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1
UGC MINOR RESEARCH PROJECT REPORT
ON
“Velocity of Ultrasonic waves in Pharmaceutical Solutions”
(Financial Assistance Ref. No. MRP(S)-043/13-14/KAGU 028/UGC-SWRO Dated28 March 2014 (XI plan)
Submitted to
University Grants CommissionSouth Western Regional office
P. K. Block Palace RoadBengaluru - 560 009.
By
DR. M. PRABHUGOUDAAssociate Professor
Dept. of PhysicsVijayanagar College
Hosapete-583201
VIJAYANAGAR COLLEGE(Affiliated to Vijayanagara Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Bellary)
Re – Accredited by NAAC with A gradeHosapete-583201
Tel: 08394-228431E mail: [email protected]
Web: www.vijayanagarcollege.edu.in
March -2016
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I thank the University Grants Commission (UGC) for providing encouragement
and financial assistance to carry out this minor Research project entitled Velocity
of Ultrasonic waves in Pharmaceutical Solutions in our College.
My honest thanks to the Management of V.V. Sangha Ballari and the Management
of Vijayanagar College, Hosapete who encouraged my research work
continuously.
My Sincere thanks are due to Prof. S.B. Bellad, Principal, Vijayanagara College,
Hosapete. I thank Mittel enterprises New Delhi for the supply of Ultrasonic
Interferometer for liquids (Research model) of frequency range 1- 8 MHz.
I also thank our M.Sc., Physics students Kum. Raza khanum, Shreen Taj, Sridevi,
Niharika , Kotresh who helped and carried out the measurements in this field as a
part of their Project work in the IV semester of the course.
I extend my heartfelt thanks to Colleagues of our Physics Department. I also thank
other Staff of Vijayanagar College, Hosapete, who have encouraged and helped me
in carrying out this Minor Research Project.
Dr. M. PRABHUGOUDA
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Contents
Title Page No
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 04 - 21
1.1 Ultrasonics
1.11 Different Modes of Ultrasonic Waves
1.12 Ultrasonic Transducers
1.13. Ultrasonic Interferometer
1.14. Ultrasonic Interferometer Instrument Description
1.2 Density and Viscosity
1.21 Density Measurement
1.22 Viscosity Measurement
1.3 Details of Pharmaceutical Solutions Used
1.4 Acoustic Parameters
CHAPTER 2: EXPERIMENTAL 22 - 106
2.1 Density Measurement
2.2 Viscosity Measurement
2.3 Ultrasonic Velocity Measurement
2.4 Determination of Acoustic Parameters
2.5 Cital at Different Concentrations
2.6 Variation of Acoustic Parameters with Concentration of Cital.
2.7 Variation of Acoustical Parameters with Ultrasonic
Velocities for Different Samples
CHAPTER 3: RESULT AND DISCUSSION 106 - 107
CHAPTER 4: BIBLIOGRAPHY 108 – 109
CHAPTER 5: ADDITIONAL WORK 110 - 121
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CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
Now a day the measurement of ultrasonic velocity has been effectively used in understanding the
nature of molecular interaction in pure liquids and in solutions. The intermolecular and intra
molecular association, dipolar interactions, complex formations and related structural changes
affect the compressibility of the system which in turn produces corresponding variations in the
ultrasonic velocity, for that the acoustical parameters give valuable information regarding the
behavior of liquid systems. The acoustical and thermo dynamical parameters obtained in
ultrasonic study show that the ion solvation accompanied by the destruction or enhancement of
the solvent structure. The study of ultrasonic velocity provides lots of information about the state
of solution (N.Karunanidhi, et.al. 1999). The measurement of ultrasonic velocity in a substance
is now become a basic test to study the properties of the substance (S.C. Bhat, et. al. 1999). The
measurement of ultrasonic velocity and the determination of acoustical parameters in the solution
are of significant interest in understanding the intermolecular interactions in solute-solvent
mixture (Rita Mishra, et. al. 2000 and Pankaj K. Singh, et. al. 2010). It also gives valuable
information regarding the nature and strength of molecular interaction, formation of hydrogen
bond etc. (V. Lalitha, et. al. 2000).
Properties of liquid –liquid mixtures are thermodynamically very important as a part of studies of
thermodynamic, acoustic and transport aspects. The compositional dependence of
thermodynamic properties are very useful in understanding the nature and extent of pattern of
molecular aggregation resulting from intermolecular interaction between components. This type
of study is very useful of characterizing the various aspects of physico chemical behavior of
liquid mixtures and studying the interaction between molecules (Nikkim P.S. et. al. 1997 and
Oswal S. L. et. al. 1995)
5
1.1 Ultrasonics
Ultrasonic waves are a branch of sound waves and it exhibits all the characteristic properties of
sound waves. Ultrasound waves are not electromagnetic radiations. In nature, ultrasonic waves
are mechanical vibrations with different wavelengths, when it is propagated through a medium.
The change in wavelength of ultrasonic waves in different mediums is due to the elastic
properties and the induced particle vibrations in the medium. Further, the wavelength of the
ultrasonic waves is small and hence, exhibits some unique phenomena in addition to the
properties of sound waves.
Unlike audible sound waves, the ultrasound waves are not sensed by human ear. This is due to
the limitations on the reception of vibrations of high frequency and energies by the membrane.
Similar to sound waves, the ultrasonic waves are transferred from one end to other end by means
of vibrating particles. Therefore, a medium is essential for the propagation of the ultrasound.
1.12 ULTRASONIC TRANSDUCERS
An ultrasonic transducer is a device capable of converting electrical energy into high frequency
sound waves, and also converting sound waves back into electrical energy. A transducer is an
essential element of an ultrasonic system. The desired type of energy with respect to frequency,
wave type and directional characteristics depends on the transducer. Interaction of the ultrasonic
waves with the internal structure of the material being examined is assessed on the basis of signal
output and the transducer.
Ultrasonic waves can be generated in many different ways such as whistles, sirens, spark gaps,
piezoelectric, electrostatic and electromagnetic transduction principles. Laser techniques are also
being used for ultrasonic wave generation and detection. A recent addition to the piezoelectric
transducer material is polyvinylidene fluoride PVDF . New developments in transducer materials
include composites, semiconductors, and superconductors for very high frequency applications
and special materials for applications in harsh environments. However, a major portion of
ultrasonics transducers is based on piezoelectric ceramic transducers. Presently, these transducers
account for more than 90% of the transducer market share for low and high temperature
6
ultrasound measurements and applications. Piezoelectric transducers are called reciprocal
devices because they are used to generate and detect ultrasonic waves.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF SOURCES OF ULTRASOUND:
Basically, ultrasonic waves can be generated by the following methods:
i. Mechanical
ii. Electrostatic
iii. Electrodynamic
iv. Magnetostrictive
v. Electromagnetic
vi. Piezoelectric and
vii. Laser
In all the above methods, the principle of conservation of energy is used i.e, one form of energy
is converted to another form. For example, in mechanical method, the mechanical energy is
converted to ultrasonic energy. In piezoelectric method, electrical energy is getting converted
into mechanical energy following the principle of piezoelectricity. In laser method, laser
energy(electromagnetic energy) or thermoelastic energy is converted to mechanical energy.
In the current experiment piezoelectric method is used.
PIEZOELECTRIC METHOD:
In this effect, when the opposite faces of a crystal such as quartz, tourmaline, rochelle salt, etc.,
is subjected to squeezing (crushing), twisting or bending, a potential difference is developed
across the perpendicular opposite faces. The magnitude of potential difference developed across
the crystal is proportional to the extent of deformation produced. This effect is known as direct
piezoelectric effect. The converse of piezoelectric effect is also true. According to this effect, if
an alternating current (ac) voltage is applied to one pair of faces of the crystal, alternatively
mechanical contractions and expansions are produced and hence, the crystal starts vibrating.
When the frequency of the applied ac voltage is equal to the vibrating frequency of the crystal,
then the crystal will be thrown into resonant vibration and hence, produces ultrasonic waves.
7
1.13 ULTRASONIC INTERFEROMETER[3]
The ultrasonic interferometer is a simple and direct device to determine the ultrasonic velocity
in pure liquids and liquid mixtures with high degree of accuracy. It is known for its easy
operation and reliability. Measurement of ultrasonic velocity is based on accurate determination
of the wavelength of sound waves in the medium.
Working Principle
Ultrasonic waves of known frequency (υ) are produced by a quartz crystal fixed at the bottom of
a diode walled cell. The experimental liquid is taken in this cell and ultrasonic waves are passed
into the medium. A movable metallic plate kept parallel to the quartz crystal reflects the waves.
A fine micrometer screw is provided to raise or lower the reflector plate. When the distance
between the metal reflector and the quartz crystal equals the whole multiples of wavelength,
stationary waves are formed in the medium. The acoustic resonance gives rise to electric reaction
on the generator driving the quartz crystal and maximum anode current flows through the
generator. When the distance is increased or decreased exactly by one half of the wavelength (λ
/2) or integral multiple of it, anode current becomes maximum again. Using the micrometer
screw attached to the reflector, the distance moved can be measured to an accuracy of 0.001 mm
(Fig.). From the measured value of wavelength (λ), the ultrasonic velocity (U) can be calculated
using the relation,
U = ν λ in m/s-------------- (1)
where ‘ v’ is the frequency of the generator .
8
1.14 DESCRIPTION: The ultrasonic interferometer consists of two important parts.
They are:
1. The high frequency generator and
2. The measuring cell.
The high frequency generator is designed to excite the quartz crystal fixed at the bottom of the
measuring cell, at its resonant frequency to generate ultrasonic waves in the experimental
solution filled in the measuring cell. A fine micrometer screw of least count 0.01 mm is fixed at
the top to observe the changes in the current flow. Two knobs, namely, adjust and gain ,are
provided on the panel of the high frequency generator to pass the current through micro-ammeter
and the changes in the anode current can be measured from the micro-ammeter. The measuring
cell is a specially designed double walled cylinder for maintaining the temperature of the
experimental liquids constant throughout the experiment. By raising or lowering the reflector
plate using micrometer ,the effective length of the liquid column is varied. The micro-ammeter
show maxima and minima for increase or decrease of distance between the plate and the crystal.
The distance of separation between a successive maxima and minima in the anode current is
equal to half the wavelength of ultrasonic wave in pure liquid or liquid mixture. By noting the
initial and final position of the micrometer for one complete oscillation (maxima and minima),
one can determine the distance (d) moved by the parallel reflector. The number of successive
9
maxima and minima (n) are counted as a distance. The distance moved by the micrometer screw
gives the wavelength as;
λ=d/2
Fig. Quartz Crystal plate. Fig. Micrometer scale.
Fig. Movable plate which is parallel to Quartz Crystal plate
10
1.2 DENSITY AND VISCOSITY MEASUREMENTS
1.21 DENSITY MEASUREMENTS
The density of the pure liquids, liquid mixtures solutions can be determined by relative
measurement method. Specific gravity bottle was standardized using distilled water. Take the
gravity bottle and measure its mass, in grams. Fill the specific gravity bottle with water either by
pouring carefully or with pipette until the level is as close to 10ml mark .put the gravity bottle
back on the balance. Measure & note down the new mass. Repeat the same procedure for liquid.
The density of liquid and liquid mixtures can be calculated using the formula –
= Where,
is the mass of the liquid or liquid mixtures
is the mass of water
is the density of water.
1.22 VISCOSITY MEASUREMENTS
In the present work, Ostwald viscometer is employed. The viscometer is filled with the
experimental solution. This instrument consists of U-shaped glass tube held vertically in a
controlled temperature bath. In one arm of the U is a vertical section of precise narrow bore (the
capillary). Above there is a bulb, with it is another bulb lower down on the other arm. In use,
liquid is drawn into the upper bulb by suction, then allowed to flow down through the capillary
into the lower bulb. Two marks (one above and one below the upper bulb) indicate a known
volume. The time taken for the level of the liquid to pass between these marks is proportional to
the kinematic viscosity. The time required for the test liquid to flow through a capillary of a
known diameter of a certain factor between two marked points is measured. By multiplying the
time taken by the factor of the viscometer, the kinematic viscosity is obtained.
11
The absolute value of coefficient of viscosity of the solution
(η) can be calculated using the formula
= ---------------- (2.4)
where
–density of the liquid
-time of flow of liquid
– density of water
-viscosity of water
-time of flow of water.
1.3 DRUG:
Any substance or combination of substances which may be used in or administered to
human beings either with a view to restoring, correcting or modifying physiological functions by
exerting a pharmacological, immunological or metabolic action, or to making a medical
diagnosis.
PHARMACEUTICAL DRUG:
A pharmaceutical drug (medicine or medication and officially medicinal product) is a drug used
in health care. Such drugs aid the diagnosis, cure, treatment, or prevention of disease. Drug
therapy (pharmacotherapy) is an important part of the medical field and relies on the science
of pharmacology for continual advancement and on pharmacy for appropriate management.
Pharmaceutical or drug or medicines are classified in various other groups besides their origin on
the basis of pharmacological properties like mode of action and their pharmacological action or
activity, such as by chemical properties, mode or route of administration, biological
system affected, or therapeutic effects. An elaborate and widely used classification system is
the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System (ATC system) [S.C Bhatt
et.al.1999].
