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Preamble

Introduction

UIA Accord on Recommended International Standards of Professionalism in Architectural Practice

Principles of Professionalism

Policy Issues PracticeofArchitecture Architect FundamentalRequirementsofanArchitect Education Accreditation/Validation/Recognition PracticalExperience/Training/Internship DemonstrationofProfessionalKnowledgeandAbility Registration/Licensing/Certification Procurement EthicsandConduct ContinuingProfessionalDevelopment ScopeofPractice FormofPractice PracticeinaHostNation IntellectualPropertyandCopyright RoleofProfessionalInstitutesofArchitects BuildingProjectDeliverySystems

Appendix A

Recommended Guidelines

Accreditation/Validation/Recognition PracticalExperience/Training/Internship DemonstrationofProfessionalKnowledgeandAbility Registration/Licensing/CertificationofthePracticeofArchitecture Procurement–QualificationBasedSelection EthicsandConduct ContinuingProfessionalDevelopment ScopeofPractice FormofPractice PracticeinaHostNation IntellectualPropertyandCopyright RoleofProfessionalBodies BuildingProjectDeliverySystems

Other Documents

Reference List

Contents

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Asprofessionals,architectshaveaprimarydutyofcaretothecommunitiestheyserve.Thisdutyprevailsovertheirpersonalinterestandtheinterestsoftheirclients.Inaworldwheretradeinprofessionalservicesisrapidlyincreasingandarchitectsareregularlyservingcommunitiesotherthantheirown,theInternationalUnionofArchitectsbelievesthatthereisaneedforInternationalStandardsofProfessionalisminArchitecturalPractice.ArchitectswhomeetthestandardsdefinedinthisAccordwill,byvirtueoftheireducation,competenceandethicalbehavior,becapableofprotectingthebestinterestsofthecommunitiestheyserve.

PREAmBLE

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TheUIACouncilestablishedtheProfessionalPracticeCommissionandapproveditsprogramin1994.Followingsome25monthsofintensiveactivitybytheCommissionduringthe1993-1996triennium,theUIAAssemblyunanimouslyadoptedthefirsteditionoftheProposedUIAAccordonRecommendedInternationalStandardsofProfessionalisminArchitecturalPracticeinBarcelona,SpaininJuly1996.BythisactionoftheUIAAssembly,theAccordwasestablishedaspolicyrecommendationstoguidetheongoingworkoftheUIAandtheUIAProfessionalPracticeCommission.ThefirsteditionoftheAccordwastransmittedtoallmembersectionsoftheUIAwiththerequestfortheircommentsandcooperationinthefurtherdevelopmentofthepolicyframeworkforpresentationtotheXXIUIAAssemblyinBeijing,China,in1999.The1997-1999ProfessionalPracticeprogramfocusedonrespondingtocommentsandrecommendationsreceivedfromCouncilmembers,UIAmembersections,andmembersoftheCommissionontheAccordanditspolicies.ThefirsteditionoftheAccordwasmodifiedinresponsetothosecommentsandasaresultofCommissiondebateofthepolicyissueguidelinedocumentsbeingdevelopedtofleshoutthebarebonespolicyframeworkoftheAccord.TheAccordandguidelinesrecognizethesovereigntyofeachUIAmembersection,allowflexibilityforprinciplesofequivalency,andarestructuredtoallowfortheadditionofrequirementsreflectinglocalconditionsofaUIAmembersection.ItisnottheintentionoftheAccordtoestablishobligatorystandardssetbynegotiatedagreementsbetweencompetinginterests.Rather,theAccordistheresultoftheco-operativeendeavoroftheinternationalcommunityofarchitectstoobjectivelyestablishstandardsandpracticesthatwillbestservecommunityinterests.TheAccordandGuidelinedocumentsareintendedtodefinewhatisconsideredbestpracticeforthearchitecturalprofessionandthestandardstowhichtheprofessionaspires.Thesearelivingdocumentsandwillbesubjecttoongoingreviewandmodificationastheweightofopinionandexperiencedictates.WhilstrespectingthesovereigntyofUIAmembersections,theyareinvitedandencouragedtopromotetheadoptionoftheAccordandtheGuidelinesand,ifappropriate,seekthemodificationofexistingcustomsandlaws.ItisintendedthattheAccordandguidelineswillprovidepracticalguidanceforgovernments,negotiatingentities,orotherentitiesenteringmutualrecognitionnegotiationsonarchitecturalservices.TheAccordandguidelineswillmakeiteasierforpartiestonegotiaterecognitionagreements.Themostcommonwaytoachieverecognitionhasbeenthroughbilateralagreements,recognizedaspermissibleunderArticleVIIoftheGATS.Therearedifferencesineducationandexaminationstandards,experiencerequirements,regulatoryinfluenceetc.,allofwhichmakeimplementingrecognitiononamultilateralbasisextremelydifficult.Bilateralnegotiationswillfacilitatefocusonkeyissuesrelatingtotwospecificenvironments.However,onceachieved,bilateralreciprocalagreementsshouldleadtoothers,whichwillultimatelyextendmutualrecognitionmorebroadly.TheAccordbeginswithastatementof“PrinciplesofProfessionalism,”followedbyaseriesofpolicyissues.Eachpolicyissueopenswithadefinitionofthesubjectpolicy,followedbyastatementofbackgroundandthepolicy.TheXXIUIAAssemblyinBeijing,ChinaunanimouslyadoptedtheAccordinJune1999.AcopyoftheResolutionofAdoptionisattachedasAppendixA.

INTRoDUCTIoN

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UIAACCoRDoNRECommENDEDINTERNATIoNALSTANDARDSoFPRoFESSIoNALISmINARCHITECTURALPRACTICE

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Principles of Professionalism

membersofthearchitecturalprofessionarededicatedtostandardsofprofessionalism,integrity,andcompetence,andtherebybringtosocietyuniqueskillsandaptitudesessentialtothesustainabledevelopmentofthebuiltenvironmentandthewelfareoftheirsocietiesandcultures.Principlesofprofessionalismareestablishedinlegislation,aswellasincodesofethicsandregulationsdefiningprofessionalconduct:

Expertise

Architectspossessasystematicbodyofknowledge,skills,andtheorydevelopedthrougheducation,graduateandpost-graduatetraining,andexperience.Theprocessofarchitecturaleducation,training,andexaminationisstructuredtoassurethepublicthatwhenanarchitectisengagedtoperformprofessionalservices,thatarchitecthasmetacceptablestandardsenablingproperperformanceofthoseservices.Furthermore,membersofmostprofessionalsocietiesofarchitectsandindeed,theUIA,arechargedtomaintainandadvancetheirknowledgeoftheartandscienceofarchitecture,torespectthebodyofarchitecturalaccomplishment,andtocontributetoitsgrowth.

Autonomy

Architectsprovideobjectiveexpertadvicetotheclientand/ortheusers.Architectsarechargedtoupholdtheidealthatlearnedanduncompromisedprofessionaljudgmentshouldtakeprecedenceoveranyothermotiveinthepursuitoftheartandscienceofarchitecture.Architectsarealsochargedtoembracethespiritandletterofthelawsgoverningtheirprofessionalaffairsandtothoughtfullyconsiderthesocialandenvironmentalimpactoftheirprofessionalactivities.

Commitment

Architectsbringahighlevelofselflessdedicationtotheworkdoneonbehalfoftheirclientsandsociety.membersoftheprofessionarechargedtoservetheirclientsinacompetentandprofessionalmannerandtoexerciseunprejudicedandunbiasedjudgmentontheirbehalf.

Accountability

Architectsareawareoftheirresponsibilityfortheindependentand,ifnecessary,criticaladviceprovidedtotheirclientsandfortheeffectsoftheirworkonsocietyandtheenvironment.Architectsundertaketoperformprofessionalservicesonlywhenthey,togetherwiththosewhomtheymayengageasconsultants,arequalifiedbyeducation,training,and/orexperienceinthespecifictechnicalareasinvolved.TheUIA,throughtheprogramsofitsnationalsectionsandtheProfessionalPracticeCommission,seekstoestablishprinciplesofprofessionalismandprofessionalstandardsintheinterestofpublichealth,safety,welfare,andculture,andsupportsthepositionthatinter-recognitionofstandardsofprofessionalismandcompetenceisinthepublicinterestaswellasintheinterestofmaintainingthecredibilityoftheprofession.TheprinciplesandstandardsoftheUIAareaimedatthethorougheducationandpracticaltrainingofarchitectssothattheyareabletofulfilltheirfundamentalprofessionalrequirements.Thesestandardsrecognizedifferentnationaleducationaltraditionsand,therefore,allowforfactorsofequivalency.

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Policy Issues

Practice of Architecture

DefinitionThepracticeofarchitectureconsistsoftheprovisionofprofessionalservicesinconnectionwithtownplanningandthedesign,construction,enlargement,conservation,restoration,oralterationofabuildingorgroupofbuildings.Theseprofessionalservicesinclude,butarenotlimitedto,planningandland-useplanning,urbandesign,provisionofpreliminarystudies,designs,models,drawings,specificationsandtechnicaldocumentation,coordinationoftechnicaldocumentationpreparedbyothers(consultingengineers,urbanplanners,landscapearchitectsandotherspecialistconsultants)asappropriateandwithoutlimitation,constructioneconomics,contractadministration,monitoringofconstruction(referredtoas“supervision”insomecountries),andprojectmanagement.

BackgroundArchitectshavebeenpracticingtheirartandsciencesinceantiquity.Theprofessionasweknowittodayhasundergoneextensivegrowthandchange.Theprofileofarchitects’workhasbecomemoredemanding,clients’requirementsandtechnologicaladvanceshavebecomemorecomplex,andsocialandecologicalimperativeshavegrownmorepressing.Thesechangeshavespawnedchangesinservicesandcollaborationamongthemanypartiesinvolvedinthedesignandconstructionprocess.

PolicyThatthepracticeofarchitectureasdefinedabovebeadoptedforuseinthedevelopmentofUIAInternationalStandards.

Architect

DefinitionThedesignation“architect”isgenerallyreservedbylaworcustomtoapersonwhoisprofessionallyandacademicallyqualifiedandgenerallyregistered/licensed/certifiedtopracticearchitectureinthejurisdictioninwhichheorshepracticesandisresponsibleforadvocatingthefairandsustainabledevelopment,welfare,andtheculturalexpressionofsociety’shabitatintermsofspace,forms,andhistoricalcontext.

BackgroundArchitectsarepartofthepublicandprivatesectorsinvolvedinalargerpropertydevelopment,building,andconstructioneconomicsectorpeopledbythosecommissioning,conserving,designing,building,furnishing,financing,regulating,andoperatingourbuiltenvironmenttomeettheneedsofsociety.Architectsworkinavarietyofsituationsandorganizationalstructures.Forexample,theymayworkontheirownorasmembersofprivateorpublicoffices.

PolicyThattheUIAadoptthedefinitionofan“architect”asstatedaboveforuseindevelopingUIAInternationalStandards.

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• Understandingofheritageissuesinthebuiltenvironment. • Awarenessofthelinksbetweenarchitectureandothercreativedisciplines. B2.SocialStudies • Abilitytoactwithknowledgeofsociety,andtoworkwithclientsandusersthatrepresentsociety’sneeds. • Abilitytodevelopaprojectbriefthroughdefinitionoftheneedsofsocietyusersandclients,and toresearchanddefinecontextualandfunctionalrequirementsfordifferenttypesofbuiltenvironments. • Anunderstandingofthesocialcontextinwhichbuiltenvironmentsareprocured,ofergonomicand spacerequirementsandissuesofequityandaccess. • Anawarenessoftherelevantcodes,regulationsandstandardsforplanning,design,construction, health,safetyanduseofbuiltenvironments. B3.EnvironmentalStudies • Abilitytoactwithknowledgeofnaturalsystemsandbuiltenvironments. • Understandingofconservationandwastemanagementissues. • Understandingofthelifecycleofmaterials,issuesofecologicalsustainability,environmentalimpact, designforreduceduseofenergy,aswellaspassivesystemsandtheirmanagement. • Awarenessofthehistoryandpracticeoflandscapearchitecture,urbandesign,aswellasterritorialand nationalplanningandtheirrelationshiptolocalandglobaldemographyandresources. • Awarenessofthemanagementofnaturalsystemstakingintoaccountnaturaldisasterrisks. B4.TechnicalStudies • Technicalknowledgeofstructure,materials,andconstruction. • Abilitytoactwithinnovativetechnicalcompetenceintheuseofbuildingtechniquesandthe understandingoftheirevolution. • Understandingoftheprocessesoftechnicaldesignandtheintegrationofstructure,construction technologiesandservicessystemsintoafunctionallyeffectivewhole. • Understandingofservicessystemsaswellassystemsoftransportation,communication, maintenanceandsafety. • Awarenessoftheroleoftechnicaldocumentationandspecificationsindesignrealisation,andofthe processesofconstruction,cost,planningandcontrol. B5.DesignStudies • Knowledgeofdesigntheoryandmethods. • Understandingofdesignproceduresandprocesses. • Knowledgeofdesignprecedentsandarchitecturalcriticism. B6.ProfessionalStudies • Abilitytoactwithknowledgeofprofessional,business,financialandlegalcontexts. • Abilitytounderstanddifferentformsofprocurementofarchitecturalservices. • Awarenessoftheworkingsoftheconstructionanddevelopmentindustries,financialdynamics,real estateinvestment,andfacilitiesmanagement. • Awarenessofthepotentialrolesofarchitectsinconventionalandnewareasofactivityandinan internationalcontext. • Understandingofbusinessprinciplesandtheirapplicationtothedevelopmentofbuiltenvironments, projectmanagementandthefunctioningofaprofessionalconsultancy. • Understandingofprofessionalethicsandcodesofconductastheyapplytothepracticeofarchitecture andofthearchitects’legalresponsibilitieswhereregistration,practiceandbuildingcontractsare concerned. 5.C.SKILL • Abilitytoactandtocommunicateideasthroughcollaboration,speaking,numeracy,writing,drawing, modellingandevaluation. • Abilitytoutilisemanual,electronic,graphicandmodelmakingcapabilitiestoexplore,develop,define andcommunicateadesignproposal. • Understandingofsystemsofevaluation,thatusemanualand/orelectronicmeansforperformance assessmentsofbuiltenvironments.”

PolicyThattheUIAadoptastatementoffundamentalrequirementsassetoutaboveastheminimumbasisfordevelopmentofUIAInternationalStandardsandseektoensurethattheseparticularrequirementsaregivenadequateemphasisinthearchitecturalcurriculum.TheUIAwillalsoseektoensurethatthefundamentalrequirementswillbeconstantlykeptunderreviewsothattheyremainrelevantasthearchitecturalprofessionandsocietyevolve.

(*Cf.DerivedfromDirective85/384/EECoftheCommissionoftheEuropeanCommunities)

Fundamental Requirements of an Architect

DefinitionThefundamentalrequirementsforregistration/licensing/certificationasanarchitectasdefinedabove,aretheknowledge,skills,andabilitieslistedbelowthatmustbemasteredthroughrecognizededucationandtraining,anddemonstrableknowledge,capability,andexperienceinordertobeconsideredprofessionallyqualifiedtopracticearchitecture.

BackgroundInAugust1985,forthefirsttime,agroupofcountriescametogethertosetdownthefundamentalknowledgeandabilitiesofanarchitect(*).Theseinclude:

• Abilitytocreatearchitecturaldesignsthatsatisfybothaestheticandtechnicalrequirements, andwhichaimtobeenvironmentallysustainable; • Adequateknowledgeofthehistoryandtheoriesofarchitectureandrelatedarts,technologies, andhumansciences; • Knowledgeofthefineartsasaninfluenceonthequalityofarchitecturaldesign; • Adequateknowledgeofurbandesign,planning,andtheskillsinvolvedintheplanningprocess; • Understandingoftherelationshipbetweenpeopleandbuildingsandbetweenbuildingsand theirenvironments,andoftheneedtorelatebuildingsandthespacesbetweenthemtohuman needsandscale; • Anadequateknowledgeofthemeansofachievingenvironmentallysustainabledesign; • Understandingoftheprofessionofarchitectureandtheroleofarchitectsinsociety,inparticular inpreparingbriefsthataccountforsocialfactors; • Understandingofthemethodsofinvestigationandpreparationofthebriefforadesignproject; • Understandingofthestructuraldesign,construction,andengineeringproblemsassociatedwith buildingdesign; • Adequateknowledgeofphysicalproblemsandtechnologiesandofthefunctionofbuildingsso astoprovidethemwithinternalconditionsofcomfortandprotectionagainstclimate; • Necessarydesignskillstomeetbuildingusers’requirementswithintheconstraintsimposedby costfactorsandbuildingregulations; • Adequateknowledgeoftheindustries,organizations,regulations,andproceduresinvolvedin translatingdesignconceptsintobuildingsandintegratingplansintooverallplanning; • Adequateknowledgeofprojectfinancing,projectmanagement,andcostcontrol.

TherevisedUNESCo/UIACharterforArchitecturalEducationwasadoptedbytheUIAGeneralAssemblyinJuly2005.TheCharterincludesthefollowinglanguagerelatedtoboththedevelopmentofcurriculumforarchitecturaleducationandtheacquisitionofthefollowingcapabilities.

“Thatthefollowingspecialpointsbeconsideredinthedevelopmentofthecurriculum: • Awarenessofresponsibilitiestowardhuman,social,cultural,urban,architectural,andenvironmentalvalues, aswellasarchitecturalheritage. • Adequateknowledgeofthemeansofachievingecologicallysustainabledesignandenvironmental conservationandrehabilitation. • Developmentofacreativecompetenceinbuildingtechniques,foundedonacomprehensiveunderstanding ofthedisciplinesandconstructionmethodsrelatedtoarchitecture. • Adequateknowledgeofprojectfinancing,projectmanagement,costcontrolandmethodsofprojectdelivery. • Traininginresearchtechniquesasaninherentpartofarchitecturallearning,forbothstudentsandteachers.

Thatarchitecturaleducationinvolvestheacquisitionofthefollowingcapabilities: 5.A.DESIGN • Abilitytoengageimagination,thinkcreatively,innovateandprovidedesignleadership. • Abilitytogatherinformation,defineproblems,applyanalysesandcriticaljudgementandformulate strategiesforaction. • Abilitytothinkthree-dimensionallyintheexplorationofdesign. • Abilitytoreconciledivergentfactors,integrateknowledgeandapplyskillsinthecreationof adesignsolution. 5.B.KNoWLEDGE B1.CulturalandArtisticStudies • Abilitytoactwithknowledgeofhistoricalandculturalprecedentsinlocalandworldarchitecture. • Abilitytoactwithknowledgeofthefineartsasaninfluenceonthequalityofarchitecturaldesign.

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PolicyThatgraduatesofarchitecturewillberequiredtohavecompletedatleast2yearsofacceptableexperience/training/internshippriortoregistration/licensing/certificationtopracticeasanarchitect(butwiththeobjectiveofworkingtowards3years)whileallowingflexibilityforequivalency.

Demonstration of Professional Knowledge and Ability ·  see recommended guidelines on page 33

DefinitionEveryapplicantforregistration/licensing/certificationasanarchitectisrequiredtodemonstrateanacceptablelevelofprofessionalknowledgeandabilitytotherelevantnationalauthority.

BackgroundThepublicisassuredofanarchitect’sknowledgeandabilityonlyafterheorshehasacquiredtherequisiteeducationandpracticalexperience/training/internship,anddemonstratedminimumknowledgeandabilityinthecomprehensivepracticeofarchitecture.Thesequalificationshavetobedemonstratedbyexaminationand/orotherevidence.

PolicyThattheacquiredknowledgeandabilityofanarchitecthavetobeprovenbyprovidingadequateevidence.Thisevidencemustincludethesuccessfulcompletionofatleastoneexaminationattheendofthepracticalexperience/training/internship.Necessarycomponentsofprofessionalpracticeknowledgeandabilitythatarenotsubjecttoanexaminationhavetobeprovenbyotheradequateevidence.Theseincludesuchsubjectsasbusinessadministrationandrelevantlegalrequirements.

Registration/Licensing/Certification · see recommended guidelines on page 37

DefinitionRegistration/licensing/certificationistheofficiallegalrecognitionofanindividual’squalificationallowingherorhimtopracticeasanarchitect,associatedwithregulationspreventingunqualifiedpersonsfromperformingcertainfunctions.

BackgroundGiventhepublicinterestinaquality,sustainablebuiltenvironmentandthedangersandconsequencesassociatedwiththedevelopmentofthatenvironment,itisimportantthatarchitecturalservicesareprovidedbyproperlyqualifiedprofessionalsfortheadequateprotectionofthepublic.

PolicyThattheUIApromotetheregistration/licensing/certificationofthefunctionofarchitectsinallcountries.Inthepublicinterest,provisionforsuchregistration/licensing/certificationshouldbebystatute.

Procurement · see recommended guidelines on page 43

DefinitionTheprocessbywhicharchitecturalservicesarecommissioned.

BackgroundArchitects(throughtheircodesofconduct)upholdtheinterestsoftheirclientsandsocietyatlargebeforetheirowninterests.Inordertoensuretheyhaveadequateresourcestoperformtheirfunctionstothestandardsrequiredinthepublicinterest,theyaretraditionallyremuneratedinaccordancewitheithermandatoryorrecommendedprofessionalfee-scales.

Education

DefinitionArchitecturaleducationshouldensurethatallgraduateshaveknowledgeandabilityinarchitecturaldesign,includingtechnicalsystemsandrequirementsaswellasconsiderationofhealth,safety,andecologicalbalance;thattheyunderstandthecultural,intellectual,historical,social,economic,andenvironmentalcontextforarchitecture;andthattheycomprehendthoroughlythearchitects’rolesandresponsibilitiesinsociety,whichdependonacultivated,analyticalandcreativemind.

BackgroundInmostcountries,architecturaleducationisconventionallydeliveredby4-6yearsfull-timeacademiceducationatauniversity(followed,insomecountries,byaperiodofpracticalexperience/training/internship),thoughhistoricallytherehavebeenimportantvariations(part-timeroutes,workexperienceetc.).

PolicyInaccordancewiththeUIA/UNESCoCharterforArchitecturalEducation,theUIAadvocatethateducationforarchitects(apartfrompracticalexperience/training/internship)beofnolessthan5yearsduration,deliveredonafull-timebasisinanaccredited/validated/recognizedarchitecturalprograminanaccredited/validated/recognizeduniversity,whileallowingvarietyintheirpedagogicapproachandintheirresponsestolocalcontexts,andflexibilityforequivalency.

Accreditation/Validation/Recognition · see recommended guidelines on page 25

DefinitionThisistheprocessthatestablishesthataneducationalprogrammeetsanestablishedstandardofachievement.Itspurposeistoassurethemaintenanceandenhancementofanappropriateeducationalfoundation.

BackgroundValidatedcriteriaandproceduresforaccreditation/validation/recognitionbyanindependentorganizationhelptodevelopwellintegratedandcoordinatedprogramsofarchitecturaleducation.Experienceshowsthatstandardsmaybeharmonizedandpromotedbyregular,externalmonitoring,insomecountries,inadditiontointernalqualityassuranceaudits.

PolicyThatcoursesmustbeaccredited/validated/recognizedbyanindependentrelevantauthority,externaltotheuniversityatreasonabletimeintervals(usuallynomorethan5-years),andthattheUIA,inassociationwiththerelevantnationalorganizationsofhighereducation,developstandardsforthecontentofanarchitect’sprofessionaleducationthatareacademicallystructured,intellectuallycoherent,performance-basedandoutcome-oriented,withproceduresthatareguidedbygoodpractice.

Practical Experience/Training/Internship · see recommended guidelines on page 29

DefinitionPracticalexperience/training/internshipisadirectedandstructuredactivityinthepracticeofarchitectureduringarchitecturaleducationand/orfollowingreceiptofaprofessionaldegreebutpriortoregistration/licensing/certification.

BackgroundTocomplementacademicpreparationinordertoprotectthepublic,applicantsforregistration/licensing/certificationmustintegratetheirformaleducationthroughpracticaltraining.

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“FundamentalRequirementsofanArchitect”andinfuturevariationsthereof.Inthemeantime,theUIAmustmonitorthedevelopmentsincontinuingprofessionaldevelopmentforregistrationrenewal,recommendguidelinesamongallnationstofacilitatereciprocityandcontinuetodeveloppolicyonthissubject.

Scope of Practice · see recommended guidelines on page 61

DefinitionThisistheprovisionofdesignandmanagementservicesinconnectionwithland-useplanning,urbandesign,andbuildingprojects.

BackgroundAssocietyhasevolved,thecreationoftheurbanandbuiltenvironmenthasbecomemorecomplex.Architectshavetodealwithanincreasinglywiderangeofurban,aesthetic,technical,andlegalconsiderations.Acoordinatedapproachtobuildingdesignhasprovedtobenecessarytoensurethatlegal,technical,andpracticalrequirementsaremetandthatsociety’sneedsanddemandsaresatisfied.PolicyThattheUIAencourageandpromotethecontinuingextensionoftheboundariesofarchitecturalpractice,limitedonlybytheprovisionsofcodesofethicsandconduct,andstrivetoensurethecorrespondingextensionoftheknowledgeandskillsnecessarytodealwithanyextensionofboundaries.

Form of Practice · see recommended guidelines on page 65

DefinitionThelegalentitythroughwhichthearchitectprovidesarchitecturalservices.

BackgroundTraditionally,architectshavepracticedasindividuals,orinpartnershipsorinemploymentwithinpublicorprivateinstitutions.morerecently,thedemandsofpracticehaveledtovariousformsofassociation,forexample:limitedandunlimitedliabilitycompanies,cooperativepractices,university-basedprojectoffices,communityarchitecture,althoughnotallareallowedinallcountries.Theseformsofassociationmayalsoincludemembersofotherdisciplines.

PolicyThatarchitectsshouldbeallowedtopracticeinanyformlegallyacceptableinthecountryinwhichtheserviceisoffered,butalwayssubjecttoprevailingethicalandconductrequirements.TheUIA,asitdeemsnecessary,willdevelopandmodifyitspoliciesandstandardstotakeaccountofalternativeformsofpracticeandvariedlocalconditionswherethesealternativesarethoughttoextendthepositiveandcreativeroleofthearchitecturalprofessionintheinterestsofsociety.

Practice in a Host Nation · see recommended guidelines on page 71

DefinitionPracticeinahostnationoccurswhenanindividualarchitectorcorporateentityofarchitectseitherseeksacommissionorhasbeencommissionedtodesignaprojectorofferaserviceinacountryotherthanhis/her/itsown.

BackgroundThereisaninterestinincreasingtheresponsiblemobilityofarchitectsandtheirabilitytoprovideservicesinforeignjurisdictions.Thereisalsoaneedtopromotetheawarenessoflocalenvironmental,social,andculturalfactorsandethicalandlegalstandards.

Thereareinternationalrules,suchastheGeneralProcurementAgreement(WTo)andtheEUServicesDirective,thataimtoguaranteetheobjectiveandfairselectionofarchitects.However,therehasbeenanincreasingtendencyrecentlytoselectarchitects,forbothpublicandprivatework,onthebasisofpricealone.Price-basedselectionforcesarchitectstoreducetheservicesprovidedtoclients,whichinturncompromisesdesignqualityandthereforethequality,amenityandsocial/economicvalueofthebuiltenvironment.

PolicyToensuretheecologicallysustainabledevelopmentofthebuiltenvironmentandtoprotectthesocial,cultural,andeconomicvalueofsociety,governmentsshouldapplyprocurementproceduresfortheappointmentofarchitectsthataredirectedtotheselectionofthemostsuitablearchitectforprojects.Conditionaluponadequateresourcesbeingagreedamongtheparties,thisisbestachievedbyoneofthefollowingmethods:

• Architecturaldesigncompetitionsconductedinaccordancewiththeprinciplesdefinedbythe UNESCo-UIAinternationalcompetitionsguidelinesandapprovedbynationalauthoritiesand/or architecturalprofessionalassociations. • Aqualificationbasedselection(QBS)procedureassetoutintheUIAguidelines; • Directnegotiationbasedonacompletebriefdefiningthescopeandqualityofarchitecturalservices;

Ethics and Conduct · see recommended guidelines on page 55

DefinitionAcodeofethicsandconductestablishesaprofessionalstandardofbehaviorthatguidesarchitectsintheconductoftheirpractices.Architectsshouldobserveandfollowthecodeofethicsandconductforeachjurisdictioninwhichtheypractice.

BackgroundRulesofethicsandconducthaveastheirprimaryobjecttheprotectionofthepublic,caringforthelesspowerfulandthegeneralsocialwelfare,aswellastheadvancementoftheinterestsoftheprofessionofarchitecture.

PolicyTheexistingUIAInternationalCodeofEthicsonConsultingServicesremainsinforce.memberSectionsoftheUIAareencouragedtointroduceintotheirowncodesofethicsandconducttherecommendedAccordGuidelinesandarequirementthattheirmembersabidebythecodesofethicsandconductinforceinthecountriesandjurisdictionsinwhichtheyprovideprofessionalservices,solongastheyarenotprohibitedbyinternationallaworthelawsofthearchitect’sowncountry.

Continuing Professional Development · see recommended guidelines on page 59

DefinitionContinuingProfessionalDevelopmentisalifelonglearningprocessthatmaintains,enhances,orincreasestheknowledgeandcontinuingabilityofarchitects.

