ufas.pdf

Pt. 36, App. A 28 CFR Ch. I (7-1-94 Edition)

APPENDIX A TO PART 36 -- STANDARDS FOR ACCESSIBLE DESIGN

ADA ACCESSIBILITY GUIDELINESFOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. PURPOSE ....................................................................................... 1

2. GENERAL ....................................................................................... 1

2.1 Provisions for Adults ............................................................................................. 12.2* Equivalent Facilitation. ....................................................................................... 1

3. MISCELLANEOUS INSTRUCTIONS AND DEFINITIONS..................... 1

3.1 Graphic Conventions ............................................................................................. 13.2 Dimensional Tolerances ........................................................................................ 23.3 Notes ...................................................................................................................... 23.4 General Terminology ............................................................................................. 23.5 Definitions ............................................................................................................. 2

4. ACCESSIBLE ELEMENTS AND SPACES:SCOPE AND TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS ...................................... 5

4.1 Minimum Requirements ........................................................................................ 5

4.1.1* Application ............................................................................................... 54.1.2 Accessible Sites and Exterior Facilities: New Construction.................... 54.1.3 Accessible Buildings: New Construction .................................................. 74.1.4 (Reserved) ................................................................................................. 104.1.5 Accessible Buildings: Additions ............................................................. 104.1.6 Accessible Buildings: Alterations. .......................................................... 114.1.7 Accessible Buildings: Historic Preservation .......................................... 13

4.2 Space Allowance and Reach Ranges ................................................................... 144.3 Accessible Route ................................................................................................. 154.4 Protruding Objects .............................................................................................. 214.5 Ground and Floor Surfaces ................................................................................. 224.6 Parking and Passenger Loading Zones............................................................... 244.7 Curb Ramps ......................................................................................................... 264.8 Ramps .................................................................................................................. 274.9 Stairs .................................................................................................................... 304.10 Elevators ............................................................................................................ 30

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4.11 Platform Lifts (Wheelchair Lifts) ....................................................................... 364.12 Windows ............................................................................................................. 364.13 Doors .................................................................................................................. 364.14 Entrances ........................................................................................................... 404.15 Drinking Fountains and Water Coolers ............................................................ 404.16 Water Closets ..................................................................................................... 404.17 Toilet Stalls ........................................................................................................ 414.18 Urinals ................................................................................................................ 444.19 Lavatories and Mirrors ...................................................................................... 444.20 Bathtubs............................................................................................................. 454.21 Shower Stalls ..................................................................................................... 454.22 Toilet Rooms ...................................................................................................... 454.23 Bathrooms, Bathing Facilities, and Shower Rooms ......................................... 484.24 Sinks .................................................................................................................. 494.25 Storage ............................................................................................................... 494.26 Handrails, Grab Bars, and Tub and Shower Seats ............................................ 504.27 Controls and Operating Mechanisms ............................................................... 514.28 Alarms ................................................................................................................ 524.29 Detectable Warnings .......................................................................................... 534.30 Signage ............................................................................................................... 534.31 Telephones ......................................................................................................... 544.32 Fixed or Built-in Seating and Tables ................................................................. 564.33 Assembly Areas ................................................................................................. 564.34 Automated Teller Machines............................................................................... 584.35 Dressing and Fitting Rooms.............................................................................. 58

5. RESTAURANTS AND CAFETERIAS ................................................ 59

6. MEDICAL CARE FACILITIES ......................................................... 60

7. BUSINESS AND MERCANTILE....................................................... 61

8. LIBRARIES................................................................................... 62

9. ACCESSIBLE TRANSIENT LODGING ............................................. 63

10.TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES .................................................... 67

APPENDIX ......................................................................................... A1

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1. PURPOSE. 2. GENERAL.

3. MISCELLANEOUSINSTRUCTIONS ANDDEFINITIONS.

3.1 Graphic Conventions. Graphicconventions are shown in Table 1. Dimen-sions that are not marked minimum ormaximum are absolute, unless otherwiseindicated in the text or captions.

This document sets guidelines for accessibil-ity to places of public accommodation andcommercial facilities by individuals withdisabilities. These guidelines are to be appliedduring the design, construction, and alter-ation of such buildings and facilities to theextent required by regulations issued byFederal agencies, including the Department ofJustice, under the Americans with DisabilitiesAct of 1990.

The technical specifications 4.2 through 4.35,of these guidelines are the same as those ofthe American National Standard Institute’sdocument A117.1-1980, except as noted in thistext by italics. However, sections 4.1.1 through4.1.7 and sections 5 through 10 are differentfrom ANSI A117.1 in their entirety and areprinted in standard type.

The illustrations and text of ANSI A117.1 arereproduced with permission from the Ameri-can National Standards Institute. Copies ofthe standard may be purchased from theAmerican National Standards Institute at1430 Broadway, New York, New York 10018.

2.1 Provisions for Adults. The specifica-tions in these guidelines are based upon adultdimensions and anthropometrics.

2.2* Equivalent Facilitation. Departuresfrom particular technical and scoping require-ments of this guideline by the use of otherdesigns and technologies are permitted wherethe alternative designs and technologies usedwill provide substantially equivalent orgreater access to and usability of the facility.