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1.31 SAMPLE : WATER (Taken as standard calibration)
Water is a chemical compound with a chemical formula H2O. A water molecule contains one
oxygen and two hydrogen atoms connected by covalent bond. Water is a liquid at standard
ambient temperature and pressure, but it often co-exists on Earth with its solid state, ice, and
gaseous state (water vapor or steam). Water also exists in a liquid crystal state near hydrophilic
surfaces.
Water is a liquid at standard temperature and pressure. It is tasteless and odorless. The intrinsic
color of water and ice is a very slight blue hue, although both appear colorless in small
quantities. Water vapor is essentially invisible as a gas.
Water is transparent in the visible electromagnetic spectrum. Thus aquatic plants can leave in
water because sunlight can reach them. Infrared light is strongly absorbed by hydrogen-oxygen
or OH bonds.
MOLECULAR FORMULA
H20
IUPAC NAME Oxidane , Water
DENSITY 1000 kg/m3
VISCOSITY 0.000765 Nsm-2
MOLECULAR WEIGHT 18.01258
Molecular structure of Water
13
1.32 : ALERGIN (CETIRIZINE)
Cetirizine alone or in fixed combination with pseudoephedrine hydrochloride is used for self-
medication to provide symptomatic relief of seasonal allergic rhinitis (e.g., hay fever) or other
upper respiratory allergies. Cetirizine alone or in fixed combination with pseudoephedrine
hydrochloride also is used for the symptomatic treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis. It is
recommended that the fixed combination generally be used only when both the antihistamine and
nasal decongestant activity of the combination preparation are needed concurrently.
MOLECULAR
FORMULA
C21H25ClN2O3
IUPAC NAME 2-[2-[4-[(4-chlorophenyl)-
phenylmethyl]piperazin-1-
yl]ethoxy]acetic acid.
DENSITY 1149.2386 kg/m3
VISCOSITY 0.00443 Ns/m2
MOLECULAR WEIGHT 388.8878g/mol.
Molecular structure of Alergin
14
1.33 PICLIN
(SODIUM PICOSULPHATE)
Sodium picosulfate (INN, also known as sodium picosulphate) is a contact laxative used as a
treatment for constipation or to prepare the large bowel before colonoscopy or surgery.
Orally administered sodium picosulfate is generally used for thorough evacuation of the bowel, usually
for patients who are preparing to undergo a colonoscopy. It works very quickly, so access to a toilet at
all times is recommended. It starts off by making bowel movements looser and more frequent, but
within an hour or so of taking it the patient should experience diarrhea.
MOLECULAR
FORMULA
C18H13NNa2O8S2
IUPAC NAME [4-[Pyeidin-2-yl-(4-
sulfonatooxyphenyl)methyl]phenyl]
sulfate disodium salt
DENSITY 1150.254 kg/m3
VISCOSITY 0.003157 Ns/m2
MOLECULAR
WEIGHT
481
Molecular structure of Piclin
15
1.34 BETADINE (POVIDONE IODINE)
Povidone-iodine is an iodophore that is used as a disinfectant and antiseptic mainly for the
treatment of contaminated wounds and pre-operative preparation of the skin and mucous
membranes as well as for disinfection of equipment.
MOLECULAR
FORMULA
C6H9I2NO
IUPAC NAME 1-ethenylpyrrolidin-2-one;molecular
iodine.
DENSITY 998.985 kg/m3
VISCOSITY 0.0007 Ns/m2
MOLECULAR
WEIGHT
364.9507 g/mol.
Molecular structure of Betadine
16
1.35 CITAL (DISODIUM HYDROGEN CITRATE)
Disodium hydrogen citrate, is a sodium acid salt of citric acid (sodium citrate). It is used as an
antioxidant in food as well as to improve the effects of other antioxidants. It is also used as an
acidity regulator and sequestrant.
Typical products include gelatin, jam, sweets, ice cream, carbonated beverages, milk powder,
wine, and processed cheeses.
MOLECULAR
FORMULA
Na2C6H6O7
IUPAC NAME Disodium hydrogen 2-
hydroxypropane-1,2,3-
tricarboxylate
DENSITY 1183.756 kg/m3
VISCOSITY 0.00254 Ns/m2
MOLECULAR WEIGHT 236.08
Molecular structure of Cital
17
1.36 ASTHALIN ( SALBUTAMOL)
Salbutamol is typically used to treat bronchospasm (due to any cause, allergen asthma or exercise-
induced), as well as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Emergency medical practice commonly
treats people presenting with asthma who report taking their salbutamol inhaler as prescribed with
salbutamol. In general, people tolerate large doses well.
As a β2-agonist, salbutamol also finds use in obstetrics. Intravenous salbutamol can be used as
a tocolytic to relax the uterinesmooth muscle to delay premature labor. Salbutamol is used to treat
acute hyperkalemia as it stimulates potassium to flow in cells thus lowering the level in the blood.
MOLECULAR
FORMULA
C13H21NO3
IUPAC NAME 4-[2-(tert-butylamino)-1-
hydroxyehyl]-2-
(hydroxymethyl)phenol
DENSITY 1193.91 kg/m3
VISCOSITY 0.004206 Nsm-2
MOLECULAR WEIGHT 239.31
Molecular structure of Asthalin
18
1.37 VENSETRON( ONDANSETRON HCl)
Ondansetron blocks the actions of chemicals in the body that can trigger nausea and vomiting.
Ondansetron is used to prevent nausea and vomiting that may be caused by surgery or by medicine to
treat cancer (chemotherapy or radiation).
Ondansetron is not for preventing nausea or vomiting that is caused by factors other than cancer
treatment or surgery.
MOLECULAR
FORMULA
C18H19N3O.HCl.2H2O
IUPAC NAME 1,2,3,9-tetrahydro-9-methyl-
3-[(2-methyl-1H-imidazol-1-
yl)methyl]-4Hcarbazol-4-one
DENSITY 1041.6244 kg/m3
VISCOSITY 0.001774 Nsm-2
MOLECULAR WEIGHT 365.9
Molecular structure of Vensetron
19
1.38 XYLOMIST(XYLOMETAZOLINE)
A nasal vasoconstricting decongestant drug which acts by binding to the same receptors as
adrenaline. It is applied as a spray or as drops into the nose to ease inflammation and congestion
of the nasal passageways. It binds alpha-adrenergic receptors to activate the adrenal system
which causes systemic vasoconstriction, thereby easing nasal congestion.
MOLECULAR
FORMULA
C16H24N2
IUPAC NAME 2- [(4-tert-butyl-2,6-
dimethylphenyl)methyl]-4,5-
dihydro-1H-imidazole.
DENSITY 1015.2284 kg/m3
VISCOSITY 0.00065 Ns/m2
MOLECULAR WEIGHT 244.3752 g/mol.
Molecular structure of Xylomist
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1.4 ACOUSTIC PARAMETERS
The ultrasonic velocity measurement is extensively used to study the physic-chemical behavior
of liquids. With the help of measurements of density and viscosity the following parameters like
ultrasonic velocity, adiabatic compressibility, acoustic impedance, relaxation time, free length,
free volume and ultrasonic attenuation are calculated by using the following expressions.
Ultrasonic velocity: Ultrasonic velocity is the speed in which sound travels through a given
material. Velocity remains constant in a given material.
It is given by,
= in ms-1
Adiabatic compressibility (β): The adiabatic compressibility is the fractional decrease
of volume per unit increase of pressure, when no heat flows in or out.
It can also be calculated from the speed of sound (v) and the density of the
medium (ρ )
Using the equation of Newton Laplace as,
= in Nm-2
Acoustic impedance(Z): The acoustic impedance is the measure of the opposition that a system
presents to the acoustic flow resulting of an acoustic pressure applied to the system.
It is given by,
= in Kgm-2s-1
Relaxation time (τ):Relaxation time is the time taken for the excitation energy to appear as
translational energy and it depends on temperature and on impurities.
The dispersion of the ultrasonic velocity in binary mixture reveals information about the
characteristic time of the relaxation process that causes dispersion. The relaxation time (τ) can
be calculated from the relation.
21
It is given by,
= = second
Free length(Lf): The distance between the centre of attraction coincide with the geometrical
centre of molecules of liquid and the distance between surfaces of the molecules is called
intermolecular free length.
It is given by,
= / in Å
Free Volume (Vf): The free volume is the effective volume in which particular molecule of the
liquid can move and obey perfect gas laws.
Free volume in terms of Ultrasonic velocity (U) and the Viscosity of the liquid (η) as
Vf =( �
) in m3/mole
Ultrasonic attenuation(α/f2): Attenuation is a measure of the energy loss of sound
propagation in media. Most media have viscosity, and are therefore not ideal media. When sound
propagates in such media, there is always thermal consumption of energy caused by viscosity.
For inhomogeneous media, besides media viscosity, acoustic scattering is another main reason
for removal of acoustic energy.
It is given by,
= in dB
22
CHAPTER - 2
EXPERIMENTAL
2.1 DENSITY MEASUREMENTS FOR LIQUIDS:
LIQUIDS Mass of
empty bottle,
Mbott
in gm
Mass of
water +bottle,
M(l+bott)
in gm
Mass of the
liquid, Ml =
M(l+bott) - Mbott
in gm
Density ,
= in kg m-3
Water 12 23.32 11.32 1149.2386
Alergin 12 23.32 11.32 1149.2386
Piclin 12 23.33 11.33 1150.2540
Betadine 12 21.84 9.84 998.9850
Cital 12 23.66 11.66 1183.7560
Vensetron 12 22.26 10.26 1041.6244
Asthalin 12 23.76 11.76 1193.91
Xylomist 12 22.00 10.00 1015.2284
23
2.2 VISCOCITY MEASUREMENT OF LIQUIDS:
LIQUIDS DENSITY
in Kgm-3
TIME OF FLOW
in seconds
VISCOSITY
= in Nsm-2
I II III Mean
Water 1000 100 101 100 100.33 0.7650 x 10-3
Alergin 1149.24 515 521 513 516.33 4.4298 x 10-3
Piclin 1150.25 363 360 357 360 3.1574 x 10-3
Betadine 998.99 94 95 90 93 0.6936 x 10-3
Cital 1183.76 283 291 287 287 2.5363 x 10-3
Vensetron 1041.62 227 216 227 223.33 1.7737 x 10-3
Asthalin 1193.91 457 465 464 462 4.2058 x 10-3
Xylomist 1015.23 91 91 91 91 6.4937x10-3
24
2.3 MEASUREMENT OF ULTRASONIC VELOCITY IN:
2.31 WATER:
TABLE 2.311: Tabular column for micrometer with corresponding current meter reading
of water at 1MHz
Obs no Micrometer reading in mm Current meter reading
corresponding Max/Min in µA
1 0.16 292 0.23 153 0.68 294 1.05 185 1.68 306 1.79 177 2.42 308 2.52 219 3.18 3110 3.25 1611 3.901 3112 4.00 1613 4.69 3114 4.77 1615 5.42 3216 5.52 1817 6.31 3018 6.98 1919 7.08 3120 7.72 1921 7.88 31
05
101520253035
0 2 4 6 8 10
anod
e cu
rren
t in
µA
micrometer reading in mm
25
TABLE 2.312: Tabular column for micrometer with corresponding current meter reading
of water at 2MHz
Obs no Micrometer reading in mm Current meter reading
corresponding Max/Min in µA
1 0.196 452 0.24 153 0.57 464 0.60 165 0.95 466 0.99 167 1.34 488 1.36 179 1.71 5010 1.74 1711 2.06 4912 2.12 1913 2.47 5014 2.50 2015 2.85 5016 2.88 2017 3.21 5018 3.25 1819 3.61 5020 3.63 1621 3.99 5022 4.05 16
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 1 2 3 4 5
anod
e cu
rren
t in
µA
Micrometer reading in mm
26
