ugc net tourism ch 07tourismplanning 130522073847 phpapp02

Tourism Planning©Ramakrishna Kongalla

R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University 2

Introduction

• Tourism itself is an abstraction• It doesn’t exist, at least in the same sense as a residence• Tourism is not even a discipline• Tourism is a field made up of many physical program and action parts • It is only the components of tourism and their aggregates that can be

planned• It has no owner, it is controlled by multitude of owners, mostly with

in three categories– Government– Non Profit organisations &– Private commercial enterprises

• Tourism is influenced by a great many other factors that can make or break planning process and its implementation, such as local residents, financial institutions and market demand


• Tourism is generated by two major powers – Demand & supply

• Demand – diversity of traveler interests and abilities• Supply – all the physical and program developments

required to serve tourists• Planning is multidimensional activity and seek to be

integrative. It embraces social, economic, political, psychological, anthropological and technological factors. It is concerned with the past present and future (Rose 1984)

• City planning in Indus valley civilization 3000 years ago


Tourism Planning In India

• Started quite late with the first tourism policy being announced by the Government of India in November, 1982 after tourism was recognized as an industry by the Planning Commission of India in June, 1982.

• In July, 1986 the Planning Commission of India set up the National Committee on Tourism in order to formulate plans for this sector.

• The government's initiatives of incorporating a planned tourism sector in India went a long way in boosting Indian tourism.

• In May, 1992 the National Action Plan for tourism was announced.

• The objectives of this landmark plan for tourism planning in India were:– To improve the economy category

domestic tourism– To develop the tourist areas

socially and economically– To preserve the environment and

the national heritage– To encourage international

tourism– To improve in world tourism

India's share– To increase opportunities for

employment in this sector


• India tourism planning increased with the seventh five year plan India (1985-1989).

• The various polices advocated by the seventh plan for tourism planning in India are:– To promote aggressively domestic

tourism– It laid stress on creating more

beach resorts– To conduct conferences, trekking,

conventions, and winter sports so that various options are available to the foreign tourists

• These polices of the seventh five year plan gave a boost to the tourism planning India

• To further encourage tourism planning in India, the eighth five year plan (1992- 1997) mentioned that the private sector should increase its participation in the sector.

• The various polices advocated by the eighth plan for tourism planning in India are:– To develop the tourists places– To develop winter sports, beach

resort, and wildlife tourism– To restore the projects of

national heritage– To provide in tourists centers

economy class accommodation


Importance of Tourism Planning• the negative social and environmental

consequences of unplanned tourism growth• some governments and the private sector have little

or no experience in how to properly develop it.• A tourism plan and development programme can

provide guidelines in those areas for developing this sector

• all the elements & components are developed in an integrated manner to serve tourism as well as the general needs in a society

• careful matching of the tourist markets and products through the planning process. But this matching should be without compromising environmental and socio-cultural objectives in meeting market demands

• can bring various direct and indirect economic benefits

• can generate various socio-cultural benefits to achieve cultural conservation objectives

• Planning can be used to upgrade and revitalize existing outmoded or badly developed tourism areas. Through the planning process, new tourism areas can be planned to allow for future flexibility of development

• development of tourist attractions, facilities, and infrastructure and tourist movements generally has positive and negative impacts on the physical environment.

• Careful planning is required to determine the optimum type and level of tourism that will not result in environmental degradation.

• Through planning on can utilize tourism as a means to achieve environmental conservation objectives

• right type of planning can ensure that the natural and cultural resources for tourism are indefinitely maintained and not destroyed or degraded in the process of development.

• developing specialized training facilities.• Achieving controlled tourism development

requires special organizational structures, marketing strategies and promotion programmes, legislation and regulations, and fiscal measures.

• Planning provides a rational basis for development staging and project programming. These are important for both the public and private sectors in their investment planning.


Approaches

• Takes place at both the micro and the macro levels

• The micro level involves such planning that specific operators undertake when determining the feasibility of their business activity

• To a large extent, this is strategic planning of a corporate nature and is basically similar to corporate planning in other industries

• Corporate planning models generally follow a common structure.

• One such strategic planning model has been synthesised by Hoffman and Schniederjans (1990).


• Broadly, there can be eight major steps in any planning process which hold true for tourism planning also:– A) Study Preparation– B) Determination of

development goals and objectives

– C) Surveys– D) Analysis and Synthesis– E) Plan formulation– F) Recommendations– G) Implementations– H) Monitoring

• Acerenza (1985) advocated a strategic planning approach to tourism, long term approach to tourism planning:


• The terms now used, as seen in the US Model, are public involvement, participatory planning, grass root planning and integrative planning.

