ugrc 145: food and nutrition in everyday life · ugrc 145: food and nutrition in everyday life ......
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College of Education
School of Continuing and Distance Education 2014/2015 – 2016/2017
UGRC 145:
FOOD AND NUTRITION IN
EVERYDAY LIFE
Session 11 – FOOD FADDISM
Lecturer: PROF. MATILDA STEINER-ASIEDU, SBS, CBAS; University of Ghana, Email: [email protected]
Session Overview
Learning Objectives:
At the end of this lecture you should be able to:
• Promote a sound, factual understanding of foods and their use.
• Explain what food faddism is and a fad diet
• Describe basic characteristics of fad diets
• Differentiate facts about food from fads
• Describe at least 2 eating disorders and their implications on health
Slide 2 Prof M. Steiner-Asiedu
Session Outline
The key topics to be covered in the session are as follows:
• Topic One: Food Faddism
• Topic Two: Eating Disorders
• Topic Three: Assignment/Discussion For Next Session
Prof M. Steiner-Asiedu Slide 3
FOOD FADDISM
Topic One
Slide 4 Prof M. Steiner-Asiedu
FOOD FAD
What is a food fad? • It is an unusual pattern of food
behavior enthusiastically adopted by those who practice it –(Sometimes referred to as food cultism)
Prof M. Steiner-Asiedu Slide 5
FOOD FAD cont’d
• Dietary fads have been known from 400-500 BC when athletes and warriors used products such as deer liver and lion’s heart to impart certain benefits –Example they did this with the hope that
consumption would produce bravery, speed or strength
Prof M. Steiner-Asiedu Slide 6
Who follows food fads?
• Followers of food fads are not necessarily superstitious, uninformed or poor
• Most are convinced about the special
benefits of particular foods because – of religious beliefs –they are genuinely concerned about
diet and health but may lack access to reliable and simple information
Prof M. Steiner-Asiedu Slide 7
Who follows food fads?
People who follow these practices precisely and with passion are said to be FOOD FADDISTS
Prof M. Steiner-Asiedu Slide 8
SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF FOOD FADS
1. Special virtues of a particular food are exaggerated and claimed to cure diseases (examples?)
2. Certain foods or food combinations have special health benefits
3. Emphasis on ‘natural’ or
organic foods
Prof M. Steiner-Asiedu Slide 9
SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF FOOD FADS
4. Elimination of certain foods from the diet due to belief that harmful constituents are present
Examples some believe that foods that are : • enriched with vitamins are harmful
• preserved with chemical stabilizers are harmful
Slide 10 Prof M. Steiner-Asiedu
CONCERNS WITH FOOD FADS
Exaggeration: to make wild health claims or have an
obsession with a small aspect of nutrition.
Saying that whole grains are good for health is different
from believing that whole grains cure certain diseases.
Belief: in a health claim that is not entirely
supported by scientific research May be based on limited research or faulty research
Prof M. Steiner-Asiedu Slide 11
Distinguishing between ‘fad’ and ‘sound’ claims
• In the book ‘Lets Get Well’ it is stated that nutrition can prevent and cure diseases such as water blisters, cramps, appendicitis, asthma, ageing, etc.
• Regenerative health programme by the Ghana
Health Services (GHS) makes recommendations to suggest that consumption of fruits and vegetables promote health.
Which of these is a fad and why?
Prof M. Steiner-Asiedu Slide 12
What are Fad Diets?
o Fad diets: Subjective term used to label restrictive diets (typically for weight loss)
o They typically promise to i. prevent or cure many diseases (cancer) ii. cleanse the body iii. stimulate fast and effective weight loss iv. enhance performance in sports
o Usually targeted at people who want to lose
weight
Prof M. Steiner-Asiedu Slide 13
Characteristics of Fad Diets
1. They are popular (but users soon find that the results expected are not seen and so abandon them)
2. Foods are often labeled as ‘good’ or ‘bad’ which may lead to elimination of important food groups or unusual or ritual type food patterns
Prof M. Steiner-Asiedu Slide 14
Examples of Fad diets
THE LEMONADE DIET Developed in 1941 by a self-appointed ‘alternative
medicine’ expert with no formal medical training
It was recently revived and popularized by Peter Glickman in his book ‘Lose Weight, Have More Energy and Be Happier in 10 Days’
‘Detoxification’ diet that relies on extreme-calorie restriction to lose weight
No solid food is taken only water, lemon or lime juice, maple syrup and cayenne pepper
Prof M. Steiner-Asiedu Slide 15
Examples of Fad diets cont’d
HIGH-PROTEIN DIETS
– Proposes consumption of large quantities of animal protein (meat, eggs, fish) to lose weight and build muscle
– The flaw in this argument is physical activity and weight training build muscle strength
– This diet is harmful to health because consumption of large amounts of proteins over a long period puts pressure on the kidneys and liver
– Protein diets may also lack vitamins
– Consuming a lot of meat means high fats and cholesterol levels and more calories
Prof M. Steiner-Asiedu Slide 16
Examples of Fad diets cont’d
OTHER FAD DIETS
• Cabbage Soup Diet • Banana Diet • Tuna Fish Diet • Genetically Modified Diet • Acai Berry Diet • Grape Fruit Diet All these diets are made from one ingredient and so are
limited in nutrients
Prof M. Steiner-Asiedu Slide 17
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED with fad diets
Prof M. Steiner-Asiedu Slide 18
Poor long-term weight control Most fad diets do not teach healthy ways of