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3.2 Dimensional Tolerances. All dimen-sions are subject to conventional buildingindustry tolerances for field conditions.

3.3 Notes. The text of these guidelines doesnot contain notes or footnotes. Additionalinformation, explanations, and advisorymaterials are located in the Appendix. Para-graphs marked with an asterisk have related,nonmandatory material in the Appendix. Inthe Appendix, the corresponding paragraphnumbers are preceded by an A.

3.4 General Terminology.

comply with. Meet one or more specificationsof these guidelines.

if, if ... then. Denotes a specification thatapplies only when the conditions describedare present.

may. Denotes an option or alternative.

shall. Denotes a mandatory specification orrequirement.

should. Denotes an advisory specification orrecommendation.

3.5 Definitions.

Access Aisle. An accessible pedestrian spacebetween elements, such as parking spaces,seating, and desks, that provides clearancesappropriate for use of the elements.

Accessible. Describes a site, building, facility,or portion thereof that complies with theseguidelines.

Accessible Element. An element specified bythese guidelines (for example, telephone,controls, and the like).

Accessible Route. A continuous unob-structed path connecting all accessibleelements and spaces of a building or facility.Interior accessible routes may include corri-dors, floors, ramps, elevators, lifts, and clearfloor space at fixtures. Exterior accessibleroutes may include parking access aisles,curb ramps, crosswalks at vehicular ways,walks, ramps, and lifts.

3.4 General Terminology

Accessible Space. Space that complies withthese guidelines.

Adaptability. The ability of certain buildingspaces and elements, such as kitchencounters, sinks, and grab bars, to be added oraltered so as to accommodate the needs ofindividuals with or without disabilities or toaccommodate the needs of persons withdifferent types or degrees of disability.

Addition. An expansion, extension, or in-crease in the gross floor area of a building orfacility.

Administrative Authority. A governmentalagency that adopts or enforces regulationsand guidelines for the design, construction, oralteration of buildings and facilities.

Alteration. An alteration is a change to abuilding or facility made by, on behalf of, orfor the use of a public accommodation orcommercial facility, that affects or couldaffect the usability of the building or facilityor part thereof. Alterations include, but arenot limited to, remodeling, renovation, reha-bilitation, reconstruction, historic restoration,changes or rearrangement of the structuralparts or elements, and changes or rearrange-ment in the plan configuration of walls andfull-height partitions. Normal maintenance,reroofing, painting or wallpapering, orchanges to mechanical and electrical sys-tems are not alterations unless they affectthe usability of the building or facility.

Area of Rescue Assistance. An area, whichhas direct access to an exit, where people whoare unable to use stairs may remain tempo-rarily in safety to await further instructions orassistance during emergency evacuation.

Assembly Area. A room or space accommodat-ing a group of individuals for recreational,educational, political, social, or amusementpurposes, or for the consumption of food anddrink.

Automatic Door. A door equipped with apower-operated mechanism and controls thatopen and close the door automatically uponreceipt of a momentary actuating signal. Theswitch that begins the automatic cycle may bea photoelectric device, floor mat, or manualswitch (see power-assisted door).

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Building. Any structure used and intended forsupporting or sheltering any use or occupancy.

Circulation Path. An exterior or interior wayof passage from one place to another forpedestrians, including, but not limited to,walks, hallways, courtyards, stairways, andstair landings.

Clear. Unobstructed.

Clear Floor Space. The minimum unob-structed floor or ground space required toaccommodate a single, stationary wheelchairand occupant.

Closed Circuit Telephone. A telephone withdedicated line(s) such as a house phone,courtesy phone or phone that must be used togain entrance to a facility.

Common Use. Refers to those interior andexterior rooms, spaces, or elements that aremade available for the use of a restricted groupof people (for example, occupants of a home-less shelter, the occupants of an office build-ing, or the guests of such occupants).

Cross Slope. The slope that is perpendicularto the direction of travel (see running slope).

Curb Ramp. A short ramp cutting through acurb or built up to it.

Detectable Warning. A standardized surfacefeature built in or applied to walking surfacesor other elements to warn visually impairedpeople of hazards on a circulation path.

Dwelling Unit. A single unit which provides akitchen or food preparation area, in addition torooms and spaces for living, bathing, sleeping,and the like. Dwelling units include a singlefamily home or a townhouse used as atransient group home; an apartment buildingused as a shelter; guestrooms in a hotel thatprovide sleeping accommodations and foodpreparation areas; and other similar facilitiesused on a transient basis. For purposes ofthese guidelines, use of the term “DwellingUnit” does not imply the unit is used as aresidence.

Egress, Means of. A continuous and unob-structed way of exit travel from any point in abuilding or facility to a public way. A means ofegress comprises vertical and horizontal

travel and may include intervening roomspaces, doorways, hallways, corridors, pas-sageways, balconies, ramps, stairs, enclosures,lobbies, horizontal exits, courts and yards. Anaccessible means of egress is one that com-plies with these guidelines and does not in-clude stairs, steps, or escalators. Areas of res-cue assistance or evacuation elevators may beincluded as part of accessible means of egress.