• Reg Lang (1988) has very aptly summarised the difference between interactive planning and conventional planning


Levels of Tourism Planning

• 1. Individual level• 2. Firm Level• 3. Industry Level• 4. Economy as a whole

• 1. State Level• 2. National Level• 3. Regional Level


Types of Tourism Planning

• Spatial Tourism Planning– The space as well as the environment

is scrutinized for creating good quality infrastructure. Eg. Corbett

• Sectorial Tourism Planning– Region to be developed is divided in

to various broad sections called sectors.

– Eg. South East Asia • Integrated Tourism Planning

– Parts of a tourist region are integrated so that the region becomes a hot destination

• Complex Tourism Planning– When several regions are considered

for planning which are far away– Eg. Char dham Yatra

• Centralised Tourism Planning– Single authority, usually state or

central govt, no private sector intervenes

• Decentralised Tourism Planning– Parties who are keen to develop

the spot, govt do not interfere– But it provides financial support– Eg. Nedumbessary airport

• Urban & Rural Tourism Planning– Urban – modern infrastructure– Rural – culture, history, built from

scratch.


Product life cycle Theory

• The product life-cycle theory is an economic theory that was developed by Raymond Vernon

• Introduction– New products are introduced to meet local (i.e., national) needs, and new

products are first exported to similar countries, countries with similar needs, preferences, and incomes. If we also presume similar evolutionary patterns for all countries, then products are introduced in the most advanced nations. (E.g., the IBM PCs were produced in the US and spread quickly throughout the industrialized countries.)

• Growth– A copy product is produced elsewhere and introduced in the home country (and

elsewhere) to capture growth in the home market. This moves production to other countries, usually on the basis of cost of production. (E.g., the clones of the early IBM PCs were not produced in the US.) The Period till the Maturity Stage is known as the Saturation Period.

• Maturity– The industry contracts and concentrates—the lowest cost producer wins here.

(E.g., the many clones of the PC are made almost entirely in lowest cost locations.)

• Saturation– This is a period of stability. The sales of the product reach the peak and there is

no further possibility to increase it. this stage is characterised by:• ♦ Saturation of sales (at the early part of this stage sales remain stable then it starts

falling). • ♦ It continues till substitutes enter into the market. Marketer must try to develop ♦

new and alternative uses of product.

• Decline– Poor countries constitute the only markets for the product. Therefore almost all

declining products are produced in developing countries. (E.g., PCs are a very poor example here, mainly because there is weak demand for computers in developing countries. A better example is textiles.)

• Note that a particular firm or industry (in a country) stays in a market by adapting what they make and sell, i.e., by riding the waves. For example, approximately 80% of the revenues of H-P are from products they did not sell five years ago. the profits go back to the host old country.


Planning Processa) DEFINE THE SYSTEM: What is the scale, size,

market, character and purpose?b) FORMULATE OBJECTIVES: Without a set of

objectives the development concept has no direction. The objectives must be comprehensive and specific and should include a timetable for completion.

c) DATA GATHERING: Fact finding, or research, provides basic data that are essential to developing the plan. Examples of data gathering are preparing a fac t book, making market surveys, undertaking site and infrastructure surveys and analysing existing facilities and competition.

d) ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION: Once collected, the many fragments of information must be interpreted so that the facts gathered will have meaning. From this step results a set of conclusions and recommendations that leads to making or conceptualising a preliminary plan.

e) PRELIMINARY PLANNING: Based on the previous steps, alternatives are considered and alternative physical solutions are drawn up and tested. Frequently, scale models are developed to illustrate the land use plans; sketches are prepared to show the image the development will project; financial plans are drafted from the market information, site surveys and layout plan to show the investment needed in each phase of the project, the cash flow expected, the legal requirements, etc.

f) APPROVING THE PLAN: The parties involved can now look at plans, drawings, scale models, estimates of costs, estimates of profits and know what will be involved and what the chances for success or failure would be. While a great deal of money may have been spent up to this point, the sum is a relatively small amount compared to the expenditures that will be required once the plan is approved and its implementation begins.

g) FINAL PLAN: This phase typically includes a definition of the various aspects covered. For example, in the case of a destination a definition of land use; plans for infrastructure facilities such as roads; airports; bike paths; horse trails; pedestrian walkways; sewage; water and utilities; architectural standards; landscape plans, zoning and other land use regulations; economic analysis, market analysis and financial programming are to be covered.

h) IMPLEMENTATION: Implementation is operationalising the tourism plan. It also follows up, monitors and evaluates. Good planning provides mechanisms that give continuing feedback on the tourism project and the levels of consumer satisfaction reached.


Project Evaluation• Project Evaluation is a step-by-step process of

collecting, recording and organizing information about project results, including short-term outputs (immediate results of activities, or project deliverables), and immediate and longer-term project outcomes (changes in behaviour, practice or policy resulting from the project).