eating because they promote fast methods of ‘improving’ health
Weight lost is gained quickly when old dietary patterns are resumed
Cravings for foods not included in the fad diet is developed and when the period is over, over-consumption will lead to greater weight gain
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED with fad diets
Non-communicable disease
– Fad diets restrict or eliminate fruits, vegetables, legumes and whole grains which may help prevent chronic conditions
– This leads to increase in chronic conditions; heart disease, cancer, high blood pressure
Prof M. Steiner-Asiedu Slide 19
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED with fad diets
Non-communicable disease High protein diets may also increase
calcium excretion leading to osteoporosis (porous, fragile bones) and high risk for heart and blood vessel problems
High protein diet, low carbohydrate diets may lead to uric acid and calcium oxalate formation, causing kidney stones and gout (PAINS IN JOINTS)
Prof M. Steiner-Asiedu Slide 20
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED with fad diets
Reduced work performance
– Increased in signs of tiredness and weakness because of decreased carbohydrate intake (the body’s energy source)
– Low carbohydrate diets cause a loss of water and electrolytes (compounds that conduct electricity in solution and useful in the body e.g. Sodium (Na+), Potassium (K+),
calcium (Ca2+)
Prof M. Steiner-Asiedu Slide 21
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED with fad diets
Reduced work performance
– Fluid and electrolytes are lost because the body relies on protein and fat stores when carbohydrates are absent and these are linked with fluid and electrolytes
– Fluid and electrolyte loss will lead to serious health problems e.g. low blood pressure and weakness
Prof M. Steiner-Asiedu Slide 22
FAD DIETS AND ORAL HEALTH
The concerns of oral health workers with fad diets are:
– High protein diets increase body water excretion
leading to thirst (dehydration). This may be associated with xerostamia (dry mouth resulting from reduced or absent saliva flow)
– Reducing food intake to 1-2meals/day also interferes with saliva flow. Chewing gum helps to increase saliva flow
Prof M. Steiner-Asiedu Slide 23
FAD DIETS AND ORAL HEALTH
– Fad diets that recommend intake of caffeine-rich calorie-free drinks or herbal supplements cause dehydration of oral tissues and dental erosion
NOTE!!! Saliva plays an important role in
preventing dental decay, cleansing the teeth, and reducing the effects of acids in the mouth which cause tooth decay
Prof M. Steiner-Asiedu Slide 24
HOW TO DETERMINE FACT FROM FAD
Ask the following questions: Does the diet promise fast weight loss or
easy cure of a disease? Does the diet sound too good to be true in
what it can do for you?
Does the diet help sell a company’s product?
Prof M. Steiner-Asiedu Slide 25
HOW TO DETERMINE FACT FROM FAD
Does the diet have any valid scientific research to support its claims on what it can do for the body?
Does the diet give details of “good” and “bad” foods to eat and avoid respectively?
NOTE!!!
A yes to any of these questions means the diet is a fad diet. See a nutritionist, dietitian or health professional for clarification
Prof M. Steiner-Asiedu Slide 26
EATING DISORDERS
Topic Two
Slide 27 Prof M. Steiner-Asiedu
Overview
• Eating disorders affect the youth especially females
• Severe dieting may also lead to eating disorders
• The two most common eating disorders are: • Anoxeria nervosa • Bulimia nervosa
• Both these disorders are associated with tooth decay
and may be due to lack of carbohydrates and their effect on water and electrolyte balance
Prof M. Steiner-Asiedu Slide 28
ANOREXIA NERVOSA
Marked by insufficient food intake to maintain adequate body-weight (essentially voluntary starvation)
Eating disorder characterized by obsessive fear of gaining weight due to a distorted self image (see themselves as fat when in fact they are very skinny)
More common among young white women
There are both biological and environmental causes
Environmental causes associated with desire of individuals to conform to media promotion of what an ideal female-people in professions with social pressure to be thin also have high risk
Prof M. Steiner-Asiedu Slide 29
Effects on health
• weight loss in a very short period
• irregular menstrual cycles • Bone mineral loss
Prof M. Steiner-Asiedu Slide 30
Anorexic ladies
Prof M. Steiner-Asiedu Slide 31
Bulimia nervosa
Eating disorder in which the person undergoes periods of over-eating followed by self-induced vomiting
• Behavioural signs: • over-eating • eating in secret • bathroom visits after meals to vomit • use of diet pills
Prof M. Steiner-Asiedu Slide 32
Bulimia
Prof M. Steiner-Asiedu Slide 33
BULIMIA NERVOSA
Common medical complications and adverse effects of bulimia include:
• Weight gain • Abdominal pain, bloating • Swelling of the hands and feet • Chronic sore throat • Swollen cheeks and salivary glands
Prof M. Steiner-Asiedu Slide 34
NOTE!!!!!!
• Faddism is dangerous to health
• Don’t be a food faddist!!
• Always be careful in your health endeavours so that you don’t take any aspect of your health programme to the extreme
Prof M. Steiner-Asiedu Slide 35
ASSIGNMENT/DISCUSSION FOR NEXT SESSION Topic Two
Slide 36 Prof M. Steiner-Asiedu
Take home
• List 2 characteristics of fad diet.
• What are the implications of eating disorders?
Prof M. Steiner-Asiedu Slide 37
Next week
• We shall discuss food Habits.
• Make sure you read hand-out 9A
Prof M. Steiner-Asiedu Slide 38