Backgroundmoreandmoreprofessionalbodiesandregulatoryauthoritiesrequiretheirmemberstodevotetime(typicallyatleast35hoursperyear)tomaintainingexistingskills,broadeningknowledge,andexploringnewareas.Thisisincreasinglyimportanttokeepabreastwithnewtechnologies,methodsofpractice,andchangingsocialandecologicalconditions.Continuingprofessionaldevelopmentmayberequiredbyprofessionalorganizationsforrenewalandcontinuationofmembership.

PolicyThatUIAurgeitsmembersectionstoestablishregimesofcontinuingprofessionaldevelopmentasadutyofmembership,inthepublicinterest.Architectsmustbesuretheyarecapableofprovidingtheservicestheyoffer,andcodesofconductmustobligearchitectstomaintainaknownstandardinavarietyofareasdescribedunderthe

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Building Project Delivery Systems · see recommended guidelines on page 85

DefinitionBuildingprojectdeliverysystemsaredefinedasthecontractualrelationshipsbetweentheprojectclientandtheotherpartiesinvolvedinthedesign,documentationandconstructionofthebuilding.

BackgroundTraditionallybuildingprojectdeliverysystemshaveinvolvedarchitectsintheroleoftheprojectclient’sagent,withresponsibilityforthedesign,documentationandadministrationofthebuildingcontractagreement.

Undermanycurrentandemergingbuildingdeliverysystemsthearchitectnolongeractsastheagentoftheprojectclient.Thereforeitisimportantthattherole,responsibilitiesandconstraintsplacedonarchitectsinprovidingtheirservicesunderdifferentbuildingprojectdeliverysystemsareclearlyunderstood.

PolicyArchitectsshouldmaintainhighstandardsofprofessionalismandserviceunderallformsofbuildingprojectdeliverysystems.

PolicyArchitectsprovidingarchitecturalservicesonaprojectinacountryinwhichtheyarenotregisteredshallcollaboratewithalocalarchitecttoensurethatproperandeffectiveunderstandingisgiventolegal,environmental,social,cultural,andheritagefactors.TheconditionsoftheassociationshouldbedeterminedbythepartiesaloneinaccordancewithUIAethicalstandardsandlocalstatutesandlaws.

Intellectual Property and Copyright · see recommended guidelines on page 75

DefinitionIntellectualpropertyencompassesthethreelegalareasofpatent,copyright,andtrademark.Itreferstotheright(sometimesguaranteedunderthelawofsomenationstates)ofdesigners,inventors,authors,andproducers,totheirideas,designs,inventions,worksofauthorship,andtheidentificationofsourcesofproductsandservices.

BackgroundWhilemanycountrieshavesomelegalprotectioncoveringthearchitect’sdesign,thatprotectionisofteninadequate.Itisnotunusualforthearchitecttodiscussideasandconceptswithaprospectiveclient,subsequentlynotbehired,andlaterfindthattheclienthasusedthearchitect’sideaswithnorecompense.Theintellectualpropertyofarchitectsis,tosomeextent,protectedbyinternationalregulations.InthecontextoftheGATS,thisistheagreementontrade-relatedaspectsofintellectualpropertyrights,includingtradeincounterfeitgoods(TRIPS).TheWorldCopyrightConventionofSeptember16,1955isalsoofinternationalsignificance.InEurope,theRevisedBerneAgreementof1886isbindinginmoststates.

PolicyThatthenationallawofaUIAmembersectionshouldentitleanarchitecttopracticehis/herprofessionwithoutdetrimenttohis/herauthorityandresponsibility,andtoretainownershipoftheintellectualpropertyandcopyrightofhis/herwork.

Role of Professional Institutes of Architects · see recommended guidelines on page 79

DefinitionProfessionsaregenerallycontrolledbyagoverningbodythatsetsstandards(e.g.ofeducation,ethicalrules,andprofessionalstandardstobeobserved).Therulesandstandardsaredesignedforthebenefitofthepublicandnottheprivateadvantageofthemembers.Insomecountries,certaintypesofworkarereservedtotheprofessionbystatute,notinordertofavormembersbutbecausesuchworkshouldbecarriedoutonlybypersonswithrequisiteeducation,training,standardsanddiscipline,fortheprotectionofthepublic.Instituteshavebeenestablishedfortheadvancementofarchitecture,promotionofknowledgeand--byensuringthattheirmembersperformtoaknownstandard--protectionofthepublicinterest.

BackgroundDependingonwhetheracountryhasprotectionoftitleorfunction,(orboth,orneither),theroleandresponsibilitiesofprofessionalinstitutesvariesconsiderably.Insomecountries,thestatutorybodiesalsorepresenttheprofession;inothers,thesefunctionsareseparate.Itiscustomaryformembersofprofessionalinstitutestobeexpectedtomaintainaknownstandard.Thisisachievedbyadheringtocodesofconductpromulgatedbytheprofessionalinstitutes,andfulfillingotherrequirementsofmembership,e.g.continuingprofessionaldevelopment.

PolicyIncountrieswhereprofessionalinstitutesdonotexist,theUIAshouldencouragemembersofthearchitecturalprofessiontoformsuchinstitutesinthepublicinterest.ProfessionalInstitutesshouldseektoensurethattheirmembersadheretotheUIAinternationalstandards,theminimumrequirementsoftheUIA-UNESCoArchitecturalEducationCharter,andUIAInternationalCodeofEthicsandConduct;keepuptodatetheirknowledgeandskillsasrequiredbythelistof“FundamentalRequirements”(bothcurrent,andastheyevolveinthefuture);andgenerallycontributetothedevelopmentofarchitecturalcultureandknowledgeaswellasthesocietytheyserve.

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RESoLUTIoNoFADoPTIoN(Number17)oFTHEUIAACCoRDoNRECommENDEDINTERNATIoNALSTANDARDSoNPRoFESSIoNALISmINARCHITECTURALPRACTICEAdoptedbytheXXIUIAAssemblyBeijing,China,July28,1999

TheAssemblyunanimouslyresolvedthatitadoptstheSecondEditionoftheUIAAccordonRecommendedInternationalStandardsofProfessionalisminArchitecturalPracticeasanadvisorydocumentintendedtobeusedbymembersectionsinsettingandreviewingtheirownstandards.TheAccordandGuidelineswillalsomakeiteasierforUIAmembersectionstonegotiatemutualrecognitionagreements.TheAssemblyasksthattheAccordbetransmittedtoallUIAmembersectionswiththerequestfortheircooperationandparticipationinthefurtherdevelopmentofthispolicyframeworkforpresentationattheXXIIUIAAssembly(Berlin2002).TheAssemblyrecognizesthemandateofCounciltoadoptAccordPolicyGuidelinedocumentsandcommendthemtotheUIAmembersections.TheAssemblyrecognizesthattherearedifferencesinthecultures,practicesandconditionsindifferentmembersectionsandencouragesthemembersectionstousethedocumentsasadvisorydocumentsintendedtobeadaptedtolocalconditions.TheAssemblyacknowledgesthatthesovereigntyofeachUIAmembersectionmustberespectedinnegotiationsofmutualrecognitionagreementsandnoticesthattheguidelinesareintendedtoallowflexibilityforprinciplesofequivalencyandreciprocityandarestructuredtoallowfortheadditionofrequirementsreflectinglocalconditionsofaUIAmembersection.TheAssemblyauthorizestheUIAPresidentandSecretaryGeneraltosubmittheAccordtotheWorldTradeorganization,tootherinterestedinstitutionsandorganizationsasthebasisformutualrecognitionnegotiationsandtotheGovernmentofacountryonthespecificrequestoftheUIAmembersectionofthecountryinquestion.TheAssemblyrequeststhattheProfessionalPracticeCommissionanalyzeallthecommentsexpressedduringtheGeneralAssemblyduringitsmeetinginPrague(october1999)inordertocheckonwhetherornotitisopportunetointegratetheminthedocumentsapprovedbytheBeijingAssembly.TheAssemblyauthorizestheUIACounciltodevelopapolicytocommunicatetheAccordandGuidelinedocumentstointerestedparties.TheAssemblyrecommendstoUIAmembersectionsthatfollowingtheuseoftheseStandards,theyinformtheCommissionSecretariatoftheirexperience,inorderthatitcanbetakenintoaccountfortheimprovementandevolutionofthesebasicdocuments.

APPENDIXA

2� 2�

RECommENDEDGUIDELINES

“The first four Accord Policies – Practice of Architecture, Architect, Fundamental Requirements of an Architect  and Education - were viewed as being fully developed and therefore did not require the development of supporting Recommended Guidelines.”

2� 2�

Recommended Guidelines for the Policy on Accreditation/Validation/Recognition

Accord Policy on Accreditation/Validation/Recognition

That courses must be accredited/validated/recognized by an independent relevant authoritiy external to the university at reasonable time intervals (usually no more than five-years), and that the UIA, in association with the relevant national organizations of higher education, develop standards for the content of an architect´s professional education that are academically structured, intellectually coherent, performance-based, and outcome-oriented, with procedures that are guided by good practice.

Introduction

Accreditationofeducationalprogramsinarchitecture,whethersoughtvoluntarilybytheeducationalinstitutionorexactedbyrelevantauthorities,seeksprimarilytoensure,inthepublicinterest,thatthestandardsattainedbysuccesfulgraduatesoftheprogramareadequatewithregardtothedesign,technical,andprofessionalskillsandethicalformationrequiredforcompetentarchitecturalpractice.Theprinciplesinanyaccreditationpolicypermitflexibilityofapproachwhileensuringindependentstandardsfortheaccreditingbodyandthepursuitandmaintenanceofhighstandardsineducationalendeavorandintheaccreditingprocessitself.Thecriticalcriteriainasatisfactoryeducationalprograminvolvethoroughassessmentinaccordancewithpreviouslydefinedandagreedcriteria,byagroupofassessorsexternaltotheschoolofarchitecturewhoarecompetentbytrainingandexperiencetoevaluatearchitectureprogramsandmakerecommendationsfortheirdirectionormodification.Externalassessorsmaybeappointedbythestateinwhichthearchitecturprogramisrun,byanindependentprofessionalarchitecturalorganization,nominatedasexternalexaminersbytheschoolofarchitectureitself,orbysomeothersatisfactorymethod.Thesystemofappointingtheassessormayvarydependinguponwhethertheeducationalinstitutionispubliclyorprivatelyrun.Anindependentrelevantauthoritiycancompriserepresentativesofaprofessionalbody,suchasaninstituteorchamberofarchitects,oranongovernmentalorganizationofarchitectsorschoolsofarchitecture;itcanbeanationalorstategovernment,oritsdelegatedrepresentatives,oranorganizationofexternalexaminers.Theprocessofvalidationofprogramswilloccurperiodically,andasatisfactorymethodofaccreditationwillinvolvethereviewoftheworkofallstudentspassingthroughaschoolofarchitectureonatleastoneoccasionduringtheireducationalprogram.Recognizingthedifferencesbetweengovernanceofpublicandprivateinstitutions,consistencymustbeprovidedbothintheaccreditation/recognition/validationprocessandtheendresult.Accreditationproceduresvarydependingonwhethertheeducationprogramsinquestionareproposedforestablishment,recentlysetupandnotpreviouslyaccredited,orthesubjectofproposedchange.Ineveryinstance,theassessorswillbeprovidedwithdocumentationinadvanceoftheirvisittotheschool;reviewexaminationpapersandscripts,studioprogramsandstudiowork;coursesyllabusandexamplesofcoursework;andmeetwithstudentsandstaff.Theymayalsolookatthepedagogic,professional,andresearchoutputofthefaculty/staff.onconclusionofsuchreview,theassessorswillprovidetheschoolwithaprogramreportthatwillmakerecommendationsforaccreditationandmaymakesuggestionforchangesintheeducationalprogramorimposeconditionsforaccreditation.

1. Criteria for Accreditation Courses, Programs, and Examinations in Architecture

Thecoreknowledgeandskillsrequiredofacompetentarchitect,setdownbytherelevantorganizationsforhighereducationandrecognizedintheUIAAccordonRecommendedInternationalStandardsofProfessionalisminArchitecturalPractice,areassetdownintheFundamentalRequirementsofanArchtitectfromtheAccord.Theseskillsaremasteredbythearchitectthrougheducation,training,andexperience,andeducationalprogramsinarchitecturesetouttohelpthestudentofarchitectureacquiresuchability,knowledge,unterstanding,andskillstotheextentthatthesemayberequiredwithinsuchaprogram.TheUIAadvocatesthateducationforarchitectsshouldbe

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4. Documentation and Visiting Methods

Whereaccreditationisbeingsoughteitheronaninitialorongoingbasisforanalready-establishededucationalprogram,documentationtobeprovidedbytheeducationalinstitutiontotheaccreditingauthoritymightinclude:

• Abriefdescriptionoftheparenteducationalinstitution,withastatementoffactorswithinthenational, regional,andurbancontextthatinfluencethenatureoftheeducationalinstitution; • Abriefdescriptionofthehistoryofthecourse; • Thephilosophicalapproach,mission,andvisiontoarchitecturaleducation; • Anindicationofanycharacteristicsinthebackgroundofstudentsthatinfluencethedirection ofcoursesoffered; • Asummaryofacademicstaffprofile,includingnonteachingactivitiesandotherdutiesincludingresearch, publications,professionalwork,andcommunityinvolvement; • Astatementofphysicalresources,includingstudios,teachingspaceandequipment,laboratoryand workshops,libraryfacilitiesandresourcecenters,computers,andinformationsystems; • Anoteofdecision-makingnetworksandmanagementstructure; • Acompletedescriptionoftheacademicprogram,includingadescriptionoftheprogramframework, requirementstocompletetheprogram,andotherrequirementsforgraduation;lecturesyllabi;detailsofstudio programs;andcopiesofcoursehandbooks; • Statisticalinformationonstudentenrollmentnumbers,numbersofgraduations,staffnumbers,andthestaff/ studentratio; • Aself-appraisalbytheschoolofitseducationpolicy--takingaccount,whereappropriate,ofreportsprovidedby previousaccreditationboardsanddiscussingdevelopmentsinceanypreviousaccreditation--tocoverissues inexternalexaminers’reports,changesinresourceprovisions,criticalevaluatonofcourseobjectives,special featuresofthecourse,andotherrelevantmatters.

Theaccreditingauthorityvisitstheeducationalinstitutionandreviewstheprograminsitu.Duringthevisit,anexhibitionofworkcompletedbystudentsoveraperiodofatleast12monthspriortothevisitwillbehelpful.Suchexhibitionshouldcomprisearangeofstudiowork,withprogramsattachedforeachyearofthecoursearrangedasfaraspossibletoshowthedevelopmentofthecurriculumthroughouttheprogram.Arangeofthewrittenanddrawnworkineachyearoftheprogramshouldbeexhibitedsothatthelevelofattainmentofstudentsineachoftheareasassetoutasfundamentalrequirementsforanarchitectcanbeassessed.Presentedworkshouldincludearepresentativesampleofstudioportfoliosandexaminationscriptsforthehighest,average.andlowestpassgradesineachsubject,andtheseshouldbecomplementedbyrecordsofexaminationandassessmentresultsforallyearsofthecourseinallsubjectareas.Wheninspectingtheeducationalprograminsitu,theaccreditingauthoritymaywishtountertakemeetingsanddiscussionswiththeprogramteachers,includingtheheadoftheschoolordepartment,studioandspecaliststaff,andexternalexaminers.Theauthoritymayalsotalkwithstudentsoftheprogram,bothasabodyand/orindividually.Subjectfordiscussionaspartoftheassessmentprocessmightincludemethodsofeducationalassessment;thecontentofprojectworkandlecturecourses;andtherelationoflecturecoursestoprojectwork,theuseofspecialistteachers,andfuturedevelopments.

5. Reporting Procedures

Anaccreditingauthoritiywillprovideawrittenreportontheeducationalprogramonconclusionofthevisittotheprogram.Suchareportwillvalidateandsupplementthewritteninformationprovidedbytheeducationalinstitutionandconveytheaccreditingauthority’sviewofthequalityofeducationintermsofstudentperformanceinthecourseunderreview.Proceduresmightincludemethodsofensuringsuchreportisfreefromfactualerror,istreatedconfidentially,andisseenbyallrelevantparties.Anaccreditingreportwillnormallyrecommendaccreditationoftheeducationalprogramforafixedperiodofnomorethanfiveyears’duration.

ofnolessthanfiveyearsduration,principallydeliveredonafull-timebasisinanaccreditedarchitecturalprograminanaccredited/validateduniversity,whileallowingflexibilityforequivalency.Insomecountries,educationisfollowedbyaperiodofpracticalexperience/training/internship.Duringthiseducationandtrainingprocess,thelevelsofabilityreachedbythestudentofarchitectureinthefundamentalrequirementslistedwilladvanceinlinewiththeprogressofthestudent´sstudy,andvalidationoftherelevanteducationalprogramwilltakeaccountofthevaryinglevelsofattainmentreasonablytobeexpectedattheappropriatemoments.Theknowledgeandabilitiesrequiredofarchitectshavechangedandwillcontinuetochangetoreflectsociety´sexpectations.TheUIAwillreviewitsRecommendedGuidelinesfortheAccordPolicyonAccreditation/Validation/Recognitionfromtimetotimetoensureitscontinualrelevance.Therelativeweightingascribedtothedifferentcriterialistedandtherelativedegreeofimportanceofskilltobeattainedwillvaryfromcountrytocountryandfromtimetotime.Indifferentcountries,forreasonsoftraditionanddeliberatechoice,educationalinstitutionsmaythemselvesascribedifferentweightingtothevariouscriteria,which,inturn,willbeinfluencedbytheprecisemissionsgenerallyuntertakenbyarchitectswithinthatcountry.Ineveryinstance,theeducationalprogramwillbebasedonasyllabusthatwillincorporatetopicsandsubjectsderivedfromorcomparabletothoselisted.Theaccreditationcriteriawillincludeareviewofthesyllabus.Thesyllabuswillvarydependingonthestageofstudies,whetheratintermediateorfinalexaminationlevelandwhetherbeforeorafteranyperiodofpracticaltraining.

2. Methods of Accreditation

Accreditationiscarriedoutbyproperlyconstitutedauthoritiesthatareindependentoftheinstitutionhousingtheprogramtobeaccredited.Accreditingauthoritiesmustbecompetentbywayoftrainingandexperience.Thiswillindicatethatpersonsuntertakingaccreditationworkhaveexperienceinarchitecturaldesign,practice,ethicalstandards,andtraining.Frequentlyanaccreditationpanelwillcomprisenomineesofmorethanoneofthetypesoforganizationslistedand,ineveryinstance,involvesaccreditationbyestablishedmembersofthearchitecturalprofession.Thiswillhelppromotebothobjectiveevaluationandabroadandinclusiveviewofarchitecture.Ineveryinstance,wheneducationalinstitutionsparticipateinaccreditationprocedures,theeducationalinstitiutioncannotparticipateintheprocedureforaccreditingitsownprogram.RecommendedGuidelinesfortheAccordPolicy

3. Procedures for Accrediting Educational Programs in Architecture

Thenatureanddetailofprocedurestobeadoptedbyanaccreditingboardwillvarydependingonthecultureandeducationalpracticesofthecountryconcerned.Theywillalsovaryonwhetheraneducationalprogramisbeingconsideredinadvanceofitsestablishment;examinedforthefirsttime;hasbeenestablishedforsometimeandhaspreviouslybeenaccredited;or,havingeitherfailedtoachieveaccreditationorhavinghadapreviousaccreditationwithdrawn,ispresentedforaccreditationafreshforafurthertime.Accreditationprocedureswillalsovarydependingonwhetheroneormorestagesintheprocessaretobeaccredited.Insomecountries,accreditationproceduresinvolveathree-stageprocess:afterthreeandfiveyearsrespectivelyintheacademiceducationalprogramandonconclusionofanagreedperiodofpracticaltraining.Inothercountriestheprocesswillinvolveoneortwostages.Accreditationproceduresinvolvethereviewbytheassessorsofthecontentofaneducationalprogramandofthestandardsachievedwithinthatprogram.Theassessmentismadeonthebasisofinformationprovidedbytheeducationalinstitutionwithregardtotheprogram,syllabus,detailsofstudioprogramsandexaminationscripts,andreportsofexternalexaminers;aself-appraisalbytheeducationalinstitution;and,duringavisittotheinstitution,onmeetingswiththeheadoftheschoolprogramstaffandstudentsandinspectionofstudentworkandfacilitieswhereaninstitutionisproposingmajorchangestoanexistingcourseorproposingtointroduceanewcourse,itmaybehelpfultoundertakeapreliminaryassessmentbyanindependentrelevantauthorityastowhetherthecontent,structure,andresourcesoftheproposedprogramaresuchastobelikelytoachieveaccreditationofthecourseanditsgraduates.Informationthatwillbeusefulinsuchanassessmentwouldincludeadescriptionofthecontextoftheproposal,philosophicalapproachproposed,andproposedacademicprogram.Suchadescriptionmightincludeacoursediagram,detailsofthecourseframework,requirementstocompletethecourse,anddetailsoflecturesyllabiandcontacthoursforeachsubject.

32 33

Recommended Guidelines for the Policy on Practical Experience/Training/Internship

Accord Policy on Practical Experience/Training/ Internship

That graduates of architecture will be required to have completed at least two years of acceptableexperience/training/internship prior to registration/licensing/certification to practice as an architect  (but with the objective of working towards three years) while allowing flexibility for equivalency.

Guidelines

1. Period of practical experience/training/internshipTheexperiencesetoutbelowshouldbedemonstratedpriortoapplyingforregistration/licensing/certificationandshouldbegainedovertheperioddefinedintheAccordPolicy.AtleasthalfofthatperiodshouldoccurfollowingthebasicacademicprerequisitesandinanycaseshouldnotimplyareductionoftheacademicperiodreferredtoundertheAccordEducationPolicy.

2. Objectives of the period of practical experience/training/internshipTheobjectivesoftheperiodofpracticalexperience/training/internship(hereafterreferredtoasinternship)are:

• Toprovideinternswiththeopportunitytoacquirebasicknowledgeandskillinthepracticeofarchitecture; • Toensurethepractices,activities,andexperienceofinternsisrecordedbyastandardmethod; • Toenableinternstoattainabroadrangeofexperienceinthepracticeofarchitecture.

3. Categories of experienceAninternshouldreceivepracticalexperienceandtrainingunderthedirectionofanarchitectinatleasthalfoftheareasofexperiencenominatedundereachofthefollowingfourcategories:

3.1 Project and Office Management meetingwithclients Discussionswithclientsofthebriefandthepreliminarydrawings Formulationofclientrequirements Pre-contractprojectmanagement Determinationofcontractconditions Draftingofcorrespondence Coordinationoftheworkofconsultantsofficeandprojectaccountingsystems Personnelissues

3.2 Design and Design Documentation Siteinvestigationandevaluation meetingswithrelevantauthorities Assessmentoftheimplicationsofrelevantregulations Preparationofschematicanddesigndevelopmentdrawings Checkingdesignproposalsagainststatutoryrequirements Preparationofbudgets,estimates,costplans,andfeasibilitystudies

34 35

�.4 Project Services and Systems • Coordinatingthedesignanddocumentationofprojectservicesandsystemsintotheprojectdesignand documentationprocess

�.5 Schematic Design • Analyzingtheclientbriefandproducingpotentialprojectdesignsolutionsthroughaprocessofhypothesis, evaluation,andreappraisal • Graphicallyrepresentingalternativeprojectdesigns • Presentingandagreeingpreliminarydesignproposalswithclientsandotherinterestedparties

�.� Design Development and Design Documentation • Investigatingandestablishingthespecificspatial,organizationandcirculationrequirementswithinand aroundaproject • Consideringanddecidinguponthedispositionofconstructionandprojectservicessystems,materials, andcomponents • Developingdrawingsanddocumentstofullydescribethedevelopeddesignproposalfortheapprovalofthe clientandotherinterestedparties • Analyzingpossibleeffectsonthecontext,users,etc.

�.� Construction Documentation • Researching,analyzing,andselectingappropriatematerialsandsystemsforaproject • Preparingaccurateconsistentandcompleteconstructiondrawings,specifications,andschedulesthat describetheextentandlocationofconstructionelements,components,finishes,fittings,andsystems

�.� Contract Administration • Preparingdocumentstoinvitebidsortenders • Evaluatingandmakingrecommendationsinrespectofbidsortendersreceived • Finalizingprojectcontracts • Administeringprojectcontracts • monitoringcompliancewithcontractconditionsandtherequirementsofrelevantauthorities • Inspectingandevaluatingconstructionworkstoensurethattheycomplywiththerequirementsofthe contractdocuments

3.3 Construction Documents Preparationofworkingdrawingsandspecifications monitoringthedocumentationprocessagainsttimeandcostplans Checkingofdocumentsforcompliancewithstatutoryrequirements Coordinationofsubcontractorsdocumentation Coordinationofcontractdrawingsandspecifications

3.4 Contract Administration Sitemeetings Inspectionofworks Issuinginstructions,notices,andcertificatestothecontractor Clientreports Administrationofvariationsandmonetaryallowances

4. Record of practical experience/training/internshipInternsshouldmaintainawrittenrecord,inastandardformoralogbook,ofallperiodsoftraining,experience,andsupplementaryeducationreceivedduringtheinternshipperiod.ThisrecordshouldbesetoutundertheareasoftrainingnominatedinPart2above.Itshoulddescribethenatureanddurationofactivitiesundertaken,andeachoftheseshouldbesignedbythesupervisorarchitectasatruerecordoftheexperiencegainedbytheintern.Thestandardformorlogbookistobepresentedtotheregistering/licensingauthorityonrequest,asevidencethattherequiredpracticalexperience/training/internshipisbeingundertakenorhasbeencompleted.

5. SupervisorsInternsshouldgaintheirexperienceundersupervision.Supervisorsaretoberegisteredorlicensedarchitectsinthejurisdictioninwhichtheinternshipisundertaken,andwilleitherbetheemployerorthearchitecttowhomtheinternreportsduringeachrecordedperiodofexperience.

�. Core knowledge and ability requirementsAtthecompletionoftheperiodofpracticalexperience/training/internship,theinternshouldhavedemonstratedorbeabletodemonstrateknowledgeand/orabilityinthefollowing:

�.1 The Practice of Architecture • Anoverviewofthearchitecturalprofessioninthenationalandinternationalcommunity • Aknowledgeandappreciationofethicalstandards • Knowledgeofthelocalarchitecturalassociation • Anoverviewofthelocalconstructionindustryandconstructionlaw • Directionandcoordinationofconsultants • officemanagementandsystems • Legalaspectsofpractice • Liability,riskmanagement,andinsurance

�.2 Project Management • Establishingandmanagingclientagreements • Schedulingofprojectactivitiesandtasks • Assessingcodes,regulations,andlegislation • Projectfinancingandcostcontrol • Projectprocurementandcontractualsystems • Disputeresolution • managementofsubcontractors • Projectadministrationandmonitoringsystems

�.3 Pre-design and Site Analysis • Establishing,analyzing,andrecordingenvironmentalissuesrelevanttotheproject • Establishingandclearlydefiningadesignbrief • Establishing,analyzing,andrecordingsiteconditions

3� 3�

Recommended Guidelines for the Policy on Demonstration of Professional Knowledge and Ability

Accord Policy on Professional Knowledge and Ability

That the acquired knowledge and ability of an architect have to be proven by providing adequate evidence.  This evidence must include the successful completion of at least one examination at the end of the practical experi-ence/training/internship. Necessary components of professional practice knowledge and ability that are not subject  to an examination have to be proven by other adequate evidence. These include such subjects as business administra-tion and relevant legal requirements. 

Introduction

Professionallearninginvolvesbothstudyinanacademicinstitutionatuniversitylevelandstructured,monitoredandassessedexperienceintheworkplace.Thedemonstrationofprofessionalknowledgeandabilitymayrequirecollaborationbetweeneducationandpractice,andbetweentheacademicinstituteandqualifiedpracticingarchitects.ThebroadlistofknowledgeandabilitiesispublishedintheUIA/UNESCoCharteronEducationandinotherGuidelines.Levelsoflearningvary,froman“awareness,”toan“understanding”to“anabilityto”doaparticularprofessionaltask.Somesubjectareasareusuallylearnedintheuniversityenvironment,whileothersareoftenlearnedwhileworkinginanarchitect’sofficeorinotherareasofthebuiltenvironment.methodsofassessmentofknowledgeandabilityvary.Universitycoursesmaybeexaminedbyacriticalassessmentofprojectwork,writtendocuments,multiplechoiceoressayexaminations,andinotherways.Experienceinaspectsofprofessionalpracticemaybeexaminedthroughtheevaluationofcasestudies,theassessmentoflearningexperiencerecordedinarecordofprofessionalpractice(logbook),inwrittenanddesignexaminations,and/orinaprofessionalinterviewwithexperiencedmembersoftheprofession.Theappropriatemixoftechniqueswillvaryfromcountrytocountybasedoninstitutionalstructuresandotherculturaldifferences.However,itisimportantthatthetitle“architect”isonlyconferreduponindividualswhocandemonstratethesuccessfulcompletionofauniversitylevelacademicprogramandaperiodofassessedpracticaltrainingortheequivalent.Thereisaviewthatarchitectureisanholisticdiscipline.Theabilitytoassessandintegratearangeofknowledgeandskillsisoftenassessedthroughthedesignstudio.Theaimofthestudioisbothtodevelopskillsinproducinganappropriateandattractivedesignandalsotolearnanddemonstrateskills,forexample,ofcriticalreasoningandarchitecturalprofessionaljudgment.

