ukhpt proposal for continuation of generic high power target studies rob edgecock (huddersfield...
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UKHPT
Proposal for continuation of generic high power target studies
Rob Edgecock (Huddersfield & STFC)
on behalf of the UK High Power Target Group (UKHPT)
UKHPT Outline
Introduction
Reminder: motivation for the proposal
UKHPT
WPs:- Summary- What we think is to be funded
Costs
Conclusions
UKHPT Introduction
Our charge: propose generic high power target programme
Used this as an opportunity: combine 4 separate target groups
Group Main recent activities
HPTG Technology Department T2K, Super-beams, muon production, powder targets
Huddersfield Group ADSR, ESS, muon production
ISIS Group TS1, TS2
UKNF Target Group Neutrino Factory, thermal neutrons
Unique in the world
Broad range of skills and experience
Apply to find solutions for important HP targets
UKHPT High Power Target Issues
Modelling of beam energy deposition
Modelling of secondary particle production
Modelling of target material response using FEA codes
Target cooling or replacement
Activation and radiation damage everywhere
Thermal shock, fatigue
Target lifetime
Particle capture, moderation and delivery
Beam windows
Target station design, inc. shielding, RH, licensing, etc
Diagnostics in high radiation environments
Demanding environmental and safety requirements
UKHPT High Power Targets
WP1: Generic tools for high power target development and operation
WP2: ISIS upgrades
WP3: Thorium energy amplifiers (ADSR)
WP4: Neutrino Factory solid target
WP5: Low energy thermal neutron production
WP6: Conventional neutrino and super-beams
WP7: Muon to electron conversion experiments
WP8: Generic fluidised powder target research
UKHPT High Power Targets
WP1: Generic tools for high power target development and operation
WP2: ISIS upgrades
WP3: Thorium energy amplifiers (ADSR)
WP4: Neutrino Factory solid target
WP5: Low energy thermal neutron production
WP6: Conventional neutrino and super-beams
WP7: Muon to electron conversion experiments
WP8: Generic fluidised powder target research
UKHPT High Power Targets
WP1: Generic tools for high power target development and operation
WP2: ISIS upgrades
WP3: Thorium energy amplifiers (ADSR)
WP4: Neutrino Factory solid target
WP5: Low energy thermal neutron production
WP6: Conventional neutrino and super-beams
WP7: Muon to electron conversion experiments
WP8: Generic fluidised powder target research
UKHPT High Power Targets
WP1: Generic tools for high power target development and operation
WP2: ISIS upgrades
WP3: Thorium energy amplifiers (ADSR)
WP4: Neutrino Factory solid target
WP5: Low energy thermal neutron production
WP6: Conventional neutrino and super-beams
WP7: Muon to electron conversion experiments
WP8: Generic fluidised powder target research
Note: Many of the HP target problems are common (generic).Broad range of skills are required to solve them. This proposal makes them available for each target.Not possible with individual proposals.
UKHPT High Power Targets
WP1: Generic tools for high power target development and operation
WP2: ISIS upgrades
WP3: Thorium energy amplifiers (ADSR)
WP4: Neutrino Factory solid target
WP5: Low energy thermal neutron production
WP6: Conventional neutrino and super-beams
WP7: Muon to electron conversion experiments
WP8: Generic fluidised powder target research
UKHPT High Power Targets
WP1: Generic tools for high power target development and operation
WP2: ISIS upgrades
WP3: Thorium energy amplifiers (ADSR)
WP5: Low energy thermal neutron production
WP8: Generic fluidised powder target research
Moly99 only
Start early
Delayed
UKHPT WP1: Generic Tools for High Power Targets
Efficient, reliable and safe operation of high power targets requires:- thorough understanding of the target material operational
limits - good real-time condition monitoring of the target
Even more important for future higher power targets!