TABLE 2.313: Tabular column for micrometer with corresponding current meter reading
of water at 3MHz
Obs no Micrometer reading in mm Current meter reading
corresponding Max/Min in µA
1 0.15 372 0.17 103 0.41 384 0.42 125 0.65 386 0.67 127 0.90 388 0.92 129 1.15 3910 1.16 1311 1.41 4012 1.43 1313 1.66 4014 1.68 1315 1.91 4116 1.94 1417 2.16 4218 2.18 1319 2.42 4020 2.44 1721 2.67 4122 2.70 17
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
anod
e cu
rren
t in
µA
micometer reading in mm
27
TABLE 2.314: Tabular column for micrometer with corresponding current meter readingof water at 4MHz
Obs no Micrometer reading in mm Current meter reading
corresponding Max/Min in µA
1 0.04 432 0.09 233 0.23 474 0.26 245 0.42 476 0.48 207 0.60 478 0.661 209 0.80 4710 0.83 2611 0.98 4512 1.04 2713 1.18 4314 1.25 2715 1.36 4716 1.40 2717 1.55 4718 1.60 2819 1.74 4620 1.79 2721 1.93 4622 1.98 28
05
101520253035404550
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
anod
e cu
rren
t in
µA
micrometer reading in mm
28
TABLE 2.315: Tabular column for micrometer with corresponding current meter reading
of water at 5MHz
Obs no Micrometer reading in mm Current meter reading
corresponding Max/Min in µA
1 0.04 462 0.23 183 0.24 464 0.38 195 0.39 456 0.53 177 0.54 458 0.67 179 0.69 4310 0.83 1611 0.85 4412 0.97 1513 0.99 4314 1.12 1715 1.14 4216 1.27 1617 1.30 4218 1.42 1519 1.45 3920 1.54 1521 1.59 3922 1.72 16
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Curr
ent m
eter
read
ing
in μ
A
Micrometer reading in mm
29
TABLE 2.316: Tabular column for micrometer with corresponding current meter reading
of water at 6MHz
Obs no Micrometer reading in mm Current meter reading
corresponding Max/Min in µA
1 0.04 412 0.16 233 0.20 404 0.29 235 0.33 416 0.40 237 0.46 408 0.52 239 0.58 4010 0.64 2311 0.71 3912 0.77 2313 0.83 3914 0.91 2215 0.96 3916 1.04 2217 1.08 3618 1.14 2219 1.21 3520 1.29 1921 1.33 3622 1.42 19
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
anod
e cu
rren
t in
µA
micrometer reading in mm
30
TABLE 2.317: Tabular column for micrometer with corresponding current meter reading
of water at 7MHz
Obs no Micrometer reading in mm Current meter reading corresponding
Max/Min in µA
1 0.03 212 0.08 453 0.14 234 0.19 445 0.25 236 0.29 407 0.35 238 0.40 449 0.46 2410 0.53 4211 0.59 2412 0.64 4213 0.68 2414 0.73 4515 0.80 2316 0.87 4217 0.91 2418 0.98 4219 1.00 2320 1.05 4421 1.13 2522 1.18 40
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
anod
e cu
rren
t in
µA
micrometer reading in mm
31
TABLE 2.318: Tabular column for micrometer with corresponding current meter readingof water at 8MHz
Obs no Micrometer reading in mm Current meter reading corresponding
Max/Min in µA
1 0.04 92 0.09 443 0.14 94 0.19 425 0.23 86 0.28 457 0.32 88 0.38 409 0.42 910 0.48 3911 0.51 912 0.56 4313 0.61 814 0.66 4215 0.70 816 0.75 4117 0.79 818 0.85 4219 0.88 820 0.94 4121 0.98 622 1.03 39
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
anod
e cu
rren
t in
µA
micrometer reading in mm
32
2.32 PHARMACEUTICAL SOLUTIONS:
TABLE 2.321: Tabular column for micrometer with corresponding current meter reading
of ALERGIN(CETRIZINE) at 1MHz
Obs no Micrometer reading in mm Current meter reading corresponding
Max/Min in µA
1 0.17 362 0.23 113 1.02 364 1.09 145 2.42 366 2.48 137 3.31 368 3.36 129 4.16 3610 4.22 1111 5.02 3512 5.10 1213 5.90 3514 5.98 1415 6.76 3516 6.83 1617 7.17 3518 7.22 1519 8.01 3020 8.10 1021 9.41 2922 9.48 8
-10
0
10
20
30
40
0 5 10 15 20 25 30anod
e cu
rren
t in
µA
micrometer reading in mm
33
TABLE 2.322: Tabular column for micrometer with corresponding current meter reading
of ALERGIN (CETIRIZINE) at 2MHz
Obs no Micrometer reading in mm Current meter reading
corresponding Max/Min in µA
1 0.02 102 0.43 313 0.45 104 0.86 315 0.89 116 1.29 317 1.32 118 1.71 319 1.75 1110 2.15 3111 2.19 1012 2.59 3113 2.63 1114 3.03 3215 3.07 1216 3.47 3117 3.50 1218 3.90 3219 3.93 1320 4.34 2921 4.37 1322 4.73 32
-505
101520253035
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
anod
e cu
rren
t in
µA
micrometer reading in mm
34
TABLE 2.323: Tabular column for micrometer with corresponding current meter reading
of ALERGIN (CETIRIZINE) at 3MHz
Obs no Micrometer reading in mm Current meter reading
corresponding Max/Min in µA
1 0.03 142 0.27 373 0.33 184 0.57 415 0.61 196 0.66 427 0.90 188 1.14 409 1.20 2110 1.44 4011 1.50 1812 1.73 4113 1.77 1714 2.03 3915 2.07 1716 2.30 4117 2.36 1718 2.54 3819 2.64 1920 2.90 3821 2.93 1822 3.19 43
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
anod
e cu
rren
t in
µA
micrometer reading in mm
35
TABLE 2.324: Tabular column for micrometer with corresponding current meter reading
of ALERGIN (CETIRIZINE) at 4MHz
Obs no Micrometer reading in mm Current meter reading
corresponding Max/Min in µA
1 0.07 402 0.14 223 0.29 404 0.35 215 0.55 416 0.59 207 0.73 418 0.79 229 0.95 4110 1.01 2011 1.20 4212 1.22 2013 1.40 3814 1.46 2115 1.61 4116 1.65 2117 1.82 4218 1.91 2019 2.05 3920 2.09 2121 2.25 3922 2.37 21
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
anod
e cu
rren
t in
µA
micrometer reading in mm
36
TABLE 2.325: Tabular column for micrometer with corresponding current meter reading
of ALERGIN (CETIRIZINE) at 5MHz
Obs no Micrometer reading in mm Current meter reading
corresponding Max/Min in µA
1 0.12 182 0.16 393 0.30 174 0.32 425 0.46 166 0.50 417 0.64 158 0.66 429 0.80 1510 0.84 3811 0.98 1512 1.02 4013 1.15 1514 1.20 4015 1.32 1916 1.36 4217 2.00 1918 2.05 4319 2.18 1920 2.22 4321 2.36 1922 2.40 42
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
anod
e cu
rren
t in
µA
micrometer reading in mm
37
TABLE 2.326: Tabular column for micrometer with corresponding current meter reading
of ALERGIN (CETIRIZINE) at 6MHz
Obs no Micrometer reading in mm Current meter reading
corresponding Max/Min in µA
1 0.12 382 0.20 223 0.26 394 0.36 225 0.41 426 0.49 227 0.55 408 0.64 229 0.70 4010 0.79 2211 0.84 3812 0.92 2213 0.99 4114 1.08 2215 1.13 4016 1.21 2217 1.27 4018 1.37 2219 1.42 3920 1.51 2221 1.56 3922 1.65 22
05
1015202530354045
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
anod
e cu
rren
t in
µA
micrometer reading in mm
38
TABLE 2.327: Tabular column for micrometer with corresponding current meter reading
of ALERGIN (CETIRIZINE) at 7MHz
Obs no Micrometer reading in mm Current meter reading
corresponding Max/Min in µA
1 0.04 92 0.10 283 0.17 104 0.23 315 0.30 126 0.36 317 0.43 128 0.49 359 0.50 1310 0.61 3311 0.68 1212 0.73 3213 0.81 1514 0.85 3215 0.93 1516 0.98 3217 1.04 1218 1.10 3219 1.16 1520 1.22 3121 1.29 1422 1.35 33
-10
0
10
20
30
40
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
anod
e cu
rren
t in
µA
micrometer reading in mm
39
TABLE 2.328: Tabular column for micrometer with corresponding current meter reading
of ALERGIN (CETIRIZINE) at 8MHz
Obs no Micrometer reading in mm Current meter reading
corresponding Max/Min in µA
1 0.08 412 0.11 253 0.20 404 0.22 255 0.30 406 0.34 257 0.41 408 0.45 259 0.52 4010 0.54 2511 0.63 4212 0.67 2513 0.73 4114 0.77 2515 0.84 4216 0.87 2517 0.95 4018 0.99 2219 1.06 4220 1.09 2321 1.17 4222 1.20 23
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
anod
e cu
rren
t in
µA
micrometer reading in mm
40
TABLE 2.331: Tabular column for micrometer with corresponding current meter reading
of PICLIN ( SODIUM PICOSULPHATE) at 1MHz
Obs no Micrometer reading in mm Current meter reading
corresponding Max/Min in µA
1 0.51 292 0.68 83 1.40 364 1.46 65 2.24 286 2.32 57 3.11 278 3.17 39 3.48 2110 4.03 311 4.84 2012 4.89 313 5.68 2014 5.74 515 6.54 2016 6.58 317 6.92 1918 7.42 219 8.25 2020 8.28 521 9.09 2222 9.13 2
-10
0
10
20
30
40
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
anod
e cu
rren
t in
µA
micrometer reading in mm
41
TABLE 2.332: Tabular column for micrometer with corresponding current meter reading
of PICLIN ( SODIUM PICOSULPHATE) at 2MHz
Obs no Micrometer reading in mm Current meter reading corresponding
Max/Min in µA
1 0.34 392 0.36 83 0.76 414 0.78 105 1.18 426 1.20 97 1.61 428 1.63 99 2.04 4210 2.05 811 2.46 4212 2.48 913 2.88 4214 2.90 915 3.31 4416 3.33 1017 3.73 4418 3.75 1019 4.16 4420 4.18 1021 4.53 4422 4.60 10
-100
1020304050
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
anod
e cu
rren
t in
µA
micrometer reading
42
TABLE 2.333: Tabular column for micrometer with corresponding current meter reading
of PICLIN ( SODIUM PICOSULPHATE) at 3MHz
Obs no Micrometer reading in mm Current meter reading corresponding
Max/Min in µA
1 0.18 412 0.22 153 0.47 414 0.51 155 0.76 426 0.79 157 1.04 438 1.07 169 1.33 4310 1.36 1611 1.61 4312 1.63 1813 1.90 4414 1.94 1815 2.17 4416 2.22 1817 2.46 4518 2.48 1919 2.74 4520 2.77 1921 3.02 4522 3.08 20
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
anod
e cu
rren
t in
µA
micrometer reading in mm
43
TABLE 2.334: Tabular column for micrometer with corresponding current meter reading
of PICLIN ( SODIUM PICOSULPHATE) at 4MHz
Obs no Micrometer reading in mm Current meter reading corresponding
Max/Min in µA
1 0.02 312 0.04 133 0.21 304 0.26 125 0.45 306 0.47 127 0.64 308 0.68 129 0.85 3110 0.89 1211 1.06 3112 1.10 1213 1.28 3114 1.33 1215 1.50 3116 1.54 1217 1.72 2918 1.79 1219 1.94 2920 1.96 1121 2.15 2822 2.18 12
05
101520253035
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
anod
e re
adin
g in
µA
micrometer reading in mm
44
TABLE 2.335: Tabular column for micrometer with corresponding current meter reading
of PICLIN ( SODIUM PICOSULPHATE) at 5MHz
Obs no Micrometer reading in mm Current meter reading corresponding
Max/Min in µA
1 0.05 412 0.22 233 0.24 404 0.39 235 0.40 406 0.55 237 0.57 398 0.64 249 0.73 3910 0.89 2311 0.91 3912 1.05 2313 1.08 3914 1.23 2315 1.25 4016 1.40 2317 1.42 4018 1.58 2319 1.59 4020 1.74 2321 1.77 3922 1.81 23
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
anod
e cu
rren
t in
µA
micrometer reading in mm
45
TABLE 2.336: Tabular column for micrometer with corresponding current meter reading
of PICLIN ( SODIUM PICOSULPHATE) at 6MHz
Obs no Micrometer reading in mm Current meter reading corresponding
Max/Min in µA
1 0.04 502 0.13 153 0.18 474 0.28 155 0.32 466 0.41 157 0.46 458 0.55 159 0.61 4410 0.69 1411 0.75 4312 0.84 1413 0.89 4314 0.99 1815 1.03 4416 1.13 1817 1.17 4518 1.26 1419 1.31 4220 1.42 1321 1.46 4222 1.56 13
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
anod
e cu
rren
t in
µA
micrometer reading in mm
46
TABLE 2.337: Tabular column for micrometer with corresponding current meter reading