Element. An architectural or mechanicalcomponent of a building, facility, space, or site,e.g., telephone, curb ramp, door, drinkingfountain, seating, or water closet.

Entrance. Any access point to a building orportion of a building or facility used for thepurpose of entering. An entrance includes theapproach walk, the vertical access leading tothe entrance platform, the entrance platformitself, vestibules if provided, the entry door(s) orgate(s), and the hardware of the entry door(s)or gate(s).

Facility. All or any portion of buildings, struc-tures, site improvements, complexes, equip-ment, roads, walks, passageways, parking lots,or other real or personal property located on asite.

Ground Floor. Any occupiable floor less thanone story above or below grade with directaccess to grade. A building or facility alwayshas at least one ground floor and may havemore than one ground floor as where a splitlevel entrance has been provided or where abuilding is built into a hillside.

Mezzanine or Mezzanine Floor. That portionof a story which is an intermediate floor levelplaced within the story and having occupiablespace above and below its floor.

Marked Crossing. A crosswalk or otheridentified path intended for pedestrian use incrossing a vehicular way.

Multifamily Dwelling. Any building contain-ing more than two dwelling units.

Occupiable. A room or enclosed space de-signed for human occupancy in which indi-viduals congregate for amusement, educa-tional or similar purposes, or in which occu-pants are engaged at labor, and which isequipped with means of egress, light, andventilation.

3.5 Definitions

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Operable Part. A part of a piece of equipmentor appliance used to insert or withdraw objects,or to activate, deactivate, or adjust the equip-ment or appliance (for example, coin slot,pushbutton, handle).

Path of Travel. (Reserved).

Power-assisted Door. A door used for humanpassage with a mechanism that helps to openthe door, or relieves the opening resistance of adoor, upon the activation of a switch or acontinued force applied to the door itself.

Public Use. Describes interior or exteriorrooms or spaces that are made available to thegeneral public. Public use may be provided at abuilding or facility that is privately or publiclyowned.

Ramp. A walking surface which has a runningslope greater than 1:20.

Running Slope. The slope that is parallel tothe direction of travel (see cross slope).

Service Entrance. An entrance intendedprimarily for delivery of goods or services.

Signage. Displayed verbal, symbolic, tactile,and pictorial information.

Site. A parcel of land bounded by a propertyline or a designated portion of a publicright-of-way.

Site Improvement. Landscaping, paving forpedestrian and vehicular ways, outdoor light-ing, recreational facilities, and the like, addedto a site.

Sleeping Accommodations. Rooms in whichpeople sleep; for example, dormitory and hotelor motel guest rooms or suites.

Space. A definable area, e.g., room, toiletroom, hall, assembly area, entrance, storageroom, alcove, courtyard, or lobby.

Story. That portion of a building includedbetween the upper surface of a floor and uppersurface of the floor or roof next above. If such

portion of a building does not include occupi-able space, it is not considered a story forpurposes of these guidelines. There may bemore than one floor level within a story as inthe case of a mezzanine or mezzanines.

Structural Frame. The structural frame shallbe considered to be the columns and thegirders, beams, trusses and spandrels havingdirect connections to the columns and allother members which are essential to thestability of the building as a whole.

Tactile. Describes an object that can beperceived using the sense of touch.

Text Telephone. Machinery or equipmentthat employs interactive graphic (i.e., typed)communications through the transmission ofcoded signals across the standard telephonenetwork. Text telephones can include, forexample, devices known as TDD’s (telecommu-nication display devices or telecommunica-tion devices for deaf persons) or computers.

Transient Lodging. A building, facility, orportion thereof, excluding inpatient medicalcare facilities, that contains one or moredwelling units or sleeping accommodations.Transient lodging may include, but is notlimited to, resorts, group homes, hotels,motels, and dormitories.

Vehicular Way. A route intended for vehiculartraffic, such as a street, driveway, or parkinglot.

Walk. An exterior pathway with a preparedsurface intended for pedestrian use, includinggeneral pedestrian areas such as plazas andcourts.

NOTE: Sections 4.1.1 through 4.1.7 aredifferent from ANSI A117.1 in their entirety andare printed in standard type (ANSI A117.1 doesnot include scoping provisions).

3.5 Definitions

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4. ACCESSIBLE ELEMENTSAND SPACES: SCOPE ANDTECHNICALREQUIREMENTS.

4.1 Minimum Requirements

4.1.1* Application.

(1) General. All areas of newly designed ornewly constructed buildings and facilitiesrequired to be accessible by 4.1.2 and 4.1.3 andaltered portions of existing buildings andfacilities required to be accessible by 4.1.6shall comply with these guidelines, 4.1through 4.35, unless otherwise provided inthis section or as modified in a special applica-tion section.