Recent experience shows benefits of solid targets
Need to assess true limits of solids:- R&D- measurements from existing targets, e.g. TS1, TS2, T2K
Improved temperature measurement:- improved confidence in target condition monitoring- extended operating life for targets- reduced frequency of target replacement and disposal
Monitoring of target and target cladding erosion:- erosion issues with cladding in high velocity coolant environment- careful control of target containment vessel atmosphere
UKHPT WP1: Generic Tools for High Power Targets
Develop tools based on new technology
Better reliability and performance in extreme environments
In particular:- Temperature measurement- Target structural integrity eg cladding condition- Heat transfer integrity- Erosion/corrosion of target and cladding- Long term strain measurement
Maximum allowable temperature and thermal shock for solid targets
Evaluation of erosion/corrosion rates of targets and cladding materials
Aims:
UKHPT WP2: ISIS Upgrades
(1) 180 MeV linac: 0.5 MW(2) 3.3 GeV ring: >1 MW(3) 800 MeV linac: ~5 MW
Current focus: accelerators.
Target(s) need work as well.
Current idea: exploit developments elsewhere.
UKHPT WP2: ISIS Upgrades
UKHPT has much relevant expertise, e.g.- long term operation of tungsten target, inc. radiation damage- helium cooling- thermal shock- neutron production- moderation, etc
UKHPT WP2: ISIS Upgrades
Assess existing TS1 for operation at 0.5 MW and modifications required
Contribute to ESS target activities:- Need to start soon as ESS moving “Pre-construction” to “Construction”- Limited discussion so far- Possibility of external funding in the future?
Apply knowledge gained to ISIS
Conceptual design for:- 1 MW- 5 MW
Aims:
UKHPT WP3: Thorium Energy Amplifiers
Thorium as a nuclear fuel:- identified reserves would power the world for 10000 years- nuclear proliferation resistant (no Pu)- 0.6% of waste for storage cf Uranium- but..........sub-critical
Make neutrons via spallation- Higher safety margins
Accelerator requirements are tough:- >4 MW- 99.9% duty cycle due to thermal stress, power production
Significant interest world-wide
UKHPT WP3: Thorium Energy Amplifiers
Aker Solutions (bought by Jacobs Engineering Group) ADTR
Searching for partners – academic & industry, mainly UK
In discussion with us re target and beam window
UKHPT WP3: Thorium Energy Amplifiers
Determine target and beam window requirements for ADTR
Study:- Potential target materials- Solid vs liquid- Thermal shock issues- Whether more than one target feasible- Integration of target(s) within reactor- Neutron delivery to fuel- Operation of target(s) within reactor
Produce conceptual target design
Design for a target beam window
Aims:
UKHPT WP5: Low Energy Thermal Neutron Production
Use compact, DC, possibly electrostatic, cheap accelerators to produce highflux of thermal neutrons commercially
- Li(p,n) looks attractive
- Possible applications:- BNCT- Moly99 production- Security
- Emphasis here on first two
- Check whether third improved
UKHPT WP5: Low Energy Thermal Neutron Production
Use compact, DC, possibly electrostatic, cheap accelerators to produce highflux of thermal neutrons commercially
- Li(p,n) looks attractive
- Possible applications:- BNCT- Moly99 production- Security
- Emphasis here on first two
- Check whether third improved
PoP underway
UKHPT WP5: Low Energy Thermal Neutron Production
Boron Neutron Capture Therapy
Very good for aggressive tumours, particularly infiltrating healthy tissue
Complementary to other therapies
Most studied: Glio-blastoma multiforme (GBM); kills 2000/year in UK
2 year survival:
Radiotherapy Radiotherapy + Temozolomide BNCT + Radiotherapy
10.4% 26.5% 45.7%
Current neutrons sources: test reactors
For accelerators:- 5-10 mA DC- ~ 3 MeV- solid target
Best currently: ~1 mA using Dynamitron (IBA) in Birmingham
UKHPT WP5: Low Energy Thermal Neutron Production
”Proof-of-principle” project funded by STFC
Implementation, testing and running for clinical trials
Commercialisation:- Siemens ONIAC- IBA Dynamitron
Modelling and tests: possible external funding
Implementation in Birmingham(?)