The UIA Recommended Model

1. Academic Professional Education CandidatesforregistrationasarchitectsshouldcompleteanacademicprofessionaleducationatuniversitylevelasrecommendedintheUIA/UNESCoCharteronEducation.Thepreciseformfortheassessmentofknowledgeandabilityisusuallylefttotheprovideroftheprogram,andinmostcasesthisistheuniversity.StandardsofacademicassessmentshouldbeensuredthroughtheapplicationofthepoliciesrecommendedintheCommissionGuidelineonAccreditation/Validation/Recognition.

2. Internship/Professional Experience AccordpolicyidentifiestheneedforaperiodofmonitoredandassessedprofessionalexperiencepriortoregistrationTechniquesfortheexaminationofprofessionalexperiencevarywidelyamongjurisdictions.Inmanycountriesittakestheformofrecordingthetimespentinanofficeunderthesupervisionofanarchitect.Insomejurisdictionstheemphasisisnowshiftingtosystemswhichassessandrecordlearningoutcomes,ratherthanjusttimespent.Techniquesforrecordinglearningmayincludemonitoredandassessedlogsofcandidateactivity,criticalcasestudiesofparadigmprojects,casestudiesofprojectsundertakenbythecandidate,examinationsofprofessionalpracticeknowledgeandability,and/orinterviewswithexperiencedprofessionalpracticeexaminers.

3� 3�

�. Monitoring the Changing Requirements for Architectural Education and Training Architecturaleducationandprofessionaltrainingmustundergocontinuouschangeandreviewifitistokeeppacewiththechangingnatureofpracticeandexpectationsofthepublic.Concernwithsustainability,healthandsafety,andaccessforthedisabledareallexamplesofeducationandpractice,whichhavechangedsignificantlyinadecade.Thescopeandmethodofdemonstratingcompetencymustbereviewedregularlyifitisnottoriskstagnatingdevelopmentwithintheprofession.overlyprescriptivecompetenceguidelineswhicharenotreviewedregularlyruntheriskofdiscouragingvitalityandinnovationinarchitecturaleducation.overlyvagueguidelinesprovidelittleinthewayofconsumerprotectionindeterminingthescopeorlevelofcompetencethatthepublicmayexpectfromapracticingarchitect.TheUIArecommendsthatinordertoensurecontemporaryrelevanceacomprehensivereviewofthecriteriaandproceduresforaccreditation/validationofarchitecturaleducationandprofessionaltrainingshouldtakeplaceaboutevery5years.

3. The Final Professional Examination/Assessment Insomejurisdictionsanassessmentofknowledgeandabilitytakesplaceintheformofacentrallyadministeredwrittenpaper,examination,specificdesignexercisesand/oraninterviewwithprofessionalpracticeexaminers.ProfessionalexperienceshouldbeassessedtodeterminelearningoutcomesinaccordancewithUIArecommendations.Centrallyadministeredassessmentsystemsshouldavoidimposingunnecessarilycomplexorredundantsystemsonstudents.Incountrieswhichhavevalidatedandbroadlycompatibleacademicprofessionalprograms,theUIAfavorsafinalexamination/assessmentprovidingitsscopeisrestrictedtoareaswhichhavenotalreadybeenassessedthroughothermeans,whetherpriortotheawardofarecognizedacademicqualificationinarchitecture,orthroughassessedprofessionalexperience.Incountrieswhichhaveabroadrangeofacademiccourseswhichmaynotbeexternallyvalidatedbytheprofession,theUIAfavorsacomprehensivefinalprofessionalexamination/assessmentwhichtestscoreknowledgeandabilityaswellasprofessionalmaturity.Allcandidatesforregistrationmustsubmittoanassessmentofprofessionalknowledgeandabilityorbeabletodemonstratetheequivalentofaqualificationachievedintheirhomejurisdiction.

4. Learning Outcomes Competencyrelatesmainlytoknowledgeandabilitywhicharerelevantirrespectiveofwhereorwhenanarchitectpractices,asreflectedintheadoptionoftheUIA/UNESCoCharteronEducation.However,therearedifferencesintheknowledgebase,whichisrequiredforcompetentpracticeataparticulartimeorlocation.Forexample,whileanawarenessoftheexistenceofcontractlawmaybegloballyrelevanttoarchitectsinpractice,theknowledgeofaparticularcountry’slegalsystemmaybydomainspecific;whileanunderstandingof“lateralstability”isglobalinitsrelevance,knowledgeofgeo-technicalconditionsandmethodsfordesignagainstearthquakesmaybedomainspecific.TheUIAbelievesthatthedemonstrationofprofessionalcompetenceshouldfocusonthedevelopmentofgeneralandtransferableknowledgeandskills,forthesearethelearningoutcomeswhichremainrelevanttotheprofessionalovertimeandirrespectiveofthelocationofpractice.TheneedforcontinuingprofessionaldevelopmentisacknowledgedbytheUIAandthearchitect’scodeofconductusuallyrequiresthatarchitectsshouldonlyundertakecommissionswheretherequiredknowledgeandabilityarepresent.TheUIAdoesnotfavorthere-examinationofknowledgeandability,whichhavealreadybeenexamined.

5. Examination/Assessment Requirements Should Be Competency Based TheUIAopposesrestrictionsonExamination/Assessment,whicharenotcompetencybased.

�. Incremental Assessment Versus Repeat Examinations Whileacknowledgingthatarchitectureisinasenseanholisticdisciplineinvolvingcomplexprofessionaljudgments,theUIAbelievesthatexaminationcanbeundertakenatplannedstagesinthestudent’sdevelopment.Itisusualthatthesestagesare:

• Duringandattheendoftheperiodofacademicprofessionalstudy,markedbytheawardof academicdegrees; • Attheendoftheprofessionalexperienceperiod;and/or • Throughafinalexaminationwhich,dependingonthecharacterofpreviousassessments,may beofageneralnatureorrestrictedtodomainspecificknowledge.

�. Demonstrating Competence to a Relevant Authority Therelevantauthoritywillneedtobesatisfiedthattherequiredstandardshavebeenmetbeforeallowingregistrationoftitle,functionand/ormembershipoftheprofessionalinstitute.Thiswillrequiretheauthorityto:

• Adoptstandardsforcompetency,suchasthoserecommendedbytheUIA,othermultinational documents,oraninternationallycompatiblenationalstandard; • Assessstandardsofcompetencyofacademicachievementinarchitecture,internship/ professionalexperience,anddomainspecificknowledge,eitherthroughparticipationinor throughthereceiptofrecommendationsfromanindependentaccreditation/validationagency.

Thescopeandstandardofcompetencyatallstagesofanarchitect’seducationandprofessionaltrainingshouldbesubjecttoregularaccreditation/validationbyanobjectivepanelwhichcansanctionprogramsandreportitsfindingstoregistrationbodies/professionalinstitutes.

40 41

Recommended Guidelines for the Policy on Registration/Licensing/Certification of the Practice of Architecture

Accord Policy on Registration/Licensing/Certification of the Practice of Architecture

That the UIA promote the registration/licensing/certification of the function of architects in all countries. In the public interest, provision for such registration/licensing/certification should be by statute.

Introduction

Registration/Licensing

CertificationRegistration/licensing/certificationistheofficiallegalrecognitionofanindividual’squalificationallowingherorhimtopracticeasanindependentarchitect,associatedwithregulationspreventingunqualifiedpersonsfromperformingcertainfunctions.Giventhepublicinterestinahigh-quality,sustainablebuiltenvironmentandthedangersandconsequencesassociatedwiththeconstructionindustry,itisimportantthatarchitecturalservicesareprovidedbyproperlyqualifiedprofessionalsinordertoprovideadequateprotectionforthepublic.Registration/licensing/certificationisbasedonminimumstandardsofcompetencyrelativetoeducation,experience,andexaminationtoensurethatthepublicinterestisserved.occupationallicensureisanexerciseofthestate’sinherentpolicepowertoprotectthehealth,safety,andwelfareofitscitizens.Fivegenerallyacceptedcriteriaindicatewhenlicensureisappropriate:

1) unregulatedpracticeoftheoccupationposesaseriousrisktoaconsumer’slife,health,safety,oreconomic well-beingandthepotentialforharmisrecognizableandlikelytooccur;

2) thepracticeoftheoccupationrequiresahighdegreeofskill,knowledge,andtraining;

3) thefunctionsandresponsibilitiesofthepractitionerrequireindependentjudgmentandthemembersofthe occupationalgrouppracticeindependently;

4) thescope-of-practiceoftheoccupationisdistinguishablefromotherlicensedandunlicensedoccupations;

5) theeconomicandculturalimpactonthepublicofregulatingthisoccupationalgroupisjustified.Thepracticeof architecturemeetstheseclassiccriteria.

Practice Regulation vs. Title Registration

“Practice regulation”i.e.regulationofthepracticeofaprofession,meansthatonlythoseindividualswhomeetspecificlegislatedcriteria(ofeducation,training,andtesting)mayperformtheservicesofaprofession.Practiceregulationorlicensure--becauseofitscosttothestateandconsumersandbecauseitlimitsentryintoaprofession-istraditionallyreservedforprofessionsandoccupationsthatifunregulatedposeaseriousthreattopublichealth,safety,andwelfare.Inevaluatingwhetheraprofessionshouldberegulatedbypracticeregulation,moststatesapplyasetofobjectivecriteria,whichinclude:Isthepublicbeingharmedbylackofregulationandcansuchharmbedocumented?Aretherealternativestostateregulation?Isthepublicprotectedbyexistinglaws,codes,orstandards,andwouldstrengtheningsuchlawssolvetheproblem?Whatisthecosttothestateandthepublicofregulatingtheprofessionandwillthepublicbenefitfromsuchregulation?

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2. Regulation of Conduct of Registrants

2.1 AuthorizationClearlytheauthorizationofanarchitecturalregistrationagencytoadoptrulesorregulationsgoverningtheconductofarchitectsshouldbecoveredbystatute.Rule-makingpowercoupledwithapowerofrevocationorsuspensionofregistrationbasedonmisconductimplicitlyrequiresfurtherdescriptionbytherule-makingprocessofwhatwillconstitutemisconduct.

2.2 Rules of ConductThestatuteshouldauthorizethearchitecturalregistrationagencytopromulgate,aspartofitsregulatoryfunction,rulesofconductgoverningthepracticeofregisteredarchitects.Thestatuteshouldcontainstandardsforthescopeandcontentofsuchrules.Thestatuteshouldalsoprovidethatviolationoftherulesofconductpromulgatedbythearchitecturalregistrationagencyisoneoftheenumeratedgroundsforrevocationorsuspensionofregistrationorfortheimpositionofacivilfine.

3. Qualification for Registration

Qualificationcriteriaforregistrationshouldbeobjectiveandtransparent.Forthepurposeofaregistrationstatute,careshouldbetakentoassurethatthestatuteappropriatelyreflectsthe“UIAAccordonRecommendedInternationalStandardsofProfessionalisminArchitecturalPractice”policiesandguidelinesonfundamentalrequirementsofanarchitect,education,accreditation/validation/recognition,practicalexperience/training/internship,andpracticalexamination/demonstrationofprofessionalknowledgeandability.Itisnotappropriatethatstatutescontainrequirementsforcitizenshiporresidencytoenterintotheprofession.

3.1 Degree Anapplicantforregistrationshouldberequiredtoholdanaccreditedprofessionaldegreeinarchitecture.TheUIArecommendsthattheUIA/UNESCoCharterforArchitecturalEducationbeestablishedastheminimumcriteriaforarchitecturaleducation.

3.2 Practical TrainingTheUIArecommendsthatanapplicantforregistrationhavesuchpracticaltrainingassetoutintheAccordPolicy.

3.3 ExaminationToberegistered,theapplicantshouldberequiredtopassexaminationscoveringsuchsubjectsandgradedonsuchbasisastheregistrationagencyshall,byregulations,decide.

3.4 Personal InterviewRegistrationagenciesmayrequireapersonalinterviewwithacandidateforregistration.

3.5 Moral CharacterIfthestatewishestoinvestitsregistrationagencywithdiscretiontorejectanapplicantwhoisnotof“goodmoralcharacter,”thestatuteshouldspecifyonlytheaspectsoftheapplicant’sbackgroundgermanetotheinquiry,suchas:

• Convictionforcommissionofafelony; • misstatementormisrepresentationoffactbytheapplicantinconnectionwithhisorherapplication; • Violationofanyoftherulesofconductrequiredofregistrantsandsetforthinthestatutesorregulations; • Practicingarchitecturewithoutbeingregisteredinviolationofregistrationlawsofthejurisdictioninwhichthe practicetookplace.

Iftheapplicant’sbackgroundincludesanyoftheforegoing,theregistrationagencyshouldbeallowed,notwithstanding,toregistertheapplicantonthebasisofsuitableevidenceofreform.

“Title registration”meansindividualsmuststillmeetspecificqualificationscriteria,butonlytheuseofthetitleiscontrolled.Individualswhodonothavethetitlemaycontinuetoperformtheservices.Titleregistrationshouldconferonlyaprotectedtitle.Atitlebillshouldnotaffectthescopeofthatgroup’spracticeorpermitthoseindividualstodoanythingtheywerenotalreadylegallyentitledtodo.(NoTE:Titleregistrationiscalled“certification”inmoststates.Theword“licensing,”thoughoftenusedasanumbrellatermforstateregulation,isusedbymoststatestomeanpracticeregulation.)Titleregistrationisintendedtoprovideameansthatthepubliccanusefordistinguishingtrained/qualifiedpractitionersorprovidersofaservicefromuntrainedorunqualifiedindividuals.Titleregistrationdoesnotpreventotherlessqualifiedindividualsfromprovidingtheservices;itsimplyestablishesameasuringstickagainstwhichtheirqualificationscanbejudged.Titleregistrationisconsideredappropriatewhennoseriousthreattothepublicisinvolved,butconsumersmaybeconfusedandmisledaboutproviders’qualifications.Titleregistrationachievesthegoalofenablingthepublicandconsumersofservicestodifferentiate,withminimalcosttothestateandconsumers,trained,qualifiedindividualsfromthosewhoareuntrained.Withtitleregistration,thoseindividualswhodonotmeettheregistrationrequirementsarenotdeprivedoftheirlivelihoods.Theseindividualscancontinuetoprovideservices;theyaresimplyconstrainedfromusingaprotectedtitle.

Proposed Legislative Guidelines

TheInternationalUnionofArchitectsrecommendsthatlegislationorstatutesregulatingtheprofessionofarchitectureshouldbebasedonregulationofthepracticeofarchitecture.Thefollowingguidelinesreflectthatrecommendationandsetforthprovisionstodealwithalimitednumberofproblemareasofstateregulationthathaveimplicationsbeyondtheboundariesofanindividualstate.Forthesakeofbrevity,theterm“registration”isusedthroughouttheguidelinetodenote“registration/licensing/certification.”Itshouldbenotedthatinanymutualrecognitionagreementbetweennationalandinternationaljurisdictions,theUIAtakesthepositionthatonlyregisteredarchitects(whetherwithpracticeregistrationortitleregistration)arerecognized.GuidelinesratherthandraftstatutorylanguagearerecommendedbecausethelawsofstatesrepresentedbythemembersectionsoftheUIAcontainlanguage,organization,andprovisionsreflectingtheuniquepoliticalandculturalcharacteristicsofthosestates.Itwouldundoubtedlybedisruptiveandconfusingtotrytosuggestexactstatutorylanguageonaninternationalbasis.

1. Definition

1.1 Practice of ArchitectureForthepurposeofaregistrationstatute,thedefinitionofthepracticeofarchitectureshouldbethedefinitionadoptedbytheUIAintheAccordonRecommendedInternationalStandardsofProfessionalisminArchitecturalPractice:The practice of architecture consists of the provision of professional services in connection with town planning and the design, construction, enlargement, conservation, restoration, or alteration of a building or group of buildings. These professional services include, but are not limited to planning; strategic and land-use planning; urban design; provision of preliminary studies, designs, models, drawings, specifications, and technical documentation; coordination of technical documentation prepared by others as appropriate and without limitation (consulting engineers, landscape architects, and other specialist consultants); construction economics; contract administration; monitoring of construction (referred to as supervision in some countries); and project management.Thisdefinitionofthepracticeofarchitecturecoversthewidevarietyofservicesthatarchitectsnormallyfurnishandforwhichtheyarespecificallytrainedandinwhichtheyarerequiredtodemonstrateprofessionalcompetency.Insomejurisdictionswheretheeducationandtrainingandcompetencystandardsaremorenarrowlydrawn,theUIAAccorddefinitionmayneedtobeamendedtoreflectthesenarrowerstandards.Nopersonshouldbepermittedtoengageinthepracticeofarchitectureunlessregisteredorotherwisepermittedtopracticeundertheregistrationstatute.Nopersonshouldbepermittedtousethetitle“architect”orotherwiserepresenttothepublicthatheorsheisanarchitectunlessheorsheisregisteredtopracticearchitecture.Insomeinstances,statestatutesmayexemptvariouscategoriesofrelateddesignprofessionalsfromthepurviewofthestatutetotheextentthattheexerciseoftheirprofessionmayincidentallyinvolvetheminthepracticeofarchitecture.Itisimportantthattheseexemptionsbecarefullythoughtouttoserveasameansforsettingoffotherlegitimatedesignactivitiesfromthepracticeofarchitecture.Inmanyjurisdictions,engineeringregistrationlawspermittheengineertodesignstructuresaswellasamultitudeofotherprojects.Thearchitecturalprofessionisoftenrestrictedbylawtodesigningonlybuildingsandancillaryfacilities“forhumanhabitation.”TheUIAadvocatesthatstatutesregulatingtheprofessionofarchitectureshouldnotundulynarrowthescopeofpracticeandshouldrecognizethatarchitects,throughtheirpractices,expresstherootsofasociety’sculturalandaestheticvaluesthroughthearchitecturetheydesign.

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• Thepersonhavingthepracticeofarchitectureinherorhischargeisherselforhimselfageneralpartner, ifapartnership;adirector,ifalimitedliabilitycompany;oradirector,ifacorporation,andregisteredto practiceinthatjurisdiction.Thestatuteshouldempowertheregistrationagencytorequire,byregulations, anypartnership,limitedliabilityorunlimitedcompany,orcorporationpracticingarchitectureinthatstate tofileinformationconcerningitsofficers,directors,managers,beneficialowners,andotheraspectsofits businessorganizationonsuchformsastheagencyprescribes.

5.2 Firm NameAfirmotherwisequalifiedtopracticeinastateorcountryshouldbepermittedtopracticeinthatstateorcountryunderanamethatdoesnotincludethenamesofeverydirector,ifacorporation;everymanager,ifalimitedliabilitycompany;oreverygeneralpartner,ifapartnership,registeredinanystateorcountrytopracticearchitecture,providedthefirmcomplieswithreasonableregulationsoftheregistrationagencyrequiringthefirmtofilethenames,addresses,andotherpertinentinformationconcerningthedirectors,managers,orgeneralpartnersofthefirm.

�. Engagement of an Architect During Construction of a Project

Constructionadministrationservices,includingperiodicsitevisits,shopdrawingreview,andreportingviolationsofcodesorsubstantialdeviationsfromthecontractdocumentsconstituteanimportantresponsibilityofthearchitectandassurethepublichealth,safety,andwelfare.Thefollowingguidelinesareintendedtoensurethatatleasttheminimumofconstructionservicesareprovidedbythedesignarchitect:

• 6.1Anownerwhoproceedstohaveconstructedaprojecthavingasitsprincipalpurposehumanoccupancy orhabitationshallbedeemedtobeengagedherselforhimselfinthepracticeofarchitectureunlesssheorhe hasemployedanarchitecttoperformatleastminimumconstructionadministrationservices,including periodicsitevisits,shopdrawingreview,andreportingtotheownerandbuildingofficialanyviolationsof codesorsubstantialdeviationsfromthecontractdocumentsthatthearchitectobserved.

• 6.2Itshallbetheprojectdesignarchitect’sobligationtoreporttotheregistrationjurisdictionandtothe buildingofficialifheorsheisnotengagedtoprovideconstructionadministrationservicesdescribedin Paragraph1,above.

• 6.3Aregistrationjurisdictionmaywaivetheserequirementswithrespecttoaparticularprojectorclass ofprojectsifitdeterminesthatthepublicisadequatelyprotectedwithoutthenecessityofanarchitect performingtheservicesdescribedinParagraph6.1.

�. Regulation of Unregistered Persons Practicing Architecture

Theunregisteredpracticeofarchitecturecanendangerthepublichealth,safetyandwelfare.Thefollowingguidelinesprovideabasisandmeansforenforcingthestatute:

• 7.1Althoughviolationofthearchitecturalregistrationstatutebyunregisteredpersonsshouldbeacrime, theregistrationagencyshouldalsobeauthorized,afterahearing,toimposecivilfinesofuptoastated amountandtoissueorderstoceaseagainstunregisteredpersonsandpersonsaidingandabetting unregisteredpersons.Theregistrationagencyaswellasthegovernment’sattorneygeneralandother locallawenforcementauthorities,shouldbeauthorizedtoseekinjunctionsagainstpracticebyunregistered personsandtheaidingorabettingofsuchpractice,andjudicialenforcementofcivilfinesimposedbythe registrationagency.

• 7.2Allplans,specifications,andothertechnicalsubmissionspreparedinthecourseofpracticingarchitecture (asdefinedinGuideline1)requiredtobefiledwiththestateoflocalbuildingorpublicsafetyofficialsshould besealedbyanarchitect.Ifstatelawprovidescertainexceptionstothegeneralrequirementthattechnical submissionsbesealed,thenthepersonfilingthetechnicalsubmissionsshouldspecifyonthemthestatelaw exemptingthepreparationofthosetechnicalsubmissions.Anypermitissuedonthebasisoftechnical submissionsnotcomplyingwiththeserequirementsshallbeinvalid.

4. Reciprocity Procedure

Thestatuteshouldmakeprovisionforregisteringnonresidentapplicantsinadditiontotheprovisionsoutlinedinthesection3,QualificationsforRegistration,andtoanyprovisionsinthestatuteprovidingotherformsofreciprocity.

4.1 Nonresident Applicant Seeking to PracticeEverynonresidentapplicantseekingtopracticearchitectureinajurisdictionshouldberegistered,iftheapplicant:

• Holdsacurrentandvalidregistrationissuedbyaregistrationauthorityrecognizedbymutualrecognition agreementbythejurisdiction; • Filesanapplicationwiththejurisdiction,onaformprescribedbythejurisdiction,containingsuchinformation satisfactorytothejurisdictionconcerningtheapplicantasthejurisdictionconsiderspertinent.

4.2 Nonresident Applicant Seeking a CommissionAnonresidentapplicantseekinganarchitecturalcommissioninajurisdictioninwhichheorsheisnotregisteredshouldbeadmittedtothejurisdictionforthepurposeofofferingtorenderarchitecturalservicesandforthatpurposeonlywithouthavingfirstbeenregisteredbythejurisdiction,iftheapplicant:

• Holdsacurrentandvalidregistrationissuedbyaregistrationauthorityrecognizedbymutualrecognition agreementbythejurisdiction; • Notifiestheboardofthejurisdictioninwritingthat(a)heorsheholdsacurrentvalidregistrationissued byaregistrationauthorityrecognizedbymutualrecognitionagreementbythejurisdictionbutisnot currentlyregisteredinthejurisdictionandwillbepresentinthejurisdictionforthepurposeofofferingto renderarchitecturalservices,(b)heorshewilldeliveracopyofthenoticereferredtoin(a)toeverypotential clienttowhomtheapplicantofferstorenderarchitecturalservices,and(c)heorsheshallapplyimmediately totheboardforregistrationifselectedasthearchitectforaprojectinthejurisdiction.Theapplicantshouldbe prohibitedfromactuallyrenderingarchitecturalservicesuntilheorshehasbeenregistered.

4.3 Design Competition Apersonseekinganarchitecturalcommissionbyparticipatinginanarchitecturaldesigncompetitionforaprojectinajurisdictioninwhichheorsheisnotregisteredshouldbepermittedtoparticipateinthecompetition,iftheperson:

• Holdsacurrentandvalidregistrationissuedbyaregistrationauthorityrecognizedbymutualrecognition agreementbythejurisdiction; • Notifiesthejurisdictioninwritingthatheorsheisparticipatinginthecompetitionandholdsacurrentandvalid registrationissuedbyaregistrationauthorityrecognizedbymutual recognitionagreementbythejurisdiction; • Undertakestoapplytothejurisdictionforregistrationimmediatelyonbeingchosenasanarchitect fortheproject.

5. Form of Practice

Ifarchitecturalservicesareprovidedbycorporateentities,theyshouldberequiredtobeundertheeffectivecontrolofarchitectsandrequiredtoconformtoandmaintainthesameprofessionalstandardsofservice,work,andconductasindividualarchitects.AmajorityofmembersectionsrespondingtotheUIAProfessionalPracticeCommissionquestionnaireindicatedthattheirstatespermittedthepracticeofarchitectureinpartnershipsandconventionalcorporateforms.Therestrictionsplacedoncorporatepracticeandthenewerlimitedliabilitycompanyareoftenonerous.Thegreatvarietyoftheserestrictionssuggestthataguidelineisneededtoseekareasonable,internationalprovisionrespectingfirmpracticewhileassuringthepublicoftheintegrityofarchitecturalservicesperformed.

5.1 Practice StructureTheUIAguidelinesrecommendthatstatutesprovidethatapartnership(includingaregisteredlimitedliabilitypartnership),alimitedliabilitycompany,oracorporationshouldbeadmittedtopracticearchitectureinajurisdictionif:

• Atleasttwo-thirdsofthegeneralpartners,ifapartnership;ortwo-thirdsofthedirectors,ifalimitedliability companyoracorporation,areregisteredunderthelawsofanystateorcountrytopracticearchitecture;

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Recommended Guidelines for the Policy on Qualification Based Selection

Foreword

TheUIAPolicyontheprocurementofarchitecturalservicesstates:Toensuretheecologicallysustainabledevelopmentofthebuiltenvironmentandtoprotectthesocial,culturalandeconomicvalueofsociety,governmentsshouldapplyprocurementproceduresfortheappointmentofarchitectsthataredirectedtotheselectionofthemostsuitablearchitectforprojects.Thisisbestachievedbyoneofthefollowingmethods:

•ArchitecturaldesigncompetitionsconductedinaccordancewiththeprinciplesdefinedbytheUNESCo- UIAinternationalcompetitionsguidelinesandapprovedbynationalauthoritiesand/orarchitectural professionalassociations; • Aqualificationbasedselection(QBS)procedureassetoutintheUIAguidelines; • Directnegotiationbasedonacompletebriefdefiningthescopeofarchitecturalservices.

GuidelinesforarchitecturalcompetitionsareavailablefromtheUIAdirectlyorfromUIAmembersections.ThisistheGuidelinedocumentthatprovidesclientswithatriedandtestedmethodofselectinganarchitectforthoseprojectsonwhichanarchitecturalcompetitionisnottobeheld.Thismethodenablestheselectionofthebestavailablearchitect,attherightprice.Architectsareselectedbymanymethodsthatrangefrominternationalcompetitionstochancemeetingsatsocialfunctions.ThisGuideprovidesatriedandtestedmethodthatwillenableaclienttoappointanarchitectconfidentintheknowledgethattheyhaveselectedthebestavailableconsultantattherightprice.QualificationBasedSelection(QBS)wasdevelopedoriginallyintheUnitedStatesofAmericafollowingfederalgovernmentlegislation(knownastheBrooksBill)requiringthatarchitectsandengineersbeselectedonthebasisofqualificationandcapabilityratherthanprice.

The importance of good design

Allclients,whetherindividuals,municipalities,privatecompaniesorinstitutions,andthearchitectswithwhomtheycontractseekthesameresult—satisfactioninajobwelldone.Followinganorganisedprocessforselectingandprocuringprofessionalarchitecturalservicescanhelpbothpartiesachievesatisfaction.QualificationBasedSelection(QBS)isaprocessthatenablestheclienttoobtaintheservicesofahighlyqualifiedarchitectatafairandreasonablecost,aninvestmentinqualitywhichisaimedatachievingsubstantialsavingsoverthelifecycleoftheproject.ThepurposeofthisGuideistoprovideguidanceonselectingarchitectsandestablishingtheframeworkforasuccessfulproject.ThisGuidepresentssuggestedproceduresforconductingaqualificationbasedselectionprocess,definingascopeofserviceswhichadequatelyaddressestheneedsofaspecificproject,negotiatingfairfeescommensuratewithservices(incircumstanceswherefeesarenotsetbyamandatorysystem)andpreparingalegalagreement.Whatevertheclient’sexperienceisinselectingarchitectsandprocuringprofessionalservices,theseprocedurescanhelpclarifyandsmooththeselectionandnegotiationprocess.Clientswhofollowtheseproceduresgainconfidencethattheyareprocuringserviceswhichrepresentthegreatestvaluetotheirproject.ArchitectswhostudythisGuidecanbetterorganiseandpreparetoparticipateintheselectionprocess.Awellconductedselectionandnegotiationprocesssetsthetoneforanefficientlymanagedproject—withscopeandresponsibilitiesclearlydefined,bothclientandarchitectcanjoininacommongoaltowardssuccessfulprojectcompletion.