(2) Application Based on Building Use.Special application sections 5 through 10provide additional requirements for restau-rants and cafeterias, medical care facilities,business and mercantile, libraries, accessibletransient lodging, and transportation facilities.When a building or facility contains more thanone use covered by a special applicationsection, each portion shall comply with therequirements for that use.

(3)* Areas Used Only by Employees as WorkAreas. Areas that are used only as work areasshall be designed and constructed so thatindividuals with disabilities can approach,enter, and exit the areas. These guidelines donot require that any areas used only as workareas be constructed to permit maneuveringwithin the work area or be constructed orequipped (i.e., with racks or shelves) to beaccessible.

(4) Temporary Structures. These guidelinescover temporary buildings or facilities as wellas permanent facilities. Temporary buildingsand facilities are not of permanent construc-tion but are extensively used or are essentialfor public use for a period of time. Examples oftemporary buildings or facilities covered bythese guidelines include, but are not limited to:reviewing stands, temporary classrooms,bleacher areas, exhibit areas, temporarybanking facilities, temporary health screeningservices, or temporary safe pedestrian passage-ways around a construction site. Structures,

sites and equipment directly associated withthe actual processes of construction, such asscaffolding, bridging, materials hoists, orconstruction trailers are not included.

(5) General Exceptions.

(a) In new construction, a person or entity isnot required to meet fully the requirements ofthese guidelines where that person or entitycan demonstrate that it is structurally imprac-ticable to do so. Full compliance will be consid-ered structurally impracticable only in thoserare circumstances when the unique charac-teristics of terrain prevent the incorporation ofaccessibility features. If full compliance withthe requirements of these guidelines is struc-turally impracticable, a person or entity shallcomply with the requirements to the extent itis not structurally impracticable. Any portionof the building or facility which can be madeaccessible shall comply to the extent that it isnot structurally impracticable.

(b) Accessibility is not required to (i) obser-vation galleries used primarily for securitypurposes; or (ii) in non-occupiable spacesaccessed only by ladders, catwalks, crawlspaces, very narrow passageways, or freight(non-passenger) elevators, and frequented onlyby service personnel for repair purposes; suchspaces include, but are not limited to, elevatorpits, elevator penthouses, piping or equipmentcatwalks.

4.1.2 Accessible Sites and ExteriorFacilities: New Construction. An accessiblesite shall meet the following minimum require-ments:

(1) At least one accessible route complyingwith 4.3 shall be provided within the boundaryof the site from public transportation stops,accessible parking spaces, passenger loadingzones if provided, and public streets or side-walks, to an accessible building entrance.

(2) At least one accessible route complyingwith 4.3 shall connect accessible buildings,accessible facilities, accessible elements, andaccessible spaces that are on the same site.

(3) All objects that protrude from surfaces orposts into circulation paths shall comply with4.4.

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(4) Ground surfaces along accessible routesand in accessible spaces shall comply with 4.5.

(5) (a) If parking spaces are provided forself-parking by employees or visitors, or both,then accessible spaces complying with 4.6shall be provided in each such parking area inconformance with the table below. Spacesrequired by the table need not be provided inthe particular lot. They may be provided in adifferent location if equivalent or greateraccessibility, in terms of distance from anaccessible entrance, cost and convenience isensured.

RequiredTotal Parking Minimum Number

in Lot of Accessible Spaces

1 to 25 126 to 50 251 to 75 376 to 100 4101 to 150 5151 to 200 6201 to 300 7301 to 400 8401 to 500 9501 to 1000 2 percent of total

1001 and over 20, plus 1 for each100 over 1000

Except as provided in (b), access aisles adja-cent to accessible spaces shall be 60 in (1525mm) wide minimum.

(b) One in every eight accessible spaces, butnot less than one, shall be served by an accessaisle 96 in (2440 mm) wide minimum and shallbe designated “van accessible” as required by4.6.4. The vertical clearance at such spacesshall comply with 4.6.5. All such spaces maybe grouped on one level of a parking structure.

EXCEPTION: Provision of all required parkingspaces in conformance with “Universal Park-ing Design” (see appendix A4.6.3) is permitted.

(c) If passenger loading zones are provided,then at least one passenger loading zone shallcomply with 4.6.6.

(d) At facilities providing medical care andother services for persons with mobilityimpairments, parking spaces complying with4.6 shall be provided in accordance with

4.1.2(5)(a) except as follows:

(i) Outpatient units and facilities: 10percent of the total number of parking spacesprovided serving each such outpatient unit orfacility;

(ii) Units and facilities that specialize intreatment or services for persons with mobil-ity impairments: 20 percent of the total num-ber of parking spaces provided serving eachsuch unit or facility.

(e)* Valet parking: Valet parking facilitiesshall provide a passenger loading zone com-plying with 4.6.6 located on an accessibleroute to the entrance of the facility. Para-graphs 5(a), 5(b), and 5(d) of this section donot apply to valet parking facilities.

(6) If toilet facilities are provided on a site,then each such public or common use toiletfacility shall comply with 4.22. If bathingfacilities are provided on a site, then eachsuch public or common use bathing facilityshall comply with 4.23.