of PICLIN ( SODIUM PICOSULPHATE) at 7MHz
Obs no Micrometer reading in mm Current meter reading corresponding
Max/Min in µA
1 0.05 422 0.13 203 0.18 404 0.24 205 0.30 396 0.36 207 0.43 388 0.50 209 0.56 3810 0.61 1911 0.67 3912 0.73 1913 0.79 4014 0.85 2015 0.92 3816 0.98 2017 1.04 3818 1.10 2019 1.17 3820 1.23 2021 1.27 3922 1.32 21
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
anod
e cu
rren
t in
µA
micrometer reading in mm
47
TABLE 2.338: Tabular column for micrometer with corresponding current meter reading
of PICLIN ( SODIUM PICOSULPHATE) at 8MHz
Obs no Micrometer reading in mm Current meter reading corresponding
Max/Min in µA
1 0.05 192 0.09 413 0.15 184 0.20 415 0.25 196 0.30 427 0.36 198 0.41 419 0.46 1910 0.53 4211 0.56 1612 0.63 4513 0.68 2014 0.73 4515 0.79 2116 0.84 4517 0.89 2218 0.95 4219 1.00 2120 1.06 4321 1.10 2222 1.16 47
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
anod
e cu
rren
t in
µA
micrometer reading in mm
48
TABLE 2.341: Tabular column for micrometer with corresponding current meter reading
of BETADINE (POVIDONE IODINE) at 1MHz
Obs no Micrometer reading in mm Current meter reading
corresponding Max/Min in µA
1 0.26 312 0.33 153 0.54 314 0.60 145 1.32 326 1.40 157 1.57 328 1.64 149 1.87 3110 1.93 1311 2.17 3212 2.22 1313 2.93 3114 3.00 1315 3.75 3116 3.81 1317 4.00 3018 4.09 1219 4.80 3120 4.89 1221 5.09 3122 5.15 10
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
anod
e cu
rren
t in
µA
micrometer reading in mm
49
TABLE 2.342: Tabular column for micrometer with corresponding current meter reading
of BETADINE (POVIDONE IODINE) at 2MHz
Obs no Micrometer reading in mm Current meter reading
corresponding Max/Min in µA
1 0.35 472 0.39 43 0.76 484 0.78 55 1.13 486 1.16 67 1.52 478 1.55 89 1.91 4910 1.95 911 2.31 4812 2.33 813 2.70 4514 2.73 715 3.09 4716 3.11 717 3.48 4718 3.51 919 3.88 4820 3.89 1021 4.26 4922 4.29 10
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
anod
e cu
rren
t in
µA
micrometer reading in mm
50
TABLE 2.343: Tabular column for micrometer with corresponding current meter reading
of BETADINE (POVIDONE IODINE) at 3MHz
Obs no Micrometer reading in mm Current meter reading
corresponding Max/Min in µA
1 0.04 352 0.07 103 0.30 354 0.34 115 0.56 406 0.59 127 0.83 408 0.86 129 1.08 4010 1.11 1111 1.34 4212 1.38 1113 1.54 4214 1.62 1115 1.86 4316 1.89 1217 2.12 4518 2.15 1219 2.87 4520 2.91 1321 3.14 4522 3.18 13
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
anod
e cu
rren
t in
µA
micrometer reading in mm
51
TABLE 2.344: Tabular column for micrometer with corresponding current meter reading
of BETADINE (POVIDONE IODINE) at 4MHz
Obs no Micrometer reading in mm Current meter reading
corresponding Max/Min in µA
1 0.01 442 0.05 143 0.20 444 0.26 155 0.39 456 0.45 157 0.59 438 0.63 189 0.78 4610 0.86 2111 0.97 4512 1.06 2113 1.16 4514 1.21 2215 1.37 4416 1.41 2117 1.56 4418 1.62 1819 1.75 4620 1.81 2221 1.95 4522 2.00 22
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
anod
e cu
rren
t in
µA
micrometer reading in mm
52
TABLE 2.345: Tabular column for micrometer with corresponding current meter reading
of BETADINE (POVIDONE IODINE) at 5MHz
Obs no Micrometer reading in mm Current meter reading
corresponding Max/Min in µA
1 0.07 62 0.09 373 0.23 44 0.25 405 0.39 46 0.41 357 0.55 58 0.57 359 0.67 710 0.72 3411 0.84 712 0.87 3413 1.01 514 1.04 3015 1.17 416 1.19 3317 1.33 418 1.36 3119 1.47 420 1.51 3021 1.64 422 1.66 35
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
anod
e cu
rren
t in
µA
micrometer reading in mm
53
TABLE 2.346: Tabular column for micrometer with corresponding current meter reading
of BETADINE (POVIDONE IODINE) of at 6MHz
Obs no Micrometer reading in mm Current meter reading
corresponding Max/Min in µA
1 0.08 102 0.13 353 0.22 104 0.26 365 0.34 86 0.39 357 0.47 88 0.53 349 0.60 710 0.65 3511 0.72 812 0.79 3413 0.87 714 0.91 3415 0.99 716 1.04 3117 1.12 518 1.17 3019 1.25 520 1.30 3021 1.35 622 1.42 30
-10
0
10
20
30
40
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
anod
e cu
rren
t in
µA
micrometer reading in mm
54
TABLE 2.347: Tabular column for micrometer with corresponding current meter reading
of BETADINE (POVIDONE IODINE) at 7MHz
Obs no Micrometer reading in mm Current meter reading
corresponding Max/Min in µA
1 0.04 452 0.07 123 0.13 424 0.18 155 0.24 436 0.28 157 0.35 448 0.40 149 0.46 4510 0.51 1511 0.58 4812 0.62 1513 0.68 4714 0.75 1915 0.80 4816 0.84 1917 0.91 4718 0.96 2019 1.02 5020 1.06 2021 1.13 4622 1.18 21
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
anod
e cu
rren
t in
µA
micrometer reading in mm
55
TABLE 2.348: Tabular column for micrometer with corresponding current meter reading
of BETADINE (POVIDONE IODINE) at 8MHz
Obs no Micrometer reading in mm Current meter reading
corresponding Max/Min in µA
1 0.04 122 0.09 363 0.14 124 0.19 375 0.24 126 0.29 377 0.34 118 0.39 379 0.44 1210 0.49 3611 0.53 1112 0.58 3613 0.63 1114 0.68 3315 0.72 1216 0.77 3817 0.83 1218 0.87 3919 0.92 1120 0.97 4121 1.03 1322 1.07 40
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
anod
e cu
rren
t in
µA
micrometer reading in mm
56
TABLE 2.351: Tabular column for micrometer with corresponding current meter reading
of CITAL (DISODIUM HYDROGEN CITRATE) at 1MHz
Obs no Micrometer reading in mm Current meter reading
corresponding Max/Min in µA
1 0.06 322 0.12 113 0.91 334 0.97 105 1.75 336 1.80 67 2.60 348 2.67 99 3.45 3310 3.52 1011 4.32 3312 4.36 1013 5.12 3414 5.22 1215 5.97 3416 6.07 1117 6.38 3418 6.41 1019 7.17 3320 7.24 1221 7.54 3422 7.62 10
-10
0
10
20
30
40
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
anod
e cu
rren
t in
µA
micrometer reading in mm
57
TABLE 2.352: Tabular column for micrometer with corresponding current meter reading
of CITAL (DISODIUM HYDROGEN CITRATE) at 2MHz
Obs no Micrometer reading in mm Current meter reading
corresponding Max/Min in µA
1 0.30 382 0.31 113 0.71 394 0.74 115 1.13 396 1.16 117 1.56 388 2.08 129 2.48 3810 2.50 1111 2.90 3812 2.93 913 3.32 3714 3.35 1115 3.74 3816 3.77 1317 4.17 3918 4.19 1219 4.59 3820 4.62 1421 5.01 3722 5.04 14
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
anod
e cu
rren
t in
µA
micrometer reading in mm
58
TABLE 2.353: Tabular column for micrometer with corresponding current meter reading
of CITAL (DISODIUM HYDROGEN CITRATE) at 3MHz
Obs no Micrometer reading in mm Current meter reading
corresponding Max/Min in µA
1 0.14 412 0.17 233 0.42 434 0.46 235 0.70 416 0.73 237 0.99 428 1.03 239 1.27 4410 1.31 2411 1.55 4412 1.58 2413 1.84 4314 1.87 2415 2.10 4516 2.15 2417 2.39 4418 2.43 2519 2.63 4520 2.71 2421 2.96 4422 3.01 26
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
anod
e cu
rren
t in
µA
micrometer reading in mm
59
TABLE 2.354: Tabular column for micrometer with corresponding current meter reading
of CITAL (DISODIUM HYDROGEN CITRATE) at 4MHz
Obs no Micrometer reading in mm Current meter reading
corresponding Max/Min in µA
1 0.16 442 0.21 233 0.37 444 0.41 245 0.57 456 0.64 247 0.77 448 0.85 259 1.00 4510 1.08 2611 1.21 4512 1.28 2513 1.42 4414 1.47 2515 1.63 4516 1.69 2517 1.84 4418 1.90 2419 2.06 4420 2.10 2521 2.25 4422 2.33 25
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
anod
e cu
rren
t in
µA
micrometer reading in mm
60
TABLE 2.355: Tabular column for micrometer with corresponding current meter reading
of CITAL (DISODIUM HYDROGEN CITRATE) at 5MHz
Obs no Micrometer reading in mm Current meter reading
corresponding Max/Min in µA
1 0.13 152 0.17 363 0.27 214 0.34 365 0.48 226 0.50 367 0.64 228 0.66 359 0.82 2210 0.84 3511 0.98 2112 1.01 3513 1.15 2214 1.18 3615 1.29 2316 1.34 3517 1.99 2218 2.01 3519 2.14 2020 2.18 3521 2.27 1522 2.35 29
0
10
20
30
40
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
anod
e cu
rren
t in
µA
micrometer reading in mm
61
TABLE 2.356: Tabular column for micrometer with corresponding current meter reading
of CITAL (DISODIUM HYDROGEN CITRATE) at 6MHz
Obs no Micrometer reading in mm Current meter reading
corresponding Max/Min in µA
1 0.07 102 0.12 403 0.21 94 0.26 415 0.35 96 0.40 417 0.49 98 0.55 409 0.62 910 0.68 4011 0.77 912 0.82 3913 0.91 914 0.97 3815 1.06 916 1.11 3817 1.19 918 1.25 3819 1.33 820 1.38 3821 1.48 822 1.53 38
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
anod
e cu
rren
t in
µA
micrometer reading in mm
62
TABLE 2.357: Tabular column for micrometer with corresponding current meter reading
of CITAL (DISODIUM HYDROGEN CITRATE) at 7MHz
Obs no Micrometer reading in mm Current meter reading
corresponding Max/Min in µA
1 0.05 112 0.12 293 0.16 114 0.24 305 0.29 126 0.36 307 0.41 128 0.48 309 0.53 1210 0.60 3011 0.65 1212 0.72 3113 0.78 1314 0.86 2915 0.90 1316 0.98 2917 1.02 1318 1.10 2919 1.15 1520 1.20 3121 1.26 1422 1.36 29
-505
101520253035
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
anod
e cu
rren
t in
µA
micrometer reading in mm
63
TABLE 2.358: Tabular column for micrometer with corresponding current meter reading
of CITAL (DISODIUM HYDROGEN CITRATE) at 8MHz
Obs no Micrometer reading in mm Current meter reading
corresponding Max/Min in µA
1 0.06 472 0.08 223 0.15 474 0.20 225 0.25 486 0.30 237 0.36 488 0.41 239 0.46 4710 0.51 2311 0.57 4812 0.62 2313 0.68 4714 0.72 2315 0.78 4816 0.83 2317 0.89 4718 0.93 2319 0.99 4720 1.04 2321 1.10 4722 1.14 23
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
anod
e cu
rren
t in
µA
micrometer reading in mm
64
TABLE 2.361: Tabular column for micrometer with corresponding current meter reading
of ASTHALIN ( SALBUTAMOL) at 1MHz
Obs no Micrometer reading in mm Current meter reading
corresponding Max/Min in µA
1 0.08 392 0.16 143 1.46 404 1.51 145 2.31 416 2.37 117 3.13 418 3.23 159 4.03 4110 4.07 1411 4.88 3912 4.95 1413 5.74 4014 5.80 1515 6.57 4016 6.65 1317 7.45 3918 7.51 1419 8.28 3920 8.38 1621 9.16 3822 9.23 15
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
anod
e cu
rren
t in
µA
micrometer reading in mm
65
TABLE 2.362: Tabular column for micrometer with corresponding current meter reading
of ASTHALIN ( SALBUTAMOL) at 2MHz
Obs no Micrometer reading in mm Current meter reading
corresponding Max/Min in µA
1 0.35 382 0.37 103 0.76 394 0.80 95 1.21 386 1.23 87 1.64 388 1.66 89 2.06 3910 2.08 911 2.46 4012 2.51 1013 2.90 3914 2.94 815 3.33 4016 3.37 1017 3.77 3918 3.79 1119 4.16 4120 4.22 1221 4.61 3822 4.65 11
-10-505
1015202530354045
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
anod
e cu
rren
t in
µA
micrometer reading in mm
