ultrasonic formula

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^j|xmrfc`b Afxk~jm

=+ Jfci`|~l`cmj Ymqn Qnjfb`|5

Ydnxn5

QJ ; Jfci`|~l`cmj Ymqn Qnjfb |̀

N ; Kfl~j~r fa Njmr|`b`|

; Lncr`|

; _f`rrfc)r Xm|`f

8+ Rdnmx Ymqn Qnjfb`|5

Ydnxn5

Qr ; Rdnmx Ymqn Qnjfb`|

N ; Kfl~j~r fa Njmr|`b`|

; Lncr`|

; _f`rrfc)r Xm|`f

I ; Rdnmx Kfl~j~r

2+ Ymqn Jnci|d5

Ydnxn5

; Ymqnjnci|d

Q ; Qnjfb`|

A ; Axn}~ncb



<+ Xnaxmb|`fc $Rcnjj)r Jmy5

Ydnxn5

; Mcijn fa |dn @cb̀ lnc| Ymqn

X ; Mcijn fa |dn Xnajnb|nl Ymqn

Q= ; Qnjfb |̀ fa @cb`lnc| Ymqn

Q8 ; Qnjfb |̀ fa Xnajnb|nl Ymqn

KFXN @CAFXKM\@FC

^j|xmrfc`b @crpnb|`fc + Rcnjj)r Jmy

Rcnjj)r Jmy `r ~rnl xni~jmxj ydnc pnxafxk`ci mcijn

hnmk ̀ crpnb|`fcr# Rcnjj)r Jmy lnrbx`hnr |dnxnjm|`fcrd`p hn|ynnc |dn `cb`lnc| mcl xnaxmb|nl mcijnr

fa m ymqn mr `| kfqnr axfk fcn km|nx`mj `c|f mcf|dnx

km|nx̀ mj yd`bd dmr m l`aanxnc| ymqn qnjfb |̀#Xnaxmb|`fc |mgnr pjmbn m| |dn `c|nxambn l~n |f |dn

l`aanxnc| qnjfb`|`nr fa |dn mbf~r|`b ymqnr y`|d`c |dn

|yf km|nx`mjr# Rcnjj)r Jmy n}~m|nr |dn xm|`f fa km|nx`mjqnjfb`|`nr Q= mcl Q8 |f |dn xm|`f fa |dn r`cn)r fa

`cb`lnc| $ mcl xnaxmb|nl $ mcijnr#

Rcnjj)r Jmy `r ~r~mjj pxnrnc|nl `c |dn afxk fa fcn fa |dn afjjfy`ci n}~m|`fcr#

FX \dn a`xr| n}~m|`fc r|m|nr |dm| |dn xm|`f fa |dn r`cn fa |dn `cb`lnc| mcijn mcl |dn ymqn

qnjfb`| `c km|nx`mj = `r n}~mj |f |dn xm|`f fa |dn r`cn fa |dn xnaxmb|nl mcijn mcl |dn ymqnqnjfb |̀ `c km|nx`mj 8# \dn rnbfcl n}~m|̀ fc r|m|nr |dm| |dn xm|`fr fa |dn r`cn)r fa |dn |yf

mcijnr `r n}~mj |f |dn xm|̀ f fa |dn |yf qnjfb`|`nr# @| rdf~jl hn nq`lnc| |dm| |dn |yf

n}~m|`fcr mxn n}~`qmjnc|#



Ntmkpjn Bmjb~jm|`fcr

= Ydm| `r |dn `cb`lnc| mcijn |dm| y`jj pxfl~bn m 9? lnixnn xnaxmb|nl rdnmx ymqn `c

r|nnj ~r`ci m J~b`|n ynlin6

A`xr| nr|mhj`rd |dn qmj~nr#

=; |dn qmj~n |f hn ln|nxk`cnl 8; 9? lnixnnr

Q=; ?#=?1 `c&r $rf~cl qnjfb`| fa m jfci`|~l`cmj ymqn `c J~b`|n

Q8; ?#=84 `c&r $rf~cl qnjfb`| fa m rdnmx ymqn `c r|nnj

_j~i |dn gcfyc qmj~nr `c|f |dn n}~m|`fc#

hnbfknr

R`kpj`a h l`q`l`ci |dn x`id| r`ln fa |dn n}~m|`fc

Ln|nxk`cn |dn r`cn fa 9? lnixnnr y`|d m bmjb~jm|fx fx jffg~p |mhjn#

K~j|`pj hf|d r`lnr fa |dn n}~m|`fc h ?#0<? |f rfjqn afx R`c #

A`cmjj* |mgn |dn `cqnxrn r`cn fa ?#994 |f ln|nxk`cn |dn mcijn ydfrn r`cn n}~mj ?#994#