For single user portable toilet or bathing unitsclustered at a single location, at least 5% butno less than one toilet unit or bathing unitcomplying with 4.22 or 4.23 shall be installedat each cluster whenever typical inaccessibleunits are provided.

Accessible units shall be identified by theInternational Symbol of Accessibility.

EXCEPTION: Portable toilet units at construc-tion sites used exclusively by constructionpersonnel are not required to comply with4.1.2(6).

(7) Building Signage. Signs which designatepermanent rooms and spaces shall complywith 4.30.1, 4.30.4, 4.30.5 and 4.30.6. Othersigns which provide direction to, or informa-tion about, functional spaces of the buildingshall comply with 4.30.1, 4.30.2, 4.30.3, and4.30.5. Elements and spaces of accessiblefacilities which shall be identified by theInternational Symbol of Accessibility andwhich shall comply with 4.30.7 are:

(a) Parking spaces designated as reservedfor individuals with disabilities;

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(b) Accessible passenger loading zones;

(c) Accessible entrances when not all areaccessible (inaccessible entrances shall havedirectional signage to indicate the route to thenearest accessible entrance);

(d) Accessible toilet and bathing facilitieswhen not all are accessible.

4.1.3 Accessible Buildings: NewConstruction. Accessible buildings andfacilities shall meet the following minimumrequirements:

(1) At least one accessible route complyingwith 4.3 shall connect accessible building orfacility entrances with all accessible spacesand elements within the building or facility.

(2) All objects that overhang or protrude intocirculation paths shall comply with 4.4.

(3) Ground and floor surfaces along acces-sible routes and in accessible rooms andspaces shall comply with 4.5.

(4) Interior and exterior stairs connectinglevels that are not connected by an elevator,ramp, or other accessible means of verticalaccess shall comply with 4.9.

(5)* One passenger elevator complying with4.10 shall serve each level, including mezza-nines, in all multi-story buildings and facilitiesunless exempted below. If more than oneelevator is provided, each full passengerelevator shall comply with 4.10.

EXCEPTION 1: Elevators are not required infacilities that are less than three stories or thathave less than 3000 square feet per storyunless the building is a shopping center, ashopping mall, or the professional office of ahealth care provider, or another type of facilityas determined by the Attorney General. Theelevator exemption set forth in this paragraphdoes not obviate or limit in any way the obliga-tion to comply with the other accessibilityrequirements established in section 4.1.3. Forexample, floors above or below the accessibleground floor must meet the requirements ofthis section except for elevator service. If toiletor bathing facilities are provided on a level notserved by an elevator, then toilet or bathingfacilities must be provided on the accessible

ground floor. In new construction if a buildingor facility is eligible for this exemption but afull passenger elevator is nonetheless planned,that elevator shall meet the requirements of4.10 and shall serve each level in the building.A full passenger elevator that provides servicefrom a garage to only one level of a building orfacility is not required to serve other levels.

EXCEPTION 2: Elevator pits, elevator pent-houses, mechanical rooms, piping or equip-ment catwalks are exempted from this require-ment.

EXCEPTION 3: Accessible ramps complyingwith 4.8 may be used in lieu of an elevator.

EXCEPTION 4: Platform lifts (wheelchair lifts)complying with 4.11 of this guideline andapplicable state or local codes may be used inlieu of an elevator only under the followingconditions:

(a) To provide an accessible route to aperforming area in an assembly occupancy.(b) To comply with the wheelchair viewingposition line-of-sight and dispersion require-ments of 4.33.3.

(c) To provide access to incidental occupi-able spaces and rooms which are not open tothe general public and which house no morethan five persons, including but not limited toequipment control rooms and projectionbooths.

(d) To provide access where existing siteconstraints or other constraints make use of aramp or an elevator infeasible.

(6) Windows: (Reserved).

(7) Doors:

(a) At each accessible entrance to a buildingor facility, at least one door shall comply with4.13.

(b) Within a building or facility, at least onedoor at each accessible space shall complywith 4.13.

(c) Each door that is an element of anaccessible route shall comply with 4.13.

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(d) Each door required by 4.3.10, Egress,shall comply with 4.13.

(8) In new construction, at a minimum, therequirements in (a) and (b) below shall besatisfied independently:

(a)(i) At least 50% of all public entrances(excluding those in (b) below) must be acces-sible. At least one must be a ground floorentrance. Public entrances are any entrancesthat are not loading or service entrances.

(ii) Accessible entrances must be providedin a number at least equivalent to the numberof exits required by the applicable building/firecodes. (This paragraph does not require anincrease in the total number of entrancesplanned for a facility.)

(iii) An accessible entrance must be pro-vided to each tenancy in a facility (for example,individual stores in a strip shopping center).

One entrance may be considered as meetingmore than one of the requirements in (a).Where feasible, accessible entrances shall bethe entrances used by the majority of peoplevisiting or working in the building.

(b)(i) In addition, if direct access is providedfor pedestrians from an enclosed parkinggarage to the building, at least one directentrance from the garage to the building mustbe accessible.

(ii) If access is provided for pedestriansfrom a pedestrian tunnel or elevated walkway,one entrance to the building from each tunnelor walkway must be accessible.