66
TABLE 2.363: Tabular column for micrometer with corresponding current meter reading
of ASTHALIN ( SALBUTAMOL) at 3MHz
Obs no Micrometer reading in mm Current meter reading
corresponding Max/Min in µA
1 0.20 362 0.24 53 0.48 354 0.52 55 0.77 366 0.81 37 1.06 318 1.09 49 1.34 3310 1.38 311 1.63 3312 1.66 413 1.92 3414 1.95 315 2.20 3116 2.23 217 2.48 3218 2.53 519 2.77 3420 2.80 421 3.05 3422 3.09 4
-10
0
10
20
30
40
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
anod
e cu
rren
t in
µA
micrometer reading in mm
67
TABLE 2.364: Tabular column for micrometer with corresponding current meter reading
of ASTHALIN ( SALBUTAMOL)at 4MHz
Obs no Micrometer reading in mm Current meter reading
corresponding Max/Min in µA
1 0.03 392 0.08 133 0.23 384 0.28 145 0.45 406 0.49 127 0.65 408 0.72 159 0.87 3910 0.93 1411 1.08 4012 1.14 1513 1.29 4114 1.35 1515 1.51 4316 1.56 1517 1.72 4018 1.77 1619 1.93 4320 1.99 1621 2.15 4422 2.21 16
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
anod
e cu
rren
t in
µA
micrometer reading in mm
68
TABLE 2.365: Tabular column for micrometer with corresponding current meter reading
of ASTHALIN ( SALBUTAMOL) at 5MHz
Obs no Micrometer reading in
mm
Current meter reading
corresponding Max/Min in µA
1 0.06 242 0.08 423 0.23 244 0.24 445 0.40 236 0.42 437 0.56 248 0.59 429 0.74 24
10 0.76 4411 0.91 2412 0.93 4213 1.07 2414 1.10 4315 1.25 2416 1.27 4017 1.42 2318 1.46 4019 1.60 2320 1.63 3821 1.76 2322 1.79 37
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
anod
e cu
rren
t in
µA
micrometer reading in mm
69
TABLE 2.366: Tabular column for micrometer with corresponding current meter reading
of ASTHALIN ( SALBUTAMOL)at 6MHz
Obs no Micrometer reading in mm Current meter reading
corresponding Max/Min in µA
1 0.04 432 0.13 223 0.19 424 0.26 225 0.33 406 0.41 227 0.47 418 0.54 229 0.61 4110 0.66 2211 0.76 3812 0.83 2213 0.90 4014 0.97 2215 1.03 3816 1.10 2217 1.19 3918 1.25 2219 1.33 4020 1.38 2221 1.46 3822 1.53 22
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
anod
e cu
rren
t in
µA
micrometer reading in mm
70
TABLE 2.367: Tabular column for micrometer with corresponding current meter reading
of ASTHALIN ( SALBUTAMOL)at 7MHz
Obs no Micrometer reading in mm Current meter reading
corresponding Max/Min in µA
1 0.06 352 0.12 213 0.18 354 0.24 235 0.31 366 0.35 227 0.43 378 0.48 229 0.55 3510 0.60 2211 0.67 3612 0.72 2213 0.79 3914 0.84 2215 0.91 3816 0.98 2217 1.04 3918 1.09 2319 1.16 3920 1.21 2321 1.28 3822 1.34 24
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
anod
e cu
rren
t in
µA
micrometer reading in mm
71
TABLE 2.368: Tabular column for micrometer with corresponding current meter reading
of ASTHALIN ( SALBUTAMOL) at 8MHz
Obs no Micrometer reading in mm Current meter reading
corresponding Max/Min in µA
1 0.03 222 0.10 443 0.14 254 0.21 465 0.26 256 0.32 457 0.36 248 0.42 459 0.47 2410 0.53 4411 0.58 2412 0.64 4113 0.69 2514 0.74 4115 0.79 2416 0.85 4317 0.90 2318 0.96 4019 1.00 2320 1.06 4221 1.11 2322 1.16 37
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
anod
e cu
rren
t in
µA
micrometer reading in mm
72
TABLE 2.371: Tabular column for micrometer with corresponding current meter reading
of VENSETRON( ONDANSETRON HCl) at 1MHz
Obs no Micrometer reading in mm Current meter reading
corresponding Max/Min in µA
1 0.30 122 0.98 303 1.07 114 1.79 315 1.84 96 2.58 307 2.63 108 3.32 299 3.40 1410 4.12 3011 4.19 1112 4.90 2913 4.97 1014 5.64 3015 5.76 1116 6.94 2917 7.04 918 7.20 2919 7.30 1220 8.00 2921 8.09 922 8.83 30
-505
101520253035
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
anod
e cu
rren
t in
µA
micrometer reading in mm
73
TABLE 2.372: Tabular column for micrometer with corresponding current meter reading
of VENSETRON( ONDANSETRON HCl) at 2MHz
Obs no Micrometer reading in mm Current meter reading
corresponding Max/Min in µA
1 0.33 452 0.36 123 0.72 454 0.75 135 1.09 436 1.14 127 1.48 438 1.52 119 1.82 4310 1.91 1211 2.23 4312 2.30 1213 2.66 4114 2.69 815 3.06 4316 3.08 1117 3.44 4218 3.47 719 3.84 4120 3.86 721 4.20 4022 4.25 10
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
anod
e cu
rren
t in
µA
micrometer reading in mm
74
TABLE 2.373: Tabular column for micrometer with corresponding current meter reading
of VENSETRON( ONDANSETRON HCl) at 3MHz
Obs no Micrometer reading in mm Current meter reading
corresponding Max/Min in µA
1 0.03 392 0.06 133 0.29 414 0.32 145 0.54 386 0.57 117 0.79 388 0.83 99 1.04 3610 1.10 911 1.33 3812 1.36 1013 1.56 3814 1.63 1115 1.83 3916 1.89 1017 2.11 3818 2.15 1119 2.35 3920 2.39 1021 2.63 4022 2.66 11
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
anod
e cu
rren
t in
µA
micrometer reading in mm
75
TABLE 2.374: Tabular column for micrometer with corresponding current meter reading
of VENSETRON( ONDANSETRON HCl) at 4MHz
Obs no Micrometer reading in mm Current meter reading
corresponding Max/Min in µA
1 0.03 232 0.16 383 0.22 224 0.37 395 0.41 226 0.50 387 0.61 228 0.75 399 0.81 2310 0.95 3911 1.01 2312 1.13 3813 1.19 2314 1.33 3915 1.40 2416 1.52 3817 1.60 2418 1.74 3919 1.79 2320 1.83 3921 1.97 2422 2.13 38
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
anod
e cu
rren
t in
µA
micrometer reading in mm
76
TABLE 2.375: Tabular column for micrometer with corresponding current meter reading
of VENSETRON( ONDANSETRON HCl) at 5MHz
Obs no Micrometer reading in mm Current meter reading
corresponding Max/Min in µA
1 0.08 442 0.21 213 0.26 424 0.34 195 0.40 446 0.53 217 0.55 418 0.64 229 0.71 4310 0.80 2211 0.87 4112 1.00 1813 1.03 4014 1.15 1815 1.17 4216 1.30 2117 1.33 4318 1.45 2119 1.49 4220 1.60 2221 1.65 4222 1.78 18
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
anod
e cu
rren
t in
µA
micrometer reading in mm
77
TABLE 2.376: Tabular column for micrometer with corresponding current meter reading
of VENSETRON ( ONDANSETRON HCl) at 6MHz
Obs no Micrometer reading in mm Current meter reading
corresponding Max/Min in µA
1 0.04 112 0.11 403 0.17 74 0.24 415 0.31 86 0.37 417 0.45 88 0.50 399 0.58 710 0.63 3911 0.70 712 0.76 4113 0.84 714 0.89 3915 0.92 616 1.02 3817 1.10 618 1.15 4119 1.23 720 1.27 3821 1.37 622 1.41 39
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
anod
e cu
rren
t in
µA
micrometer reading in mm
78
TABLE 2.377: Tabular column for micrometer with corresponding current meter reading
of VENSETRON( ONDANSETRON HCl) at 7MHz
Obs no Micrometer reading in mm Current meter reading corresponding
Max/Min in µA
1 0.03 402 0.04 173 0.12 394 0.15 175 0.25 426 0.27 187 0.36 418 0.38 229 0.45 4210 0.49 1911 0.51 4112 0.60 1813 0.67 4114 0.70 1915 0.78 3916 0.82 1917 0.90 4218 0.94 2219 1.01 4120 1.05 2121 1.14 4322 1.16 22
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
anod
e cu
rren
t in
µA
micrometer reading in mm
79
TABLE 2.378: Tabular column for micrometer with corresponding current meter reading
of VENSETRON( ONDANSETRON HCl) at 8MHz
Obs no Micrometer reading in mm Current meter reading corresponding
Max/Min in µA
1 0.04 242 0.08 383 0.13 244 0.18 385 0.23 256 0.27 387 0.33 248 0.338 409 0.42 2510 0.47 4011 0.54 2512 0.57 4013 0.61 2414 0.67 4015 0.71 2516 0.77 3917 0.82 2418 0.86 4119 0.91 2420 0.98 4021 1.00 2522 1.06 39
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
anod
e cu
rren
t in
µA
micrometer reading in mm
80
TABLE 2.381: Tabular column for micrometer with corresponding current meter reading
of XYLOMIST(XYLOMETAZOLINE)at 1MHz
Obs no Micrometer reading in mm Current meter reading
corresponding Max/Min in µA
1 0.36 342 0.42 103 1.12 354 1.19 125 1.92 356 1.96 127 2.67 358 2.73 129 3.43 3610 3.98 911 4.70 3612 4.76 1213 5.45 3614 5.53 1015 6.14 3516 6.29 1017 7.00 3718 7.05 1019 7.75 3720 8.33 921 9.00 3622 9.09 8
-10
0
10
20
30
40
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
anod
e cu
rren
t in
µA
micrometer reading in mm
81
TABLE 2.382: Tabular column for micrometer with corresponding current meter reading
of XYLOMIST(XYLOMETAZOLINE) at 2MHz
Obs no Micrometer reading in mm Current meter reading
corresponding Max/Min in µA
1 0.17 362 0.20 143 0.55 374 0.59 155 0.95 356 0.97 177 1.27 378 1.35 169 1.70 3710 1.74 1611 2.03 3712 2.11 1413 2.47 3814 2.50 1615 2.85 3816 2.87 1817 3.23 3818 3.27 1919 3.63 3720 3.67 1921 4.00 3722 4.03 15
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
anod
e cu
rren
t in
µA
micrometer reading in mm
82
TABLE 2.383: Tabular column for micrometer with corresponding current meter reading
of XYLOMIST(XYLOMETAZOLINE)at 3MHz
Obs no Micrometer reading in mm Current meter reading
corresponding Max/Min in µA
1 0.10 332 0.17 223 0.36 364 0.41 215 0.61 356 0.68 207 0.87 358 0.93 209 1.13 3610 1.19 2011 1.37 3412 1.44 2013 1.64 3614 1.69 2115 1.92 3516 1.95 2017 2.17 3518 2.25 2219 2.41 3720 2.47 2221 2.66 3722 2.72 22
-10
0
10
20
30
40
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
anod
e cu
rren
t in
µA
micrometer reading in mm
83
TABLE 2.384: Tabular column for micrometer with corresponding current meter reading
of XYLOMIST(XYLOMETAZOLINE) at 4MHz
Obs no Micrometer reading in mm Current meter reading
corresponding Max/Min in µA
1 0.10 332 0.12 153 0.27 354 0.32 175 0.47 356 0.50 157 0.63 378 0.69 159 0.87 3710 0.89 1611 1.05 3712 1.09 1713 1.24 3514 1.27 1515 1.44 3616 1.48 1617 1.63 3518 1.65 1619 1.80 3420 1.85 1621 1.99 3722 2.04 15
-10
0
10
20
30
40
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
anod
e cu
rren
t in
µA
micrometer reading in mm
84
TABLE 2.385: Tabular column for micrometer with corresponding current meter reading
of XYLOMIST(XYLOMETAZOLINE) at 5MHz
Obs no Micrometer reading in mm Current meter reading
corresponding Max/Min in µA
1 0.11 182 0.13 423 0.26 184 0.28 415 0.42 186 0.44 417 0.54 198 0.59 429 0.70 1710 0.74 4111 0.88 1812 0.90 4313 1.01 1814 1.05 4215 1.16 1816 1.22 4017 1.33 1518 1.36 4019 1.46 1820 1.51 4021 1.64 1722 1.66 39
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
anod
e cu
rren
t in
µA
micrometer reading in mm
85
TABLE 2.386: Tabular column for micrometer with corresponding current meter reading
of XYLOMIST(XYLOMETAZOLINE) at 6MHz
Obs no Micrometer reading in mm Current meter reading
corresponding Max/Min in µA
1 0.08 482 0.16 43 0.21 494 0.30 35 0.34 486 0.44 27 0.46 488 0.55 19 0.60 5010 0.69 411 0.74 4812 0.76 113 0.85 4714 0.94 115 0.98 4816 1.04 117 1.06 4818 1.18 119 1.23 4520 1.34 221 1.36 4822 1.45 2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
anod
e cu
rren
t in
µA
