Array 2,500 elements
Frame rate paces random access to the array
BenchSetBenchSetBenchSetBenchSet----upupupup
Nickel(PVDF)Nickel(PVDF)Nickel(PVDF)Nickel(PVDF)
TektronixScopeTektronixScopeTektronixScopeTektronixScope
RFPowerAmplifierRFPowerAmplifierRFPowerAmplifierRFPowerAmplifier
Probe/NickelFixtureProbe/NickelFixtureProbe/NickelFixtureProbe/NickelFixture
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TEE/NickelInterfaceTEE/NickelInterfaceTEE/NickelInterfaceTEE/NickelInterface
Position/PressurePosition/PressurePosition/PressurePosition/Pressure
ControlMechanismControlMechanismControlMechanismControlMechanism
1 2 33
2
2
2
3
3
X7-2t
5x5elementsub-aperture
PhilipsX7-2tprobe
2500elements
100channels
ArrayCarrierArrayCarrierArrayCarrierArrayCarrier
TipCollarTipCollarTipCollarTipCollar
TransducerTransducerTransducerTransducer
ArrayArrayArrayArray
CoaxtoCoaxtoCoaxtoCoaxto
FlexCircuitFlexCircuitFlexCircuitFlexCircuitInterfaceInterfaceInterfaceInterface
PottedPassivePottedPassivePottedPassivePottedPassiveComponentsComponentsComponentsComponents
InsidetheX7InsidetheX7InsidetheX7InsidetheX7----2t2t2t2t
FlextoArrayFlextoArrayFlextoArrayFlextoArray
InterfaceInterfaceInterfaceInterface FlexCircuitFlexCircuitFlexCircuitFlexCircuit
BackingBackingBackingBackingMaterialMaterialMaterialMaterial
GoldFoilGoldFoilGoldFoilGoldFoil
I/OconnectionforI/OconnectionforI/OconnectionforI/Oconnectionfor
IntegratedCircuitIntegratedCircuitIntegratedCircuitIntegratedCircuit
NonNonNonNon----insulatedinsulatedinsulatedinsulatedBBBBmmmm
thickbondingwires*thickbondingwires*thickbondingwires*thickbondingwires*
InsidetheX7InsidetheX7InsidetheX7InsidetheX7----2t2t2t2t CCD
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SystemInterfaceSystemInterfaceSystemInterfaceSystemInterface
BatterypoweredBatterypoweredBatterypoweredBatterypoweredDiffPreDiffPreDiffPreDiffPre----amplifieramplifieramplifieramplifier
goodhighfreqgoodhighfreqgoodhighfreqgoodhighfreqdetectionandCMRR*detectionandCMRR*detectionandCMRR*detectionandCMRR*
Detecting xmit, generatestarget, gets amplified by
the RF amp* common mode rejection ratio
InputsignalfromNickel4Bsecburst@5MHz
Noise feed throughfrom RF amp
Acoustic signal onlyReceive out of ultrasound system
Noise + Acoustic
Nickeltransmitpulsematcheseveryother
systemtransmitcreatingonelinegapsin
sectordisplayshownabove
NickelpulseNickelpulseNickelpulseNickelpulse
UltrasoundsystempulseUltrasoundsystempulseUltrasoundsystempulseUltrasoundsystempulse
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3DimageNickeltransmitpulsedisplayed
3Dimagerotated
Nickeltransmit
pulsedisplayedacrossallslices
sector switching
Mixedmode(ColorFlowDopplerandImaging)Reducedframerateapproximatelymatchesevery
Nickelpulsetherebyfillingin eachsectorline
NiSys NiSysSignalInFront
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SignalInMiddle SignalInBack
SoWhatisComingNext?SoWhatisComingNext?SoWhatisComingNext?SoWhatisComingNext? Majorinnovationinultrasoundwillwillwillwill slow,but
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(1) 2DMatrixArrayswillbedevelopedforbroaderclinicalapplication
(2) Designandoptimizationofcapacitivemicro-machinedultrasonic
transducers siliconsubstratesmaynotbetheavenue
(3) Extendedsub-beamformer+CMUTs
ultrasoundstillmustremaincompetitivewithotherultrasoundstillmustremaincompetitivewithotherultrasoundstillmustremaincompetitivewithotherultrasoundstillmustremaincompetitivewithother
advancedimagingmodalitiessuchasMR,soadvancedimagingmodalitiessuchasMR,soadvancedimagingmodalitiessuchasMR,soadvancedimagingmodalitiessuchasMR,soStandard Imaging
System Connector
Standard Ultrasound Cable
1. Wrist-MountedConnector
2. Flat Flex Cable
3. Small-profile,finger-mounted array
Forexample,extensionsofultrasoundForexample,extensionsofultrasoundForexample,extensionsofultrasoundForexample,extensionsofultrasoundapplicationsbasedonclinicalneedapplicationsbasedonclinicalneedapplicationsbasedonclinicalneedapplicationsbasedonclinicalneedandandandand
costeffectivenesscosteffectivenesscosteffectivenesscosteffectiveness
Nobility of Soul Never Kept a Business in the BlackNobility of Soul Never Kept a Business in the BlackNobility of Soul Never Kept a Business in the BlackNobility of Soul Never Kept a Business in the BlackNobility of Soul Never Kept a Business in the BlackNobility of Soul Never Kept a Business in the BlackNobility of Soul Never Kept a Business in the BlackNobility of Soul Never Kept a Business in the Black
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