One entrance may be considered as meetingmore than one of the requirements in (b).

Because entrances also serve as emergencyexits whose proximity to all parts of buildingsand facilities is essential, it is preferable thatall entrances be accessible.

(c) If the only entrance to a building, ortenancy in a facility, is a service entrance, thatentrance shall be accessible.

(d) Entrances which are not accessible shallhave directional signage complying with 4.30.1,

4.30.2, 4.30.3, and 4.30.5, which indicates thelocation of the nearest accessible entrance.

(9)* In buildings or facilities, or portions ofbuildings or facilities, required to be acces-sible, accessible means of egress shall beprovided in the same number as required forexits by local building/life safety regulations.Where a required exit from an occupiable levelabove or below a level of accessible exit dis-charge is not accessible, an area of rescueassistance shall be provided on each such level(in a number equal to that of inaccessiblerequired exits). Areas of rescue assistanceshall comply with 4.3.11. A horizontal exit,meeting the requirements of local building/lifesafety regulations, shall satisfy the require-ment for an area of rescue assistance.

EXCEPTION: Areas of rescue assistance arenot required in buildings or facilities having asupervised automatic sprinkler system.

(10)* Drinking Fountains:

(a) Where only one drinking fountain isprovided on a floor there shall be a drinkingfountain which is accessible to individuals whouse wheelchairs in accordance with 4.15 andone accessible to those who have difficultybending or stooping. (This can be accommo-dated by the use of a “hi-lo” fountain; byproviding one fountain accessible to those whouse wheelchairs and one fountain at a standardheight convenient for those who have difficultybending; by providing a fountain accessibleunder 4.15 and a water cooler; or by such othermeans as would achieve the required accessi-bility for each group on each floor.)

(b) Where more than one drinking fountainor water cooler is provided on a floor, 50% ofthose provided shall comply with 4.15 andshall be on an accessible route.

(11) Toilet Facilities: If toilet rooms areprovided, then each public and common usetoilet room shall comply with 4.22. Other toiletrooms provided for the use of occupants ofspecific spaces (i.e., a private toilet room forthe occupant of a private office) shall be adapt-able. If bathing rooms are provided, then eachpublic and common use bathroom shallcomply with 4.23. Accessible toilet rooms andbathing facilities shall be on an accessibleroute.

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Number of each type Number of telephonesof telephone provided required to comply with

on each floor 4.31.2 through 4.31.81

1 or more single unit 1 per floor

1 bank2 1 per floor

2 or more banks2 1 per bank. Accessibleunit may be installed as asingle unit in proximity(either visible or withsignage) to the bank.At least one public tele-phone per floor shall meetthe requirements for aforward reach telephone3.

1 Additional public telephones may be installedat any height. Unless otherwise specified,accessible telephones may be either forward orside reach telephones.

2 A bank consists of two or more adjacentpublic telephones, often installed as a unit.

3 EXCEPTION: For exterior installations only, ifdial tone first service is available, then a sidereach telephone may be installed instead of therequired forward reach telephone (i.e., onetelephone in proximity to each bank shallcomply with 4.31).

(b)* All telephones required to be accessibleand complying with 4.31.2 through 4.31.8 shallbe equipped with a volume control. In addition,25 percent, but never less than one, of all otherpublic telephones provided shall be equippedwith a volume control and shall be dispersedamong all types of public telephones, includingclosed circuit telephones, throughout thebuilding or facility. Signage complying withapplicable provisions of 4.30.7 shall be pro-vided.

(c) The following shall be provided in accor-dance with 4.31.9:

(i) if a total number of four or more publicpay telephones (including both interior andexterior phones) is provided at a site, and atleast one is in an interior location, then at leastone interior public text telephone shall beprovided.

(ii) if an interior public pay telephone isprovided in a stadium or arena, in a conventioncenter, in a hotel with a convention center, or

(12) Storage, Shelving and Display Units:

(a) If fixed or built-in storage facilities suchas cabinets, shelves, closets, and drawers areprovided in accessible spaces, at least one ofeach type provided shall contain storage spacecomplying with 4.25. Additional storage may beprovided outside of the dimensions required by4.25.

(b) Shelves or display units allowingself-service by customers in mercantile occu-pancies shall be located on an accessible routecomplying with 4.3. Requirements for acces-sible reach range do not apply.

(13) Controls and operating mechanisms inaccessible spaces, along accessible routes, oras parts of accessible elements (for example,light switches and dispenser controls) shallcomply with 4.27.

(14) If emergency warning systems areprovided, then they shall include both audiblealarms and visual alarms complying with 4.28.Sleeping accommodations required to complywith 9.3 shall have an alarm system complyingwith 4.28. Emergency warning systems inmedical care facilities may be modified to suitstandard health care alarm design practice.

(15) Detectable warnings shall be provided atlocations as specified in 4.29.

(16) Building Signage:

(a) Signs which designate permanent roomsand spaces shall comply with 4.30.1, 4.30.4,4.30.5 and 4.30.6.