micrometer reading in mm
86
TABLE 2.387: Tabular column for micrometer with corresponding current meter reading
of XYLOMIST(XYLOMETAZOLINE)at 7MHz
Obs no Micrometer reading in mm Current meter reading
corresponding Max/Min in µA
1 0.04 122 0.06 303 0.08 244 0.10 425 0.14 126 0.16 307 0.18 258 0.21 409 0.23 1810 0.25 3811 0.28 2912 0.32 4213 0.36 1814 0.43 4315 0.46 1816 0.56 4617 0.58 1818 0.65 4419 0.68 1920 0.78 4621 0.88 1822 0.96 42
05
101520253035404550
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
anod
e cu
rren
t in
µA
micrometer reading in mm
87
TABLE 2.388: Tabular column for micrometer with corresponding current meter reading
of XYLOMIST(XYLOMETAZOLINE)at 8MHz
Obs no Micrometer reading in mm Current meter reading
corresponding Max/Min in µA
1 0.04 422 0.10 223 0.14 434 0.18 215 0.22 466 0.26 287 0.33 458 0.36 289 0.44 4610 0.45 2811 0.55 4612 0.58 2613 0.75 4414 0.78 2815 0.88 4616 0.92 3017 1.08 4418 1.12 2419 1.22 4620 1.36 2621 1.38 44
05
101520253035404550
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
anod
e cu
rren
t in
µA
micrometer reading in mm
88
2.4 DETERMINATION OF ACOUSTIC PARAMETERS
2.41 Acoustic parameters of Water (Oxidane) at different frequencies
Freq,f
(MHz)
UltrasonicVelocity
V(m/s)
Adiabatic compressIbility, β
(N/m2) x 10-10
Acoustic impedance, z
(Kg/m/s) x106
Relaxation
Time τ
(s) x 10-13
Free length
, Lf
(Å)
Free volumeVf x 10-8
(m3/mole)
Ultrasonic attenuation, (α/f2)
(dB)x10-13
1 1544 4.2171 1.5360 4.2115 0.4066 2.5560 0.05542 1517.6 4.3651 1.5096 4.3593 0.4137 2.4906 0.05673 1512 4.3975 1.5039 4.3916 0.4152 2.4769 0.05734 1512 4.3975 1.5039 4.3916 0.4152 2.4769 0.05735 1550 4.1845 1.5418 4.1789 0.4050 2.5708 0.05306 1548 4.1953 1.5398 4.1897 0.4055 2.5708 0.05307 1540 4.2390 1.5318 4.2333 0.4077 2.5459 0.05438 1504 4.4440 1.4960 4.4385 0.4174 2.4572 0.0583
2.42 Acoustic parameters of ALERGIN (CETIRIZINE) at different frequencies
Freq,f
(MHz)
UltrasonicVelocity
V(m/s)
Adiabatic compressibility, β
(N/m2) x 10-10
Acoustic impedance, z
(Kg/m/s) x106
Relaxation
Time τ
(s) x 10-13
Free length
, Lf
(Å)
Free volumeVf x 10-3
(m3/mole)
Ultrasonic attenuation, (α/f2)
(dB)x10-13
1 1728.6 2.9121 1.9866 17.1999 0.3379 6.6647 0.19642 1720 2.9413 1.9767 17.3724 0.3396 6.6238 0.19943 1762.5 2.8011 2.0255 16.5447 0.3314 6.8737 0.18534 1744 2.8609 2.0043 16.8976 0.3349 6.7654 0.19135 1722 2.9344 1.9789 17.3321 0.3392 6.6379 0.19876 1728 2.9141 1.9859 17.2119 0.3379 6.6728 0.19667 1750 2.8413 2.0117 16.7819 0.3338 6.8006 0.18938 1744 2.8609 2.0043 16.8976 0.3349 6.7657 0.1913
89
2.43 Acoustic parameters of PICLIN ( SODIUM PICOSULPHATE) at different
frequencies
Freq,f
(MHz)
UltrasonicVelocity
V(m/s)
Adiabatic compressibility,β
(N/m2) x 10-10
Acoustic impedance,z
(Kg/m/s) x106
Relaxation
Time τ
(s) x 10-13
Free length
, Lf
(Å)
Free volume
Vf x 10-41
(m3/mole)
Ultrasonic attenuation, (α/f2)
(dB)x10-13
1 1716 2.9524 1.9738 12.4394 0.3402 3.2301 0.14312 1696 3.0224 1.9508 12.7344 0.3442 3.1739 0.14823 1704 2.9941 1.9600 12.6151 0.3426 3.1964 0.14614 1704 2.9941 1.9600 12.6151 0.3426 3.1964 0.14615 1720 2.9387 1.9784 12.3817 0.3394 3.2415 0.14216 1704 2.9941 1.9600 12.6151 0.3426 3.1963 0.14617 1708 2.9801 1.9646 12.5561 0.3418 3.2076 0.14518 1712 2.9662 1.9692 12.4975 0.3410 3.2188 0.1441
2.44 Acoustic parameters of BETADINE (POVIDONE IODINE) at different frequencies
Freq,f
(MHz)
UltrasonicVelocity
V(m/s)
Adiabatic compressibility,β
(N/m2) x 10-10
Acoustic impedance,z
(Kg/m/s) x106
Relaxation
Time τ
(s) x 10-13
Free length
, Lf
(Å)
Free volumeVf x 10-3
(m3/mole)
Ultrasonic attenuation, (α/f2)(dB) x10-13
1 1590 3.9596 1.5884 3.6617 0.3939 86.4253 0.045462 1564 4.0923 1.5624 3.7844 0.4005 84.3141 0.047763 1566.66 4.0784 1.5651 3.7716 0.3999 84.5293 0.047524 1555.56 4.1368 1.5539 3.8256 0.4027 83.6325 0.048545 1570 4.0611 1.5684 3.7555 0.3990 84.7997 0.047226 1560 4.1133 1.5584 3.8039 0.4016 83.9908 0.048137 1526 4.2987 1.5245 3.9752 0.4105 81.2599 0.051428 1568 4.0714 1.5664 3.7651 0.3995 84.6378 0.04739
90
2.45 Acoustic parameters of CITAL (DISODIUM HYDROGEN CITRATE) at different
frequencies
Freq,f
(MHz)
Ultrasonic
VelocityV
(m/s)
Adiabatic compressibility,β
(N/m2) x 10-10
Acoustic impedance,z
(Kg/m/s) x106
Relaxation
Time τ
(s) x 10-13
Free length
, Lf
(Å)
Free volumeVf x 10-3
(m3/mole)
Ultrasonic attenuation, (α/f2)
dBx10-13
1 1675 3.0109 1.9828 10.1823 0.3436 6.9530 0.11992 1684.4 2.9775 1.9940 10.0691 0.3417 8.2414 0.11793 1692 2.9508 2.0029 9.9788 0.3401 7.0591 0.11644 1672 3.0218 1.9792 10.1487 0.3442 6.9343 0.12065 1677.77 3.0011 1.9861 9.9979 0.3442 6.9703 0.11946 1692 2.9508 2.0029 9.4793 0.3401 7.0591 0.11647 1736 2.8031 2.0050 10.3174 0.3315 7.3363 0.10788 1664 3.0509 1.9698 10.0467 0.3459 6.8846 0.1224
2.46 Acoustic parameters of ASTHALIN ( SALBUTAMOL) at different frequencies
Freq,f
(MHz)
UltrasonicVelocity
V(m/s)
Adiabatic compressibilit
yβ(N/m2) x 10-10
Acoustic impedanc
ez(Kg/m/s)
x106
Relaxation
Time τ
(s) x 10-13
Free length
, Lf
(Å)
Free volumeVf x 10-3
(m3/mole)
Ultrasonic attenuation, (α/f2)
(dB)(x10-13
1 1720 2.8312 2.0535 15.8774 0.3332 3.4577 0.18222 1704 2.8846 2.0344 16.1769 0.3363 3.4088 0.18743 1710 2.8644 2.0416 16.0636 0.3351 3.4277 0.18544 1696 2.9119 2.0248 16.3299 0.3379 3.3856 0.19015 1710 2.8644 2.0416 16.0636 0.3351 3.4276 0.18546 1704 2.8846 2.0344 16.1769 0.3363 3.4095 0.18747 1764 2.6917 0.1060 15.0952 0.3248 3.5909 0.16898 1696 2.9119 2.0249 16.3299 0.3379 3.3856 0.1901
91
2.47 Acoustic parameters of VENSETRON( ONDANSETRON HCl) at different
frequencies
Freq,f
(MHz)
Ultrasonic
VelocityV
(m/s)
Adiabatic compressibility,β
(N/m2) x 10-10
Acoustic impedance,z
(Kg/m/s) x106
Relaxation
Time τ
(s) x 10-13
Free length
, Lf
(Å)
Free volume
Vf x 10-25
(m3/mole)
Ultrasonic attenuation, (α/f2)
(dB)x10-13
1 1562.5 3.9323 1.6275 9.2999 0.3926 1.1491 1.11752 1548 4.0063 1.6124 9.4749 0.3963 1.1384 0.12083 1560 3.9449 1.6249 9.3297 0.3933 1.1473 0.11814 1552 3.9857 1.6166 9.4261 0.3953 1.1414 0.11995 1570 3.8948 1.6353 9.2112 0.3908 1.1546 0.11586 1560 3.9449 1.6249 9.3297 0.3933 1.1473 0.11817 1568 3.9048 1.6333 9.2347 0.3913 1.1531 0.11638 1568 3.9048 1.6333 9.2347 0.3913 1.1531 0.1163
2.48 Acoustic parameters of XYLOMIST(XYLOMETAZOLINE) at different
frequencies
Freq,f
(MHz)
Ultrasonic
VelocityV
(m/s)
Adiabatic compressibility,β
(N/m2) x 10-10
Acoustic impedance,z
(Kg/m/s) x106
Relaxation
Time τ
(s) x 10-13
Free length
, Lf
(Å)
Free volumeVf x 10-3
(m3/mole)
Ultrasonic attenuation, (α/f2)
(dB)x10-13
1 1535 4.1804 1.5584 3.5915 0.4048 45.3020 0.04652 1540 4.1533 1.5635 3.5961 0.4035 45.5236 0.04613 1536 4.1749 1.5594 3.6148 0.4046 45.3463 0.04654 1533.33 4.1895 1.5567 3.6274 0.4053 45.2281 0.04675 1530 4.2078 1.5533 3.6432 0.4062 45.0808 0.04746 1536 4.1749 1.5594 3.6148 0.4046 45.3463 0.04657 1536.33 4.0303 1.5871 3.4896 0.3975 45.3609 0.04418 1520 4.2633 1.5431 3.6913 0.4088 44.6396 0.0479
92
2.5 CITAL (DISODIUM HYDROGEN CITRATE) at different concentrations
TABLE 2.51: Tabular column for micrometer with corresponding current meter reading
of 0.4238M conc.CITAL (DISODIUM HYDROGEN CITRATE) at 2MHz
Obs no Micrometer reading in mm Current meter reading
corresponding Max/Min in µA
1 0.22 822 0.26 843 0.60 824 0.64 845 0.92 826 1.00 847 1.36 828 1.40 849 1.72 8210 1.78 8411 2.14 8212 2.20 8413 2.53 8214 2.58 8415 2.86 8216 2.94 8417 3.23 8218 3.34 8419 3.65 8220 3.69 8421 4.06 8222 4.14 84
81.582
82.583
83.584
84.5
0 1 2 3 4 5
anod
e cu
rren
t in
µA
micrometer reading in mm
93
TABLE 2.52: Tabular column for micrometer with corresponding current meter reading
of 0.8471M conc. CITAL (DISODIUM HYDROGEN CITRATE) at 2MHz
Obs no Micrometer reading in mm Current meter reading
corresponding Max/Min in µA
1 0.26 802 0.28 823 0.64 804 0.69 825 1.03 806 1.06 827 1.40 808 1.45 829 1.80 8010 1.85 8211 2.15 8012 2.21 8213 2.57 8014 2.62 8215 2.93 8016 2.98 8217 3.34 8018 3.36 8219 3.70 8020 3.75 8221 4.03 8022 4.10 82
79.5
80
80.5
81
81.5
82
82.5
0 1 2 3 4 5
anod
e cu
rren
t in
µA
micrometer reading in mm
94
TABLE 2.53: Tabular column for micrometer with corresponding current meter reading
of 1.2707M conc.CITAL (DISODIUM HYDROGEN CITRATE) at 2MHz
Obs no Micrometer reading in mm Current meter reading
corresponding Max/Min in µA
1 0.31 782 0.33 803 0.70 784 0.73 805 1.03 786 1.11 807 1.47 788 1.50 809 1.85 7810 1.89 8011 2.24 7812 2.29 8013 2.63 7814 2.69 8015 3.02 7816 3.10 8017 3.44 7818 3.50 8019 3.71 7820 3.84 8021 4.21 7822 4.36 80
77.5
78
78.5
79
79.5
80
80.5
0 1 2 3 4 5
anod
e cu
rren
t in
µA
micrometer reading in mm
95
TABLE 2.54: Tabular column for micrometer with corresponding current meter reading
of 1.6943M conc.CITAL (DISODIUM HYDROGEN CITRATE) at 2MHz
Obs no Micrometer reading in mm Current meter reading
corresponding Max/Min in µA
1 0.25 622 0.35 603 0.56 624 0.85 605 0.93 626 1.16 607 1.41 628 1.54 609 1.73 6210 1.96 6011 2.14 6212 2.43 6013 2.59 6214 2.79 6015 2.96 6216 3.16 6017 3.33 6218 3.53 6019 3.74 6220 3.93 6021 4.17 6222 4.39 60
59.560
60.561
61.562
62.5
0 1 2 3 4 5
anod
e cu
rren
t in
µA
micrometer reading in mm
96
TABLE 2.55: Tabular column for micrometer with corresponding current meter reading
of 2.1179M conc.CITAL (DISODIUM HYDROGEN CITRATE) at 2MHz
Obs no Micrometer reading in mm Current meter reading
corresponding Max/Min in µA
1 0.32 782 0.44 823 0.73 784 0.79 825 1.11 786 1.19 827 1.50 788 1.59 829 1.87 7810 2.00 8211 2.32 7812 2.37 8213 2.70 7814 2.83 8215 3.12 7816 3.18 8217 3.52 7818 3.55 8219 3.89 7820 3.96 8221 4.38 7822 4.87 82
77.578
78.579
79.580
80.581
81.582
82.5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
anod
e cu
rren
t in
µA
micrometer reading in mm
97
2.6 DENSITY AND VISCOSITY OF CITAL (DISODIUM HYDROGEN
CITRATE) AT DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS:
Concentration Density in Kgm-3 Viscosity in Nsm-2 x 10-3
0.4238M 1015.2284 0.8286
0.8471M 1034.5177 0.8675
1.2707M 1044.6700 0.9306
1.6943M 1068.0204 1.0285
2.1179M 1081.2183 1.0842
2.7 ACOUSTIC PARAMETERS OF CITAL (DISODIUM HYDROGEN
CITRATE) AT DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS:
ConcC in M
Ultrasonic
VelocityV
(m/s)
Adiabatic compressIbility,β
(N/m2) x 10-10
Acoustic impedance
Z(Kg/m/s)
x106
RelaxationTime
τ(s) x 10-13
Free lengthLf (Å)
Free volumeVf x 10-3
(m3/mole)
Ultrasonic attenuation, (α/f2)
(dB)x10-13
0.4238M 1524.44 4.2385 1.4765 4.6828 0.4074 32.3280 0.0606
0.8471M 1572 3.9116 1.6263 4.5246 0.3916 31.6022 0.0568
1.2707M 1612 3.6837 1.6840 4.5709 0.3800 29.5340 0.0597