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Step 1 – Selection

IntroductionTheobjectiveinStep1istocreateashortlistofthreetofivefirmsorindividualsmostqualifiedtoperformthework,basedonapreliminaryscopeofworkandprojectspecificevaluationcriteriaandthen,todeterminethefirmmostqualifiedunderthespecificproposedprojectcircumstanceswithwhichnegotiationswillthenbeconductedtoestablishacontractualarrangement.Thisstepenablestheclienttocommunicatetothearchitectwhatisexpectedfromthemandwhatistobeaccomplished.Italsoenablesthearchitecttorespondaccordingly,withfocusedStatementsofQualifications.Thesequalificationsareevaluatedandrankedbytheclient’sselectioncommittee,withthegoalofselectingthefirmorindividualmostqualifiedfortheproject.

Identifying the General Scope of WorkTobegintheselectionprocess,theclientmustbrieflyidentifythegeneralscopeandtheparticularneedsoftheproject.Justastheclientneedsinformationaboutthequalificationsandcompetenceofthearchitect,sotoothearchitectneedstoknowtheprojectrequirements.Aproperlydefinedandcommunicatedscopeofworksavestime,moneyandeffortforboththeclientandthearchitect.Thefirmhasinformationuponwhichtobaseadecisiontopursuetheprojectandisabletotailortheirstatementofqualificationsdirectlytotheprojectrequirements,providingtheclientwithamoreuniformbasisforevaluatingtheresponses.Itemsnormallyincludedinageneralstatementofthescopeofworkforapublicprojectare:

1 Client’snameandcontactperson(clearlyidentifiedastheonlypersontocontactforinformationontheproject), mailingaddress,telephoneandfaxnumber,asappropriate.2 Projectname(identification)andlocation.3 Projectoutline,includingintendedsize,function,capacityandothergeneralanticipatedrequirements (i.e.renovation,modernisation,demolition,additions,newconstruction,energy,landuseandsiteselection considerations).4 Descriptionsofcompletedstudies,surveysand/orpreliminaryfeasibilityworkrelevanttotheprojectand availabletothefirmswhichwillberesponding.5 Anticipatedprojecttargetdates,includingcompletionofdesignwork,beginningofconstructionandplanned projectcompletiondate.6 Requirementsforfurtherfeasibilitystudiesorprogramplanningpriortodesignandconstruction,ifappropriate.7 Descriptionofanyotherprojectsinprocessorplannedforthesamesiteortimeframe,whichmayaffectthe scopeofwork.8 Descriptionofarchitectselectionprocess.9 Additionaloruniquerequirements/considerations.10 Anticipatedtimelineforprojectcompletion.11 Projectbudget.

Asappropriate,otheritemsmaybeaddedtoprovidegeneralguidancetotheinterestedfirmsandmeettheneedsoftheclient.Allservicestheclientwishesthearchitecttoprovide,includingfeasibilitystudies,programdevelopment,design,constructioncoordinationandbudgetdevelopment,shouldbegenerallyoutlined.

Setting the Selection Time FrameTokeeptheprocessofselectinganarchitectadvancingsmoothly,clientsshouldestablishatimeframeforcompletionoftheselectionprocess.Establishingthetimeframecommunicatesrequirementswiththefirmsandpreventsmisunderstandingsandlastminute‘surprises’whichmightdelaytheprocess.Thetimeframeforeachprojectwilldiffer,dependinguponthenatureoftheproject,theconcernsoftheclientandotherfactors.ThesuggestedtimeframeforanaverageQBSprojectrequiresatotalofsixtotenweekstoallowproperplanningandadministrationateachstepoftheselectionprocess.Dependinguponthestatusoftheclient’sproject,adjustmentscanbemadetoaccommodatetheclient’sneeds.

Requesting Statements of QualificationsAftertheclienthaspreparedageneralscopeofwork,thenexteventintheQBSprocessistoinvitequalifiedfirmstosubmitprofessionalresumes,orstatementsofqualifications.Atthispoint,theclientmustdecidewhethertheinvitationwillbemadetoallinterestedfirms,orwhetherthisinformationwillbesolicitedfromamoreselectgroupoffirms.manygovernmentagenciesarerequiredtoadvertisetheirintenttocontractfordesignservicesandtopermitallinterestedfirmstosubmitastatementofqualifications.otheragenciesmaintainfilesonarchitectsandoffertheirprojectsonlytothesefirms.

Selection of an architect

Inappointinganarchitect,aclientshouldbeguidedbyoneprimaryconsideration—thequalificationsofthefirmforthespecificprojecttobeundertaken.Inshort,selectinganarchitectshouldbebythesamecriteriathatapplytochoosingaphysicianorotherreputableprofessional—mostimportantlyskill,reputation,rapport,pastperformance,technicalcompetenceandcommitmenttotheclient’sinterests.Theselectionofthearchitectwillhaveamajorbearingonthequalityoftheresultantproject.Aqualityprojectcanbedefinedasonethatmeetsorexceedstheneedsandexpectationsoftheclient.

Why use qualification based selection?

Everyproblemorprojectisunique,withitsowntechnicalchallenges.Attheoutsetofmostprojects,itissometimesdifficultfortheclienttofullygraspthecomplexitiesoftheprojectorthevarietyofprofessionalservicesthatmayberequiredtodevelopasolution.Thequalifiedarchitectfillstheseneedsfortheclient.Thearchitectservesastheagentoftheclient,representingtheclient’sinterestinday-to-daydealingswithcontractors,suppliers,equipmentmanufacturersandothersprovidinggoodsandservicesfortheproject.Forthisreasonitisvitalthattheclientandthearchitectsharearelationshipcharacterisedbytrust,respectandeffectivecommunication.QBSfostersthistypeofrelationshipbybringingtheclientandthearchitecttogetherasateam,akeyingredienttoquality,enablingthemtodefinetheprojectindetailandagreeupontheservicesthatwillberequiredtomaketheprojectareality.QualificationBasedSelectionisathreestepprocessthatcaneasilybeadaptedtoanyproject,largeorsmall.Itisaprocessthatgivestheclientapartnerwithwhomtodefinetheprojectindetailandthenagreeonalltheprofessionalservicesthatwillberequiredforthecompletionoftheproject.

The qualification based selection process

Theclientshouldinvolvetheservicesofthearchitectasearlyaspossibleinplanningtheproject.Thearchitectcantaketheclient’savailableinformationandideastocreateworkableplanswithoptionswhichallowtheclienttomakesounddecisionsonwhatshouldbeimplemented.Thesoonerthearchitectisselected,thesoonertheybecomeavitalmemberoftheprojectteam.Withadequateandproperplanning,anotherkeyingredienttoqualityearlyintheproject,expensivemistakesandduplicationofeffortscanbeminimised.oneofthemostbeneficialaspectsofQBSisthejointdevelopmentoftheScopeofServicesduringthenegotiationprocess.ClientsshouldconsidertheQBSprocessasaneducationalexperience.Theycanlearnfromthefirmssubmittinginformation,andespeciallyfromthosebeinginterviewed.Clientsarenotcommittedtoanyfinancialobligationsuntilaselectionismadeandanagreementisenteredinto,buttheyshouldbepreparedtopayforanypreliminarystudies,designsorsketchesthattheyaskthearchitecttoprovide.TheQBSprocessusuallyincludesallorpartofthefollowingthreesteps:

Step 1 – Selection (a) Theclientidentifiestheirobjectives,criticalissuesandprogram. (b) Theselectiontimeframeandprojectbriefareestablished. (c) Proposalssettingoutqualificationsandcapabilityareinvited. (d) Proposalsareevaluatedandashortlistdetermined. (e) Atourofthesiteand/orfacilitymaybearrangedfortheshortlistedfirms. (f) Interviewsareconductedandtheshortlistedfirmsrankedinorderofpreference.

Step 2 – Definition (a) Thetoprankedfirmisinvitedtoparticipateinfurtherdiscussiontodevelopafullerunderstandingofthe projectrequirements. (b) Thescopeofservicerequiredfortheprojectisagreedandfeesnegotiated. (c) Ifagreementcannotbereachedwiththetoprankedfirm,negotiationsarebrokenoffandcommencedwith thesecondrankedfirmandsoonuntilagreementisreached.

Step 3 – Appointment (a) Anagreementcoveringtheabovenegotiatedarrangementisexecuted. (b) Allfirmsinvolvedareadvisedoftheoutcomeoftheselectionprocess. (c) Areportispreparedsettingoutthereasonsforthefinalselection.

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Theclientmayalsodecidetointerviewrepresentativesofeachshort-listedfirm.Technicalproposalsmaynotbeneededifinterviewsareheld.Theseinterviewsgivetheclienttheopportunitytocomparethefirms’creativeapproachestothedesignprocess,aswellastheirinterpretationandunderstandingoftheproject.Almostasimportant,interviewsgivetheclientanimportantinsightintoeachfirm’smanagementstyleandcommunicationsabilities.Forthisreason,theclientshouldrequirethatallshort-listedfirmssendprincipals,aswellasthekeyarchitectsandotherprofessionalswhowillberesponsibleforthework,totheseinterviews.

Interview Room Set-UpThephysicalset-upfortheinterviewshouldbecomfortable,withgoodacousticsandampleroom.Aseparatewaitingareashouldbeprovidedforotherfirmstobeinterviewed.Equipmentsuchaswhiteboards,flipschartsandaudio-visualscreensprobablywillbeusefulifavailable,althoughmostfirmswillbringtheequipmenttheyneed.Sinceequipmentset-uptimemaycausesomedelays,tworoomsshouldbeused,ifpossible.Whileonefirmisbeinginterviewedinthefirstroom,anotherfirmcansetupinthesecondroom.Thisensuresthatimportantinterviewtimeisnotspentcheckingequipment.Interviewsareusuallyheldinclosedsessionsunlessapplicablestatutesorregulationsrequireanopenpublicmeeting.Insuchcases,thefirmsshouldbenotifiedofthisinadvanced.

Some Interviewing GuidelinesThefollowingaresuggestedguidelinesforsettingupandconductingtheinterviews: • Interviewonlythosefirmsshort-listedtoensurethatallinterviewedfirmshavehadequalopportunityto preparepresentations. • Adequatetimeshouldbescheduledforeachpresentation,usually45minutes.A45minuteinterviewis fair,reasonableandinformativeformostprojectselections,withmoretimebeingallowedforunusualor complexprojects.Forexample,fiveminutesforintroductionsandpreliminaryremarksbytheinterviewchair; 20minutesforthepresentationofthequalifications;15minutesforquestionsandanswers;andfiveminutes foraclosingsummarybytheconsultant.Scheduleadequatetimebetweeninterviewsforthecommitteeto discussthepresentationprivatelybeforebeginningthenextinterview. • Scheduleallinterviewsonthesameday,ifpossible.Thispermitsthecommitteetocompareallofthe interviewedfirmswhileinformationisfreshintheirminds,andensuresconsistentinterviewscoring.Using 45minuteinterviews,aclientcaneasilyschedulethethreetofiveshort-listedfirmsinoneday,including committeerating,discussionanddecisiontime.overnightdelaystendtoinfluencejudgements. • Theevaluationcriteriafortheinterviewscoringsystemshouldbesenttoallfirmsasanattachmenttothe memorequestingqualifications. • Whileitisappropriatetoquestionfirmsabouttheirapproachtothedesignofaproject,clientsshouldnot askforanactualdesignsolutionduringtheinterview.Appropriateandresponsivedesignsrequireconsiderably moreinteractionbetweenclientandarchitectthanispossibleduringtheselectionphase.Preconceived designsolutionsbroughttothetablebyeitherthearchitectorclientrarelyaddressthetrueneedsofthe client’sprogram.Considerabletimeandeffort,however,maybeexpendedtryingtosalvagepreconceived ideastomakethemfittheprogram.Thisactuallyimpedesprogressandpreventstheexplorationofmore responsivesolutionstoidentifieddesignissues. • Clientsmaywanttoaskfirmshowtheyplantodevelopanappropriateleveloffeesfortheirprofessional services.However,feesarebestnegotiatedindetaileddiscussionswiththefirmfinallyselected,andonly afterthereisacomprehensiveandmutualunderstandingoftheactualscopeofservices.Good,open communicationisessentialtoavoidmisunderstandingsatalaterdateandtoensurethatthefirmhasincluded initsscopeofservicestheclient’sexpectationsfortheprojectaswellasalldetailedrequirements. • Teambuildingshouldbeginintheinterviewprocess.Theabilityoftheinterviewedfirm’spersonneltointeract withtheclientisanimportantfactorindeterminingfuturesuccessoftheproposedproject. • Letallfirmsknowwhenthedecisionwillbemadeandwhentheywillreceivecommunicationregarding theirstatus.Itisrecommendedthat,ifpossible,thecommittee’sdecisionbemadeonthesamedateasthe interviews,afterthecommitteehashadampletimetoevaluateallfirms.

Ranking of Short-Listed FirmsTheevaluationform,whichincludesaweightandascoreforeachcriteria/question,isausefulinstrumentforevaluating,rankingandultimatelyselectingacompatibleandqualifiedfirm.AsamplecopyofanevaluationformisincludedintheappendixofthisGuide(FormQBS1).Allfirmsshouldbeevaluatedseparatelybyeachmemberoftheselectioncommittee.Thechairpersonoftheselectioncommitteewillcompiletheindividualscoresheetswhenalltheshort-listedfirms

Content of the Request for Statements of QualificationsWhethertheinvitationtosubmitstatementsofqualificationstakestheformofapublicadvertisementoraletterormemorandumsenttoalimitednumberoffirms,itshouldincludethefollowing: • Thegeneralscopeofworkfortheproject. • Theclient’snameandthename,addressandtelephonenumberoftheprojectcontactperson. • Alistofinformationeachfirmshouldincludeinitsstatementofqualifications,suchasthenamesoffirm owners,numberofyearsinbusiness,thetypesofservicesoffered,approachtoquality,backgroundonkey technicalpersonnel,similarprojectsdesignedbythefirm,projectsunderwayetc. • Numberofcopiesrequired. • Relativeweighttobegiventoevaluationfactors.(ThismaybedonebyincludingacopyofQBS1formtobe usedintheselectionprocess.) • Apolicythatstatementsofqualificationsreceivedafterasetdeadlinewillnotbeconsidered. • Projectbudget. • Selectioncriteria.

Evaluating the Statements to Develop a Short ListTheultimategoalofthisevaluationistonarrowthefieldofqualifiedfirmstoa‘shortlist’ofthreetofivefirms.Eachfirmshouldbeevaluatedonthebasisofexpertiseofitskeyprofessionalstaff,experienceonprojectsofsimilarcomplexityitsphysicalequipmentandfacilities,referencesandotherfactorsofimportancetotheclient.Thisevaluationcanbeconductedbyoneindividualoracommitteeappointedbytheclient.Governmentagenciesoftenhavespecificrulesorpoliciesregardingthemake-upofarchitectselectioncommittees.Itisuptotheclienttoensurethattheselectioncommitteeiscomposedofcompetentindividualsabletomakeanintelligentselectiondecisionbasedonfactualinformation,andthatthemembersoftheselectioncommitteeevaluateeachstatementofqualifications.Theselectioncommitteeshoulddocumenttheproceedingsanddecisionsintheeventquestionsariseaboutanydecisionsmade.Asampletallysheetsuchasisnormallyusedintheevaluationofthestatementsofqualificationsisprovidedintheappendix(FormQBS1).Frequently,aclientwillattachmoreimportancetocertainqualificationsthanothers(forinstance,experienceonsimilarprojectsmightbemostimportant).Thisformcanbetailoredtomeetthoseconcernssimplybyassigningahigherarithmeticweighttothosefactorsthatareofgreatestconcerntotheclient.Beforemeetingtoperformtheevaluations,theclientshouldcheckthereferencesofeachfirmunderconsideration.Thischeckshouldnotbelimitedtothereferencessuppliedbythefirms.Theclientshouldaskthelistedrefereesforothersourcesofinformationaboutthearchitect’scapabilities.SomeofthemattersthatmightbecheckedwithrefereesarelistedinformQBS5intheappendix.Basedupontheevaluationofthestatementsofqualificationsandreferencechecks,lesser-qualifiedfirmscanbedisqualified,leavingashort-listofthreetofivefirmsforfurtherconsideration.Forsmallerprojects,itisrecommendedthatthreefirmsbeshortlisted.Foraverylargeproject,sometimesashortlistoffourorfiveisdesired.Allfirmsthatsubmitastatementofqualificationsmakeasignificantcommitmentoftimeandexpensewhentheydoso.Asacourtesy,theclientshouldnotifythefirmsnotselectedforfurtherconsideration,aswellasthosewhoareshortlisted.

Tours of the Project SiteProvidingtheshort-listedfirmswithatouroftheprojectsitecanbeoneofthemostimportantpartsoftheselectionprocess.Atouroftheprojectsitegivesthesefirmstheopportunitytoobtainfirst-handinformationabouttheproposedprojectandtheclient’sspecificneeds.Insomecases,atourmaynotbenecessary;suchdeterminationsshouldbemadeonacase-by-casebasis.

Evaluating and Ranking the Short-Listed FirmsEachshort-listedfirmcouldthenbeaskedtoproduceatechnicalproposalwhichdescribesindetailthefirm’stechnicalapproachtotheproject;itsplanformanagingandperformingtherequiredwork;thepersonneltobeassignedtotheproject;theproposedworkschedule;thefirm’scurrentworkload;theofficeinwhichtheworkwillbeperformed;andotherproject-specificinformation.Thistechnicalproposalcanbeusedasaforerunnertotheinterviews,inconjunctionwith,orasasubstituteforthem.Technicalproposalsshouldberequiredonlywhentheprojectiswelldefined,andifthesignificanceoftheprojectjustifiestheexpenseandtimetotheshort-listedfirmsandtheclient.Theprocessofutilisingtechnicalproposalswilladdseveralweeks,andcommensuratecost,tothepreparationtimefortheshort-listedfirms.Theclientalsowillrequiretechnically-experiencedstaff,aswellasadditionaltimetoadequatelyreviewthetechnicalproposals.

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Afterthemostqualifiedfirmhasbeenselectedandadetailedscopeofserviceshasbeenagreedupon,anacceptablefeeshouldbenegotiated.Toassistinthisprocess,setoutbelowareseveraldifferentmethodsthatarchitectsuseforchargingfees.

Percentage FeesThisisaverycommonmethodofchargingfees.Thearchitectchargesapercentageofthecostofthebuilding(usuallythecostoncompletion).Theadvantageofapercentagefeebasisisthatafeeagreementcanbereachedattheearliestpossibletime,evenbeforethevalueorextentofthebuildingworkisknown.Itisnormalforthefeetochangewiththecostoftheworksoif,forexample,theclientincreasesthesizeofthejob,thearchitect’sfeewillincreaseproportionately.Similarly,ifthefinalcostofthebuildingislessthantheestimate,thearchitect’sfeewouldbereduced.Itshouldbenoted,however,thatifthearchitecthascompleteddesignworktotheclient’sinstructionsandtheythenreducethesizeoftheproject,theclientmaybechargedadditionalfeesforredesignwork.

Lump Sum FeesThisisalsoacommonmethodofsettingfees.Thearchitectagreesonafixedsumofmoneyforanagreedscopeofwork.Normallythefeewillnotchangeifthecostofthebuildingchanges.Thishastheadvantagethattheclientalwaysknowsexactlyhowmuchthearchitect’sfeewillbe.However,itisnotalwayseasytocalculateafixedlumpsumfeeattheoutsetofaproject,especiallyiftheclientisunsureofhisorherrequirementsandsosometimesarchitectswillquoteapercentagefeewhichwilllaterbeconvertedtofixedlumpsumwhenthescopeofworkisactuallyknown.

Time Charge FeesThisisnotacommonmethodofchargingforarchitect’sservices,particularlyfordesignworkonaspecificbuilding.Nevertheless,shouldthismethodbeused,thearchitectwillchargeforhis/herworkonanagreedhourly/daily/weeklyrate.Itisusefulwhenaclientwishestoseekadviceonaproject.Intheseinstances,lumpsumfeesarealsocommon.Thedisadvantageoftimebasedfeesisthatthereisnocertaintyattheoutsetofhowmuchthefeeswillamountto,althoughthisdisadvantagecanpartiallybeovercomebysettinganupperlimitwhichcannotbeexceededwithoutapproval.

How Much Does an Architect Charge?Thecostofanarchitect’sservicesdependsonanumberoffactors,someofwhichrelatetothearchitect’sexperience,reputationormethodoroperation.Timecharges,forexample,willvaryconsiderably.Clearlytherateforarecentgraduatewillbeconsiderablylessthanthatofaveryexperiencedpractitioner.Likewise,awellknownarchitectwillmostprobablybeabletocommandhigherfeesthananunknownarchitect.Anarchitectwhooperatesasmallpracticefromhomewillobviouslyhaveloweroverheadsthanalargecitypracticeandmaythereforebeabletochargeless.Hourlyratesnormallyincludeallnormalofficeoverheadssuchasofficerental,secretarialstaff,printing,telephonecalls,etc.Asindicatedabove,eacharchitecturalpracticesetsitsownfeesandchargesso,dependingonthenatureoftheprojectandtheservice,hourlychargeswillvary.Percentagechargesmayalsovaryaccordingtothetypeandcomplexityofajob.Forexample,itisclearlymucheasiertodesignagaragethananentirehouseanditissimilarlyeasiertodesignanewbuildingonavirginsitethanitistoalterandextendanexistingdwelling.Themorecomplexthejob,themoretimethearchitectwillhavetospendandthereforethemorefeeswillhavetobecharged.Percentagechargesforfullarchitecturalservicesonsmalland/orcomplexprojectscouldbeintheorderof15%ofthecostoftheworksandwouldprogressivelyreduceforlargeandlesscomplexprojects.

Are There Any Other Costs Involved?Usuallythearchitectwillseekreimbursementforitemsoutsidenormalarchitecturalservices,suchas: • specialistsub-consultants(e.g.structuralengineers,costconsultants,landscapearchitects); • travellingexpenseswherethesiteismorethan30kmfromthearchitect’soffice; • modelsorperspectives;and • feesforauthoritiesapplication,etc.

havebeenevaluated(FormQBS2).Thissystemprovidesadocumentedrecordoftheselectionprocessassupportforthecommittee’sactions,whichisimportant.Theselectioncommitteeshouldtaketimetoachievetherankingandselectionbyconsensusratherthanjustbymajorityvote.onereviewer,however,shouldnotbepermittedtoundulyinfluencetheoutcomeoftheselectionprocess.Aftertherankingoffirmsiscompleted,amemoshouldbepreparedandmailedtoallfirmswhoparticipatedintheinterviewprocess.Thememoshouldlistinalphabeticalorderallshort-listedfirmsandtheorderinwhichthecommitteerankedthem.Itiscustomaryforclientstoprovidethisinformationasacourtesytothefirms.

Step 2 – Definition

IntroductionThetoprankedfirmfromStep1istheninvitedtoparticipateinStep2oftheprocess(useFormsQBS3andQBS4).TheobjectiveofStep2istounderstandtheclient’sneedsandexpectationsandtojointlydefinethescopeoftheproject,theservicesrequiredandthecontractform.Duringthisphase,theclientwillbeabletoexplaintheneedsandobjectivesoftheprojectmorefully.Thearchitectwillbeabletorespondandmakesuggestions,basedonexperienceandgainabetterunderstandingoftheclient’sneedsandexpectations.Additionally,thisphasegivesaccesstotheadviceandexpertiseofthetop-rankedfirmindevelopingthemostappropriatescopeoftheproposedwork.Thisphasealsoprovidesthenextchancetoevaluateifthetop-rankedfirmwillmakeagoodteammember.Iftheclientisunabletoreachagreementwiththisfirmastothescopeoftheproject,theymaymovebacktothebeginningofStep2withthenexthighestrankedfirmonthelist.

Developing the Scope of Services and AgreementFromthispointon,theclientandthehighestrankedfirmcanbeginworkingtogetherasateam.Theybeginbysittingdowntogethertodiscusstheprojectindetailandtogainabetterunderstandingofoneanother.Theclientexpressesthegoalsfortheprojectandthearchitectobtainsasmuchspecificinformationaspossibleaboutthosegoals.Thisexchange,whichcantakeseveraldaysonamajorproject,leadstothedevelopmentofthedetailedscopeofservices,whichisthefoundationofanagreementbetweenthetwoparties.Whenthedetailedscopeofservicesisagreedupon,thearchitectisinapositiontodevelopandsubmitadetailedfeeproposaltotheclient.Iftheproposedfeeismorethantheclienthasbudgeted,thetwoworktogethertomodifythescopeofservices,sothattheclientisfullyawareoflimitationsorproblemsthatmightresult.Suchaworkingrelationshipgreatlyenhancestheoddsforaqualityproject.Ifanagreementonthescopeofservicesandfeescannotbereached,discussionswiththefirst-rankedfirmshouldbeterminated,andtheclientshouldinitiatetalkswiththesecond-rankedfirm.However,itisnotnormallydifficulttoreachanagreement,sincebyitsverynature,theQBSprocessfostersexcellentcommunicationandunderstandingbetweentheclientandarchitect,anotherkeyingredienttoquality.Thisapproachensuresthattheclienthasthepeaceofmindofknowingthatthemostsuitablearchitecthasbeenselectedattherightprice.

Step 3 – Appointment

IntroductionIncircumstanceswherefeesarenotdeterminedbylaworsomeothermandatorysystem,Step3isoneofthemajorbenefitsoftheQBSprocess,foritisherethattheclientisabletoappointthearchitectonthebasisofanacceptablefee.Giventheimportantnatureoftheservicesandgrowthoflitigation,theclientandthearchitectshouldenterintoawrittenagreement.Thepartiesmaywishtousethestandardformsofagreementthathavebeendevelopedbythelocalornationalprofessionalassociationofarchitects.

Architects’ FeesTheselectedarchitectisbothaprofessionalandabusinesspersoninprovidingdesignservices.Anarchitectnotonlyprovideshighlytechnicalservicesandactsastheclient’sagent,butmustalsorecoverallcostsandearnafairprofittoremaininbusiness.Thecommonlawofbusinessbalanceprohibitspayingalittleandreceivingalot.Thepurposeofthissectionistoexplainhowthearchitectcharges,soclientswillbefullyinformedwhentheyenterintonegotiationstoestablishafairandreasonablepriceforprofessionalservices.

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Form QBS2Qualifications evaluation summary form

Tobeusedbytheselectioncommitteechairmantocompiletheevaluationresultsofallstatementsofqualifications.Note:Enterthegrandtotalforeachfirm’squalifications(fromtherespectiveevaluationsheetsforcomparativepurposes)toselectthreetofivemostqualifiedfirmstobeinterviewed.

Firms 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Reviewer1

Reviewer2

Reviewer3

Reviewer4

Reviewer5

Reviewer___

Reviewer___

GrandTotals

Listthetop-rankedfirmsastheshort-listedfirmstobeinterviewed.

Form QBS1Qualifications evaluation form

Tothefollowingmodel,theclientshouldaddordeletequestionsasappropriatefortheclient’sspecificsituation.Itissuggestedthattheweightsandvaluesassignedbeonthesamescaleasthoseusedforinterviewingshort-listedfirms,whichtheclientwilldolater.Highestnumber=mostvalueRatingcolumn=1–5pointsWeightcolumn=1–10pointsFormQBS2,onthefollowingpage,isprovidedforthepersoninchargeoftheselectioncommitteetosummarisetheresultsoftheprocess,narrowthenumberoffirmsthatsubmittedqualificationsdowntothenumberdesiredforashortlist(firmstobeinterviewed).

Qualifications evaluation

Client______________________________________________________________________________________ContactPerson______________________________________________________________________________ProjectDescription__________________________________________________________________________Architect_______________________________________________EvaluationIDNo______________________Address___________________________________________________________________________________Suburb_____________________________________________State_________Postcode_________________Telephone(____)___________________________Facsimile(____)____________________________________

Rating Weight (1–5) (1–10) Total1 Firm’shistoryandresourcecapabilitytoperformrequiredservices x =2 Evaluationofassignedpersonnel x =3 Relatedexperience(asappropriate): a.Designservices x = b.Technicaldocumentation x = c.Contractadministration x = d.Studies x = e.other x =4 Projectmethodology x =5 Approachtoqualitymanagement x =6 Familiaritywithlocalareageographyandfacilities x =7 Abilitytorelatetoprojectrequirements x =8 Analysisofsubjectivestatements(onepage)applicabletothe projectasrequiredontherequestforqualifications x =9 Referencecheck(evaluationtransferfromreferencecheckform) x =

GRANDToTAL______________

ReviewerName_________________________________________________________

ReviewerNumber_______________________________________________________

5� 5�

Form QBS4Group interview evaluation form

Forusebypersoninchargeoftheinterviewstocompileallscoresofarchitecturalfirmsparticipatingintheinterviewprocess.Note:Enterthegrandtotalforeachfirmasrecordedbyeachinterviewerontheinterviewscoresheet.

CombinedGroupTotals

FirmA FirmB FirmC FirmD FirmE

Interviewer1

Interviewer2

Interviewer3

Interviewer4

Interviewer5

Interviewer_______

Interviewer_______

GrandTotals

Dividebynumberofinterviewers

Average Score

Form QBS3The interview: issues and score sheets

Client________________________________________Project_____________________________________

Firmsinvitedtoaninterviewfortheaboveprojectshouldbepreparedtospeaktothefollowingissuesduringthecourseoftheirinterview.Questionscanbeexpandedasappropriate.Theinterviewershoulddeterminethenumberofpossiblepointstobeawardedineachcategory.