(b) Other signs which provide direction to orinformation about functional spaces of thebuilding shall comply with 4.30.1, 4.30.2,4.30.3, and 4.30.5.

EXCEPTION: Building directories, menus, andall other signs which are temporary are notrequired to comply.

(17) Public telephones:

(a) If public pay telephones, public closedcircuit telephones, or other public telephonesare provided, then they shall comply with4.31.2 through 4.31.8 to the extent required bythe following table:


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in a covered mall, at least one interior publictext telephone shall be provided in the facility.

(iii) if a public pay telephone is located in oradjacent to a hospital emergency room, hospi-tal recovery room, or hospital waiting room,one public text telephone shall be provided ateach such location.

(d) Where a bank of telephones in theinterior of a building consists of three or morepublic pay telephones, at least one public paytelephone in each such bank shall be equippedwith a shelf and outlet in compliance with4.31.9(2).

(18) If fixed or built-in seating or tables(including, but not limited to, study carrels andstudent laboratory stations), are provided inaccessible public or common use areas, atleast five percent (5%), but not less than one, ofthe fixed or built-in seating areas or tables shallcomply with 4.32. An accessible route shalllead to and through such fixed or built-inseating areas, or tables.

(19)* Assembly areas:

(a) In places of assembly with fixed seatingaccessible wheelchair locations shall complywith 4.33.2, 4.33.3, and 4.33.4 and shall beprovided consistent with the following table:

Capacity of Seating Number of Requiredin Assembly Areas Wheelchair Locations

4 to 25 126 to 50 251 to 300 4301 to 500 6over 500 6, plus 1 additional space

for each total seatingcapacity increase of 100

In addition, one percent, but not less than one,of all fixed seats shall be aisle seats with noarmrests on the aisle side, or removable orfolding armrests on the aisle side. Each suchseat shall be identified by a sign or marker.Signage notifying patrons of the availability ofsuch seats shall be posted at the ticket office.Aisle seats are not required to comply with4.33.4.

(b) This paragraph applies to assembly areaswhere audible communications are integral tothe use of the space (e.g., concert and lecturehalls, playhouses and movietheaters, meetingrooms, etc.). Such assembly areas, if (1) theyaccommodate at least 50 persons, or if theyhave audio-amplification systems, and (2) theyhave fixed seating, shall have a permanentlyinstalled assistive listening system complyingwith 4.33. For other assembly areas, a perma-nently installed assistive listening system, oran adequate number of electrical outlets orother supplementary wiring necessary tosupport a portable assistive listening systemshall be provided. The minimumnumber of receivers to be provided shall beequal to 4 percent of the total number of seats,but in no case less than two. Signage comply-ing with applicable provisions of 4.30 shall beinstalled to notify patrons of the availability of alistening system.

(20) Where automated teller machines (ATMs)are provided, each ATM shall comply with therequirements of 4.34 except where two or moreare provided at a location, then only one mustcomply.

EXCEPTION: Drive-up-only automated tellermachines are not required to comply with4.27.2, 4.27.3 and 4.34.3.

(21) Where dressing and fitting rooms areprovided for use by the general public, patients,customers or employees, 5 percent, but neverless than one, of dressing rooms for each typeof use in each cluster of dressing rooms shallbe accessible and shall comply with 4.35.

Examples of types of dressing rooms are thoseserving different genders or distinct anddifferent functions as in different treatment orexamination facilities.

4.1.4 (Reserved).

4.1.5 Accessible Buildings: Additions.Each addition to an existing building or facilityshall be regarded as an alteration. Each spaceor element added to the existing building orfacility shall comply with the applicable provi-sions of 4.1.1 to 4.1.3, Minimum Requirements(for New Construction) and the applicabletechnical specifications of 4.2 through 4.35 andsections 5 through 10. Each addition that


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affects or could affect the usability of an areacontaining a primary function shall complywith 4.1.6(2).

4.1.6 Accessible Buildings: Alterations.

(1) General. Alterations to existing buildingsand facilities shall comply with the following:

(a) No alteration shall be undertaken whichdecreases or has the effect of decreasingaccessibility or usability of a building or facilitybelow the requirements for new construction atthe time of alteration.

(b) If existing elements, spaces, or commonareas are altered, then each such alteredelement, space, feature, or area shall complywith the applicable provisions of 4.1.1 to 4.1.3Minimum Requirements (for New Construc-tion). If the applicable provision for new con-struction requires that an element, space, orcommon area be on an accessible route, thealtered element, space, or common area is notrequired to be on an accessible route except asprovided in 4.1.6(2) (Alterations to an AreaContaining a Primary Function.)

(c) If alterations of single elements, whenconsidered together, amount to an alteration ofa room or space in a building or facility, theentire space shall be made accessible.

(d) No alteration of an existing element,space, or area of a building or facility shallimpose a requirement for greater accessibilitythan that which would be required for newconstruction. For example, if the elevators andstairs in a building are being altered and theelevators are, in turn, being made accessible,then no accessibility modifications are requiredto the stairs connecting levels connected by theelevator. If stair modifications to correct unsafeconditions are required by other codes, themodifications shall be done in compliance withthese guidelines unless technically infeasible.