1.6943M 1645 3.4601 1.7569 4.7449 0.3683 26.2050 0.0569
2.1179M 1664 3.3463 1.7992 4.8374 0.3622 24.6340 0.0573
98
2.61 VARIATION OF DENSITY WITH CONCENTRATION OF CITAL (DISODIUM
HYDROGEN CITRATE):
2.62 VARIATION OF VISCOSITY WITH CONCENTRATION OF CITAL (DISODIUM
HYDROGEN CITRATE):
1000
1020
1040
1060
1080
1100
0 2 4 6
Den
sity
in ρ
in k
g m
-3
Conc. C in M
0.0008
0.00085
0.0009
0.00095
0.001
0.00105
0.0011
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Visc
osity
in in
Nsm
-2
Conc. C in M
99
2.63 VARIATION OF ULTRASONIC VELOCITY WITH CONCENTRATION OF
CITAL (DISODIUM HYDROGEN CITRATE)
2.64 VARIATION OF ADIABATIC COMPRESSIBILITY WITH CONCENTRATION
OF CITAL (DISODIUM HYDROGEN CITRATE):
1500
1550
1600
1650
1700
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5ultr
ason
ic v
eloc
ity in
m/s
conc.c in M
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5adia
batic
com
pres
sibi
lity
conc. c in M
100
2.65 VARIATION OF ACOUSTIC IMPEDANCE WITH CONCENTRATION OF
CITAL (DISODIUM HYDROGEN CITRATE):
2.66 VARIATION OF RELAXATION TIME WITH CONCENTRATION OF CITAL
(DISODIUM HYDROGEN CITRATE):
1.21.31.41.51.61.71.81.9
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Acou
stic
impe
danc
e
conc. c in M
4.54.55
4.64.65
4.74.75
4.84.85
4.9
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Rela
xatio
n tim
e
conc. c in M
101
2.67 VARIATION OF FREE LENGTH WITH CONCENTRATION OF CITAL
(DISODIUM HYDROGEN CITRATE):
2.68 VARIATION OF FREE VOLUME WITH CONCENTRATION OF CITAL
(DISODIUM HYDROGEN CITRATE):
0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39
0.4
0.41
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Free
leng
th in
Å
conc. in M
20
25
30
35
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5Free
vol
ume
in m
3/m
ole
conc. c in M
102
2.69 VARIATION OF ULTRASONIC ATTENUATION WITH CONCENTRATION OF
CITAL (DISODIUM HYDROGEN CITRATE)
2.70 VARIATION OF RELATIVE ASSOCIATION WITH CONCENTRATION FOR
CITAL (DISODIUM HYDROGEN CITRATE)
0.056
0.057
0.058
0.059
0.06
0.061
20 25 30 35 40ultr
ason
ic a
tten
uatio
n
concentration in M
103
2.71 VARIATION OF ADIABATIC COMPRESSIBILITY AT DIFFERENT
ULTRASONIC VELOCITY
2.72 VARIATION OF ACOUSTIC IMPEDANCE AT DIFFERENT ULTRASONIC
VELOCITY
104
2.73 VARIATION OF RELAXATION TIME AT DIFFERENT ULTRASONIC VELOCITY
2.74 VARIATION OF FREE LENGTH AT DIFFERENT ULTRASONIC VELOCITY
105
2.75 VARIATION OF ULTRASONIC ATTENUATION AT DIFFERENT ULTRASONIC
VELOCITY:
2.76 VARIATION OF FREE VOLUME AT DIFFERENT ULTRASONIC VELOCITY
Where ,
1-Water,2- Asthalin,3- Alergin, 4- Betadine, 5-Cital,6- Piclin,7- Vensetron,8- Xylomist
106
3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
With increase in concentration the density and hence the velocity of ultrasonic waves increases in the solutions. This is evident from the table 2.6 and figures 2.61 and 2.62.
The viscosity of the solution and hence the velocity of ultrasonic waves increases with increase in concentration of the solute in solution. This increase appears to be associated with an overall increase in the cohesion in the solution. From the values of ultrasonic velocity, it is apparent that a definite structural re-adjustment of molecular packing is taking place in the solution. The increase of ultrasonic velocity is a consequence of the enhanced bulk modulus of the liquid mixture over and above its value for ideal mixing condition.
With increase in concentration the velocity of ultrasonic waves increase but it shows non linearity. The increase in concentration weakens the molecular forces and hence change in velocity is observed. This is evident from the table 2.7 and figure 2.63.
The values of viscosity increases with increase in concentration of compound in solvent. This increasing trend indicates the existence of molecular interaction occurring in these systems.
The adiabatic compressibility decreases with increase in concentration of the solution. This is evident from the table 2.7 and figure 2.64. This is due to the enhancement of the bond strength with the concentration.
The acoustic impedance increases with increase in concentration. This is evident from the table 2.7 and figure 2.65. This is due to increase in density, viscosity of the solution and also effective due to solute-solvent interactions.
The relaxation time with increase in concentration shows non-linearity, it shows minimum value in between 0.75–1.25 M concentration and then increases with concentration; this is evident from the table 2.7 and figure 2.66 this is similar change found in viscosity, showing the viscous forces play a dominant role in the relaxation process.
The ultrasonic attenuation of the solutions is found to vary non linearly with concentration shows similar trend to that of acoustical relaxation time. This is evident from the table 2.7 and figure 2.69
107
Relative association is a parameter used to assess the association in any solution relative to the association existing in water at 00 C. The addition of small quantities of strong structure breakers of water generally seems to increase the cohesion among the molecules by breaking the open structure.
The increase of relative association with concentration suggests that salvation increases the cohesion among the molecules. Relative association increases non linearly with increase in concentration which is evident from table 2.7 and figure 2.70
Free volume increases linearly with increase in concentration which is evident from table 2.7 and figure 2.68
Free length and acoustic impedance increases non linearly with increase in concentration. It is evident from table 2.7 and figures 2.67 and 2.65 respectively.
108
4. BIBLIOGRAPHY :
N.karunanidhi, D.Subramanian and P.Aruna. (1999). Acoustical Parameters of binary
liquid mixtures. Journal of the Acoustical Society of India, 27, 305-307.
Nikam P.S, Jadav M.C and Hasan.M. (1997). Molecular interaction in mixtyres of
dimethylsulfoxide with some alkanols. Acustica, 83, 86.
Oswal S.L and Patel A.T. (1995). Speeds of sounds; isentropic compressibilities and
excess volumes of binary mixtures-2-mono-n-alkyl amines with cyclohexane and
benzene. Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data, 40,194.
Rita Mehra and Rekha Israni. (2000). Application of theoretical models of liquid
mixtures to systems of hexadecane with butanol and hexanol at varying
temperatures. Journal of the Acoustical Society of India, 28,279-282.
S.C Bhatt, R.S Rawat and B.S Semwal. (1999). Acoustical investigation on some
organic liquids. Journal of the Acoustical Society of India, 27, 297-300.
V.Lalitha and K.Vijayalakshmi. (2000). Ultrasonic study of molecular interaction in
binary and ternary mixtures of methanol-dioxane-lactic acid. Journal of the Acoustical
Society of India, 28, 317-320.
C.Shanmuga Priya, S.Nithya, G. Velraj and A.N. Kanappan(2010).Molecular
interactions studies in liquid mixture using Ultrasonic technique. International Journal
of Advanced Science and Technology, Vol 18,May,2010
109
Sunanda S.Aswale, Shashikant R.Aswale, Aparna B. Dhote. Ultrasonic studies of
aspirin by relative association, relaxation time and free volume. International Journal
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol 4,Issue 4, 2012
[1][2][3]Baldev Raj, V Rajendran and P Planichamy. Science and Technology of
ultrasonics, Narosa Publishing House.
http://www.wikipedia.com
[5]http://www.pubchem.com/org
http://www.medication.com
http://www.nelist.com
http://www.nde.ed.org
http://www.wikiradiography.net
http://www.bats.ac.in
http://antione.frethrg.edes
http://[email protected]
110
CHAPTER-5
ADDITIONAL WORK
ULTRASONIC VELOCITY WITH DIFFERENT FUNCTIONAL GROUP ON BENZENE
INTRODUCTION
To unearth the role of functional groups on benzene ring in the molecular interaction in pure
liquids and in solution, the work is undertaken for eight different aromatic organic liquids of
different functional group on benzene are taken. These eight liquids are Benzene,
Chlorobenzene, Bromobenzene, Nitrobenzene, Aniline, o-cresol, p-cresol and benzyldehyde. The
discussion is made on the variation of Acoustic parameters such as Ultrasonic Velocity,
Adiabatic Compression, Relaxation time, Acoustic impedance and relative association with
functional group on benzene.
The measured values of ultrasonic velocities, densities and viscosities of these solvents were
reported in this work. These measurements were vital to understand the intra and intermolecular
interactions between the molecules of components. Excess thermodynamic parameters are
calculated and reported. For the ultrasonic velocity measurement the instrument used was
supplied by Mittal enterprises New Delhi. This instrument used for liquids can able to generate
ultrasonic waves of frequency 1MHz to 8 MHz from piezo-electric crystals. The wavelength of
standing pattern of ultrasonic waves is measured by taking the distances between two successive
positions of interferometer which gives peak values. The variation acoustical parameters with
ultrasonic velocity in these organic solvents were determined and effort is made to link them
with the functional group on benzene.
To find the effect binary liquid mixtures the work undertaken by dissolving different quantity of
p-cresol in ethanol (at different concentration).this results were also reported in the result.
EXPERIMENTAL
The density of these ten organic solvents was measured using specific gravity bottle of capacity
10 ml at room temperature. For standardization measurement for water is also taken.
Table No.1. The details of the solvents taken for our work
Sl
no
.
liquidsMolecular
formula
1. Benzene C₆H
2. Nitrobenzene C₆H₅NO
3. Benzaldehyde C6H5CHO
4. Aniline C₆H₅NH
5. chlorobenzene C₆H₅
6. o-cresol CH3C6H4
7. Bromobenzene C₆H₅Br
8. p-cresol CH3C6H4
The density of these ten organic solvents was measured using specific gravity bottle of capacity
For standardization measurement for water is also taken.
of the solvents taken for our work
Molecular
formula
Molar
mass
in g/mol
Boiling
point in IUPAC name
H₆ 78.11 80.1 benzene
NO₂ 123.06 210.9 nitrobenzene
CHO 106.121 178.1 benzaldehyde
NH₂ 93.13 184.1 phenylamine
₅Cl 112.56 131 chlorobenzene
4(OH) 108.14 191 2-methyl phenol
Br 157.0079 156 bromobenzene
4(OH) 108.13 201.8 4-methyl phenol
111
The density of these ten organic solvents was measured using specific gravity bottle of capacity
For standardization measurement for water is also taken.