1 Categories PossiblePoints

PointsAwarded

1 GraspofProjectRequirements(Clientmayevaluatefirm’sanalysis,preparationandlevelofinterest.)

2 DesignApproach/methodology(Clientmayevaluatefirmorindividual’screativityandproblemsolvingability.)

3 KeyPersonnelandRoles(Clientmayevaluatepersonalqualificationsandprofessionalskillsofkeyindividuals.)

4 PertinentExperience,Firm(Clientmayevaluaterelatedprojectspresentedaspreviousworkofthefirm.)

5 PertinentExperience,Individual(Clientmayevaluaterelatedprojectspresentedaspreviousworkofthekeypersonnel.)

6 Consultant/In-HouseResources(Clientmayevaluatefirm’sabilitiesandimportanceofconsultantorin-housesupportservices.)

7 TechnicalProjectmanagement(Clientmayevaluatefirm’sabilitiesrelatedtotechnicalfunctionssuchasprojectcostcontrols,constructionobservation,timescheduled,etc.)

8 ResponsivenesstoClient’sConcerns(Clientmayevaluatefirm’sabilitytoformsuccessfulworkingrelationshipsandcommunicationswiththeclient.)

9 ApproachtoQuality(Clientmayevaluatefirm’smethodsofdevelopingaqualityproject.)

10 methodofCharging(Clientmayevaluatefirm’smethodofdeterminingfees.CompensationstatementsorfeebidsareNoTrequired.)

11 otherRelevantIssues(Clientmayevaluateimportanceofotherrelevantissuespresentedbythefirm.)

12 ReferenceCheck

Interviewer_________________________________Firm___________________________

5� 5�

Recommended Guidelines for the Policy on Ethics and Conduct

Accord Policy on Ethics and Conduct

The existing UIA International Code of Ethics on Consulting Services remains in force. Member Sections of the UIA are encouraged to introduce into their own codes of ethics and conduct the recommended Accord Guidelines and a requirement that their members abide by the codes of ethics and conduct in force in the countries and jurisdictions in which they provide professional services, so long as they are not prohibited by international law or the laws of the architect’s own country.

Introduction

AtthemeetingofthecommissioninWashingtoninDecember,1998,therewasbroadagreementthattheamendedcodeevolvingfromtheBarcelonameetingshouldbeputtotheAssemblyinBeijingforadoptionastheAccordGuidelinesforEthicsandConductforsubsequentadoptionbymembersectionswithintheirowncodes.Thedraftingpanel,drawingonprinciplesandpoliciesarticulatedintheaccordandthecodesofethicsandconductfrommembersectionsaroundtheworld,recommendtothecouncilandassemblythefollowing:

Preamble

membersofthearchitecturalprofessionarededicatedtothehigheststandardsofprofessionalism,integrity,andcompetence,andtothehighestpossiblequalityoftheiroutput,andtherebybringtosocietyspecialanduniqueknowledge,skills,andaptitudesessentialtothedevelopmentofthebuiltenvironmentoftheirsocietiesandcultures.Thefollowingareprinciplesfortheconductofarchitectsinfulfillingthoseobligationswhenundertakingaconsultingservice.Theyapplytoallprofessionalactivities,wherevertheyoccur.Theyaddressresponsibilitiestothepublic,whichtheprofessionservesandenriches;totheclientsandusersofarchitectureandthebuildingindustries,whohelptoshapethebuiltenvironment;andtotheartandscienceofarchitecture,thatcontinuumofknowledgeandcreationwhichistheheritageandlegacyoftheprofessionandofsociety.

Principle 1. General Obligations

Architectspossessasystematicbodyofknowledgeandtheoryofthearts,science,andbusinessofarchitecturedevelopedthrougheducation,training,andexperience.Theprocessofarchitecturaleducation,training,andexaminationisstructuredtoassurethepublicthat,whenanarchitectisappointedtoperformprofessionalservices,thatarchitecthasmetacceptablestandardsenablingproperperformanceofthoseservices.Architectshaveageneralobligationtomaintainandadvancetheirknowledgeoftheartandscienceofarchitecture,respectthebodyofarchitectural.Accomplishmentandcontributetoitsgrowth,andgiveprecedencetolearnedanduncompromisedprofessionaljudgementoveranyothermotiveinthepursuitoftheart,science,andbusinessofarchitecture.

1.1 Standard: Architectsshallstrivetocontinuallyimprovetheirprofessionalknowledgeandskillinareas relevanttotheirpractices.

1.2 Standard:Architectsshallcontinuallyseektoraisethestandardsofaestheticexcellence,architectural education,research,training,andpractice.

1.3 Standard: Architectsshall,asappropriate,promotethealliedartsandcontributetothe knowledgeandcapabilityofthebuildingindustries.

Form QBS5Possible questions for referees for whom the architect has completed projects

• Howmanyprojectshaveyoudonewiththisarchitect? • Wasthedesignofthefinishedjobwhatyouexpected?Ifnot,wasitbetterorworse? • Didyourarchitectlistentowhatyousaid? • Howimportantwasyourbudget?Wasitmoreimportantthan: –finishingontime? –thequalityofthejob? • Didthejobcomeinonbudget?Ifitexceededthebudgetdoyoubelievethatthearchitectboreany responsibility? • Didthearchitectperformontime?Ifnot,inwhatrespectdidthearchitectfail?Ifthearchitectadministeredthebuildingcontract: • Didthebuilderperformontime?Ifnot,couldthearchitecthavedoneanymoretoobtaintimelyperformance? • Wasthequalityofthebuilder’sworkacceptable?Ifnot,couldthearchitecthavedoneanymoretoobtain goodqualitywork? • Didthearchitecthaveagoodbusinesslikerelationshipwithyou? • Didthearchitecthaveagoodbusinesslikerelationshipwithothermembersoftheprojectteamandwith authoritiescontrollingthebuilding? • Didyoufeelyoucouldtrustthearchitect’s: –honesty? –judgement? Ifnot,why?

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3.� Standard: Architectsshallnotundertakeprofessionalworkunlessthepartieshaveclearlyagreedin writingtothetermsoftheappointment,notably: • Scopeofwork; • Allocationofresponsibilities; • Anylimitationofresponsibilities; • Feeormethodofcalculatingit; • Anyprovisionfortermination.

3.� Standard: Architectsshallberemuneratedsolelybythefeesandbenefitsspecifiedinthewritten agreementofengagementoremployment.

3.� Standard:Architectsshallnotofferanyinducementstoprocureanappointment.

3.� Standard: Architectsshallobservetheconfidentialityoftheirclient’saffairsandshouldnotdisclose confidentialinformationwithoutthepriorconsentoftheclientorotherlawfulauthority;forexample,when disclosureisrequiredbyorderofacourtoflaw.

3.10 Standard: Architectsshalldisclosetoclients,owners,orcontractorssignificantcircumstancesknown tothemthatcouldbeconstruedascreatingaconflictofinterest,andshouldensurethatsuchconflictdoes notcompromisethelegitimateinterestsofsuchpersonsorinterferewiththearchitect’sdutytorenderimpartial judgementofcontractperformancebyothers.

Principle 4. Obligations to the Profession

Architectshaveanobligationtoupholdtheintegrityanddignityoftheprofession,andshallineverycircumstanceconductthemselvesinamannerthatrespectsthelegitimaterightsandinterestsofothers.

Architectsshallpursuetheirprofessionalactivitieswithhonestyandfairness.

4.2 Standard:Anarchitectshallnottakeasapartnerandshallnotactasaco-directorwithanunsuitable person,suchasapersonwhosenamehasbeenremovedfromanyregisterofarchitectsotherwisethanat hisownrequestorapersondisqualifiedfrommembershipofarecognisedbodyofarchitects.

4.3 Standard: Architectsshallstrive,throughtheiractions,topromotethedignityandintegrityofthe profession,andtoensurethattheirrepresentativesandemployeesconformtheirconducttothisstandard,so thatnoactionorconductislikelytounderminestheconfidenceofthoseforandwithwhomtheyworkandso thatmembersofthepublicdealingwitharchitectsareprotectedagainstmisrepresentation,fraud,anddeceit.

4.4 Standard: Architectsshall,tothebestoftheirability,strivetocontributetothedevelopmentof architecturalknowledge,culture,andeducation.

Principle 5. Obligations to Colleagues

Architectsshouldrespecttheirrightsandacknowledgetheprofessionalaspirationsandcontributionsoftheircolleaguesandthecontributionmadetotheirworksbyothers.

5.1 Standard: Architectsshallnotdiscriminateongroundsofrace,religion,disability,maritalstatus,orgender.

5.2 Standard: Architectsshallnotappropriatetheintellectualpropertyofnorundulytakeadvantageofthe ideasofanotherarchitectwithoutexpressauthorityfromtheoriginatingarchitect.

5.3 Standard: Architectsshallnot,whenofferingservicesasindependentconsultants,quoteafeewithout receivinganinvitationtodoso.Themusthavesufficientinformationonthenatureandthescopeoftheproject toenableafeeproposaltobepreparedthatclearlyindicatestheservicecoveredbythefeeinordertoprotect theclientandsocietyfromunscrupulousunder-resourcingbyanarchitect.

1.4 Standard: Architectsshallensurethattheirpracticeshaveappropriateandeffectiveinternalprocedures, includingmonitoringandreviewprocedures,andsufficientqualifiedandsupervisedstaffsuchastoenablethem tofunctionefficiently.

1.5 Standard: Whereworkiscarriedoutonbehalfofanarchitectbyanemployeeorbyanyoneelseacting underanarchitect’sdirectcontrol,thearchitectisresponsibleforensuringthatthatpersoniscompetentto performthetaskand,ifnecessary,isadequatelysupervised.

Principle 2. Obligations to the Public

Architectshaveobligationstothepublictoembracethespiritandletterofthelawsgoverningtheirprofessionalaffairs,andshouldthoughtfullyconsiderthesocialandenvironmentalimpactoftheirprofessionalactivities.

2.1 Standard:Architectsshallrespectandhelpconservethesystemsofvaluesandthenaturalandcultural heritageofthecommunityinwhichtheyarecreatingarchitecture.Theyshallstrivetoimprovetheenvironment andthequalityofthelifeandhabitatwithinitinasustainablemanner,beingfullymindfuloftheeffectoftheir workonthewidestinterestsofallthosewhomayreasonablybeexpectedtouseorenjoytheproductof theirwork.

2.2 Standard: Architectsshallneithercommunicatenorpromotethemselvesortheirprofessionalservicesin false,misleadingordeceptivemanners.

2.3 Standard: Anarchitecturalfirmshallnotrepresentitselfinamisleadingfashion.

2.4 Standard:Architectsshallupholdthelawintheconductoftheirprofessionalactivities.

2.5 Standard: Architectsshallabidebythecodesofethicsandconductandlawsinforceinthecountriesand jurisdictionsinwhichtheyprovideorintendtoprovideprofessionalservices.

2.� Standard: Architectsshallasappropriateinvolvethemselvesincivicactivities,ascitizensand professionals,andpromotepublicawarenessofarchitecturalissues.

Principle 3. Obligations to the Client

Architectshaveobligationstotheirclientstocarryouttheirprofessionalworkfaithfully,conscientiously,competently,andinaprofessionalmanner,andshouldexerciseunprejudicedandunbiasedjudgementwithdueregardtotherelevanttechnicalandprofessionalstandardswhenperformingallprofessionalservices.Learnedandprofessionaljudgementshouldtakeprecedenceoveranyothermotiveinthepursuitoftheart,science,andbusinessofarchitecture.

3.1 Standard: Architectsshallonlyundertakeprofessionalworkwheretheycanensurethattheypossess adequateknowledgeandabilitiesandwhereadequatefinancialandtechnicalresourceswillbeprovidedin ordertofulfiltheircommitmentsineveryrespecttotheirclients,foranyonecommission.

3.2 Standard:Architectsshallperformtheirprofessionalworkwithdueskillcareanddiligence.

3.3 Standard: Architectsshallcarryouttheirprofessionalworkwithoutunduedelayand,sofarasitiswithin theirpowers,withinanagreedreasonabletimelimit.

3.4 Standard: Architectsshallkeeptheirclientinformedoftheprogressofworkundertakenontheclient’s behalfandofanyissuesthatmayaffectitsqualityorcost.

3.5 Standard: Architectsshallacceptresponsibilityfortheindependentadviceprovidedbythemtotheir clients,andundertaketoperformprofessionalservicesonlywhenthey,togetherwiththosewhomtheymay engageasconsultants,arequalifiedbyeducation,training,orexperienceinthespecificareasinvolved.

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Recommended Guidelines for the Policy on Continuing Professional Development

Accord Policy on Continuing Professional Development

The UIA encourages its member sections to advocate continuing professional development as a duty of membership in the public interest. Architects must be sure they are capable of providing the services they offer, and codes of conduct must oblige architects to maintain a known standard in a variety of areas described under the “Fundamental Requirements of an Architect” and in future variations thereof. In the meantime, the UIA must monitor the development in continuing professional development for registration renewal, recommend guidelines among all nations to facilitate reciprocity, and continue to develop policy on this subject.

Recommended Guidelines for the Accord Policy on Continuing Professional Development

Continuingprofessionaldevelopmentdoesnotrefertoformaleducationleadingtoamoreadvanceddegree,buttoalife-longlearningprocessthatmaintains,enhances,orincreasestheknowledgeandskillsofarchitectstoensuretheirknowledgeandabilityrelevanttotheneedsofsociety.ThepolicyoftheUIAencouragesitsmembersectionstoadvocatecontinuingprofessionaldevelopmentastheresponsibilityofeachindividualarchitect.Continuingprofessionaldevelopmentforarchitectsisalsointhepublicinterest.TheUIAcontinuingprofessionaldevelopmentguidelinesareintendedtoprovideUIAmembersectionswithasetofstandardsbywhichtheycanjudgetheirexistingprofessionaldevelopmentpolicies.Thiswillensurecompatibilityofpolicesandwillprovideforreciprocityandportabilityofprofessionaldevelopmentcreditsacrossmembersectionsinthefuture.oneoftheinitialgoalsoftheUIAcontinuingprofessionaldevelopmentguidelineswillbetoprovideaframeworkforinterrecognitionofcontinuingprofessionaldevelopmentcreditsamongtheUIAmembersections.

KeyelementsofaUIAmembersectioncontinuingprofessionaldevelopmentsystemshouldinclude: • Recommendedproceduresforidentifying,screening,andevaluatingcontinuingprofessionaldevelopment servicesandcourses; • Recommendedprogramcriteriacoveringbothself-studyprogramsandregisteredcontinuingprofessional developmentproviders’programs; • Recommendedcriteriaforincorporatingresearchandneedsassessmentsintothedesignanddeliveryof continuingprofessionaldevelopmentprograms; • Recommendedprocedurestoassurethatemphasisofthelearningisplacedonthelearnerandknowledge gained,includingincentivesforlearningactivitiesthatincreaseinteractionbetweentheparticipantandthe provider,e.g.,interactiveprogramsmaygivemorecreditforthesameamountoftimespentthanthatgiven fornoninteractiveprograms; • Recommendedprogramqualitylevelsandstandardsasatooltoassesstheactuallearningthatoccursduring aprogramandasanincentivetoprovidersandparticipantstoincreaseinteractionthattakesplaceandto involvetheparticipantsinthelearning;participantsshouldearncreditsbasedontheeducationalqualityofa programaswellasthelengthoftheprogram(seattime); • Recommendedproceduresbywhichproviderswillgivefeedbacktousersandcollectcourseevaluationsto monitortheeffectivenessoftheactivity • Arecommendedrecord-keepingsystemthatistimelyandaccurateforbothprovidersandusersthatprovides provenportabilityofcontinuingprofessionaldevelopmentcreditsandreportingtopermitworldwideprogram availabilitytoarchitectsbyregisteredprovidersandacrediblebasisformeetingthedemandsofregistration agenciesandprofessionalsocietiesthatrequirecontinuingprofessionaldevelopmentcreditsformaintaining registrationormembership; • Recommendationsforrequirementsofnumberoflearningunitstobeearnedeachcalendaryear; • Recommendationsforminimumrequirementsofcontinuingprofessionaldevelopmentcreditsinsubjects relatedtotheprotectionofpublichealth,safety,andwelfare.TheUIAcontinuingprofessionaldevelopment systemshouldsethigh-qualityeducationalstandardsforparticipatingUIAmembersectionswithalarge numberofregisteredproviderscontributingtheirknowledge,skills,andresearchtoasuccessfulendeavor.

5.4 Standard: Architectsshallnot,whenofferingservicesasindependentconsultants,reviseafeequotation totakeaccountofthefeequotedbyanotherarchitectforthesameserviceinordertoprotecttheclientand societyfromunscrupulousunder-resourcingbyanarchitect.

5.5 Standard: Thearchitectshallnotattempttosupplantanotherarchitectfromanappointment.

5.� Standard: ArchitectsshallnotenteranyarchitecturalcompetitionsthattheUIAortheirmembersections havedeclaredtobeunacceptable.

5.� Standard: Architectsshallnotwhenappointedascompetitionassessorssubsequentlyactinanyother capacityforthework.

5.� Standard: Architectsshallnotmaliciouslyorunfairlycriticiseorattempttodiscreditanotherarchitect’swork.

5.� Standard: Thearchitectshall,onbeingapproachedtoundertakeaprojectorotherprofessionalworkupon whichhe/sheknowsorcanascertainbyreasonableinquirythatanotherarchitecthasacurrentappointmentwith thesameclientforthesameprojectorprofessionalwork,notifytheotherarchitect.

5.10 Standard: Architectsshall,whenappointedtogiveanopinionontheworkofanotherarchitect,notifythe otherarchitect,unlessitcanbeshowntobeprejudicialtoprospectiveoractuallitigationtodoso.

5.11 Standard: Architectsshallprovidetheirassociatesandemployeeswithasuitableworkingenvironment, compensatethemfairly,andfacilitatetheirprofessionaldevelopment.

5.12 Standard: Architectsshallensurethattheirpersonalandprofessionalfinancesaremanagedlegally andprudently.

5.13 Standard: Architectsshallbuildtheirprofessionalreputationonthemeritsoftheirownserviceand performanceandshouldrecogniseandgivecredittoothersforprofessionalworkperformed.

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Recommended Guideline for the Accord Policy on the Scope of Practice

Accord policy on scope of practice

That the UIA encourage and promote the continuing extension of the boundaries of architectural practice, limited only by the provisions of codes of ethics and conduct, and strive to ensure the corresponding extension of the knowledge and skills necessary to deal with any extension of boundaries.

Recommended guideline for the accord policy on scope of practice

IntroductionInmostjurisdictions,architectsalreadyofferarchitecturalservicesbasedonacorescopeofpracticethathasevolvedovertheyears.Documentationonthecorescopeofpracticevariesquitewidelyamongmanyjurisdictions–somearequitedetailedandcovereverysingleaspectoftheworkprocessfrominceptiontocompletionandhandingoveroftheprojecttotheowner,aswellasotherservicesthatcanbeprovidedbyanarchitect.Furthermore,somejurisdictionshaveeitherregulatorybodiesortheirrespectiveprofessionalinstitutesthatoutlineindetailthecorescopeofservicesaswellastheotherservices.Somejurisdictionshaveneither.TheUIAhasaninterestinmaintainingthearchitects’responsibilityinthecorescopeofpracticeaswellastheirabilitytoperformsuchotherservicesthattheymayhavedevelopedintheirownjurisdiction.TheUIAalsorecognizesaneedtopromotetheawarenessamongthepublicandgovernmentadministratorsofsuchscopeofpracticebyarchitectsintheirownjurisdiction.Furthermore,theUIArecognizesthatsuchscopeofpracticeshouldtakeintoconsiderationthelocalenvironmental,social,andculturalfactorsandethicalandlegalstandardsprevailingineachjurisdiction.AlthoughtheAccordandrelatedPolicyGuidelinesareintendedtodefinesuchscopeofpracticeaswellastheextensionorotherservicesthatcanbeperformedbyanarchitect,theyarealsointendedtopromotesuchaspirationsoftheprofessionlackinginsomejurisdictionsthroughcorrespondingacquisitionofsuchknowledgeandskillsnecessarytoequipthearchitectsultimately.TheAccordacknowledgesthatalthoughtherearemanyjurisdictionsthatmaynothavetheadministrativemeansand/oreducationalfacilitiestopromoteand/orregulatethecorescopeofpracticeortheotherserviceswithwhichanarchitectshouldbeconversant,duetodifferingstandards,practiceandconditionsthatreflectthediversityofculturesofsuchjurisdictions,theAccordrepresentsonlyafirststepinaneffortbyrepresentativesoftheinternationalcommunityofarchitectstoreachconsensusonthescopeofpracticetowardwhichanarchitectshouldaspireandoffertoservecommunityinterests.TheUIArecognizesthatbilateralandmultilateralmutualrecognitionagreementsbetweenandamongregistration/licensingagenciesoftheUIAmembersectionswilltakesubstantialtimetonegotiateandbringintooperation,andthereisaneedtoprovideguidelinesandprotocolforconditionswheremutualrecognitionagreementsdonotyetexist.TheAccordPolicyonScopeofPracticeisintendedtolaydownthecoreservicesthatanarchitectshouldbeabletoprovidecompetently.TheAccordPolicyalsorecognizesthattherearemanyotherservicesanddisciplinesthatforsuchjurisdictionstopromoteandattainoveraperiodoftime.

Guidelines for scope of practice core scope of services

Architectsgenerallyprovidethefollowingcoresevenunitsofprofessionalserviceessentialtothecreationofthebuiltenvironment.

A. Project Management • Formationandmanagementofprojectteam • Scheduleplanningandcontrol • Projectcostcontrol • Clientapprovalprocessing • Governmentalapprovalprocedure • Coordinationwithconsultantsandengineers • Postoccupancyevaluation

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E. Bid, Negotiation and Award of Contract PhaseBasedonconstructiondocumentsprepared,thearchitectpreparescontractdocumentsforselectionofacontractor.Thearchitectassiststheclientintheselectionofthecontractortobeawardedtheproject.Thearchitectarrangesaformalagreementbetweenthecontractorandtheclient.

F. Construction PhaseToassurequalityoftheprojectdocumentedinthecontractdocument,thearchitectclarifiesdesignintentionandobservessiteworksdonebytheContractor,clarifiesdesignintention,issuesinstructions,authorizespaymentstothecontractor.

G. Handover PhaseWithcompletionoftheproject,thearchitectinspectsfinalqualityoftheprojectforconformitywiththecontractdocumentandcheckstoconfirmthatallstatutoryapprovalshavebeenobtained.Thearchitectarrangesaformalhandoveroftheprojectfromthecontractortotheclient.

H. Post Construction PhaseInthepost-constructionphase,thearchitectprovidesprofessionalservicestoensurethatthecontractor’sobligationstoremedydefectsarefulfilled.

I. Other ServicesTheserviceslistedbelowarenotnecessarilyexcludedfromthecoreservices.Somejurisdictionsacceptsomeoftheseservicesascoreservices,takingintoconsiderationthatthearchitectsareappropriatelyqualifiedtoperformtheseservicesforclientsandthepublic.

i)FeasibilityStudies ii)Preparationofdesignrequirements(program) iii)Buildingsurvey(inspection) iv)Negotiations(e.g.land-use/zoningconversions) v)DelayandprotractedServices vi)Specialpresentationsforsalesandadvertisementbrochures vii)Lifecycleplanning viii)Land-use/townplanning ix)Urbandesign x)Facilitiesmanagement xi)Landscapedesign xii)Interiordesign xiii)Graphicsandsignagedesign xiv)Acousticdesign xv)Lightingdesign xvi)Specialistdetailing(e.g.curtainwalling) xvii)Buildingenergystudies xviii)Costconsultancyservices xix)Buildingcodesservices xx)materials/equipmentservices xxi)Environmentalstudies xxii)Constructionmanagementservices xxiii)Supportforartworks xxiv)Projectmanagementservices xxv)Accessibilityservices xxvi)Disputeresolution(mediation,Arbitration,ExpertWitness) xxvii)Historicalrestoration xxviii)Renewalofexistingbuilding xxix)Postoccupancyevaluation

B. Research and Planning • Siteanalysis • Identificationofobjectivesandconditions • Conceptualplanning

C. Construction Cost Control • Constructioncostestimation • Evaluationofconstructioncostproposed • Evaluationofvalueengineering • Costcontrolinconstructionphase

D. Design • Confirmationofrequirementsandconditions • Designandproductionofconstructiondocuments • Designpresentationforclient’sapproval

E. Procurement • Selectionofconstructionprocurement • Processingofconstructionprocurement • Assistofconstructioncontractaward

F. Contract Administration • Supporttoconstructionadministration • Clarificationofdesignintentsandreviewofqualitycontrol • observation,inspectionandreportofsitework • Changeorderandfieldorder

G. Maintenance and Operation Planning • Supportforpropertymanagement • Supportformaintenanceofbuilding • Postoccupancyinspection

Anarchitect’sservicesarenotlimitedtotheabovelistedcoreservices.UIArecognizesthattherearevariousservicesinthedifferentjurisdictions-suchasurbanplanning,historicalrestoration,renewalofexistingbuildingsandmanyotherserviceswhereverarchitectsarecapabletocarryouttheseservicesbasedonappropriateeducation,trainingandexperience.

Project flow

Withvariousparticipantsinaproject,anytypeorsizeoftheprojectproceedsbyfollowingbasicphasesdescribedbelowwhilesolvingcomplexproblemoftheProject.Everyprojecthasdifferentconditions.Projectflowpresentedhereismerelythebenchmarkfortheindividualprojecttoidentifythevariousdeviationswithintheessentialflowoftheproject.

A. Pre -Design PhaseThearchitectassiststheclienttoidentifyrequirementsandlimitationsfortheprojectandtofinalizeaprojectbrief.

B. Concept Design PhaseBasedontherequirementsandlimitationsoftheprojectbrief,thearchitectexaminesmajorvariablesincodesandregulations,buildingtechnology,scheduleandcostoftheprojectandthenproceedstoprepareaconceptdesignfortheproject.

C. Design Development PhaseUpontheclient’sapprovaloftheconceptdesign,thearchitectpreparesadevelopeddesignofthebuilding.

D. Construction Document PhaseUpontheclient’sapprovalofthedevelopeddesign,thearchitectpreparestechnicaldocumentssuitablefortheconstruction.

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Recommended Guideline for the Accord Policy on Forms of Practice

Accord Policy on Forms of Practice

That architects should be allowed to practice in any form legally acceptable in the country in which the service is offered, but always subject to prevailing ethical and conduct requirements. The UIA, as it deems necessary, will develop and modify its policies and standards to take account of alternative forms of practice and varied local conditions where these alternatives are thought to extend the positive and creative role of architectural profession in the interests of society.

Recommended Guideline for the Accord Policy on Forms of Practice

IntroductionInmostjurisdictions,architectshavebeenpracticingwithinthebasicformsofpracticeevolvedovertheyears,e.g.Sole-ProprietorshipandPartnership.Somejurisdictionshaveeitherregulatorybodiesortheirrespectiveprofessionalinstitutesthatoutlineindetailthelegalparametersandconditionsunderwhicharchitectscanpractice.AmajorityofmembersectionsrespondingtotheUIAProfessionalPracticeCommissionquestionnaireindicatedthattheirstatespermittedthepracticeofarchitectureinpartnershipandconventionalcorporateforms.Therestrictionsplacedoncorporatepracticeandthenewerlimitedliabilitycompaniesareoftenonerous.Thegreatvarietyoftheserestrictionssuggeststhataguidelineisneededtodefineformsofpracticewhich,inthepublicinterest,enablethemaintenanceofacceptablestandardsofarchitecturalpractice.

Thissetofguidelinesdefinespracticesbytheformsoflegalentity.IssuesrelatingtoformsofpracticesdefinedbythescopeofservicesitoffersisaddressedintheRecommendedGuidelineonScopeofPractice.

Thegreatvarietyoflegalformstogetherwiththegrowingtrendofmulti-disciplinarypracticesbringsabouttheissueofownership,controlofthepracticeandliability.TheUIAhasaninterestinensuringthattheofferingofarchitecturalservicesinthevariousformsofpractice,regardlessofownership,isundertheeffectivecontrolofarchitectsandthattheyarerequiredtoconformtoandmaintainthesameprofessionalstandardsofservice,workandconductasindividualarchitects.Inordertohaveethicalandconductrequirementsprevail,itisessentialtoensurethatthepublic’sinterests,aswellastheintegrityofarchitecturalservicesperformed,aremaintained.

TheUIAalsorecognizesaneedtopromotetothepublicaswellasgovernmentadministratorstheawarenessofsuchformsofpracticebyarchitectsintheirownjurisdictions.Furthermore,theUIAalsorecognizesthatsuchformsofpracticeshouldtakeintoconsiderationthelocalenvironmental,socialandculturalfactors,andethicalandlegalstandardsprevailingineachjurisdiction.

TheAccordacknowledgesthattherearemanyjurisdictionsthatmaynothavetheadministrativeandlegalmeanstopromoteorregulatethevariousformsofpractice,duetodifferingstandards,practicesandconditionsthatreflectthediversityofculturesofsuchjurisdiction.WhiletheUIAadvocatesproperregulationofarchitecturalpracticesbyaprocessofregistration,theAccordguidelinerepresentsthefirststepinaneffortbyrepresentativesoftheinternationalcommunityofarchitectstoreachconsensusontheacceptableformsofpracticeinwhicharchitectscanoperateandperformtheirserviceswithoutinfringingonthelegalboundaries.Assuch,theGuidelineisintendedtodefineformsandstructureofpracticewhichensurethemaintenanceofappropriatestandardsofarchitecturalpractice.

