uk involvement in neutrino factory detector r&d uk neutrino factory meeting 3 may 2006 paul...

UK involvement in Neutrino Factory UK involvement in Neutrino Factory Detector R&DDetector R&D

UK involvement in Neutrino Factory UK involvement in Neutrino Factory Detector R&DDetector R&D

UK Neutrino Factory Meeting 3 May 2006Paul Soler

University of Glasgow

UK Neutrino Factory Meeting RAL, 3 May 2006

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ContentsContents

1. Beam2. Event rates3. Large Volume Water Cherenkov4. Magnetised Segmented Calorimeters5. Liquid Argon TPC7. Hybrid Emulsion Detectors8. Near Detector9. Conclusions


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1. Neutrino Factory Beams 1. Neutrino Factory Beams Neutrino beams from decay of muons:

Spectra at Production(e.g. for 50 GeV muons)

Number CC interactions

Polarisation dependence


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2. Event rates2. Event rates Number of events and size of beam in a far detector (700-7000 km):

Yearly CC rate/kton

Need very massive detectors!

215 g/cmper events)(100.4)( GeVEXNN 215 g/cmper events)(100.2)( GeVEXNN


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Suitable for low energy neutrino detection (~ 1 GeV) Excellent e separation

3. Water Cherenkov3. Water Cherenkov

Electron-like Muon-like

Difficult (or impossible?) to put a magnetic field around it, so not suitable for neutrino factory.

Suitable for beta-beams or super-beams UK has expertise (e.g. SNO) but unlikely to be built for a neutrino factory

UNO/Hyperkamiokande: ~1 Mton


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4. Magnetised Segmented 4. Magnetised Segmented CalorimetersCalorimeters

Golden channel signature: “wrong-sign” muons in magnetised calorimeter

In my view, this is the front-running technology for a far detector at a neutrino factory

Some issues: electron ID, segmentation, readout technology (RPC or scintillator?) – need R&D to resolve these

There exists expertise in the UK, natural progression from MINOS

8xMINOS (5.4 KT)8xMINOS (5.4 KT)

iron (4 cm) + scintillators (1cm)

beam

20 m

20 m

20 m

B=1 T

40KT40KT


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Magnetic Iron Detector

Optimised for small 13 Strong cut on muon momentum > 5 GeV/cProblems below muon momentum < 3 GeV/c (cannot see second maximum)Main background: production of charm


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Compromise between Large Magnetic Detector and Noa concepts?o Iron free regions: improve momentum and charge determination

Iron (4cm) + active Iron (4cm) + active (1cm) (1cm)

air + active (1cm)air + active (1cm)

hadron showerhadron shower muonmuon

1m

o Combining Noa and iron-free regions? Iron (2cm) + active Iron (2cm) + active

(4cm) (4cm) air + active (1cm)air + active (1cm)

hadron showerhadron showermuonmuon

Liquid scintillator

iron


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Simulation of a magnetised scintillating detector using Noa and Minera concepts with Geant4

3 cm

1.5 cm15 m

15 m

15

m

100 m

– 3333 Modules (X and Y plane)– Each plane contains 1000 slabs– Total: 6.7M channels

Three lepton momenta:– “Low”: 100 MeV/c – 500 MeV/c initial momentum

– “Medium”: 500 MeV/c – 2.5 GeV/c initial momentum

– “High”: 2.5 GeV/c – 12.5 GeV/c initial momentum

• 0.15 T magnetic field• 0.30 T magnetic field• 0.45 T magnetic field

Three fields studied:

Ellis, Bross


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Position resolution ~ 4.5 mm

RedRed: 0.15 T Magnetic FieldGreenGreen: 0.30 T Magnetic FieldBlueBlue: 0.45 T Magnetic Field

Muon reconstructed efficiency


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turns

10 solenoids next to each other. Horizontal field perpendicular to beamEach: 750 turns, 4500 amps, 0.2 Tesla. 42 MJoules . 5Meuros.Total: 420 MJoules (CMS: 2700 MJoules)Coil: Aluminium (Alain: LN2 cooled).

Problem: Periodic coil material every 15m: Increase length of solenoid along beam?

How thick?