Common rationales for conducting an evaluation are:– response to demands for accountability;– demonstration of effective, efficient and

equitable use of financial and other resources;

– recognition of actual changes and progress made;

– identification of success factors, need for improvement or where expected outcomes are unrealistic;

– validation for project staff and partners that desired outcomes are being achieved.

• The project planning stage is the best time to identify desired outcomes and how they will be measured. This will guide future planning, as well as ensure that the data required to measure success is available when the time comes to evaluate the project.

Evaluating project results is helpful in providing answers to key questions like: – What progress has been made?– Were the desired outcomes achieved?

Why?– Are there ways that project activities

can be refined to achieve better outcomes?

– Do the project results justify the project inputs?

What are the Challenges in Monitoring and Evaluation?– getting the commitment to do it;– establishing base lines at the beginning

of the project;– identifying realistic quantitative and

qualitative indicators;– finding the time to do it and sticking to

it;– getting feedback from your

stakeholders;– reporting back to your stakeholders.

15

Project Feasibility Study

• Feasibility studies aim to objectively and rationally uncover the strengths and weaknesses of the existing business or proposed venture, opportunities and threats as presented by the environment, the resources required to carry through, and ultimately the prospects for success.

• In its simplest term, the two criteria to judge feasibility are cost required and value to be attained.

• As such, a well-designed feasibility study should provide a historical background of the business or project, description of the product or service, accounting statements, details of the operations and management, marketing research and policies, financial data, legal requirements and tax obligations.

• Generally, feasibility studies precede technical development and project implementation.

• TELOS provides five common factors.• Technology and system feasibility

– an outline design of system requirements in terms of Input, Processes, Output, Fields, Programs, and Procedures

• Economic feasibility– determine the benefits and savings that are

expected from a candidate system and compare them with costs

• Legal feasibility– Determines whether the proposed system

conflicts with legal requirements, e.g. a data processing system must comply with the local Data Protection Acts.

• Operational feasibility– how well a proposed system solves the

problems, and takes advantage of the opportunities

• Schedule feasibility– estimating how long the system will take to

develop• Other feasibility factors

– Market, resource, cultural , financial feasibilityR'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University


• Plan Implementation– Study the available

situation– Identify the barriers– Establish a mechanism– Strategic planning– Educational program– Conduct workshops

• National state local levels– Implement

recommended changes• Dissemination and

education

• Tourism Master plan– a long-term outline of a

project or government function for tourism

– a series of steps to be carried out or goals to be accomplished


Tourism Impacts


Positive Economic Impacts

Balance of payments Employment Income Investment and

Development Multiplier Effect

• Balance of Payments (BOP)• The difference between the

amount of money leaving a country and the amount of money coming into the same country

• Tourism can help minimise BOP– Tourist brings currency into

country and spends– Benefits the host country

• Particularly ones that have tourists from ‘high value’ areas such as the UK, EU, US


• EmploymentTourism creates many various jobs via:– Direct employment

• Directly involved in tourism e.g. hotel, travel agency

– Indirect employment• Jobs in the tourism supply

sector e.g. catering company providing food to an airline

– Induced employment• Created because of an

increase wealth of the locals from tourism; locals spend more money in their local economy

• IncomeMoney created in local economy at a

destination through:– Wages and salaries

• Locals employed in the local area

– Profits• Local businesses benefitting

from tourist spending– Rent

• Leasing accommodation to tourists and ‘migrating’ workforce

– Tax • Value Added Tax (VAT);

local or national tax gained from tourist spending


• Investment and Development• Public or private sector• Public

– Government wants to develop a destination

– Invests in infrastructure (roads, airports, buildings etc)

– Make destination more appealing to tourists

• Private – TNCs or MNCs (Multinational

Companies) invest at a destination in order to set up their own organizations there

– Can lead to other companies investing in the same area

• Multiplier Effect• A ‘knock on’ effect within the economy at a

destination• “tourist expenditure will inject additional cash flow

into the regional economy and increase regional income” (Page and Connell, 2006)

• Employment– More jobs because of tourism

• Income– Tourist spending in local area brings more money to the

destination– Locals earn from tourist spending and in turn spend that

money in the local area also,• Tourist spend

– Money directly spend by tourist whilst on holiday• Income

– Tourist’s money received by hotel and facility owners• Taxes

– Hotel and facility owners have to pay government tax (council, corporation tax etc) at local and national level

• Saving– Some money received by hotel and facility owners will

be kept as profit• Spend

– Owners of businesses who receive money from tourists, spends on wages for employees, supplies (stock) in the local economy or outside local area (imports)