FormsofPracticecanbecategorizedbyseveralapproaches.Essentially,wecandefineFormsofPracticebythefollowingapproaches: • ownership • Controlofpractice • Liability

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A.4. Limited Company Alegalentityformedbyincorporationinthelocaljurisdiction,andmaybeeitherhavingtheliabilityofits memberslimitedbythememorandumtotheamount,ifany,unpaidonthesharesrespectivelyheldbythem (companylimitedbyshares)orhavingtheliabilityofitsmemberslimitedbythememorandumtosuchamount thatthemembersmayrespectivelytherebyundertaketocontributetotheassetsofthecompanyintheevent ofitsbeingwoundup(acompanylimitedbyguarantee).Thisincludesalsocorporationswherestocksare offeredbythegeneralpublicandlistedonthestockexchange.Thefollowingguidelinesshallprevail: • Thatacertainamountofauthorizedcapitalofthecorporation/companyamount,determinedappropriately bythelocaljurisdiction,ispaidup. • Thatthearticlesofassociationofthecorporation/companyprovidethatthechairmanandthemajorityof thedirectorsofthecorporation/companyshallberegisteredarchitectsorassociatedprofessionalsand ordinarilyresidentofthelocaljurisdiction. • Thatthebusinessofthecorporation/companyshallbeunderthecontrolandthemanagementofadirector ofthecorporation/companywhoisaregisteredarchitectordinarilyresidentinthelocaljurisdiction.

A.5. Limited Partnership Partnershipsconsistingofcertainmemberswhoareliableforthefirm’sdebtsonlytotheextentofthecapital contributedoragreetobecontributed,butsuchmembersareprohibitedfromtakingpartinthemanagement ofthefirm.TherequirementisthesameasPartnership,exceptthereshouldnotbeanyrestrictiononthe professionalbackgroundofthelimitedpartners.

Notwithstandingtheaboveprovision,thefollowingconditionsshallapplyregardlessoftheformmentioned above:

• Anunlimited/limitedcorporation/companyshallhavethesamerightsandshallbesubjecttothesame obligationsinrespectofthefiduciary,confidentialandethicalrelationshipswitheachclientofthe corporation/companythatexistatlawbetweenaregisteredarchitectandhis/herclient. • Aregisteredarchitectwhohasthecontrolandmanagementofthebusinessofaunlimited/limited corporation/companyoralicensedpartnershipshallbesubjecttothesamestandardsofprofessional conductandcompetenceinrespectofsuchservicesasifhe/shewaspersonallysupplyingthe architecturalservices.

B. Specialized Forms of Practice

B.1. Group Practice • Anygrouppracticemayconsistofanycombinationofthebasicformsofpracticestatedin(A). • Inanyrelationamongagrouppractice,anagreementcoveringallaspectsoflegalissues,auditing,work apportionment,conduct,sharingofemployees,etc.shallbepreparedandagreedunderthetermsand conditionsprevailinginthelocaljurisdiction. • Anyentityinagrouppracticeshallalsoabidebytherespectivelaws,codeofconductandotherprevailing conditionsassetoutbytheregulatorybodiesofthelocaljurisdiction.

B.2. Collaborative Practice • Anycollaborativepracticemayconsistofanycombinationofthebasicformsofpracticeasstatedin(A) exceptthattheentitiesinvolvedshallstateclearlytheirrespectivejobdescriptionandresponsibilitiesatthe onset. • Allotherlegalrelationshipsaswellastherulesandconditionsgoverningtheentitiesshallremain unchangedasforthegrouppractice.

B.3. ConsortiumsTwoormorepracticesactingtogetherforasingleprojectorgroupofprojects.Consortiacanbearchitecturalonlyormulti-disciplinary.AConsortiumcanbeconstitutedasapartnershipofcompanies. • Consortiumsmayconsistofanycombinationofthebasicformsofpracticeasstatedin(A)forthepurpose ofprovidingarchitecturalservices.multi-disciplinaryconsortiumsmayconsistofotherallieddisciplines,e.g. engineeringconsultants,costconsultants,specializedservices…etc. • Likewise,therelationshipsandresponsibilitiesamongsttheentitiesshallbedefinedandagreed.The architecturalentityshallensurethatallresponsibilities,liabilities,workappointment,conduct,etc.with theotherdisciplinesbeclearlyagreedanddefinedundertheprevailingconditionsinthelocaljurisdiction.

ThefollowinglistcategorizesseveralmajorFormsofPracticeprevailingatthepresentmoment.Lesscommonformsofpracticeareclassifiedas“SpecializedFormsofPractice”andnon-profitmakingorganizationsareclassifiedas“otherFormsofPractice”

A) Basic Major Forms of Practice • SoleProprietorship • UnlimitedPartnership • UnlimitedCompany • LimitedPartnership • LimitedCompany

A) Specialized Forms of Practice • GroupPractice • CollaborativePractice • Consortium • CommunityPractice • UniversityBasedProjectoffice • Subsidiaries/AffiliatesofCorporation • multi-DisciplinaryPractice

A) Other Forms of Practice • Government • Quasi-governmentalbodies/InstitutionalBodies

Current Form of Practice

TheUIAGuidelinerecommendsthatlocaljurisdictionsshouldstrivetopromote,aswellasobtaintheirrespectiveregulatorybody’sendorsementof,theprinciplesdescribedbelow.Furtherthattheirlocalstatutesshouldincorporatethefollowingprinciplesforthevariousformsofpractice.Thefollowingaredescriptionsforrecommendedprinciplesforvariousformofpractice.

A. Basic Forms of Practice

A.1. Sole Proprietorship Practicesownedsolelybyaregisteredarchitectwithsoleresponsibilityforthestandardofprofessionalservices andfinancialperformanceofthepractice.

A.2. Unlimited Partnership Practicesformedshouldbeagroupofregisteredarchitectswhoarejointlyresponsibleandliablefortheservice providedbythepractice.Thepartnersshareinagreedproportionsprofitsandlossesaccordingtotheamount ofworkandexpertisetheyeachapplytothebusiness,andtheamountofmoneytheyhaveeachinvested. Thereispersonalandunrestrictedliabilityofeachpartnerforthedebtsandobligationsofthefirm,andthereis alsotherightofeachpartnertoparticipateinthemanagementofthefirmandactasanagentofitinentering intolegaltransactionsonitsbehalf.

A.3. Unlimited Company Alegalentityformedbyincorporationinthelocaljurisdiction,withoutspecifyinganylimitofliabilityofits members.Thefollowingguidelinesshallprevail: • Thearticleofassociationoftheunlimitedcorporation/companyprovidesthatnopersonotherthana registeredarchitectoranassociatedprofessionalshallbeadirectorofthecorporation/company. • Thatthearticlesofassociationprovidethatallshareholdersinthecorporation/companyshallbearchitects. • Thatthebusinessofthecorporation/companyshallbeunderthecontrolandmanagementofadirectorof thecorporation/companywhoisaregisteredarchitect,andisamemberoraregisteredownerofatleast1 shareofthecorporation/company.

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Intheeventwherearchitectswithingovernmentalbodiesarerequiredtoperformandprovidearchitectural servicesasaseparateentity,theprevailinglawsandconditionsgoverningthevariousformsofpracticeshallbe abidedbyaccordingly.

Recommended Forms of Practice

Architectsarearegulatedprofessionandthusaregiventherightbythepublicthroughlegislationthatinessencesaysthatarchitectsasprofessionalsaretrainedandentrustedbythepublictoprovideservicestothepublic.Therecommendedformsofpracticeshouldbedefinedbyextensionoftheindividual’sprofessionalism.Thestructureoftherecommendedformsofpracticeistomaintainthesamecharacterasthatofanindividualarchitect.Therearebasicconditionsforentitiestomaintainthecharacterofindividualpracticeandtoavoidaconflictofinterest,andthepossibilitythatarchitects’autonomymaybeimpaired.EachconditionofthefollowingcriteriainTable1istherecommendedstandardtomaintainsuchcharacter.

1.ownership2.Compositionofboardofdirectors3.Themostresponsiblepersoninchargeofmanagement4.Themostresponsiblepersoninchargeofpractice5.Apersonwhoisresponsibleforcivilmatters6.Apersonwhoisresponsibleforcriminalmatters7.Apersonwhoisaresponsibleforadministrativematters8.otherthingsrelatedtoconflictofinterestandthepossibilitythatarchitects’autonomyisimpaired.

Althougharchitectsareallowedtopracticeinanyformlegallyacceptableinthecountryinwhichtheirservicesareoffered,theseconditionsshouldbedisclosedtoclientsinanycaseotherthantheformsrepresentedinTable1.

Appropriateprofessionalindemnityinsuranceshouldbesecuredfortheparticularcircumstancesoftheconsortium. • Theentitiesofaconsortiumshallalsoabidebytheprevailingconditionsandotherlegalaspectsof governmentinthelocaljurisdictionwhereaconsortiumisformed.

B.4. Community PracticeReferstopracticesworkingdirectlywiththecommunity.Itmaytakeanyformofpracticeasmentionedin(A),andtheobjectivesmaynotnecessarilybeprofitmaking,althoughitmayfunctionsimilarlytoanyotherformsofbusinessassociation.Theownerofthepracticeisnormallythecommunityitselfwiththemanagementfunctionconductedbyregisteredarchitectsandassociatedprofessionals.Sometimestheregisteredarchitectswillhaveownershipaswell.Itissuggestedthattheprofessionalliabilityshouldrestwiththeregisteredarchitects,whereascommercialriskshouldrestwiththepractice,whichincludesafairsharebythecommunity.

B.5. University Based Project OfficeReferstoaunitwithinauniversity,whichoffersprofessionaladviceinspecialtyareassuchasenergyconservation…etc,whichalsogivestudentshandsonexperience.Theformandownershipshallfollowtheguidelinessetbythelocaljurisdictionaswellastheuniversitywithinwhichitissetup.TheownershipshouldbeheldjointlybytheUniversityandregisteredarchitectsordinarilyresidentinthelocaljurisdiction.Professionalliabilityshouldbetheresponsibilityoftheregisteredarchitects,whilecommercialliabilityshouldrestwiththeUniversity,orasagreedbetweentheUniversityandtheregisteredarchitects.Duetotherelativelyspecializednature,educationalbenefits,andinmanyinstancesprofitmakingnotbeingthesoleobjective,itisappropriateforsuchpracticestodefinetheirscopeofservicesinmorespecifictermsandsecureappropriateprofessionalindemnityagainstcommercialrisks.

B.�. Subsidiaries/Affiliates of CorporationAcompany,whichissolelyownedbyanothercorporation. • Asubsidiary/affiliatepracticemayconsistofanyform,orcombinationofthebasicformsofpracticeas statedin(A)forthepurposeofprovidingarchitecturalservices. • TherelationshipsandresponsibilitiesofthepracticeinrelationtotheHoldingCorporation,aswell asamongallotheraffiliateswithinthesameHoldingCorporationshallbedefinedandagreed.The architecturalsubsidiary/affiliateshallensurethatallresponsibilities,liabilities,workappointment,conduct, etc.withtheHoldingCorporationandotheraffiliatesareclearlyagreedanddefinedunderthoseprevailing conditionsinthelocaljurisdiction.Appropriateprofessionalindemnityinsuranceshouldbesecuredforthe particularcircumstancesofthearchitecturalentity. • Theentitiesofsubsidiaries/affiliatesshallalsoabidebytheprevailingconditionsandotherlegalaspectsof governmentinthelocaljurisdictionwhereaconsortiumisformed.

B.�. Multi-disciplinary PracticeApracticewhichoffersarchitecturalaswellasotherbuildingrelatedservicesandmaynotnecessarilybeunderthemanagementofregisteredarchitects. • Amulti-disciplinarypracticemayconsistofanyform,orcombinationofthebasicformsofpracticeas statedin(A)forthepurposeofprovidingarchitecturalorotherbuildingrelatedservices. • Theofferofthearchitecturalservicesinamulti-disciplinarypracticeshallbeundertheeffectivecontrolofa registeredarchitectordinarilyresidentinthelocaljurisdiction. • Thepracticeshallalsoabidebytheprevailingconditionsandotherlegalaspectsofgovernmentinthelocal jurisdictionwherethemulti-disciplinarypracticeisformed.

C. Other Forms of Practice

C.1. Governmentorganizationswithinthegovernmentrenderingarchitecturalservicesusingpublicfundingfortheuseofthe

generalpublic.Thiswillincludeorganizationssuchasthepublicworksdepartment,localauthorities,orthelike.

C.2. Quasi-Government BodiesInstitutionsformedbythegovernmentwiththestateasthesoleormajorityshareholder.Wherearchitectsare

employedintheabove,andarerequiredtoprovidearchitecturalservices,theprevailingconditionsgoverning codeofconduct,etc,assetoutbytheregulatorybodyofthelocaljurisdictionshallbeabidedbyexceptthatany liabilityshallbeundertakenbytherespectivegovernmentalbody.

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Recommended Guidelines for Policy on Practice in a Host Nation

Accord Policy on Practice in a Host Nation

Architects providing architectural services on a project in a country in which they are not registered shall collaborate with a local architect to ensure that proper and effective understanding is given to legal, environmental, social, cultural, and heritage factors. The conditions of the association should be determined by the parties alone in accordance with UIA ethical standards and local statutes and laws.

Recommended Guidelines for the Accord Policy on Practice in a Host Nation

PreambleTheUIAiscommittedtotheencouragementofbilateralandmultilateralrecognitionagreementswithinthecontextoftheGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade(GATT),TheGeneralAgreementonTradeinServices(GATS)andtheWorldTradeorganization(WTo).Experienceinthedevelopmentofmutualrecognitionand/orfreetradeagreementsforthearchitecturalprofessionsuggeststhattheprocessrequiresidentificationofgapsbetweentheelementsoftheforeignprofessionalqualificationsstandardsandthoseofthelocalqualificationstandards,andthenegotiationofmeanstobridgethesegapsthroughestablishmentofequivalencies.Itisaprocessthatmustrecognizethesovereignrightofeachjurisdictiontoestablishitsprofessionalstandardsatwhateverlevelitdeemsappropriatefortheenvironmental,social,cultural,publichealth,safety,andwelfareinterestsofitscitizens.TheAccordacknowledgesthattherearedifferencesinthestandards,practicesandconditionsreflectingthediversityofculturesofthecountriesofUIAmembersectionsandthattheAccordrepresentsafirststepinaneffortbyrepresentativesoftheinternationalcommunityofarchitectstoreachconsensusonstandardsandpracticesthatwillbestservecommunityinterests.TheUIArecognizesthatbilateralandmultilateralmutualrecognitionand/orfreetradeagreementsmaytaketimetonegotiateandbringintooperation,andthereforethereisaneedtoprovidesectorspecificguidelinesandprotocolsforconditionswheremutualrecognitionand/orfreetradeagreementsdonotyetexist.TheAccordPolicyonPracticeinaHostNationisintendedtoincludeequalstandingbetweentheassociatedarchitectsandprovideabridgetothetimewhenmutualrecognitionand/orfreetradeagreementsareprevalentratherthanararity,asisnowthecase.ThefollowingguidelinesuggestsprovisionsforaprotocolrecommendedforadoptionbyUIAmembersectionsseekingtoprovideanappropriatemechanismforrecognizingpracticeinahostnationbyaforeignarchitect.

IntroductionInmostjurisdictionsarchitectsmustberegistered,licensed,orcertifiedinordertopracticearchitecture.PracticeinaHostNationcoversthesituationwhenindividualarchitectsorcorporateentitiesofarchitectshavebeencommissionedtodesignprojectsinacountryinwhichtheyarenotregistered,licensed,orcertified.TheUIArecognizestheneedfortheresponsiblemobilityofarchitectsandtheirabilitytoprovideservicesinforeignjurisdictions.ItisthegoaloftheUIAthatanarchitectrecognizedbytherelevantauthorityofthenation/stateinanyUIAmembersectionshouldberecognizedasbeingabletoberegistered,licensed,orcertifiedthroughbilateralormultilateralagreementsandbeabletoestablishinthosenation/statesasanarchitectbytherelevantauthoritiesinthenations/statesofallUIAmembersections.TheUIAalsorecognizesaneedtopromotetheawarenessoflocalenvironmental,social,andculturalfactorsandethicalandlegalstandards.Tothisend,theUIAAssemblyhasapprovedtheSecondEditionoftheUIAAccordonRecommendedInternationalStandardsofProfessionalisminArchitecturalPractice.WhiletheAccordandrelatedPolicyGuidelinesareintendedtodefinebestpracticeforthearchitecturalprofessionandthestandardstowhichtheprofessionaspires,theyarealsointendedtomakeiteasierforinterestedpartiestonegotiatemutualrecognitionand/orfreetradeagreementsallowingportabilityofarchitecturalcredentialsand/orservices.ThelongestablishedUIAInternationalCodeofEthicsonConsultingServicesrequiresthat“everyconsultantfromaforeigncountry…shallassociateandworkharmoniouslywithconsultantsorprofessionalsofthecountrywheretheprojectislocated.”

TABLE 1Recommended Standards of “Form of Practice”

Basic Form of

Practice

Ownership Composition

of Board of

Directors

Responsibility Responsibility for professional errors and

omission

For

management

For

practice

Apersonwhois

responsible

forcriminal

matters

Aperson

whois

responsible

forcivilmatters

Aperson

whois

responsible

for

administrative

matters

SoleProprietor Registered

Architect

Registered

Architect

Registered

Architect

Registered

Architect

Registered

Architect

Registered

Architect

Registered

Architect

Unlimited

Partnership

Registered

Architect

as

Unlimited

Partner

Registered

Architect

as

Unlimited

Partner

Registered

Architect

as

Unlimited

Partner

Registered

Architect

as

Unlimited

Partner

Registered

Architect

as

UnlimitedPartner

AllUnlimited

Partners

Registered

Architect

as

Unlimited

Partner

Unlimited

Company

Registered

Architectas

Unlimited

Company

member

Registered

Architectas

Unlimited

Company

member

Registered

Architectas

Unlimited

Company

member

Registered

Architectas

Unlimited

Company

member

Registered

Architectas

Unlimited

Company

member

AllUnlimited

Company

members

Registered

Architectas

Unlimited

Company

member

Limited

Corporation

Limited

Partnership

Limited

Company

Themajority

ofsharesare

desiredto

beownedby

registered

architects.

Themajority

oftheboard

ofdirectors

aredesiredto

beregistered

architects.

Registered

architect

Registered

architect

Theregistered

architectin

chargeofthe

project.

Themost

responsible

personincharge

ofpractice.

Themost

responsible

personincharge

of

management/

Corporation

manmanagement/

Corporation

Theregistered

architectin

chargeofthe

project.

Themost

responsible

personin

chargeof

practice.

Themost

responsible

personin

chargeof

management/

Corporation

Theregistered

architectin

chargeofthe

project.

Themost

responsible

personin

chargeof

practice.

Themost

responsible

personin

chargeof

management/

Corporation

�� ��

2.7Aforeignarchitectshouldberequiredtoagreetofollowthelaws,codesofethicsandconduct,building codes,etc.ofthelocaljurisdiction.

2.8Foreignandlocalarchitectsformingcollaborationsshouldberequiredtoenterintoformal,fairand equitableagreementsthatupholdtheethicalstandardsoftheUIA.Numerousmodeldocumentsandbooks havebeendevelopedthatcovertheprinciplesinvolvedandissuestobeconsideredwhendevelopingan agreementbetweencollaboratingarchitects.

3.Whereamutualrecognitionagreementexistsbetweentherelevantauthoritiesoftwo countries,thisguidelineisnotrelevant.

Guidelines for Practice in a Host NationItisrecommendedthatthemembersectionsornation/statesoftheInternationalUnionofArchitectsadoptingthisguidelineagreethattheUIAAccordonRecommendedInternationalStandardsofProfessionalisminArchitecturalPractice(referredhereafterastheAccord)establishesapolicyframeworkforthenegotiationofagreementsunderwhichlocalandforeignarchitectscollaborate.WhiletheUIAAccordandrelatedguidelinesattempttoestablishstandardsfortheinternationalpracticeofarchitecture,itisrecognizedthattherearedifferencesinthetraditionsandpracticesoftheUIAmembersectioncountries.Architectsenteringinto‘PracticeinaHostNation’agreementsshouldagree1)thatarrangementsaffectingprofessionalliability,insurance,thejurisdictionofthecourts,andsimilarissuesarecoveredbylocalstatutesorconsideredbusinessarrangementsandmostappropriatelynegotiatedbythelocalarchitect,theforeignarchitect,andtheclientandshouldbeformalizedintheagreementsbetweenandamongtheparties;2)thatpublicliability,statutes,andlawsaffectingtheconductofthearchitectandthepracticeofarchitecturearematterstobeappraisedbyandtheresponsibilityofbotharchitects;and3)thatthefollowingconditionsshallapplyforthepracticeofarchitecturebyforeignarchitectsinlocaljurisdictions:

1.Inthisguidelineanarchitectisaprofessionalrecognizedandregistered/licensed/certifiedbyarelevant authorityinanation/state.Alocalarchitectistheentityregistered/licensed/certifiedandpracticinginthenation wheretheprojectislocated.Aforeignarchitectistheentityregistered/licensed/certifiedandpracticingina jurisdiction/countrybutisnotregistered/licensed/certifiedinthejurisdictionwheretheprojectislocated.

2.Wherethereisnomutualrecognitionorfreetradeagreementbetweentherelevantauthoritiesofthehost countryandthatoftheforeignarchitects’country:

• Foreignarchitectsregistered/licensed/certifiedbyarelevantauthorityintheirowncountriesbutnotin thehostcountryshouldbeadmittedindividuallyandpermittedtopracticeinassociationwithregistered/ licensed/certifiedlocalarchitects,inaccordancewithlocallawsandpractices. • Foreignarchitectscomingfromnation/statesthatdonothaverelevantauthoritiesdealingwithissuesof registration/licensing/certificationshouldberequiredtobesubjectedtotheregistration/licensing/ certificationstandardsinforceinthenation/stateswheretheprojectsarelocated. • Aforeignarchitectshouldnotbepermittedtoenterintoanarrangementtoprovideservicesinanother jurisdictionwithoutthemeaningfulandsubstantialparticipationandcontributionofalocalarchitectinthe provisionofthedesign,documentationandcontractadministrativeservicesoftheproject.Foreign architectsenteringaninternationalcompetitioninacountrywheretheydonotholdalicenseshouldbe requiredtoenterintosuchanarrangementonlywhentheywinthecompetitionandarecommissionedto proceedwiththeproject.

2.1Foreignarchitectsshould: a Bepreparedtodemonstratetothenationalorinternationalrelevantauthoritythattheyholdacurrent registration/license/certificationfromarelevantauthorityofajurisdiction,whichallowsthemtouse thetitle“architect”andtoengageintheunlimitedpracticeofarchitectureinthatjurisdiction. b Provideproofoftheirqualifications. c Certifythattheyarenotsubjecttoanycriminal/ethicalconviction.

2.2Promptlyafterbeingselectedasarchitectforaprojectinwhichaforeignarchitectistobeinvolved,the localarchitectshouldberequiredtoprovideadocumenttotherelevantauthorityestablishingthelocal architect’srelationshipwiththeforeignarchitectstoincludetheirqualifications,andadescriptionofthe specificprojectforwhichthisarrangementhasbeenmade.

2.3Foreignandlocalarchitectsshouldmakesurethatintheircollaborationtheybothhavethenecessary expertiseandexperiencetomeettheneedsoftheproject.

2.4Professionalservicesrenderedbytheassociatedarchitectsshouldjointlyandseverallyberenderedbythe foreignandqualifiedlocalarchitectsinvolvedintheproject.

2.5Inanydocumentsandwhenclaimingcreditfortheproject,thelocalarchitectandtheforeignarchitect shallaccuratelyrepresenttheirrespectiveresponsibilitiesontheproject.

2.6Uponrequestfromalocalrelevantauthority,itisexpectedthattheforeignrelevantauthorityoftheUIA membersectionwillagreetoconfirmthestatusoftheforeignarchitectassuggestedinparagraph2.1.

�� ��

Recommended Guidelines for the Policy on Intellectual Property and Copyright

Accord Policy on Intellectual Property and Copyright

That the national law of a UIA member section should entitle an architect to practice his/her profession without detriment to his/her authority and responsibility, and to retain ownership of the intellectual property and copyright  of his/her work.The UIA desires to develop and maintain the protection of the intellectual property and copyright of architects in their  works in a manner as effective and uniform as possible. The UIA recognises the profound impact of the development and convergence of information and communication technologies on the creation and use of artistic works. Moreover the UIA emphasises the outstanding significance of copyright protection as an incentive to artistic creation, while recognising the need to maintain a balance between the rights of authors and the larger public interest. The works mentioned in this Guideline should enjoy protection in all countries of the Union. This protection shall operate for the benefit of the author and his/her successors in title.

Preamble

Architecturalservicesarecharacterisedbytheintellectualcapacityofthearchitect.Qualifiedarchitectsarecapableofdevelopingcreativebuildingsolutionsbyapplyingtheirknowledgeandskilltoaconsiderationoftheclient’srequirements.Theideasandconceptscreatedbytheintellectualactivityofarchitectsaretheproducts,whichenablesthemtopracticeasarchitects.Theimportanceofthiscreativeintellectualendeavourrequiresthatithavestrongprotection.Protectionof-intellectualpropertyrightsguaranteethatotherscannotexploittheintellectualeffortofarchitectsandothercreatorsoforiginalworks.Thisprotectionprovidesanincentiveforfurthercreativeandinnovativedevelopmentinarchitectureforthebenefitofclientsandthepublic.Thisfactisessentialforculturalimprovementinarchitecture,whichbecomesmoreandmoreimportantinaglobalizedworldinordertoallowpeopletoidentifythemselveswiththeirbuiltenvironment.IntellectualPropertymeanstherightsresultingfromintellectualactivityintheindustrial,scientific,literaryorartisticfields,suchascopyrightrights,patentrightsandothers.Asopposedtopropertyofthings,intellectualpropertycoverstheintellectualeffort.Intellectualpropertyisageneraltermmadefurtherconcreteinpatentlaw,copyrightlawortrademarklaw.Copyrightcoversspecificallytheintellectualeffortregardinganartisticcreationasopposedtotheintellectualeffortregardingthedevelopmentofapuretechnicalprocessorobject,whichcanonlybeprotectedunderpatentlaw.Copyrightprotectstheinterestofauthorsinrelationtotheircreationsandgrantsthemtheexclusiverightofusingtheircreations.Toprovideservicessuccessfullyinforeigncountriesarchitectsmusthavetheassurancethattheirintellectualpropertyintheircreativeworksareprotected.Thereforeitisimportantthatintellectualpropertyisprotectedinallcountriestoprovidethenecessarysecurityforarchitectstoconfidentlyprovidethebestservicetotheirclients.InthisaspecttheUIAGuidelineonPracticeinaHostNationplaysanimportantroleinfurtheringcross-borderserviceswhileprotectingtheintellectualpropertyofarchitects.

Guideline

ThefollowingGuidelineattemptstodefinethekeyconcepts,issuesandcommoneventualitiesrelatingtointellectualpropertyrightsinthefieldofarchitecture.Theseincludedefinitionsof“author”andthe“works“thataresubjecttocopyrightandissuessuchasmoralrights,protection,ownershipandenforcement.

1. Author 1.1 Initial Ownership Theauthorofaworkisthepersonwhocreatedthatwork,andispresumptivelytheownerofthecopyrightin thework.Anauthorisalwaysanaturalperson.Corporations,businessesorpublicentitiesmay,however,own copyrightofaworkwhentheworkismadeunderaconsultancyagreements(See1.2)oriftheauthorsagreeto assigntheirrights,providedthatthisisregulatedintherelevantnationalcopyrightlaw.

�0 �1

issueofinfringementofcopyrightonlyarises,ifauniqueconceptofabuilding,anextravaganttechnicaldetailoranextraordinaryappearanceofabuildingiscopied.Themereinfluenceofexistingarchitecturalworksonthedesignofnew-architecturalworksdoesnotconstituteaninfringementofcopyright.

Droit Moral/ Moral Rights Theso-called“moralrights”includetherightofattributionandtherightofintegrityintheprotectedworks. Theserightsprovideforrecognitionofauthorshipandprotectionoftheworksagainstviolations.

3.1 Right to publish architectural work Subjecttothelawsrelatingtoprivacyauthorsofarchitecturalworksshouldenjoytheexclusiverightto publishtheirwork.Thisrightappliestoarchitectsonlyinalimitedwaybecauseingeneraltheyhaveno sayinthe-publicationofthebuildingtheydesignfortheclient.However,thearchitectshouldhavethepower todecideif,whenandhowplansandpicturesofhisworkaregoingtobepublished.Inadditiondesigns enteredinarchitecturalcompetitionsshouldonlybepublishedandexhibitedinaccordancewiththeconditionsof thecompetitionorwiththespecificapprovaloftheauthor.Worksproducedbystudentsinthecourse oftheirstudiesshouldonlybepublishedandexhibitedasrequiredforthepurposeofscholarlyevaluationand criticism.Studentsworkshouldnotbepublishedforotherreasonswithouttheconsentofthestudent.Theuse ofacopyrightedworkforpurposessuchascriticism,comment,newsreporting,teaching,scholarshipor researchshouldnotbeaninfringementofcopyright.Theuseforsuchpurposesissometimesreferredasthe ‘fairuse’exceptiontocopyrightprotection.Therearereasonablelimitationsonsuchfairuse;whichhasthe effectofreducingtheauthor’smarketforthecopyrightedwork

3.2 Recognition of authorshipAuthorsshouldhavetherighttoputtheirnameontheirworkandtohavetheworkattributedtothemwhenitispublished.Thisrecognitionisespeciallyimportantforsketches,plansandotherdocuments,butitappliesalsotothebuiltfacility.Eventhoughacopyrightnoticeisnotaconditionofcopyrightprotection,thenoticeshouldbedisplayed,particularlyondrawingsandotherarchitecturaldocuments,forclarification.Indoingso,theauthorcanavoidadefenceofinnocentinfringementinmitigationofactualorstatutorydamages.Apossiblecopyrightnoticecouldread:“Copyright©AssociatedArchitects,Inc.1999”.