Structural
formula
112
Table No.2. The density and measured values of viscosity of the solvents taken for our work
LIQUIDS DENSITY
in Kgm-3
TIME OF FLOW
in seconds
VISCOSITY
= in
I II III Mean
Water 1000 100 101 100 100.33 7.650
Benzene 869.03 90 89 89 89.33 5.6127
Aniline 1015.22 331 320 334 328.33 24.623
Benzaldehyde 1068.02 189 194 190 191 14.74
Chlorobenzene 1098.47 79 79.4 79 79.13 6.637
Bromobezene 1487.3 88 89 87 89 9.5705
Nitrobenzene 1193.9 148 150 151 149.66 13.613
O-cresol 1041.62 1068 1068 1067.3 1067.7 80.413
P-cresol 1028.42 346 345 345 345.33 25.67
Figure. 1. Graph showing the variation micrometer reading v/s current meter reading for
bromobenzene at 1MHz
05
1015202530
0 5 10 15 20curr
ent m
eter
read
ing
in
μA
micrometer reading in mm
113
Table 3. Acoustic parameters Bromobenzene at different frequencies
Freq,
f
(MH
z)
Ultrasonic
Velocity,V
(m/s)
Adiabatic
compressibility,β
(N/m2) x 10-10
Acoustic
impedance,z
(Kg/m/s)
x106
Relaxation
Time ,τ
(s) x 10-13
Free
length, Lf
(Å)
Free
volume,
Vfx10-3
(m3/mole)
Ultrasonic
attenuation,
(α/f2) x10-13
1 1102.2 5.5345 1.6393 7.0624 0.4658 8.6837 0.1264
2 1113.3 5.4247 1.6558 6.9222 0.4611 8.8148 0.1227
3 1113.3 5.4247 1.6558 6.9222 0.4611 8.8148 0.1227
4 1111.1 5.4462 1.6525 6.9497 0.4620 8.7787 0.1234
5 1122.2 5.3390 1.6690 6.8129 0.4575 8.9207 0.1198
6 1120 5.3600 1.6657 6.8397 0.4584 8.8945 0.1205
7 1104.4 5.5125 1.6425 7.0343 0.4648 8.7093 0.1257
8 1100.8 5.5486 1.6372 7.0804 0.4663 8.6668 0.1269
Table 4. Acoustic parameters of Benzaldehyde at different frequencies
Freq, f
(MHz)
Ultrasonic
Velocity,V
(m/s)
Adiabatic
compressibility,β
(N/m2) x 10-10
Acoustic
impedance,z
(Kg/m/s)
x106
Relaxation
Time ,τ
(s) x 10-13
Free
length, Lf
(Å)
Free
volume,
Vf x10-3
(m3/mole)
Ultrasonic
attenuation,
(α/f2) x10-13
1 1444.4 4.4879 1.5426 8.9261 0.4194 3.7872 0.1219
2 1456 4.4166 1.5550 8.7845 0.4161 3.8329 0.1190
3 1446.6 4.4742 1.5449 8.8990 0.4188 3.7958 0.1214
4 1440 4.5153 1.5379 8.9808 0.4207 3.7699 0.1231
5 1455.5 4.4197 1.5545 8.7905 0.4162 3.8309 0.1192
6 1453.2 4.4337 1.5520 8.8184 0.4169 3.8218 0.1197
7 1453.9 4.4294 1.5527 8.8099 0.4167 3.8246 0.1196
8 1448 4.4656 1.5464 8.8818 0.4184 3.8346 0.1210
114
Table 5. Acoustic parameters of at Nitrobenzene at different frequencies
Freq, f
MHz
Ultrasonic
Velocity,
V
(m/s)
Adiabatic
compressibility
β
(N/m2) x 10-10
Acoustic
impedance,z
(Kg/m/s)
x106
Relaxatio
n
Time ,τ
(s) x 10-13
Free
length,
Lf (Å)
Free volume, Vf
x 10-3 (m3/mole)
Ultrasonic
attenuation,
(α/f2) x10-13
1 1460 3.9294 1.7430 7.1321 0.3924 5.4151 0.0964
2 1444.4 4.0147 1.7244 7.2870 0.3967 5.3285 0.0995
3 1493.3 3.7561 1.7828 6.8175 0.3873 5.6014 0.0901
4 1452.8 3.9684 1.7344 7.2029 0.3944 5.3751 0.0978
5 1450 3.9837 1.7311 7.2308 0.3951 5.3596 0.0984
6 1453.2 3.9662 1.7349 7.1990 0.3943 5.3773 0.0977
7 1461.6 3.9208 1.7450 7.1165 0.3920 5.4240 0.0961
8 1457.6 3.9423 1.7402 7.1556 0.3931 5.4017 0.0969
Table 6. Acoustic parameters of at Aniline at different frequencies
Freq,
f
MHz
Ultrasonic
Velocity,
V
(m/s)
Adiabatic
compressibility,β
(N/m2) x 10-10
Acoustic
impedance,z
(Kg/m/s)
x106
Relaxation
Time ,τ
(s) x 10-13
Free
length,
Lf (Å)
Free
volume,
Vf x10-3
(m3/mole)
Ultrasonic
attenuation,
(α/f2) x10-13
1 1602 3.8380 1.6263 12.600 0.3878 1.6844 0.1552
2 1600 3.8470 1.6243 12.632 0.3883 1.6812 0.1558
3 1612.8 3.7868 1.6373 12.432 0.3853 1.7014 0.1521
4 1617.6 3.7644 1.6422 12.358 0.3841 1.7090 0.1508
5 1600 3.8470 1.6243 12.632 0.3883 1.6812 0.1558
6 1612.8 3.7868 1.6373 12.432 3.8530 1.7014 0.1521
7 1617 3.7672 1.6416 12.368 0.3843 1.7080 0.1509
8 1617.6 3.7644 1.6422 12.358 0.3841 1.7090 0.1508
115
Table 7. Acoustic parameters of at Chlorobenzene at different frequencies
Freq, f
(MHz)
Ultrasonic
Velocity,V
(m/s)
Adiabatic
compressibility,
β
(N/m2) x 10-10
Acoustic
impedance,z
(Kg/m/s)
x106
Relaxation
Time ,τ
(s) x 10-13
Free
length,
Lf (Å)
Free
volume,
Vf x10-3
(m3/mole)
Ultrasonic
attenuation,
(α/f2) x10-13
1 1232 5.9977 1.3533 5.3070 0.4849 0.1078 0.0885
2 1248.8 5.8374 1.3717 5.1657 0.4783 0.1107 0.0816
3 1221 6.1063 1.3412 5.4036 0.4892 0.1064 0.0873
4 1235.5 5.9638 1.3571 5.2776 0.4835 0.1083 0.0843
5 1205 6.6269 1.3236 5.5481 0.5097 0.1043 0.0908
6 1236 5.9590 1.3577 5.2733 0.4833 0.1083 0.0842
7 1218 6.1364 1.3379 5.4303 0.4904 0.1060 0.0880
8 1226.6 6.0507 1.3473 5.3544 0.4870 0.1071 0.0861
Table 8. Acoustic parameters of at o-Cresol at different frequencies
Freq, f
MHz
Ultrasonic
Velocity,
V
(m/s)
Adiabatic
compressibility,β
(N/m2) x 10-10
Acoustic
impedance,z
(Kg/m/s)
x106
Relaxation
Time ,τ
(s) x 10-13
Free
length,
Lf (Å)
Free
volume,
Vfx 10-4
(m3/mole)
Ultrasonic
attenuation,
(α/f2) x10-13
1 1492 4.3127 1.5540 46.240 0.4111 3.2097 0.6117
2 1488 4.3359 1.5449 46.488 0.4122 3.1968 0.6167
3 1485 4.3534 1.5468 46.676 0.4131 3.1872 0.6204
4 1492 4.3127 1.5540 46.240 0.4111 3.2097 0.6117
5 1490 4.3243 1.5520 46.364 0.4117 3.2033 0.6142
6 1488 4.3359 1.5449 46.488 0.4122 3.1968 0.6167
7 1498 4.2782 1.5603 45.870 0.4095 3.2291 0.6044
8 1488 4.3359 1.5449 46.488 0.4122 3.1968 0.6167
116
Table 9. Acoustic parameters of Benzene at different frequencies
Freq, f
MHz
Ultrasonic
Velocity,
V
(m/s)
Adiabatic
compressibility
β
(N/m2) x 10-10
Acoustic
impedance,z
(Kg/m/s)
x106
Relaxatio
n
Time ,τ
(s) x 10-13
Free
length,
Lf (Å)
Free
volume, Vf
x 10-3
(m3/mole)
Ultrasonic
attenuation,
(α/f2) x10-13
1 1290 6.9148 1.1210 5.1748 0.5206 8.5904 0.0791
2 1252 7.3410 1.0802 5.4937 0.5364 8.2137 0.0866
3 1269 7.1456 1.1027 5.3475 0.5292 8.3815 0.0831
4 1280 7.0233 1.1123 5.2560 0.5247 8.4903 0.0810
5 1290 6.9148 1.1210 5.1748 0.5206 8.5904 0.0791
6 1293.3 6.8796 1.1239 5.1484 0.5193 8.6234 0.0785
7 1244.4 7.4309 1.0814 5.5610 0.5397 8.1390 0.0882
8 1280 7.0233 1.1123 5.2560 0.5247 8.4907 0.0810
Table 10. Acoustic parameters of p-Cresol system at different frequencies
Freq, f
MHz
Ultrasonic
Velocity,
V
(m/s)
Adiabatic
compressibility,β
(N/m2) x 10-10
Acoustic
impedance,z
(Kg/m/s)
x106
Relaxation
Time ,τ
(s) x 10-13
Free
length,
Lf (Å)
Free
volume,
Vf x 10-3
(m3/mole)
Ultrasonic
attenuation,
(α/f2) x10-13
1 1462.2 4.5479 1.5037 15.566 0.4222 1.7263 0.2101
2 1460 4.5616 1.5014 15.612 0.4228 1.7224 0.2110
3 1464 4.5367 1.5056 15.527 0.4217 1.7294 0.2093
4 1464 4.5367 1.5056 15.527 0.4217 1.7924 0.2093
5 1460 4.5616 1.5019 15.613 0.4228 1.7224 0.2110
6 1440 4.6892 1.4809 16.049 0.4287 1.6871 0.2200
7 1456 4.5867 1.4973 15.698 0.4240 1.7153 0.2128
8 1445.6 4.6530 1.4866 15.925 0.4271 1.6969 0.2174
117
Table.11.Acoustic parameters p-cresol - ethanol at frequency 2MHz:
Mole
fraction of
first
component
Ultrasonic
Velocity,
V
(m/s)
Adiabatic
compressibility,β
(N/m2) x 10-10
Acoustic
impedance,z
(Kg/m/s)
x106
Relaxation
Time ,τ
(s) x 10-13
Free
length,
Lf (Å)
Free
volume, Vf
x 10-3
( m3/mole)
Ultrasonic
attenuation,
(α/f2)
x10-13
0.309 1426 5.6131 1.2493 31.171 0.4691 0.8044 0.4314
0.544 1372 6.3371 1.1501 19.467 0.4984 1.845 0.2800
0.729 1308 7.3254 1.0436 15.139 0.5358 3.113 0.2284
0.878 1224 8.8784 0.9202 12.559 0.5899 4.975 0.2025
1.000 1132 9.8907 0.8931 11.750 0.6226 5.750 0.2048
Figure 2. Variation of ultrasonic velocity with concentration
Figure 3. Variation of adiabatic compressibility with concentration
0200400600800
1000120014001600
1 2 3 4 5
ultr
ason
ic v
eloc
ity
concentration in M
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1 2 3 4 5
adia
batic
com
pres
sebi
lity
concentration
118
Figure 4. Variation of acoustic impedance with concentration
Figure 5. Variation of relaxation time with concentration
Figure 6. Variation of ultrasonic attenuation with concentration
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1 2 3 4 5
acou
stic
impe
danc
e
concentration
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
1 2 3 4 5
rela
xatio
n tim
e
concentration
012345
1 2 3 4 5
ultr
ason
ic a
tten
uatio
n
concentration
119
Table No 12. Comparison of density, viscosity and ultrasonic velocity of liquids with different functional group on benzene
Figure 7. The plot of ultrasonic velocity with density of liquids with different functional
group on benzene
Figure 8. Plot showing the variation of ultrasonic velocity with viscosity of solvents
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600
ultr
ason
ic v
eloc
ity
Density of the solvent
LIQUIDS Functional group
ULTRASONIC VELOCITY
DENSITY VISCOSITY
Aniline -NH3 1609.9 1015.22 24.623o-cresol OH-CH3 1490.1 1041.62 80.413Nitrobenzene -NO2 1459.1 1193.9 13.613p-cresol OH-CH3 1456.5 1028.42 25.67Benzaldehyde -CHO 1449.7 1068.02 14.74Benzene - 1274.8 869.03 5.6127Chlorobenzene -Cl 1227.9 1098.47 6.637bromobenzene -Br 1110.9 1487.3 9.5705
100011001200130014001500160017001800
0 20 40 60 80 100
ultr
ason
ic v
eloc
ity
viscosity
120
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
From the Table No. 12 and from Figure 7 and Figure 8, it is clear that the functional
group on benzene are playing vital role in the molecular interaction, for that the
ultrasonic velocity and acoustic parameters are different with functional group.
With increase in concentration of p-cresol in ethanol the density and viscosity of the
solution decreases, for that the ultrasonic velocity decreases with the concentration of p-
cresol in ethanol. The variation represented in Table 11 and in Figure 2.
The adiabatic compressibility increases with increase in concentration of p-cresol in
ethanol solution. This was represented in Table 11 and figure 3.
The acoustic impedance decreases with increase in concentration of p-cresol in ethanol
solution. This was represented in Table 11 and figure 4.
The relaxation time decreases with increase in concentration of p-cresol in ethanol
solution. This was represented in Table 11 and figure 5.
The ultrasonic attenuation decreases with increase in concentration of p-cresol in ethanol
solution. This was represented in Table 11 and figure 6.
121
REFERENCES
[1].N. Karunanidhi, D. Subramanian and P.Aruna. (1999). Acoustical Parameters of binary
liquid mixtures. Journal of the Acoustical Society of India, 27, 305-307.
[2].Rita Mehra and Rekha Israni. (2000). Application of theoretical models of liquid
mixtures to systems of hexadecane with butanol and hexanol at varying temperatures.
Journal of the Acoustical Society of India, 28,279-282.
[3].S.C Bhatt, R.S Rawat and B.S Semwal. (1999). Acoustical investigation on some organic
liquids. Journal of the Acoustical Society of India, 27, 297-300.
[4].V.Lalitha and K.Vijayalakshmi. (2000). Ultrasonic study of molecular interaction in
binary and ternary mixtures of methanol-dioxane-lactic acid. Journal of the Acoustical
Society of India, 28, 317-320.