8 ; >=#= lnixnnr



8 @a |dn `cb`lnc| mcijn `r 8< lnixnnr ydnc rn||`ci ~p mc `kknxr`fc ̀ crpnb|`fc* ydm|

`r |dn xnaxmb|nl rdnmx ymqn mcijn `c mj~k`c~k6

A`xr| nr|mhj`rd |dn qmj~nr#

=; 8< lnixnnr

8; |dn qmj~n |f hn ln|nxk`cnl

Q=; ?#=<4 bk&r $rf~cl qnjfb`| fa m jfci`|~l`cmj ymqn `c ym|nx

Q8; ?#2=2 bk&r $rf~cl qnjfb`| fa m rdnmx ymqn `c mj~k`c~k

Ln|nxk`cn |dn r`cn fa 8< lnixnnr y`|d m bmjb~jm|fx fx jffg~p |mhjn#

R`c 8< ; ?#<?9_j~i `c |d`r qmj~n mcl bxfrr k~j|`pj mcl l`q`ln#

A`cmjj* |mgn |dn `cqnxrn r`cn fa ?#41= |f ln|nxk`cn |dn mcijn ydfrn r`cn n}~mj ?#41=#

>+ Mbf~r|`b @kpnlmcbn5

Ydnxn5

U ; Mbf~r|`b @kpnlmcbn

; Lncr`|

Q ; Qnjfb`|



1+ Xnajnb|`fc Bfnaa`b`nc|5

Ydnxn5

X ; Xnajnb|̀ fc Bfnaa`b`nc|

U= ; Mbf~r|̀ b @kpnlmcbn fa Knl`~k =

U8 ; Mbf~r|̀ b @kpnlmcbn fa Knl`~k 8

9+ Cnmx A`njl5

Ydnxn5

C ; Cnmx A`njl

L ; \xmcrl~bnx L`mkn|nx

; Ymqnjnci|d

Q ; Qnjfb`|

KFXN @CAFXKM\@FC

^j|xmrfc`b @crpnb|`fc + Cnmx A`njl Bmjb~jm|`fc +

Mr l`rb~rrnl fc |dn xml`m|nl a`njlr* cnmx |dn ~j|xmrfc`b |xmcrl~bnx |dnxn mxn rìcà`bmc|aj~b|~m|`fcr `c |dn rf~cl `c|ncr`| l~n |f bfcr|x~b|`qn mcl lnr|x~b|`qn `c|nxanxncbn fa |dn

k~j|`pjn ymqnr yd`bd fxì`cm|n axfk |dn |xmcrl~bnx ambn# Hnbm~rn fa mbf~r|`b qmx`m|`fcry`|d`c |d`r a`njl* bmjjnl |dn cnmx a`njl* `| bmc hn nt|xnknj làa`b~j| |f mbb~xm|nj nqmj~m|n

ajmyr `c km|nx`mjr ydnc |dn mxn pfr`|`fcnl y`|d`c |d`r mxnm#

Dfynqnx* m| rfkn pf`c| |dn pxnrr~xn ymqnr bfkh`cn |f afxk m xnjm|`qnj ~càfxk axfc|#

\dn mxnm ydnxn |dn ~j|xmrfc`b hnmk `r kfxn ~càfxk mcl rpxnmlr f~| `c m pm||nxc

fxì`cm|`ci axfk |dn bnc|nx fa |dn |xmcrl~bnx `r bmjjnl |dn amx a`njl# Gcfy`ci ydnxn |dn amx a`njl r|mx|r `r `kpfx|mc| r`cbn fp|`kmj ln|nb|`fc fbb~x ydnc ajmyr mxn jfbm|nl m| |dn r|mx|

fa amx a`njl r`cbn |d`r `r ydnxn |dn rf~cl ymqn `r ynjj hndmqnl mcl m| `|r kmt`k~k

r|xnci|d# \dn |xmcr`|`fc pf`c| hn|ynnc |dn cnmx a`njl mcl |dn amx a`njl $rfkn|`knr xnanxxnl|f mr |dn (cm|~xmj afb~r( fa mc ~cafb~rnl |xmcrl~bnx bmc hn bmjb~jm|nl à |dn axn}~ncbmcl l`mkn|nx fa |dn |xmcrl~bnx mcl |dn rpnnl fa rf~cl `c |dn km|nx`mj mxn gcfyc#



Ntmkpjn Bmjb~jm|`fc

Bmjb~jm|n |dn ncl fa |dn cnmx a`njl ydnc ~r`ci m 8#8> KDu* ?#29> `cbd l`mkn|nx

|xmcrl~bnx |f `crpnb| m bfkpfcnc| kmln fa hxmrr6 \dn rf~cl qnjfb`| `c hxmrr `r?#=14>t=?