• Local items– Employees and locals spend wages in local shops e.g.

supermarkets


Negative Economic Impacts

Leakages Opportunity Costs Inflation Tourism Dependency

• Leakages• Money spent on goods and

services outside local economy • Money saved (in banks etc)• Investment from MNCs or TNCs

means that some money earned by that organization will leave the local economy e.g. headquarters in a different destination

• Importing goods means another economy is benefitting from spending e.g. bananas in the UK


Opportunity Costs• Also known as

‘displacement effect’• “developing tourism at the

expense of other activities or areas of investment” (Page and Connell, 2006)

• Public money invested in tourism that is not invested elsewhere e.g. local infrastructure at another location

• Cost-benefit analysis best way to minimise opportunity costs

Inflation • Increase in demand leads to increase

in inflation• Inflation = value and price of land,

and products increases• Locals may not be able to afford to

live in a particular area, local businesses may suffer– Can lead to negative socio-cultural

impacts

Tourism Dependency• Some countries rely heavily on

tourism in order to maintain the country’s economy

• Occurs quite often in developing countries

• If tourism suffers in a country, the whole economy suffers – a huge negative impact


Positive Environmental Impacts

Conservation and preservation

Enhancement of environment

Environmental awareness Financial contributions Protection

Conservation and preservation• Can be done by ‘zoning’

areas of the natural environment e.g. national parks– Strict guidelines to follow for

developments, and visitors• Built or man-made

constructions can also be preserved– Restricted access to certain

areas– Money raised from visitors

can help restorations– E.g. castles, cathedrals etc.


Enhancement of environment

• Make an area look visually more pretty to visitors

• Can involve cleaning areas, reforestation, installation of public spaces (e.g. public art)– Funded by money from

tourism industry• E.g. London 2010

Olympic Park

Environmental awareness• Public more aware of

environmental issues• Private and public sectors

inform consumers of environmental impacts– Hotels will inform

customers of laundry process and how to save energy and water etc

• Tourism industry adapting to tourist’s needs– Sustainable tourism,

ecotourism etc


Financial contributions• Money directly given

towards the environment• Can be from:– Park entrance fees – Hunting and fishing fees– Rental equipment fees etc

• Used to pay for conservation and preservation of environmentally sensitive areas– Projects, maintenance,

salary for park rangers etc

Protection • Environmental protection• Conservation of

environment (flora and fauna)

• Sustainable use of natural resources

• Achieved through tourism and government involvement– Energy efficient building,

effective waste treatment removal, pollution prevention etc


Negative Environmental Impacts

Depletion of natural resources

Loss of natural habitats Pollution

Depletion of natural resources• Water resources

– Overuse of water for hotels, swimming pools, golf courses, personal use

– Local population don’t have enough water for their own needs

• Local resources– Energy, food, raw materials used

excessively in tourism → damages environment physically

• Land degradation– Land destroyed due to tourist

activities– Construction of facilities and

attractions damage natural environment

– Tourist activities e.g. walking, skiing, cause erosion of the earth


Loss of natural habitats• On land (terrain)

– Flora and fauna displaced (moved) due to tourism construction

– F&F damaged in natural environment

• Offshore (water-based, marine)– Damage to fish and water

pollution due to development in the water (e.g. marina development) or tourist activities in the water (e.g. diving, sailing, water sports etc)

– Coral reefs suffer worldwide from damages

– Over-fishing, trampling by tourists and divers, pollution etc

Pollution • Air

– CO2 emissions (carbon dioxide) damage the air and effects the Ozone layer

– Lots of transport used for tourism e.g. cars, coaches, planes etc

• Noise– Traffic noise from transport– Entertainment (bars and nightclubs)– Disturb natural wildlife and have

negative impact of destination• Visual

– Littering– Barren land due to construction of

tourism infrastructure– Pollution of rivers, beaches, sea, natural

scenic areas etc– Constructions can be ‘eyesores’

• Water– Tourist activities, development, waste

disposal contaminates water – effects wildlife and humans


Positive Socio-cultural Impacts

Education and trainingEnhanced quality of lifePrideSocio-cultural awareness

and peace

Education and training• Provides opportunity for

locals to learn new skills and qualifications

• Skills and qualifications are essential in tourism industry

• Staff training and development within organizations– e.g. customer services, IT

etc


Enhanced quality of life• Positive economic

impacts of tourism effect the quality of life locals will experience

• Increase in tourist spending in tourist destination leads to an increase in disposable income for locals

• Public sector investment in an area can improve local infrastructure (roads, facilities etc)

Pride• Increase in local pride as:

– more tourists visit a destination and – as increase in investment into local

area• Pride in local traditions, customs,

culture, food, crafts, ceremonies etc• Can renew interest in host

population’s cultureSocio-cultural awareness and peace• Tourism allows people to

understand and learn about new cultures and experiences

• Learning about a culture ‘first hand’ can increase a better understanding of different backgrounds and heritage

• Can benefit both the locals and the tourists


Negative Socio-cultural Impacts

CommodificationCrimeDemonstration effectDisplacementEconomicExploitation

Commodification• Turning a product or service

into something different in order to please the tourist

• Performances and ceremonies are commodified (made more attractive and dramatic) in order to appeal to tourists

• Not representing the true culture of the locals– Also known as ‘staged

authenticity’


Crime• Where there are more

tourists, crime rates are higher

• Tourists are ‘easy targets’ for thieves– Tourists carry a lot of

valuables when travelling– Appeals to poor locals who

cannot afford these goods• Tourists may also become

involved in illegal experiences– Prostitution and drugs etc– Tourists therefore help to

develop the illegal industries

Demonstration effect• Locals observe tourists

and try to copy (emulate) them

• This can be in terms of:– Behaviour, culture,

clothes, food etc • Leads to a loss of identity

and culture– More apparent in younger

generations– ‘Westernisation’ –

western culture favoured over other local cultures


Displacement• Development of tourism

areas can lead to an area becoming too expensive for locals to continue living there

• Land needed for large constructions can also move local inhabitants– Governments believe that

the tourism infrastructure will outweigh the need for displacement

Economic• Increase in prosperity

within host population can lead to new social classes

• Can create tension between:– Locals– Locals and tourists– Migrant workers and locals

• Resources become more expensive:– Cost of living increases e.g.

foods, service, housing etc– Causes resentment

between locals and tourists


Exploitation • Employment opportunities

may seem exciting to begin with but may become a negative socio-cultural impact

• Some companies may exploit (abuse) local populations for their own benefits through:– Child labour– Forced labour– Cheap labour

so that the large corporations reap most of the economic benefits

• DOXEY’S IRRITATION INDEX (IRRIDEX)

• Created in 1975• Designed to measure a

host population’s perception of tourists as a destination develops over time

• Linked to Butler’s Tourist Area Life Cycle


4 stages of Doxey’s Irridex

Euphoria Area• Occurs in early stage of Butler’s TALC• Destination has few visitors, tourism relatively new to locals• Locals happy that tourists are interested in their destination• Welcoming host population• Good, informal relationships between locals and touristsApathy• As destination develops, tourist numbers increase• Relationship between locals and tourists become more informal• Visitors are taken for granted – tourists are only seen as a source

of moneyAnnoyance

• Destination has developed to ‘saturation’ point• Development of attraction, facilities and services are occurring

everywhere• This continuous over-development annoys the locals and they

are frustrated with the tourism industry – stakeholders and tourists

Antagonism• Development at tourist destination is now only producing

negative impacts• Host population blame tourists for all the negative impacts

tourism has brought to the destination• Host population angry at tourists and expresses their anger

towards them

Euphoria Area

Apathy

Annoyance

Antagonism


Sustainable Tourism

• Sustainable tourism is tourism attempting to make a low impact on the environment and local culture, while helping to generate future employment for local people. The aim of sustainable tourism is to ensure that development brings a positive experience for local people, tourism companies and the tourists themselves. Sustainable tourism is not the same as ecotourism.

reduce the impact of tourism in many ways, including:– informing themselves of the culture, politics,

and economy of the communities visited– anticipating and respecting local cultures, expectations

and assumptions– contributing to intercultural understanding and

tolerance– supporting the integrity of local cultures by favoring

businesses which conserve cultural heritage and traditional values

– supporting local economies by purchasing local goods and participating with small, local businesses

– conserving resources by seeking out businesses that are environmentally conscious, and by using the least possible amount of non-renewable resources

• Economic, social and environmental aspects of sustainable development must include the interests of all stakeholders including indigenous people, local communities, visitors, industry and government.

• where tourists can enjoy their holiday and at the same time respect the culture of people and also respect the environment. It also means that local people get a fair say about tourism and also receive some money from the profit which the game reserve make.

• The environment is being damaged quite a lot by tourists and part of Sustainable tourism is to make sure that the damaging does not carry on.

Responsible Tourism, have the following characteristics:– minimises negative economic, environmental, and

social impacts– generates greater economic benefits for local people

and enhances the well-being of host communities, improves working conditions and access to the industry

– involves local people in decisions that affect their lives and life chances

– makes positive contributions to the conservation of natural and cultural heritage, to the maintenance of the world’s diversity

– provides more enjoyable experiences for tourists through more meaningful connections with local people, and a greater understanding of local cultural, social and environmental issues

– provides access for people with disabilities and– is culturally sensitive, engenders respect between

tourists and hosts, and builds local pride and confidence.