3.3 Violation of architectural worksBesidestheauthor’seconomicrightsandevenifthoserightsaretransferredsomeoneelsetheauthorshouldhavetherighttoclaimauthorshipoftheworkandtoobjecttoplagiarism,distortion,mutilationorothermodificationof,orotherderogatoryactioninrelationto,thesaidwork,whichwouldbeprejudicialtohishonourorreputation.Thisright,sometimesdescribedasthemoralRighttoIntegrityincreatedwork,shouldbemaintainedevenafterthedeathoftheauthor,atleastuntiltheexpiryoftheeconomicrights,andshouldbeexercisablebythepersonsorinstitutionsauthorisedbythelegislationofthecountrywhereprotectionisclaimed.

3.4 Alterations - Balancing the interests of owners and architects when buildings are alteredThelongdurationofabuildingmakesitprobablethatadaptations,extensionsorotherchangesarenecessary.Theclientinvestedonceinthatbuildingandmusthavethepossibilitytoalteritaccordingtohiseconomicalneeds.Theowneroruserofthebuildingmusthavetherighttoadaptthebuildingtochangingneedsorpurposes,whichoftenincludeschangesinthearchitecturalconcept.Alsochangingpublicbuildingregulationsmayrequirethealterationofabuilding.Atthesametimethereputationofarchitectsislargelyestablishedbytheirbuiltworks.Alterationstoabuildingthereforehavethepotentialtodenigratethereputationofthearchitectwhoispubliclyknowntobetheauthorofthebuilding.Thealterationmustensurethatthearchitects’personalinterestforconsistencyofthebuildingissafeguardedandtheirarchitecturalcapabilitiesarenotdisparagedordevaluedinpublic.Thearchitectisendangeredthatafterunauthorizedalterationofhispublicizedworkheisstillrecognizedasthearchitectofthatwork.Intheeyesofthepublictheauthorwillthenbeseenashavingmadethosenewarchitecturalexpressions,whichcandamagehis/herimage.Itisnecessary,therefore,tofindabalancebetweenthetwointerests:Interestoftheownerforalterationandtheinterestoftheauthorforconsistency.Infindingthatbalanceonehastotakeintoaccountthattheoriginalarchitectofabuildinghasmoreinsightthananybodyelseregardingpossibilitiesindevelopingthebuildingforchangingdemands.Becauseoftheoriginalarchitect’sprofoundknowledgeaboutthedesign,constructionandenvironmentofhiscreationonlythatarchitectisinthebestpositiontodevelopthenecessarysolutionswhilerespectingthedesignofthebuildinganditsaestheticqualities.Consequentlyitisrecommendedthattheauthorofabuildingshouldhavethelegalrighttobeconsultedpriortothebuildingbeingaltered.Sucharightwouldnotprohibitownersfromproceedingwithalterationstosuittheirrequirements.Howeveraconsultationconductedingoodfaithprovidesanopportunityfortheownertoconsidermaintainingtheintegrityoftheoriginaldesignor,ifnecessary,forthearchitecttopubliclydissociatefromthealteredworks.

1.2 Works made under employment and consultant agreements Inthecaseofworksauthoredbyanarchitectwhileunderanemploymentarrangement,theemployeris presumptivelytheownerofthecopyright,howeverthismaybealteredbyexplicittermsintheagreementof employment.Inthecaseofworksauthoredbyanarchitectengagedasconsultant,thearchitectispresumptively theownerofthecopyright.However,ifthelawpermitscopyrightmaybetransferredbyagreementandwiththe consentoftheauthorAscopyrightisacommercialpropertyitisappropriatethatpayment,inadditiontothefees paidforarchitecturalservices,ismadetoarchitectswhoagreetotransferringtheownershipofthecopyrightin theirwork.

1.3 Collective Works Copyrightineachseparatecontributiontoacollectiveworkisdistinctfromcopyrightinthecollectivework asawhole,andvestsinitiallyintheauthorofthecontribution.Intheabsenceofanexpresstransferofthe copyrightorofanyrightsunderit,theownerofcopyrightinthecollectiveworkispresumedtohaveacquired onlytheprivilegeofreproducinganddistributingthecontributionaspartofthatparticularcollectivework,any revisionofthatcollectivework,andanylatercollectiveworkinthesameseries.Copyrightinacollective contributionincreatingworkvestsinallauthorsofthecollectivework.Allauthorshavethesamerights connectedtothecopyright.Thoserightscanonlybeusedcollectivelyregardingtheworkasawhole.

2. Protected worksCopyrightprotects“originalworksofauthorship”thatarefixedinatangibleformofexpression.Thefixationneednotbedirectlyperceptiblesolongasitcanbecommunicatedwiththeaidofamachineordevice.Nopublicationorregistrationorotheractionisrequiredtosecurecopyright.Copyrightissecuredautomaticallywhentheworkiscreatedforthefirsttime.

2.1 Architectural works Protectedworksunderthisguidelineareoriginalarchitecturalworksofauthorshipfixedinanytangiblemedium ofexpression,whichrepresentapersonalandoriginalintellectualcreation.Novelty,ingenuity,oraesthetic meritarenotqualifyingcriteriaforprotectedworks.Thenecessarystandardoforiginalityrequiresonlythat theworkowesitsexistencetotheeffortsoftheauthorandisnotmerelyacopyofapre-existingwork. Copyrightprotectionextendsonlytodocumentedorbuiltworksandnottoideas,procedures,methodsof operationormathematicalconceptsassuch,becausetheseworksmightbeprotectedundertherelevant technicalprotectionrightssuchaspatentrights.Copyrightprotectioncancoveranykindofarchitecturalwork.

2.2 Protection of specific architectural works

2.2.1 Documentation of architectural designs. Documentationofarchitecturaldesignsandbuildingseitherinelectronicorhardcopyformcanbeprotected undercopyright.Apartfromtheplans,drawings,schemes,etc.oftheobjectasacopyrightprotectedwork, theobjectitselfcanbeprotected,ifrealizedinthreedimensions.Thisrefersalsotoworksoftownplanning andurbandesign.

2.2.2 Expert opinions, specifications and other documents Thegivenformofrepresentationofexpertopinions,specificationsandotherdocumentscanbeprotected undercopyright,iftheyrepresentapersonalcreation.Theprotectiondoesnotcoverthecontentofthe documentbutonlytheformofrepresentation,inordertodistinguishcopyrightfromtechnicalprotectionrights suchaspatentright.

2.2.3 Buildings Abuildingcanbeprotectedundercopyright,assumingthedesignfulfilstherequirementsofapersonal creationoforiginality(Seeabove2.1).Similarly,partsofbuildingsorthecombinationofbuildingscanbe protectedaswellasthenewlycreativeassembledcombinationofalreadyknownelementsasanensemble. Style,taste,aestheticvalueorfashionareofnoimportancetothequestion,iftheworkhasthenecessary creativecharacter.Anybuildingorarchitecturalworkcanbeprotectedundercopyright-.

3. Protection of the author’s interestsThearchitectasownerofcopyrighthastheexclusiverightstoauthorisethereproductionofher/hisworksincopies,aslongastheyareprotectedundercopyrightlaw.Unauthorisedreproductionbyothersmaygive-therighttotheauthortoinitiatelegalaction.Howeveritmustbenotedthatinthefieldofarchitecturemanybuildingelementsarealreadyknown,suchasdoors,windows,roofsandwallsandhencelimitthearchitecturalcreation.Thisiswhythe

�2 �3

Recommended Guideline for the Accord Policy on the Role of Professional Bodies

Accord policy on the role of professional bodies

In countries where professional bodies do not exist, the UIA should encourage members of the architectural profession to form such bodies in the public interest. Professional bodies should seek to ensure that their members adhere to the UIA international standards, the minimum requirements of the UNESCO-UIA Charter for Architectural Education, and the UIA International Code of Ethics and Conduct; keep up to date their knowledge and skills as required by the list of “Fundamental Requirements” (both current, and as they evolve in the future); and generally contribute to the development of architectural culture and knowledge as well as the society they serve.

1. Preamble

Architects,whetherselfemployedoremployees,aregenerallycontrolledbyaregulatingbodyinchargeofensuringthatlaws,decrees,andprofessionalstandardsareappliedandobservedbyallmembersoftheprofession.Inmanycountriesprofessionalbodieshavealsobeenestablishedfortheadvancementofarchitecture,forthepromotionofknowledge,andtoprotectthepublicinterestbyensuringthattheirmembersperformtoaknownstandard.Inanumberofcountriesboththeregulatoryfunctionandtheadvancementofarchitectureareundertakenbytheoneorganization.Beforedefiningwhatanarchitect’sprofessionalbodyshouldbeitisnecessarytorecallthecontextofglobalizationandtheguidingprincipalsoftheGeneralAgreementonTradeinServices(GATS).ThefundamentalobjectivesofGATSarethesameasthatoftheWorldTradeorganization’s(WTo)objectivesforgoods-toensurethebalanceofworldtradethroughtheliberalizationofmarketsandtobuildtheprocessofliberalizationonsolidfoundations.Toachievethis,theguidingprinciplesarethefollowing:

Trade must take place without discrimination:Thisimpliesthatallmembercountriescarryouttheirexchangesonanequalbasisandsharethebenefitsachievedfromanymeasureaimedatremovingbarrierstotrade.

Protective measures must be transparent:Theservicesagreementrequiresthatbarrierstomarketaccessordiscriminatoryrestrictionstooperationsonoverseasmarketsbeclearlyidentifiedandlisted. A solid foundation for liberalizing trade:Thisisensuredascountriesmakeschedulesofcommitments-servicebyservice-bywhichtheyundertaketorespectthenegotiatedreducedlevelsofprotection.

Theglobalfreetradelogicistofavorfreecirculationofpeople,goodsandservicesinageneralenvironmentofderegulation.TheWToruleswhichapplytomembercountrieshaveadirectinfluenceontheprofessionalpracticeofarchitecture.ArticleVI4oftheGATSagreementreadsthat:

“The rules which aim at establishing free circulation shall ensure that national protective steps: Are transparent and based on objective criteria such as professional competence and skills; Are not more burdensome than necessary to ensure the quality of service; and Licensing procedures, if any, do not restrict service provision.”

Theinterestsofthreegroupsareservedbytheestablishmentofprofessionalbodies:

A. ConsumerItisnecessarytoguaranteenotonlythequalityofservicetotheconsumer,respectingcompetitionandperformancerules,butalsothefreecirculationofprofessionalswithoutanyimproperdiscrimination.Therefore,itisalsonecessarytodefinethestructureofbodieswhichrepresenttheprofessionofarchitecture,guaranteeingtheircapacitytoprotecttheconsumerandthesociety.

3.5 DestructionTherightofobjectingtothealterationoftheworkshouldincludealsotherighttoobjecttoitsdestruction.Contrarytoalterationthedestructionoftheworkdoesnotincludethedangerthatthearchitectwillberecognizedastheauthorofthealteredwork.Howeverthedestructionoftheworkstillviolatesthemoralrightofintegrityinthearchitectswork.Theauthorhasaninterestintheworkcontinuingtoestablishandmaintainhisorherprofessionalreputation.Thereforetherightoftheownertodemolishthebuildingconflictswiththemoralrightofthearchitect.Hencetherightfordestructionofabuildingmustbebalancedwiththeauthor’srightforconsistency.

4. Term of ProtectionThetermofcopyrightprotectionshouldextendtofiftyyearsbeyondthedeathoftheauthorofthework.

5. Enforcement of CopyrightsTheUIArecommendsthatlawsandenforcementproceduresareavailablethatpermiteffectiveactionagainstanyactofinfringementofintellectualpropertyrightscoveredbythisGuideline.Theseproceduresshouldbeappliedinsuchamannerastoavoidthecreationofbarrierstolegitimatetradeandtoprovideforsafeguardsagainsttheirabuse.Proceduresconcerningtheenforcementofintellectualpropertyrightsshouldbefairandequitable.Theyshouldnotbeunnecessarilycomplicatedorcostly,orentailunreasonabletimelimitsorunwarranteddelays.

�. Ownership of architectural plansThelegalclassificationofownershipofarchitecturalplansdiffersbetweenthecommon-lawcountriesandthecountriesundertheNapoleonicCode.Incommon-lawcountriesthearchitect’sdocumentsarenormallytreatedasinstrumentsofserviceandthearchitectretainstheownershipwhiletheclientenjoysthelicense,bycontract,tousethedocumentstobuildthebuilding.IncountriesundertheNapoleonicCodethearchitect’sdocumentsbecomepropertyoftheclientafterterminationofthecontract.Thearchitectisobligedbycontracttohandoutthedocumentstotheclient.Thissituationhasaneffectontheintellectualproperty:Whereasinthecommon-lawcountriesthearchitectsareboththeproprietoroftheactualandintellectualpropertyoftheirdocuments,thearchitectsincountriesundertheNapoleonicCodeareonlyproprietoroftheintellectualpropertyofthedocuments,theproprietoroftheactualdocumentistheclient.

�. Co-operation between UIA member sectionsEachUIAmembersectionshallenter,uponrequest,intoconsultationswithanyotherUIAmembersectionwhichhascausetobelievethatanintellectualpropertyrightowner,whomustbeanationalordomiciliaryoftheUIAmembersectionbeingaddressedforconsultations,isundertakingpracticesinviolationoftherequestingUIAmembersection’slawsandregulationsonthesubjectmatterofthisGuideline.TheUIAmembersectionaddressedshallaccordfullandsympatheticconsiderationto,andshallaffordadequateopportunityfor,consultationswiththerequestingUIAmembersection.Itshall,furthermore,co-operatethroughsupplyofpubliclyavailablenon-confidentialrelevantinformation.

�. DamagesJurisdictionsshouldhavetheauthoritytoorderapersonwhohasknowinglyinfringedcopyrighttopayadequatecompensationtothecopyrightholder

�. Institutional Arrangements; Final ProvisionsTheUIAshallmonitortheoperationofthisGuideline,andinparticularUIAmembersections’compliancewiththeirobligationshereunder,andshallaffordUIAmembersectionstheopportunityofconsultingonmattersrelatingtotheaspectsofintellectualpropertyrights.ItshallcarryoutsuchotherresponsibilitiesasassignedtoitbytheUIAmembersections;anditshall,inparticular,provideanyassistancerequestedbytheminthecontextofdisputesettlementprocedures.UIAmembersectionsagreetoco-operatewitheachotherwithaviewtoeliminatinginternationaltradeingoodsinfringingintellectualpropertyrights.

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Public Interest • Toinfluencethequalityofthebuiltenvironmentbydefiningqualitystandardsandreferences,toparticipate intheimplementationofpublicpoliciesinthefieldofarchitecture. • Topromoteandfacilitatetheacquisitionofarchitecturalknowledgebycompetentauthorities,aswellasby thepublicandotherprofessionals,toenhancetheirabilitytoassessarchitecture. • Tosetupahighauthorityinarchitectureatculturalandlegallevels. • Toguaranteethedurabilityofthefunctionofthearchitectinitsculturalandsocialdimensions. • Topromoteresearchanddevelopmentofarchitecturewithregardtosustainabledevelopmentandthe necessaryimprovementoflivingstandards. • Topromotetheawarenessofarchitecture • Topromotearchitecturalandurbanqualitybyanymeansandactions.

Professional Interest - Interests of Architects • Whilerespectingtheirdifferentformsofpractice,togathertogetherarchitects,andtoorganizetheir representationatlocal,nationalandinternationallevels. • Todevelopthearchitects’fieldsofinterventiononthebasisoftheirspecificprofileandskills. • Toprovidetheserviceandassistanceexpectedbyarchitectsinsocial,professional,legalandculturalareas, inordertoimproveandguaranteethequalityofservicessuppliedbyarchitects. • Topromotecollaborationandnetworkingwithotherpartnersofthelivingenvironmentsuchasclients, town-planners,contractors,engineers,etc.withaviewtoimprovingthequalityofthebuiltenvironment. • Toguaranteearchitects’intellectualpropertyandrespectoftheircopyrights.

2.2. Roles

Some Models of Architectural Professional BodiesWhiletherearedifferingmodelsofprofessionalbodies,thereisanexistingcommonformforthetwomaintypes,theprofessionalbodyandtheregistrationbody.Theirprimaryrolesareillustratedasfollows: The Professional Body Status:Self-regulatingorestablishedbyCharter. Mission:Advancingarchitecture,promoting/facilitatingtheacquisitionofknowledge. Main Responsibilities:Communications/promotion(public,government,clients,members,international andculturalprograms,awardsandexhibitions).Education*(influencingstandardsthroughthearchitectural curriculum).Practice(influencingstandardsbyhelpingpractitioners,e.g.providingmodelappointment documents,contracts,etc.). Justification: Betterarchitects=betterarchitecture.    *In the Anglo-Saxon countries this is often carried out by the professional institute and the registration body,     or Independently by an organization made up of the two. In the “codified” countries, this task is the         responsibility of one or other of the government departments.

The registration/licensing body Status:Establishedbystatute(law/decree,etc.). Mission: Protectingthepublic. Main Responsibilities: maintainingregistrationofqualifiedarchitects. Discipline. Codeofconduct. Justification: Consumerprotection. Fromthescopeofcompetenceandresponsibilities,onecanestablishtheminimum roleoftheseprofessionalbodies:

The training and the competence of architects with a view to guaranteeing consumer protection: • Participateintheelaborationofthecontentoftheinitialtraining. • Regulatethetitleofarchitectandmaintainaregisterofqualifiedarchitects. • Determinethecontentofprofessionaltraining. • Grantandmonitorlicensestopracticewhereappropriate. • Involvedintheaccreditationofarchitecturalcourses,qualificationsandprofessionalcertificates. • DevelopaCodeofConduct,monitoritsimplementationandexercisethedisciplinaryfunction associatedwithit.

Thenotionofconsumerservicereferstoaconceptwhichisinternationallyshared,implyingbothmarketcompetitionandtheguaranteeofobjectiveorcertifiedqualitystandards.Thisconsumerorientedlogicprevailsovernotionsofpublicinterest,andpresentsacasefordoingawaywithlawsandregulationswhichareseenasprovidingcorporateprotectionandmonopolyofprivilegedpracticeinfavorofsystemsofprofessionalselfregulationandcommonlawconsumerprotection.

B. The PublicIncreasingnumbersofcountriesareadoptingpublicarchitecturepolicies.Theyarebecomingincreasinglyawarethatarchitectureisinthepublicinterest.Itcontributestothewelfareofindividualsandofsociety,whetherinthesocialorculturalfields,respectfortheenvironmentandheritage.morerecentlythetakingintoaccountoftheconceptofsustainabledevelopmenthasarealimpactonthelivingenvironment.Thischaracteristicofarchitecture,ofenvironment,oflandscapeandlivingenvironment,asanexpressionofculture,impliesaspecialrelationshipbetweentheprofessionalswhopracticeit-thearchitects-andsociety.SocietyincludestheStateandpublicauthorities,whohaveexpectationswithregardtothebuiltenvironment,aswellasthecitizens,asusersofconsumersofarchitecture.Asinmanycountries,itisthususefulandnecessaryfortheprofessiontobeorganizedinsuchawayastomeettheexpectationsofsocietyandofthecitizens.Thisrequiresthesettingup,orreinforcementwheretheyexist,ofprofessionalbodiesfocusedonarchitecturebutareentrustedwiththeprotectionofthepublic.

C. The ProfessionItisimportantforarchitectstobeabletorecognizeeachotherandbelongtoabodywhichhasestablishedthesamemembershiprules,whatevertheirformofprofessionalpractice.Itisofcourseintheinterestofarchitectstomeetcolleagueswiththesametraining,thesameorequivalentdegree/diploma/certificate,whorespectthesameethicsandwhohaveidenticalorcomparableformsofpractice.Ifthosebodiesaretofunction,theymustalsobeofinteresttoarchitects.TheprofessionalbodyshallalsobeaplaceofidentityandgatheringforprofessionalspracticingarchitectureThisguidelineaimsatdefiningtheraisond’etre,thefunctionandroleofthoseprofessionalbodies.

2. Proposals

Theideaistoprovidekeywordsfortheorganizationandscopeofcompetenceofprofessionalbodies.Althoughtheyplayamajorsocialandculturalrole,andtheiractionandcontributionareindispensable,thisguidelinedoesnotaddressindependenttradeassociationsorunionswhosevocationandroleistodefendthematerialinterestsofvoluntarymembers.

Theprofessionalbodiesshouldthereforecoverthreemainfunctions: • Consumerinterest, • Publicinterest,and • Professionalinterest-interestsofarchitects.

2.1. Functions

Consumer Interest • Toprotectthepublic/consumersociety/theusers-bymonitoringtheskills,codeofconductandethics. • Toenableandrespectfreecirculationofarchitectsinallcountriesinordertopromoteexchangesbetween architectsandimprovethelivingenvironment. • Toguaranteefreeandhealthycompetition,basedonprinciplesoftransparencyandfairness. • Tocontributeto,guideandguaranteethecontentofinitialtraininginarchitectureandtomonitorits continuousupdating. • Todefinethecontentofinitialandprofessionaltrainingandofqualificationsproceduresandcriteria. • Tocontributetoimprovingtheknowledgeandskillsofarchitectsbyorganizingcontinuingprofessional development. • Todrawupacodeofethicsandofconductandtomonitortheirimplementation. • Toestablishasetofdisciplinarysanctionsintheeventofprofessionalsnotrespectingtherulesestablished intheinterestoftheconsumer. • Topublishguidedocumentsontopicssuchasfee-scales(wherelegallyauthorized)appointmentofthe architect,documentsforprofessionalpractice,andenvironmentalmatters.

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Disciplinary BodyToavoidthepublicthinkingthatdisciplinarybodiesarepartisaninpreservingtheinterestsofarchitects,disciplinarysanctionsshouldbemanagedbyaseparatecommissionmadeupofarchitectsandjudgesorpossiblybycivilcourts.

4. Conclusions

onthebasisofthesedifferentprinciples,itispossibletoconsiderseveraltypesofbodies: • Self-regulatingprofessionalbodieswithvoluntarymembership,whichchoosetheirmissionandrole.Theyare organizedbyaCharterdrawnupwiththeauthoritieswhoconferthenecessarypowertocarryoutits responsibilities.Inthiscaseitisoftennecessarytoestablishotherbodieswithcompulsoryregistrationwith complementarybutlimitedresponsibilities. • Registrationbodies,suchas“chambers”,“orders”,or“colleges”ofarchitectswithcompulsoryregistration, investedbythepublicauthoritieswiththenecessaryauthoritytoorganizetheroleandfunctionsofarchitects definedbylaw.Inthiscase,itshallbenecessarytosetupotherindependentbodiestodefendthematerial interestsoftheirvoluntarymembers(unions). • Publicadministrativebodies(statutorybodies)inchargeofcontrolling,regulatingandcheckingthe implementationofthelaw.

5. Appendix

Analysis of different types of professional bodiesThefollowingdescriptionsaretheoretical.Inmostcases,accordingtothenationalculturalenvironment,architectsfulfillvariousfunctionswhichmayfeatureinmorethanoneoftheseclassifications.Thereisactuallynoonereferencemodel.Variousfunctionscanbegroupedtogetherinthecreationofnewprofessionalbodiesorinordertohelpexistingorganizationsimprovetheirservicestoarchitectsandtothepublic.Differenttypesoforganizationsorprofessionalbodiesmaybeidentifiedandclassifiedaccordingtotheirfunctions,objectives,andtheirindependenceorcontrolinthefollowingnon-exhaustivemanner:

A. Self-regulatory Professional Bodies Thesearearchitect’sorganizationsmostcommonlyfoundinAnglo-Saxoncountriesandincountries stronglyinfluencedbythisculture.Thearchitectswhosetuptheseprofessionalbodiesoftendidso tomeettheneedtoorganizetheirprofessionincountrieswheretheStateallowsprofessionsasignificant degreeofselfdetermination.Theseprofessionalbodiesareoftenveryoldandhaveacquiredconsiderable authoritybecauseoftheirextensivesocialscope,thequalityoftheirorganization,andthecriteriausefor theselectionofmembers.Inmanycasesthereisonlyonbodypercountry.TheStatemaydelegatetoit thecontroloftheregulatoryframeworkofprofessionalpractice,inparticularastotheprotectionofthe titleofarchitect.Theirstatutesimposeastrictcodeofconductonmembersinordertoguaranteetothe publicalevelofqualification,competenceandprobitythatisnecessaryforthisfunction.Theyareoften centersofarchitecturalknowledgeorlearnedsocieties,i.e.referenceinstitutions.Theyserveasguardians ofthecultureofarchitecture,maintainaqualitylibrary,monitoreducationandpracticaltraining, organizetrainingandcontinuingprofessionaldevelopment,andfacilitateculturaldevelopmentthrough conferences,seminars,publicationofreferencedocumentsandinitiatearchitecturalresearch.Theirmain characteristicisthattheyfreelydeterminetheirStatutesandareindependentoftheregulatoryauthorities. Theirmembershipissubjectedtostrictrulesbothfromthepointofviewofqualifications,licensetopractice, professionalreferences,andevensponsorship.

B. Associations , Colleges or Chambers Associationsofarchitects-sometimesknownascollegesorchambers-areoftenprivatebodiessetup bytheStatethroughanactoraregulation.Suchactsorregulationsdefinetheirobject,role,statutes, organization,membershipcriteria,relationshipwiththeStateandtheirfinancialregime.Theyarecommonly foundinLatinorGermaniccountries.Theirmainobjectiveistheprotectionofthetitleofarchitect.Theirrole istoprotectthepublicbyhavingarchitectsabidebytherulesdefinedbytheState.Generally,theyguarantee thearchitect¹squalification,areresponsibleforconductanddiscipline,frequentlysetdownbypubliclaw,and aretheofficialpartnersoftheState.mostoftentheyalsoprotectprofessionalpracticeandsometimescontribute tocontinuingprofessionaldevelopmentofarchitectsandtakepartinthepromotionofarchitecture.Theyare

• managerelationsbetweenprofessionalandacademiccirclesincludingtheorganizationofpractical trainingperiods. • Involvedintheorganizationandmonitoringofcontinuingprofessionaldevelopment. • monitortheformsofprofessionalpractice. • Providedifferentformsofdisputeresolution. • organizearchitecturalcompetitionsandmonitortheirimplementation. • Participateindraftingimprovedarchitecturalstandards. • Establishalearnedsociety-concernedwithcultural,economicandlegalissues-thatallowsforthe acquisitionandimprovementofknowledgeinthefieldofarchitecture. • Representtheprofessionalbeforepublicauthoritiesandinternationalorganizations. • organize,orparticipatein,relationswithprofessionalpartnerssuchasclients,engineers,town- planners,contractors,etc. • PromoteUIAInternationalStandards. • Contributetothepromotionoftheartandscienceofarchitecture. • Contributetothepromotionofasustainableenvironment,(e.g.exhibitions,seminars,conferences andtakingpartinthepublicationofarchitecturalworks.) • Participateinandpromotedevelopmentprograms/projectsinthefieldofarchitecture. • Promote,follow,andmonitorthedevelopmentoflegislationandregulationsthatimpactonthe professionalexerciseandthebuiltenvironment. • Promoteandadvertisethearchitecturalprofessionanditsrepresentativeorganizationsinthemedia. • Collectmember’sduesandmaintainsupplementaryincomethroughpublications,fees,provisionof services,counseling,etc.

The professional interest • Atlocal,regionalandnationallevelsorganizemeetingsandexchangeviewsbetweenarchitects throughsymposia,conventions,conferencesandseminars. • Promotecommunicationbetweenarchitectsbyutilizingwebsites,E-maildirectories,information bulletins,magazines,libraries,etc. • Analyzeanddisseminatethedevelopmentoftheconditionsfortheemploymentofarchitectsand oftheirworkingconditions. • Bringlegalandadvisoryassistancetoarchitects. • Representtheprofessionvia-a-vispublicauthoritiesandconsumerassociations.

3. Governance of the architectural profession

Theprevioussectionsshowthatgovernanceoftheprofessionshouldbebasedonseveralprinciples.

Relationship with the Public Authoritiesonbehalfofthepublicinterestandconsumerprotection,theprofessionalbodymustbegrantedtheirauthoritybythecompetentpublicauthority.Thismaybeagovernmentorparliamentandsuchauthorityconfersthecapacitytoexerciselegalauthorityovermembersoftheprofession.Thispre-supposestheexistence,orestablishment,ofalegalsystemgoverningandregulatingthetitleofarchitect,thelicensetopractice,professionalpractice,andthecodeofprofessionalconduct.