1`cbd&rnbfcl

Cnmx A`njl Afxk~jm

Ydnxn5 C ; Cnmx A`njl Jnci|d fx \xmcr`|`fc axfk Cnmx A`njl |f Amx A`njlL ; L`mkn|nx fa |dn \xmcrl~bnx

A ; Axn}~ncb fa |dn \xmcrl~bnx

j ; Ymqnjnci|dQ ; Qnjfb`| fa Rf~cl `c |dn Km|nx`mj

R~hr|`|~|n |dn qmj~nr `c|f |dn afxk~jm#

Bfkpjn|n |dn r}~mxn mcl bmcbnj |nxkr ydnxn pfrr`hjn#

K~j|`pj#

L`q`ln#

\dn cnmx a`njl y`jj nt|ncl `c|f |dn km|nx`mj ?#<10 `cbdnr axfk |dn |xmcrl~bnx ambn# Y`|d`c|d`r cnmx a`njl mxnm* `| `r dmxl |f pxnl`b| |dn r`icmj mkpj`|~ln axfk m xnajnb|fx#



4+ Hnmk Rpxnml Dmja Mcijn5

Ydnxn5

; Ymqnjnci|d

L ; \xmcrl~bnx L`mkn|nx

Q ; Qnjfb`|

A ; Axn}~ncb

KFXN @CAFXKM\@FC

^j|xmrfc`b @crpnb|`fc + Hnmk Rpxnml

M xf~cl |xmcrl~bnxr pxfl~bnr m bj`clx`bmj

rf~cl a`njl `c axfc| fa |dn |xmcrl~bnx#

Dfynqnx* |dn ncnxi `c |dn hnmk lfnr cf|xnkm`c `c m bj`clnx* h~| `cr|nml rpxnml f~|

mr `| pxfpmim|nr |dxf~id |dn km|nx`mj# \dn

pdncfkncfc `r ~r~mjj xnanxxnl |f mr hnmkrpxnml#

Hnmk rpxnml afx m ajm| p`r|fc rf~xbn

|xmcrl~bnx `r m a~cb|`fc fa |dn |xmcrl~bnx

l`mkn|nx $L* |xmcrl~bnx axn}~ncb $A* mcl|dn rf~cl qnjfb`| $Q `c |dn j`}~`l fx rfj`l knl`~k |dxf~id yd`bd |dn rf~cl `r

|xmqnjj`ci# \dn n}~m|`fc hnjfy bmc hn ~rnl |f bmjb~jm|n |dn hnmk l`qnxincbn mcijn $=&8

hnmk rpxnml mcijn# \d`r mcijn xnpxnrnc|r m knmr~xn axfk |dn bnc|nx fa |dn mbf~r|`b mt`r|f |dn pf`c| ydnxn |dn rf~cl pxnrr~xn dmr lnbxnmrnl h fcn dmja $+1 lH |f |dn r`ln fa |dn

mbf~r|`b mt`r#

Ydnxn5 } ; Hnmk rpxnml mcijn axfk mbf~r|`b bnc|nxj̀ cn |f pf`c| ydnxn r`icmj `r m| dmja r|xnci|d#

Q ; Rf~cl qnjfb`| `c |dn km|nx`mj hn`ci nqmj~m|nl#

L ; L`mkn|nx fa |dn |xmcrl~bnx#

A ; Axn}~ncb fa |dn |xmcrl~bnx#



KFXN @CAFXKM\@FC

^j|xmrfc`b Afxk~jm + Rìcmj Mkpj`|~ln Im`c&JfrrNtpxnrrnl `c lH

\dn lH `r m jfimx`|dk`b ~c`| |dm| lnrbx`hnr m xm|`f fa |yf knmr~xnknc|r# \dn n}~m|`fc

~rnl |f lnrbx`hn |dn làanxncbn `c `c|ncr`| hn|ynnc |yf ~j|xmrfc`b fx f|dnx rf~clknmr~xnknc|r `r5

ydnxn5 L@ `r |dn làanxncbn `c rf~cl `c|ncr`| ntpxnrrnl `c lnb`hnjr $lH* _= mcl _8 mxn

|yf làanxnc| rf~cl pxnrr~xn mkpj`|~ln knmr~xnknc|r* mcl |dn jfi `r |f hmrn =?#Afx kfxn `cafxkm|`fc fc |dn lnb`hnj mcl `|r ~rn* |mgn |d`r j`cg #