Tourism Carrying Capacity

• "Tourism Carrying Capacity" is defined by the WTO as “The maximum number of people that may visit a tourist destination at the same time, without causing destruction of the physical, economic, socio-cultural environment and an unacceptable decrease in the quality of visitors' satisfaction”

• Physical carrying capacity– This is the max number that area is actually able to support. In the case of

an individual tourist attraction it is the maximum number that can fit on the site at any given time and still allow people to be able to move. This is normally assumed to be around 1m per person. “PCC per a day = area (in metres squared) x visitors per metre x daily duration" (Mowforth and Munt) This is a formula which has been used to calculate the physical carrying capacity.

• Economic carrying capacity– This relates to a level of unacceptable change within the local economy of

a tourist destination, it is the extent to which a tourist destination is able to accommodate tourist functions without the loss of local activates, take for example a souvenir store taking the place of a shop selling essential items to the local community. Economic carrying capacity can also be used to describe the point at which the increased revenue brought by tourism development is overtaken by the inflation caused by tourism.

• Social carrying capacity– This relates to the negative socio-cultural related to tourism development.

The indicators of when the social carrying capacity has been exceeded are a reduced local tolerance for tourism as described by Doxey’s Index of irritation. Reduced visitor enjoyment and increased crime are also indicators of when the social carrying capacity has been exceeded.

• Biophysical carrying capacity– This deals with the extent to which the natural environment is able to

tolerate interference from tourists. This is made more complicated by the fact that because it deals with ecology which is able to regenerate to some extent so in this case the carrying capacity is when the damage exceeds the habitat's ability to regenerate.


Factors affecting Carrying Capacity

• 1. Alien factors– Mass tourism– Length of stay– Concentration of visitors– Degree of seasonality– Type of tourism activity– Education level will affect the

impact– Degree of exposure

• 2. Local factors– Fragile eco systems– Socio culture of host community– Economic and political– Availability of local resources– Tourism policies

• 3. Combined factors– Difference between the

tourist and the host– Differences in wealth and

culture– Amount of contact– Segregation of tourists

reduces demonstration effect


Environmental Impact Analysis

• The Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) of India have been in a great effort in Environmental Impact Assessment in India.

• The main laws in nation are Water Act(1974), The Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972), The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act (1981) and The Environment (Protection) Act (1986).

• The responsible body for this is Central Pollution Control Board.

• Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) studies need a significant amount of primary and secondary environmental data.

• The primary data are those which need to be collected in the field to define the status of environment (like air quality data, water quality data etc.).

• The secondary data are those data which have been collected over the years and can be used to understand the existing environmental scenario of the study area.

• The environmental impact assessment (EIA) studies are conducted over a short period of time and therefore the understanding the environmental trends based on few months of primary data has its own limitations.

• Ideally, the primary data has to be considered along with the secondary data for complete understanding of the existing environmental status of the area. In many EIA studies, the secondary data needs could be as high as 80% of the total data requirement.

• EIC is the repository of one stop secondary data source for environmental impact assessment in India.


• The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) experience in India indicates that the lack of timely availability of reliable and authentic environmental data has been a major bottle neck in achieving the full benefits of EIA.

• The environment being a multi-disciplinary subject, a multitude of agencies is involved in collection of environmental data.

• However, there is no single organization in India which tracks the data available amongst these agencies and makes it available in one place, in a form and manner required by practitioners in the field of environmental impact assessment in India.

• Further, the environmental data is not available in value added forms that can enhance the quality of the EIA.

• This in turn adversely affects the time and efforts required for conducting the environmental impact assessments (EIAs) by project proponents and also timely environmental clearances by the regulators.

• With this background, Environmental Information Centre (EIC) has been set up to serve as a professionally managed clearing house of environmental information that can be used by MoEF, project proponents, consultants, NGOs and other stakeholders involved in the process of environmental impact assessment in India.

• EIC caters to the need of creating and disseminating of organized environmental data for various developmental initiatives all over the country.

• EIC stores data in GIS format and makes it available to all environmental impact assessment studies and to EIA stakeholders in a cost effective and timely manner.


Tourism Business ethics and laws

• Business ethics (also corporate ethics) is a form of applied ethics or professional ethics that examines ethical principles and moral or ethical problems that arise in a business environment. It applies to all aspects of business conduct and is relevant to the conduct of individuals and entire organizations.