BNCT Aims:
UKHPT WP5: Low Energy Thermal Neutron Production
99Mo is used for 99mTc: used is 85% of medical tracer applications
Current source: 5 reactors, all >40 years old; two recently off
Possible to make via accelerators, but needs to be commercially viable
Low energy (low cost!) option studied here: - 50-100 mA at 5 MeV- flowing lithium target
Aims:- Determination of requirements- Modelling of neutron production, heat deposition and transfer- Neutron capture and delivery- Extraction of moly
Possible external funding: NHS for- Moly extraction test in Bham- Prototype
Moly Aims:
UKHPT WP8: Generic Fluidised Powder Target Research Generic flowing powder target research programme proposed for the highest power densities. Potential applications include a neutrino factory, muon collider, superbeam or spallation neutron source. Flowing powder targets are suggested to have the following potential attractions:
• Shock waves– Powdered material is intrinsically damage proof– No cavitation, splashing or jets as for liquids– High power densities can be absorbed without material damage– Shock waves constrained within material grains, c.f. sand bags used to absorb impact of bullets
• Heat transfer– High heat transfer both within bulk material and with pipe walls - so the bed can dissipate high
energy densities, high total power, and multiple beam pulses• Quasi-liquid
– Target material continually reformed– Can be pumped away, cooled externally & re-circulated– Material easily replenished
• Other– Can exclude moving parts from beam interaction area– Low eddy currents i.e. low interaction with NF solenoid field– Fluidised beds/jets are a mature technology– Most issues of concern can be tested off-line -> experimental programme
UKHPT WP8: Generic Fluidised Powder Target Research
Still images from video clips of tungsten power flowing from 1.2 m long x 2 cm diameter pipes
1
2
3
4
1. Suction / Lift2. Load Hopper3. Pressurise Hopper4. Powder Ejection and Observation
Open jet
Contained discontinuous dense phase
Contained continuous dense phase
UKHPT WP8: Generic Fluidised Powder Target Research This new technology has already overcome initial scepticism in the community. However to maintain momentum and, for example, to become the baseline technology for a NF/MC, will require the following programme to be pursued:
• Optimise gas lift system• Attempt to generate stable solid dense phase flow• Investigate low-flow limit • Carry out long term erosion tests and study mitigation• Implement CW operation• Develop diagnostics for monitoring and control• Study heat transfer between pipe wall and powder• Demonstrate magnetic fields/eddy currents are not a problem
– Use of high field solenoid?• Investigate active powder handling issues (cf mercury?)• Demonstrate interaction with pulsed proton beam does not cause a problem
– First experiment on HiRadMat facility at CERN planned for autumn– Future experiment planned using LDV to measure dynamic response of pipe wall. This
experiment would be carried out together with a packed bed sample. • Study low Z target material (e.g. graphite powder) for a 4 MW SuperBeam
UKHPT
Costs FY 12/13 FY 13/14 FY 14/15 FY 15/16 Totals/£k
WP1 University grants 0 0 0 0 0 STFC 187 217 224 232 860 Non staff 66 55 11 11 143 Sub total 253 272 235 243 1003WP2 University grants 17 17 27 27 88 STFC 121 142 147 152 562 Non staff 17 17 24 24 82 Sub total 155 176 198 203 732WP8 University grants 0 0 0 0 0 STFC 178 184 190 197 749 Non staff 41 54 49 83 227 Sub total 218 238 239 280 975WP3 University grants 31 31 58 58 178 STFC 52 65 67 70 254 Non staff 2 3 3 37 45 Sub total 84 98 128 165 475WP5 University grants 10 10 24 24 68 STFC 15 17 22 22 76 Non staff 1 1 1 57 60 Sub total 26 28 47 103 204TOTAL 736 812 847 994 3389
UKHPT Conclusions
Targets are increasingly becoming the limiting factor in future projects
High power targets present significant challenges
They tend to be neglected, particularly in UK
Target R&D and target station design require a broad range of skills
Somewhat different from other accelerator R&D
In this proposal, we are:-
bringing together 4 existing target groups with this broad range- thereby creating a unique group
- developing generic tools for target design and operation
- undertaking R&D on targets well beyond the state-of-the-art- creating collaborations with external groups from hospitals
to industry
- seeding external funding for further development