Democratic RepresentationTheprofessionalbodyusuallydraftsarticles,rules,andbylawswhichensuregoodrepresentationofthearchitect’sprofessionbyregion,byformsofpracticeorprofessionalstatus.Itmayincludeinitsgoverningboardrepresentativesofpublicauthorities,consumersandprofessionalpartners.Thearticles,rules,andbylawscouldbeconfirmedbyanact,decreesorbyacharterdrawnupjointlywiththeauthorities.

A Hierarchical Organization According to the Roles Carried OutNationalorfederalprofessionalbody,bringingtogetherandcoordinatingregionalbodies,thatdefinesprofessionalpolicies,managestheresourcecenter,theaccreditationofqualificationsandcertificates,etc.Localorregionalcollegeskeepingasclosetotheirgeographicareaaspossiblethatkeeptheregisterofqualifiedarchitects,supervisetheconformitywiththecodeofconduct,performinitialconciliationandmediation,maintainrelationswithregionalauthoritiesandprofessionalorganizations,etc.Specificcommitteesallowingforthemanagementofparticularissuessuchasinternationalaffairs,training,promotionofarchitecture,standardization,consumerrelations,etc.

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Recommended Guidelines for the Policy on Building Project Delivery Systems

Accord Policy

Architects should maintain high standards of professionalism and service under all forms of building project delivery systems.

1. DefinitionsThefollowingdefinitionshavebeenadoptedforthepurposeoftheseGuidelines;

Building project delivery systems: Thecontractualrelationshipsbetweenbuildingownersandtheotherpartiesinvolvedinthedesign,documentationandconstructionbuildings.

Project client:Thepartyforwhomthebuildingisdesignedandconstructed.

Architects’ client: Thepartythatcommissionsthearchitect.

Novation: Anarrangementunderwhichtherightsandobligationsofapartytoacontractistransferredtoathirdparty.

Professional adviser: Thepartyappointedbythebuildingownerundertakingamulti-partyoralliancebuildingdeliverysystem.Inthecaseofbuildingprojectsnormallyanarchitectwithspecialistskillsinbuildingorprojectprocurementsystems.

2. Introduction

Theeducationandtrainingofarchitectshas,untilrecently,beenorientedtowardsthetraditionalrelationshipbetweenarchitect,projectclientandbuilder,andthelumpsumcontract.Thatis,theprojectclientdirectlycommissionsandbriefsthearchitect;thearchitectpreparescontractdocuments;thebuilderpricesandbuildsfromthecontractdocuments.Duringconstructionthearchitectactsastheprojectclient’sagentandascertifierofqualityetc.However,thistraditionalmethodhasregularlybeenchallenged,rightlyorwrongly,andwhenothermethodsareusedtheroleofthearchitectmaychange.

Alternativebuildingprojectdeliverysystemshaveevolved,whichcan,insomecaseshaveadvantagesovertraditionalmethods,andarchitectsarelikelytoencounterthesituationinwhich: • Theclientsrequests,orthearchitectperceivestheneedfor,analternativemethodinordertofulfillparticular requirementsoftheproject; • Thearchitectisofferedacommissionwithintheframeworkofanalternativemethod(i.e.withadifferent relationshipbetweenarchitect,projectclientandbuilder).

Inordertomaintainaneffectiveprofessionalrole,thearchitectmust: • Inthefirstcase,beabletoclearlyadvisetheclientsoftheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofeachofthe alternatives; • Inthesecond,haveafullunderstandingoftheorganizationalstructureofthedeliverymethod,clearlydefined responsibilitiesandafullunderstandingofthelinesofcommunication;and • Inallcasesthearchitectshouldassesstherisksassociatedwiththealternativemethodinrelationtothe commercialpositionofthepracticeandthearchitect’sroleasaprofessionaladviserwithexpertiseinbuilding design.

generallydemocraticallyconstituted.Theirmaincharacteristicisthattheyoriginatefromthepublicinterestand aresubjectedtostrictlegalrules.membershipiscompulsoryforthosewishingtousethetitleand,depending onthenationallegislation,topractice.

C. Independent Associations Inallcountriesarchitectsgathertogethertoorganizeandpromotetheircommoninterest.Thevocationofthese bodiesmayberelatedtothecultural,professionalandevenhumanitarianaspectsofthepracticeofarchitecture. Inmostcasetheirresourcesareraisedfromcontributions.Theirmaincharacteristicisthatmembershipis obviouslynotcompulsoryandtheyareonlyregulatedbyrulestheyhavefreelydecideduponinconformitywith nationallawsgoverningassociations.

D. Unions or Trade Associations originally,accordingtothecountry,theroleofarchitectsunionsortradeassociationswastodefendthe interestsoftheirmembers.membershipisvoluntaryandoftenentailsdedicationandmilitancy.Theyarethe obviousnegotiatorswiththepublicauthoritiesforeverythingrelatedtoprofessionalpractice.Frequentlythey haveextendedtheirareaofcompetencetocoverthetrainingofarchitects,thepromotionofarchitecture,the developmentoftechniquesandservicesfortheirmembers.Theirmaincharacteristicisthatmembershipis voluntaryandtheydefendtheprofessionalinterestsofarchitects.

E. Other Organizations Therearealsootherorganizationsofarchitectswhichmaybringmemberstogetherforwidercultural, humanitarianprospects,particularlyattheinternationallevel.Examplesattheinternationallevelare theInternationalUnionofArchitects(UIA)andtheCommonwealthAssociationofArchitects(CAA). ExamplesattheregionallevelwouldincludetheArchitects’CouncilofEurope(ACE),theArchitects’ CouncilofAsia(ARCASIA),Architect’sCouncilofCentralandEasternEurope(ACCEE),thePan-American FederationofArchitectsAssociations(FPAA),theUnionofAfricanArchitects(UAA),andUnionof mediterraneanArchitects(UmAR).

F. Mixed Structures Incertainfieldssuchaseducation,mixedstructureshavebeenestablishedwhichbringtogetherarchitects associations,professionalbodiesandpublicauthoritiesinordertomonitororaccreditschoolsofarchitecture. ExampleswouldincludetheJointValidationPanel(RoyalInstituteofBritishArchitectsandArchitectural RegistrationBoard)intheUnitedKingdomandtheNationalArchitecturalAccreditingBoard(AmericanInstitute ofArchitects,AssociationofCollegiateSchoolsofArchitectureandtheNationalCouncilofArchitectural RegistrationBoards)intheUnitedStatesofAmerica.

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3.3 Design and constructIndesignandconstructarrangementstheprojectcliententersintoonecontractforthedesignandconstructionofabuildingorprojectwithanorganization,generallybasedonabuildingcompanywhichprovidesbothdesignandbuildingservices.A‘guaranteedprice’isnegotiatedbetweenthebuilderandtheprojectclientbasedontheprojectbrieforrequirements,previousprojectsofasimilarnature,ariskassessmentbybothpartiesandabuildingmargin.Thebuilder’sprojectpriorities,minimumcost,minimumtimeandmaximumprofitareofteninconflictwiththeprojectclient’spriorities.Thedesignteamfunctionsasanormaldesignteam,butwiththebuildereffectivelyactingasthearchitect’sclient,interpretingtheprojectclient’srequirementsagainsttheknownmaximumcost.Boththedesignandconstructionwillbe‘tailored’bythebuildertofitwithinthe‘guaranteedprice’.Inmostcasesthearchitect’sclientisthebuilderanditisthearchitect’sdutytoputtheinterestsofthatclient(thebuilder)infrontoftheinterestsoftheprojectclient.Thisbuildingdeliverysystemlacksindependentassessmentormonitoringoftheworksbythearchitect,whoisoftenunabletodealdirectlywiththeprojectclient.Exceptinthecaseofverysimpleorrepetitivebuildings,designandconstructprojectdeliveryprovidesprojectclientswithlittleassurancethattheywillreceiveanendproductthatfullysatisfiestheirneedsorexpectationsandunreasonablyexposesarchitectsandotherdesignconsultantstodepressedfeeswithlittleornoreductioninliability.

3.4 Multi-party contractsTheseprocurementmethodsarereferredtosometimesasIntegratedSupplyChainTeammanagement,Alliancing,ProjectTeamPartneringorIntegratedProjectProcessProcurement.Theyinvolvetheformationofaprojectteammadeupofrepresentativesoftheprojectclient,theconsultants,contractorsandkeysub-contractorsandsuppliers.Theprojectteamactsasa“virtualcompany”dedicatedtoachievingtheagreedprojectobjectives.TheprojectclientappointsaProjectAdvisorwhoassistsindevelopingtheprojectbrief,budgetandprogram.AselectionpanelisappointedtoworkwiththeprojectclientandtheProjectAdviserinselectingandappointingtheProjectTeammembersonthebasisofqualityandnotprice.Thisintegratedteamthensignsamulti-partypartneringcontract.Themulti-partycontractdefinestherolesandresponsibilitiesofteammembersandmechanismstoensureValuemanagementandValueEngineering,Riskmanagement,thefairsharingofrewardsandcontinuousimprovementmeasuredagainstKeyPerformanceIndicators.Akeyfeatureofthesetypesofcontractistheproblemsolvinganddisputeprovisionswhichbindtheteammemberstocooperative,ratherthanadversarial,resolutionofissuesthatariseontheproject.

4. Aspects critical to the success of alternative methods

ItisassumedinthisGuidelinethatdifferentbuildingprojectdeliverysystemscanbeappropriateformanyprojects,butthatsomedetailaspectsoftheparticularsystemsarecriticaltothesuccessoftheprocess.Theprojectclientshouldbemadeawareofthesecriticalaspectswhenalternativearrangementsarebeingconsidered.

4.1 Independent assessmentThedegreeofprotectionoftheprojectclient’sinterests,asopposedtothevestedinterestsoftheotherpartiestothecontract,relyonthefacilityforindependentassessment.Thisdependsonmanyaspectsincluding:

(a) methodofpayment–arethefeesforprofessionalservicesseparatedfromorinfluencedbythebuilder’s profitability?

(b) Designindependence–isthereaclearhierarchicalrelationshipbetweenthedesignteam,the managementorganizationandthebuildingorganization?

(c) Duringconstruction–isthereadegreeofindependenceofthedesignteamduringthebuildingprocess?

(d) Communication–arethereclearlinesofcommunicationanddoesthearchitecthavethecapacitytodeal directlywiththeprojectclient?

(e) Liability–isresponsibilityandliabilityclearlydefined?

3. The Alternative Methods

mostmethodscanbecategorizedintooneofthefollowingmajorgroupings: • variationsonthetraditionalbuildingcontract; • constructionmanagement; • designandconstruct;and • multi-partycontracts

3.1 Variations on the traditional building contract (a) Negotiated price contractThetraditionalrelationship,inwhichtheprojectclientcommissionsthearchitect,contractdocumentationissubstantiallyorfullycompletedandatenderisnegotiatedwithoneormoreselectedbuilders.Acontract,betweentheprojectclientandthebuilder,issignedwhenasatisfactorypriceisachievedandthearchitectadministersthecontract.

(b) Cost-plus contractThetraditionalprojectclient/architectrelationshipismaintained,contractdocumentationissubstantiallyorfullycompletedandamanagementfeecoveringoverheadsandprofitisnegotiatedwithoneormoreselectedbuilders.Thesuccessfulbuilderbuildstheprojectusingin-houseandsub-contractedlabor.Amodified contractissignedandthearchitectadministersthecontract.Itisusualforthesub-contracttenderingtobeadministeredbythebuilderbutvettedandapprovedbytheprojectclientand/orthearchitect.

(c) Two stage tenderThetraditionalprojectclient/architectrelationshipismaintained.Thefirststagetenderissoughtusingsketchplansandanoutlinespecificationandtheselectionofthebuilderisbasedontheoverheadandprofitrate,resourcesandsiteandmanagementfacilitiesoffered.Documentationisdevelopedwiththebuilderand principalsub-contractorsaspartofthedesignteam.Thepriceisbuiltupprogressivelyfromelementalsub-contractpricespreparedbythesub-contractors.Thedesignwillbe‘tailored’throughouttheprocesstomeettheprojectclient’sbudgetandotherrequirements.Thedesigninputfromthebuildercanbevaluable,allowingathoroughanalysisofbuildabilityandprovidingarealisticbasisforassessingthecostbenefitofvarious aspectsofthedesign.

3.2 Construction managementAconstructionmanagerhasexpertiseinbothbuildingandmanagementandiscontractedtotheprojectclienttomanagetheconstructionofthebuilding.Theprovisionofmaterialsandlaboristhroughaseriesofseparatecontractsbetweenindividualsuppliersandcontractorsandtheprojectclient.Theconstructionmanagementorganizationactsastheprojectclient’sagenttoadministertheseparatecontracts,planandsuperviseconstructionandmanagetheservicesprovidedduringconstructionbythedesignconsultants,includingthearchitect.Whiletheconstructionmanagermaybeengagedwhenalldesignanddocumentationiscomplete,theyaremoreoftenengagedduringthedesignordocumentationprocesstoassessbuildabilityandtoassist,ensuringthatthedesignis‘tailored’tomeettheclient’sbudgetandotherrequirements.Asasingleoveralltenderisnotnecessarybeforeworkbegins,anearlystartonsiteispossiblebycompletingthedocumentation,tenderingandlettingcontractsfortheearlytradeswhiledocumentationforlatertradesisstillinprogress.Theconstructionmanagerispaidonafeeforservicebasisandhasnovestedinterestinprojectfinancesandcanprovideindependentadvicetotheprojectclientasaconsultant.Theconstructionmanagerisnotboundbytheprojectbudgetandallrisksarebornebytheprojectclientandtheseparatecontractors.Theroleofthearchitectandtherelationshipwiththeprojectclientandtheconstructionmanagermaybemuchthesameasintraditionalcontractsbetweenarchitect,projectclientandbuilder.Itismorecommon,however,fortheconstructionmanagertotakeoversomeofthearchitect’straditionalrolesduringconstruction,suchascertification.Itisincreasinglycommonforthearchitectandotherdesignconsultantstobenovatedtotheconstructionmanager.Constructionmanagementmaybeanadvantageforverylargeprojects,whereanearlystartonsiteisnecessaryorwherepartoralloftheprojectisoccupied(i.e.shoppingcenters).

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5. Conclusion

Architectsshouldbeabletooperatewithinavarietyofclient,architect,managementandbuilderrelationshipsinaneffectiveandprofessionalway,asalternativemethodsofprojectdesignanddeliverybecomeestablishedwithinthebuildingandconstructionindustry.Itshouldbeunderstoodhowever,thatsomeprojectandbuildingdeliverymethodsconstraintheabilityofarchitectstoimpartiallyapplytheirprofessionalknowledgeandskill.Underthesecontractualarrangementsarchitectsarepreventedfromactingasindependentagentsandadvisersprotectingtheinterestoftheprojectclientsandbuildingowners.Somebuildingdeliverysystemsalsomakeitdifficultforarchitectstofulfilltheirprofessionalandethicalobligationstoconsumersandthegeneralpublic.Therefore,inthepublicinterest,theseconstraintsmustberecognizedandunderstoodbythosethatusetheservicesofarchitects,thecommunitiestheyserveandthegovernmentsthatregulatethemarketswithinwhicharchitecturalservicesareprovided.

�. Appendices

A–ChecklistforarchitectsgivingadviceB–Checklistforarchitectsconsideringtheirowninvolvementinnon-traditionalmethodsC–ResponsibilitiesofthepartiesD–Furtherreading

Appendix AChecklistforarchitectsgivingadvice

1.Whatothermethods,ifany,mayservetheprojectclient’sinterestsbetter?2.Arethereanycostpenaltiesinvolvedfortheprojectclient?3.Arethereanypenaltiesintermsofquality?4.Willtheprojectclientreceiveimpartialandexpertadviceduringbothdesignandconstruction?5.Whowillcertifypayments,quality,timeandcompletion?6.Willtheprojectclientberequiredtoenterintomultiplecontracts?7.Whowillbeliablefordefects?8.Whowillbeliableforfailuretomeettheprogram?9.Willtheprojectclientreceivethebenefitofcompetitivetendering?10.Willtheprojectclient’sdecisionmakingprocessberestricted?11.Whowillauthorizevariationsandextensionsoftime?

Appendix BChecklistforarchitectsconsideringtheirowninvolvementinnon-traditionalmethods

1.Whowillbetheclient?2.Whatwilltherelationshipbewiththeuser?3.Whatwilltherelationshipbewiththeotherconsultants?4.Whowillbetheprimeconsultant?5.Whatistheextentoflegalliability?6.Doestheprofessionalindemnityinsurancecovertheextentofliability?7.Willthearchitectbeabletoimpartiallyapplytheirprofessionalknowledgeandskill,andfulfilltheirprofessionalaswellasethicalobligationstothesociety”,8.Whowillberesponsibleforsettingandcontrollingthebudget?9.Whatarethetermsofengagement?10.Arethedesignteammemberstobenovatedtoanotherpartyandifsohowwillthisaffecttheirinterestsandtheirliability?11.Whatisthefee?12.Willtherebeaheadcontract,abuilderandsub-contractors?13.Whowillcertifypaymentsforbuildingwork?14.Whowillinspectthebuildingworkforconformitywithdesign?15.Whowillinspecttheworkforcertification?

4.2 Experience and expertise of the management service offeredorganizationsofferingconstructionmanagementservicesmusthaveaprovenrecord,appropriatebackgroundandtraining,suitablyexperiencedresourcesandademonstrablecapacitytobalancetheprojectclient’srequirementswiththeprojectbudgetandbrief.managementshouldnotinterferewiththedesignprocess,butaddtoitinapositiveway.Itshouldnotisolatetheclientfromtheprocessorthedesignteam,butprovideanotherlevelofadviceandreassurancetotheprojectclient.Itshouldnotassumerolesbetterundertakenbyothermembersoftheteam(i.e.co-ordination),butassistintheprocess.Finally,agoodconstructionmanager,ontherightproject,shouldbepartofateam,notthedirectorofit.

4.3 The value of a builder on the design teamoneoftheprincipaladvantagesoftheparticipationofabuilderinthedesignanddocumentationprocessistoprovideacontinuingbuildabilityassessmentoftheprojectandanearlywarningofdesignorconstructionproblems.Theparticipationofanexperiencedbuilderonthedesignteam,withanunderstandingofthedesignprocessandthecontributionthatcanbemade,canprovidesomeprojectclientwithgreaterconfidenceintheoutcome.

4.4 The risks of an early startThemostsignificantrisksinanearlystartonsitetoreduceoverallconstructiontimelieinunrealisticallyshorteneddesigntimes,hastydesignordocumentationdecisionsandthepotentialforalackofthoroughco-ordinationoftheworkofthedesignteambeforetheimplicationsofthetotaldesignhavebeendiscovered.Thiscanresultintheneedformodificationtotheearlyworksorunfortunatelimitationsonthelaterdesign—buildinhaste;repentatleisure.Theserisksarepresent,tovaryingdegrees,inanyfasttrackmethodofdelivery,butcanbeminimizedthroughcarefuldesignteamco-ordinationandmonitoring.

4.5 Effectiveness of time and cost controlThiscanbeoneofthemostimportantadvantagesofthealternativemethods,astheycanallowathoroughanalysisofthedesignanddocumentationastheyprogress,inrelationtotimeandcost.Independentmanagementresourcesinclosemonitoringofthedesignandconstructionprogramcan: • facilitatedecisionmakingbyallpartiesincludingtheclientinatimelyway; • relatetheimplicationofdecisionstotimeandcost;and • encourageallpartiestocontributetomeetingtheprogram.Thesamecontrolscanbeappliedtoafullydocumentedandtenderedprojectwithvaluemanagement.

4.� Extent of documentationWhilethenatureofdocumentationunderthealternativemethodsmayvaryconsiderablyfromtraditionalcontractdocumentation,itispossiblethatthefinalextentofdocumentationwillbegreater,particularlywithpackagedprojects.Inothercases,shopdrawingswillbedevelopedfromdesignsketchesandoftenco-ordinationmaybemoredifficultwithfragmenteddocumentation.Itisimportantthattheextentandnatureofdocumentationisclearandthatthemethodologyandresponsibilityforco-ordinationisclearlydefined.

�4 �5

Appendix DFurtherreading

1  Which Contract?    Choosing the Appropriate Building Contract-CoxandClamp PublishedbyRIBAEnterprisesLtdISBN1859460429 1-3DufferinStreet,LondonEC1Y8NAUnitedKingdom

2  Handbook on Project Delivery PublishedbyAmericanInstituteofArchitects–CaliforniaCouncil 1303JStreet,Suite200,Sacramento,CA95814U.S.A.

3 A Guide to Integrated Project Procurement PublishedbyRAIAPracticeServices 41ExhibitionStreet,melbourne,Victoria3000,Australia

4  Guide to Project Team Partnering PublishedbytheConstructionIndustryCouncil,ISBN189867124,UnitedKingdom,Tel.00442076378692

16.Whatarethearrangementsforagreeingtoandcarryingoutchangestodesign?17.Howwilldisputesberesolved?18.Shouldtherebeanylimitationstothearchitect’scontractualliability?19.Willthecertifierbeabletoactimpartially?20.Whowillinstructthepersonsperformingthebuildingwork?21.Arethereanyspecialprogramrequirements?22.Aretheprogramrequirementsrealistic?23.Whowillauthorizeextensionsoftime?24.Whichformofcontractwillbeusedfortheworks?

Appendix CResponsibilitiesoftheparties

Building

Delivery

Method

Brief and

Research

Schematic

Design

Estimate

and Cost

Plan

Design

Develop-

ment

Documen-

tation

Construction

Management

Inspection

of Work

Certifi-

cation of

Payment

Traditional Projectclient

Architect

Architect,

Sub-

consultants

Architect,

Sub-

Consultants,

Quantity

Surveyor

Architect,

Sub-

consultants

Architect,

Sub-

Consultants,

Quantity

Surveyor

Builder Builder,

Architect,

Sub-

consultants

Architect,

Quantity

Surveyor

Twostage

tendering

Projectclient,

Architect

Architect,

Sub-

consultants

Architect,

Sub-

Consultants,

Quantity

Surveyor

Architect,

Sub-

consultants,

Builder,

Sub-

contractors,

Quantity

Surveyor

Architect,

Sub-

consultants,

Quantity

Surveyor

Builder Builder,

Architect,

Sub-

consultants

Architect,

Quantity

Surveyor

Construction

management

Project

Client

Architect

Architect,

Sub-

consultants

Architect,

Sub-

Consultants,

Quantity

Surveyor

Architect,

Sub-

consultants,

Builder,

Sub-

contractors,

Quantity

Surveyor

Architect,

Sub

consultants,

Subcontractors

(shop

drawings)

Construction

management

Construction

manager,

Architect,

Sub-

consultants

Construction

manager,

Quantity

Surveyor

Design&

Construct

D&C

manager

(Project

Client)

D&C

manager

(Architect

Sub-

consultants)

D&C

manager

D&C

manager

(Architect

Sub-

consultants)

D&Cmanager

(Architect

Sub-

consultants)

D&C

manager

D&C

manager

D&C

manager

multi-Party

contracts

Projectclient

andProject

Advisor

Project

Teamledby

Architect

Project

Teamled

byQuantity

Surveyor

Project

Teamledby

Architect

Project

Teamledby

Architect

ProjectTeam

ledbyBuilder

Project

Teamledby

Architect

Project

Teamledby

Architect

Project

manage-

ment

Project

clientwith

Project

manager

Architect Project

manager

Architect Architect Builder Builder

Architect

Sub–

consultants

Project

manager

NoTE:Bracketsindicatethattheactivityisundertakenbythegroupoutsidethebrackets,whocontrolstheinputofthosewithinthebrackets.

�� ��

TheCommissionhasdevelopedandtheUIACouncilhasapprovedthefollowingdocumentswhichcanbefoundattheCommission’swebsite,www.aia.org/about_uia.

• RecommendationonmutualRecognitionAgreements • UseoftheUIAAccordwithNationalGovernmentsandRelevantAuthorities • ProfessionalPracticeInformationNotes Note1 ComputerPractice Note2 BuildingCodesandStandards”

oTHERDoCUmENTS

�� ��

PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE COMMISSION Co-Directors 1��4-200�

The Architectural Society of China ZhangQinnan 1994-1999 XuAnzhi 1999-2005 ZhuangWeimin 2005-

The American Institute of Architects JamesA.Scheeler 1994-2002 RussellV.Keune 2003-

UIA ACCORD DOCUMENTS

UIAAccordonRecommendedInternationalStandardsofProfessionalisminArchitecturalPractice

• FirsteditionadoptedbytheXXUIAAssembly,Barcelona,Spain,July1996. • SecondeditionadoptedbytheXXIUIAAssembly,Beijing,China,June1999. • PreambleAdoptedbytheXXIIUIAAssembly,Berlin,Germany,July2002. • AmendedwiththeadditionofthePolicyonBuildingProjectDeliverySystemsbytheXXIIIUIAAssembly, Istanbul,Turkey,July2005.

GUIDELINE DOCUMENTS

ThirteenguidelinedocumentssupportingpoliciescontainedintheUIAAccordhavebeenproducedbytheCommissionandapprovedbytheUIACouncil.

Guidelines on Accreditation/Validation/Recognition • DraftingPanelChair:TillmanPrinz,Germany. • RecommendedbytheCommissionDecember1998,Washington,DC. • AdoptedJune,1999byUIACouncil.Beijing,China.

Guidelines on Practical Experience/Training/Internship • DraftingPanelChair:michaelPeck,Australia. • RecommendedbytheCommissionDecember1998,Washington,DC. • AdoptedJune,1999bytheUIACouncil,Beijing,China.

Guidelines on Demonstration of Professional Knowledge and Ability • DraftingPanelChair:ChristopherColburne,UnitedKingdom. • RecommendedbytheCommissionDecember1998,Washington,DC. • AdoptedJune,1999bytheUIACouncil,Beijing,China.

Guidelines on Registration/Licensing/Certification • DraftingPanelChair:JamesScheeler,UnitedStatesofAmerica. • RecommendedbytheCommission,December1998,Washington,DC. • AdoptedJune1999bytheUIACouncil,Beijing,China.

REFERENCELIST

100 101

Guidelines on Procurement • DraftingPanelCo-Chairs:michaelPeck,AustraliaandJohnWright,UnitedKingdom. • RecommendedbyCommission,December1998,Washington,DC. • AdoptedJune1999byUIACouncil,Beijing,China.

Guidelines on Ethics and Conduct • DraftingPanelChair:JohnWright,UnitedKingdom. • RecommendedbytheCommissionDecember1998,Washington,DC. • AdoptedJune,1999bytheUIACouncil,Beijing,China.

Guidelines on Continuing Professional Development • DraftingPanelChair:JamesScheeler,UnitedStatesofAmerica. • RecommendedbytheCommission,December,1998,Washington,DC. • AdoptedJuly1999bytheUIACouncil,Beijing,China.

Guidelines on Scope of Practice • DraftingPanelChairs:EdwardD’Silva,SingaporeandShinjiroWachi,Japan. • RecommendedbytheCommissionmarch2004,KualaLumpur,malaysia. • Adoptedmay2004byUIACouncil,Villahermosa,mexico

Guidelines on Form of Practice • DraftingPanelChairs:EdwardD’Silva,SingaporeandShinjiroWachi,Japan. • RecommendedbyCommissionmarch2004,KualaLumpur,malaysia • AdoptedFebruary2005byUIACouncil,Tokyo,Japan.

Guidelines on Practice in a Host Nation • DraftingPanelChair:JamesScheeler,UnitedStatesofAmerica. • RecommendedbytheCommissionNovember2001,SanJose,CostaRica. • AdoptedFebruary,2002bytheUIACouncil,Barcelona,Spain. • AmendedbytheCommissionmarch2004,KualaLumpur,malaysia. • Adoptedmay2004bytheUIACouncil,Villahermosa,mexico.

Guidelines on Intellectual Property and Copyright • DraftingPanelChair:TillmanPrinz,Germany. • RecommendedbytheCommissionNovember2001,SanJose,CostaRica. • AdoptedFebruary2002bytheUIACouncil,Barcelona,Spain.

Guidelines on Role of Professional Bodies • DraftingPanelChairs:HerveNourissat,FranceandClaudeBucher,France. • RecommendedbyCommission,march2004,KualaLumpur,malaysia. • Adoptedmay2004byUIACouncil,Villahermosa,mexico.

Guidelines on Building Project Delivery Systems • DraftingPanelCo-Chairs:michaelPeck,AustraliaandJohnWright,UnitedKingdom. • RecommendedbyCommission,march2004,KualaLumpur,malaysia. • AdoptedFebruary2005byUIACouncil,Tokyo,Japan.

102 103

UIA Accord on Recommended International Standards of Professionalism in Architectural Practice

ThirdEditionDecember2006

Supervision of the publication JordiFarrando,UIASecretaryGeneral RussellKeune,UIAProfessionalPracticeCommissionCo-Director

With the assistance of CatherineHayward&PaulaLiberato,UIAGeneralSecretariat EllenDelage,Director,InternationalRelations,AIA AnneHinterlongDow,manager,PrintandmailServices,AIA FernandoPorcel,CoACInternationalRelations

Cover photo Architect:Saucier+Perrottearchitectes Photographer:marcCramer Project:ThePerimeterInstituteforTheoreticalPhysics PhotocourtesyoftheRoyalArchitecturalInstituteofCanada

Printing BalmarSolutionsinPrint,Gaithersburg,maryland,USA

“The publication of this document was supported by The American Institute of Architects.”

UIAGeneralSecretariat51,rueRaynouard75016Paris,FranceTel.(33.1)45243688Fax(33.1)45240278uia@uia-architectes.orgwww.uia-architectes.org