• an emerging typology for applied ethics (Porter, 2006) uses six domains to help improve organizations and social issues at the national and global level:– Decision ethics, or ethical theories and ethical

decision processes– Professional ethics, or ethics to improve

professionalism– Clinical ethics, or ethics to improve our basic

health needs– Business ethics, or individual based morals to

improve ethics in an organization– Organizational ethics, or ethics among

organizations– Social ethics, or ethics among nations and as one

global unit

• The major areas of business law are:– Antitrust– Bankruptcy– Consumer protection and

product liability– Contracts– Employment– Intellectual property– Securities regulation


• Money lost to Fraud• Money lost to Embezzlement• Accuracy of books, records, and

expense reports• Proper use of organizational

assets• Protecting proprietary

information• Discrimination• Lying• Over charging• Charging for work that was not

necessary• Withholding needed information• Abusive or intimidating behavior

toward others

• Misreporting actual time or hours worked

• False insurance claims• Kickbacks and bribery• Proper exercise of authority• Theft of business equipment

and supplies• Trading or accepting goods

for unauthorized favors• Moonlighting, which causes

poorer work performance• Knowingly ignoring the health

and safety of employees• Sexual harassment• Evading someone’s privacy


Tourism Law & Legislation

According to Ronald A. Kaiser (Travel and Tourism Law, 1994), tourism law creates and defines

• seven basic concepts:– 1) Travel is a legal right,– 2) Reliable and safe transportation

must be readily available,– 3) Safe and adequate

accommodations must await the traveller,

– 4) All travellers should have access to such accommodations,

– 5) Travel and accommodation costs must be reasonable,

– 6) Regulation of the travel and tourism industry is necessary, and

– 7) Redressal mechanism for transgressions of rights and regulations is necessary.

functional areas:– 1) Those related to the

protection of tourists,– 2) Those related to border

controls,– 3) Those related to quality of

services,– 4) Those related to protection of

environment,– 5) Those related to conservation

of historical sites and monuments,

– 6) Those related to economic development,

– 7) Those determining the relationship of various segments of the tourism industry, etc.


categorised under the following heads :– 1) Laws related to trans-border movements

like customs, visa regulations, foreign exchange regulations, immigration laws, etc.

– 2) Laws related to transportation like airline regulations, railways, road and water transport; fares and tariffs, etc.

– 3) Laws related to accommodation like classification/grading/rating of hotels, etc.

– 4) Consumer Protection Laws related to health, hygiene, service quality standards, etc.

– 5) Laws related to land use, infrastructure development, etc.

– 6) Labour laws related to employees’ working conditions, wages, etc.

– 7) Laws regarding the functioning of tourism organisations at various levels.

– 8) Conservation related laws on environment protection, monuments and historical sites, etc.

– 9) Laws related to human resource development.

– 10) Laws for regulating the service providers, etc.

There are variety of laws in India which are directly or indirectly related to tourism. Some of these are as follows:– 1) Environment related

• ·The Indian Forest Act• The Wildlife Protection Act• The Forest Conservation Act• The Air Prevention and Control of Pollution

Act• The Environment Act• The National Environment Tribunal Act• Coastal Zone Regulations, etc.

– 2) Monuments• The Ancient Monuments Act• Regulations made by the Archaeological

Survey of India• Guidelines issued by the Ministry of

Culture, etc.– 3) Accommodation

• The Sarais Act• Department of Tourism Regulations for

Categor isation of Hotels, etc.– 4) Protection of Tourists and Health– Indian Penal Code

• Consumer Protection Act• Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, etc.


Tourist safety & Security

• SMART TRAVELER ENROLLMENT PROGRAM (STEP) / EMBASSY LOCATION:• ENTRY / EXIT REQUIREMENTS FOR U.S. CITIZENS• THREATS TO SAFETY AND SECURITY• Areas of Instability• Restricted/Protected areas• CRIME• Scams• VICTIMS OF CRIME• CRIMINAL PENALTIES• SPECIAL CIRCUMSTANCES:• MEDICAL FACILITIES AND HEALTH INFORMATION• MEDICAL INSURANCE• TRAFFIC SAFETY AND ROAD CONDITIONS• AVIATION SAFETY OVERSIGHT• CHILDREN’S ISSUES


Preservation & Conversation

Archaeological sites • The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), as an

attached office under the Department of Culture, Ministry of Tourism and Culture, is the premier organization for the archaeological researches and protection of the cultural heritage of the nation.

• Maintenance of ancient monuments and archaeological sites and remains of national importance is the prime concern of the ASI.

• Besides it regulate all archaeological activities in the country as per the provisions of the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958.

• It also regulates Antiquities and Art Treasure Act, 1972.For the maintenance of ancient monuments and archaeological sites and remains of national importance the entire country is divided into 24 Circles.

• The organization has a large work force of trained archaeologists, conservators, epigraphist, architects and scientists for conducting archaeological research projects through its Excavation Branches, Prehistory Branch, Epigraphy Branches, Science Branch, Horticulture Branch, Building Survey Project, Temple Survey Projects and Underwater Archaeology Wing.