Possible magnet schemes for TASD Camilleri, Bross


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5. Liquid Argon TPC5. Liquid Argon TPC Liquid argon detector is the ultimate detector for e and appearance

(“silver channel”). Simultaneous fit to all wrong and right sign distributions. ICARUS has constructed 600 t modules and observed images

Main issues: inclusion of a magnetic field, scalability to ~20-100 kT. There exists UK expertise in liquid Xe TPC for dark-matter. To

contribute, we would need to bring in dark matter community


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5. Liquid Argon TPC5. Liquid Argon TPC

LAr

Cathode (- HV)

E-f

ield

Extraction grid

Charge readout plane

UV & Cerenkov light readout PMTs

E≈ 1 kV/cm

E ≈ 3 kV/cm

Electronic racks

Field shaping electrodes

GAr

A tentative detector layoutVery ambitious!!

Single detector: charge

imaging, scintillation, possibly

Cerenkov light

Single detector: charge

imaging, scintillation, possibly

Cerenkov light

Magnetic field problem not solvedMax field 0.4 T


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6. Hybrid Emulsion Detectors6. Hybrid Emulsion Detectors

Plastic base

Pb

Emulsion layers

1 mm

Emulsion detector for appearance, a la OPERA

Issues: high rate, selected by choosing only “wrong sign” → events Assume a factor of two bigger than OPERA (~4 kt) No UK expertise in this technology


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Electronic det:e/ separator

&“Time stamp”

Rohacell® plateemulsion filmstainless steel plate

spectrometertarget shower absorber

Muon momentum resolution Muon charge misidentification


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Let us assume transverse dimension of a plane equal to 15.7x15.7 m2 (as in the case of Nova)

A brick contains 35 stainless steel plates 1 mm thick: it corresponds to about 2 X0

A brick weigh 3.5 kg The spectrometer part consists of 3 gaps (3 cm each) and 4 emulsion films A wall contains 19720 bricks weight 68 tons If I consider 60 walls 1183200 bricks 4.1 kton In terms of emulsion films the target is: 47,328,000 pieces (in OPERA we

have 12,000,000) If I consider as electronic detector 35 Nova planes (corresponding to 5.3

X0 ) after each MECC wall 2100 planes The total length of the detector is: about 150 m

Possible design hybrid emulsion-scintillator far Possible design hybrid emulsion-scintillator far detectordetector

Synergy emulsion-magnetic scintillation detectorSynergy emulsion-magnetic scintillation detectorDetector of Everything (DoE)?


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Near detectors should be able to measure flux and energy of and Calibration and flux control: High event rate:

e

8. Near detector(s)8. Near detector(s)

Measure charm in near detector to control systematics of far detector (main background in oscillation search is wrong sign muon from charm)

ee

E.g. at 25 GeV, number neutrino

interactions per year is:

20 x 106 in 100 g per cm2 area.

Other physics: neutrino cross-sections, PDF, electroweak measurements, ... Possible technology: fully instrumented silicon target in a magnetic detector.


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8. Near detector(s)8. Near detector(s)

Possible technology: fully instrumented silicon target in a magnetic detector. storage ring

shielding

the leptonic detector

the charm and DIS detector

Polarimeter

Cherenkov d


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8. Near detector(s)8. Near detector(s)A) Diagnostic devices along beamline: BCT to 10-3

Beam Cherenkov for divergence measurement Polarimeter devices

B) Near Detector R&D programme: Vertex detector options: hybrid pixels, monolithic pixels (ie. CCD,

Monolithic Active Pixels MAPS or DEPFET) or strips. Synergy with other fields such as Linear Collider Flavour Identification (LCFI) collaboration.

Tracking: gas TPC (is it fast enough?), scintillation tracker (same composition as far detector), drift chambers?, cathode strips?, liquid argon (if far detector is LAr), …

Particle identification: dE/dx, Cherenkov devices such as Babar DIRC?, Transition Radiation Tracker?

Calorimetry: lead glass, crystals?, sampling calorimeter Magnet: UA1/NOMAD/T2K magnet?, dipole or other geometry?

C) Physics: Collaboration with theorists to enhance physics case of near detector and to determine cross-sections, etc.


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ConclusionsConclusions There are many interesting neutrino detector technologies to

be considered

Many of these will be studied for the Scoping Study

In my view, the most promising include development of the magnetised calorimeter as a far detector (for the “wrong-sign muon” golden channel) and the development of the near detector and its physics programme (especially if neutrino factory based in UK!!!).

Both of these are at the centre of the physics from a neutrino factory (the numerator and the denominator!)

Other far detector technologies are either not mature enough, not relevant at a neutrino factory or there is no UK expertise in them.

A focused approach based on UK strengths

uk involvement in neutrino factory detector r&d uk neutrino factory meeting 3 may 2006 paul...

Documents

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