Ntmkpjn Bmjb~jm|`fc =\yf rf~cl pxnrr~xn knmr~xnknc|r mxn kmln ~r`ci mc ~j|xmrfc`b |xmcrl~bnx# \dn f~|p~|

qfj|min axfk |dn |xmcrl~bnx `r 1?? kq afx |dn a`xr| knmr~xnknc| mcl =?? kq afx |dn

rnbfcl knmr~xnknc|# Bmjb~jm|n |dn làanxncbn `c |dn rf~cl `c|ncr`|* `c lH* hn|ynnc |dn|yf knmr~xnknc|r6

R~hr|`|~|n `c |dn qfj|min qmj~nr5

L`q`ln |f in| m lnb`kmj qmj~n afx |dn xm|`f5

\mgn |dn jfi fa ?#=1195

K~j|`pj5

\dn rf~cl `c|ncr`| bdmcinl h +=>#>1lH# @c f|dnx yfxlr* |dn rf~cl `c|ncr`| lnbxnmrnl h =>#>1 lH

Ntmkpjn Bmjb~jm|`fc 8

@a |dn `c|ncr`| hn|ynnc |yf ~j|xmrfc`b knmr~xnknc|r `cbxnmrnr h 1 lH* mcl |dn a`xr|knmr~xnknc| pxfl~bnr m |xmcrl~bnx f~|p~| qfj|min fa 2? kq* ydm| ymr |dn |xmcrl~bnx

f~|p~| qfj|min afx |dn rnbfcl knmr~xnknc|6



R~hr|`|~|n |dn gcfy `cafxkm|`fc `c |f |dn n}~m|`fc5

L`q`ln hf|d r`lnr fa |dn n}~m|`fc h 8?

R`kpjà5

Bjnmx |dn jfi5

R`kpjà5

Rfjqn afx _85

\dn qfj|min f~|p~| afx _8 `r 1?kq# Cf|`bn |dm| m 1lH `cbxnmrn `c rf~cl `c|ncr`| lf~hjnl

|dn qfj|min f~|p~|#

Ntmkpjn Bmjb~jm|`fc 2

Bfcr`lnx |dn rf~cl pxnrr~xn làanxncbn hn|ynnc |dn |dxnrdfjl fa d~kmc dnmx`ci* ? lH*mcl |dn jnqnj fa rf~cl fa|nc pxfl~bn m| m xfbg bfcbnx|* =8? lH# $Cf|n5 pxfjfcinl rf~cl

jnqnjr mhfqn 4> lH mxn bfcr`lnxnl dmxka~j* yd`jn jnqnjr mhfqn =8? lH mxn ~crman#

ydnxn5 _=`r |dn rf~cl pxnrr~xn fa |dn xnanxncbn jnqnj* mcl _8 `r |dn rf~cl pxnrr~xn

ntpnx`ncbnl m| |dn xfbg bfcbnx|#

L`q`ln hf|d r`lnr h 8?5

Bjnmx |dn jfi5



Rf |dn rf~cl pxnrr~xn m| m xfbg bfcbnx| `r =?1

fx fcn k`jj`fc |`knr ixnm|nx |dmc |dm| fa |dn

|dxnrdfjl fa d~kmc dnmx`ci#

Mcijn Hnmk @crpnb|`fc Bmjb~jm|`fcr

Ydnc pnxafxk`ci mc mcijn hnmk `crpnb|`fc* `| `r `kpfx|mc| |f gcfy ydnxn |dn rf~cl hnmk `r ncbf~c|nx`ci mc `c|nxambn mcl xnajnb|`ci# \dn xnajnb|`fc pf`c|r mxn rfkn|`knr

xnanxxnl |f mr cflnr# \dn jfbm|`fc fa |dn cflnr bmc hn fh|m`cnl h ~r`ci |dn |x`ifcfkn|x`b

a~cb|`fcr fx h ~r`ci |dn |x`i+hmrnl afxk~jmr yd`bd mxn i`qnc hnjfy#

Cflnr + r~xambn pf`c|r ydnxn rf~cl ymqnr xnajnb|# Rg`p L`r|mcbn + r~xambn l`r|mcbn fa |yf r~bbnrr`qn cflnr#

Jni = $J= + rf~cl pm|d `c km|nx`mj |f =r|

cfln# Jni 8 $J8 + rf~cl pm|d `c km|nx`mj axfk =

r||f 8

clcfln#

X + xnaxmb|nl rf~cl ymqn mcijn#

Rg`p L`r|mcbn Afxk~jmr



R~xambn L`r|mcbn Afxk~jmr

Jni = mcl Jni 8 Afxk~jmr

Ajmy Lnp|d $=r| Jni

Ajmy Lnp|d $8cl Jni

ultrasonic formula

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