CHEMICAL PRESERVATION• The Archaeological Survey of India’s Science

Branch is responsible mainly for the chemical conservation treatment and preservation of some three thousand five hundred ninety three Protected monuments besides chemical preservation of museum and excavated objects countrywide.

• The real challenge before us is to plan the necessary measures of conservation with a view to assure the survival of these built cultural heritage and unique symbols of our civilizations for centuries to come, with as little intervention as possible but without altering or modifying in any way the authenticity of their original character.

• To ensure the stability as well as proper conservation of our cultural heritage, there is a need to give more thrust to the scientific research in conservation options must be based on a preliminary investigation which includes the knowledge of physical nature of the object (constituent materials, architectural characteristics, production techniques, state of decay) and of the factors which induce or could induced its decay.


STRUCTURAL CONSERVATION• Although there have been references of

conservation of structures way back in the early Historic Period as evidenced at Junagadh, Gujarat, it was done on structures that were beneficial to the contemporary society.

• Even the dawn of vision for the need to preserve monuments for its worth as a monument, mainly credited to the British was not less haphazard in the earlier times.

• The earlier attempts to give a legal framework for preventing vandalism were the two legislations namely the Bengal Regulation of 1810 and Madras Regulation of 1817.

• The monuments and sties that received nominal funds and attention way back in 19th century was Taj Mahal, Tomb at Sikandara, Qutb Minar, Sanchi and Mathura.

• Based on the proposal submitted in 1898, 5 Circles were constituted to do the Archaeological work in India. These Circles were required to devote themselves entirely to conservation work.

• Later the ‘Ancient Monuments and Preservation Act, 1904’ was passed with the prime objective to ensure the proper upkeep and repair of ancient buildings in private ownership excepting such as those used for religious purposes.

• From the first decade of the last century therefore many monuments could be taken up for conservation.

• One of the foremost conservators, J. Marshall who laid down the principles of conservation was also instrumental in preserving a number of monuments some of which are now under the World Heritage List.

• The conservation work of stupas at Sanchi earlier lying in a maze of ruins gave the site its pristine looks. The conservation processes had now become quite formalized and the later workers in the field were acquiring cumulative knowledge of several generations.

• Even before Independence, thus, the Archaeological Survey of India had developed significant expertise so much as that it was invited for conservation work in other countries. Some of the outstanding examples of such works are that of Bamiyan in Afghanistan and later in the Angkor Vat of Cambodia.


Conservation of wildlife in India

• The need for conservation of wildlife in India is often questioned because of the apparently incorrect priority in the face of dire poverty of the people.

• However Article 48 of the Constitution of India specifies that "the state shall endeavour to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country" and Article 51-A states that "it shall be the duty of every citizen of India to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers, and wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures."

• Large and charismatic mammals are important for wildlife tourism in India and several national parks and wildlife sanctuaries cater to these needs. Project Tiger started in 1972 is a major effort to conserve the tiger and its habitats.

• At the turn of the 20th century, one estimate of the tiger population in India placed the figure at 40,000, yet an Indian tiger census conducted in 1972 revealed the existence of only 1827 tigers.

• Various pressures in the later part of the 20th century led to the progressive decline of wilderness resulting in the disturbance of viable tiger habitats.

• At the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) General Assembly meeting in Delhi in 1969, serious concern was voiced about the threat to several species of wildlife and the shrinkage of wilderness in the India


• . In 1970, a national ban on tiger hunting was imposed and in 1972 the Wildlife Protection Act came into force.

• The framework was then set up to formulate a project for tiger conservation with an ecological approach.

• Project Tiger which was launched on April 1, 1973, has become one of the most successful conservation ventures in modern history.

• The project aims at tiger conservation in specially constituted 'tiger reserves' which are representative of various bio-geographical regions falling within India.

• It strives to maintain a viable tiger population in their natural environment.

• Today, there are 27 Project Tiger wildlife reserves in India covering an area of 37,761 km².Project Elephant, though less known, started in 1992 and works for elephant protection in India.

• Most of India's rhinos today survive in the Kaziranga National Park. The wildlife institute of India (WII) is a government institution run by the Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education which trains wildlife managers and wildlife researchers.

• Trained personnel from WII have contributed in studying and protecting wildlife in India.

• WII has also popularized wildlife studies and careers. The institute is based in Dehradun, India. It is located in Chandrabani, which is close to the southern forests of Dehradun.

• The Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education also runs the Forest Research Institute and the Indian Institute of Forest Management


Thank You…

ugc net tourism ch 07tourismplanning 130522073847 phpapp02

Documents