(e) At least one interior public text telephonecomplying with 4.31.9 shall be provided if:

(i) alterations to existing buildings orfacilities with less than four exterior or interiorpublic pay telephones would increase the totalnumber to four or more telephones with atleast one in an interior location; or

(ii) alterations to one or more exterior orinterior public pay telephones occur in anexisting building or facility with four or morepublic telephones with at least one in aninterior location.

(f) If an escalator or stair is planned orinstalled where none existed previously andmajor structural modifications are necessaryfor such installation, then a means of acces-sible vertical access shall be provided thatcomplies with the applicable provisions of 4.7,4.8, 4.10, or 4.11.

(g) In alterations, the requirements of4.1.3(9), 4.3.10 and 4.3.11 do not apply.

(h)* Entrances: If a planned alteration entailsalterations to an entrance, and the building hasan accessible entrance, the entrance beingaltered is not required to comply with 4.1.3(8),except to the extent required by 4.1.6(2). If aparticular entrance is not made accessible,appropriate accessible signage indicating thelocation of the nearest accessible entrance(s)shall be installed at or near the inaccessibleentrance, such that a person with disabilitieswill not be required to retrace the approachroute from the inaccessible entrance.

(i) If the alteration work is limited solely tothe electrical, mechanical, or plumbing system,or to hazardous material abatement, or auto-matic sprinkler retrofitting, and does notinvolve the alteration of any elements or spacesrequired to be accessible under these guide-lines, then 4.1.6(2) does not apply.

(j) EXCEPTION: In alteration work, if compli-ance with 4.1.6 is technically infeasible, thealteration shall provide accessibility to themaximum extent feasible. Any elements orfeatures of the building or facility that are beingaltered and can be made accessible shall bemade accessible within the scope of the alter-ation.

Technically Infeasible. Means, with respect toan alteration of a building or a facility, that ithas little likelihood of being accomplishedbecause existing structural conditions wouldrequire removing or altering a load-bearingmember which is an essential part of thestructural frame; or because other existingphysical or site constraints prohibitmodification or addition of elements, spaces, or

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features which are in full and strict compliancewith the minimum requirements for newconstruction and which are necessary toprovide accessibility.

(k) EXCEPTION:

(i) These guidelines do not require theinstallation of an elevator in an altered facilitythat is less than three stories or has less than3,000 square feet per story unless the buildingis a shopping center, a shopping mall, theprofessional office of a health care provider, oranother type of facility as determined by theAttorney General.

(ii) The exemption provided in paragraph (i)does not obviate or limit in any way the obliga-tion to comply with the other accessibilityrequirements established in these guidelines.For example, alterations to floors above orbelow the ground floor must be accessibleregardless of whether the altered facility has anelevator. If a facility subject to the elevatorexemption set forth in paragraph (i) nonethe-less has a full passenger elevator, that elevatorshall meet, to the maximum extent feasible, theaccessibility requirements of these guidelines.

(2) Alterations to an Area Containing aPrimary Function: In addition to the require-ments of 4.1.6(1), an alteration that affects orcould affect the usability of or access to an areacontaining a primary function shall be made soas to ensure that, to the maximum extentfeasible, the path of travel to the altered areaand the restrooms, telephones, and drinkingfountains serving the altered area, are readilyaccessible to and usable by individuals withdisabilities, unless such alterations are dispro-portionate to the overall alterations in terms ofcost and scope (as determined under criteriaestablished by the Attorney General).

(3) Special Technical Provisions for Alter-ations to Existing Buildings and Facilities:

(a) Ramps: Curb ramps and interior orexterior ramps to be constructed on sites or inexisting buildings or facilities where spacelimitations prohibit the use of a 1:12 slope orless may have slopes and rises as follows:

(i) A slope between 1:10 and 1:12 is allowedfor a maximum rise of 6 inches.

(ii) A slope between 1:8 and 1:10 is allowedfor a maximum rise of 3 inches. A slope steeperthan 1:8 is not allowed.

(b) Stairs: Full extension of handrails atstairs shall not be required in alterations wheresuch extensions would be hazardous orimpossible due to plan configuration.

(c) Elevators:

(i) If safety door edges are provided inexisting automatic elevators, automatic doorreopening devices may be omitted (see 4.10.6).

(ii) Where existing shaft configuration ortechnical infeasibility prohibits strict compli-ance with 4.10.9, the minimum car plan dimen-sions may be reduced by the minimum amountnecessary, but in no case shall the inside cararea be smaller than 48 in by 48 in.

(iii) Equivalent facilitation may be providedwith an elevator car of different dimensionswhen usability can be demonstrated and whenall other elements required to be accessiblecomply with the applicable provisions of 4.10.For example, an elevator of 47 in by 69 in (1195mm by 1755 mm) with a door opening on thenarrow dimension, could accommodate thestandard wheelchair clearances shown inFigure 4.

(d) Doors:

(i) Where it is technically infeasible tocomply with clear opening width requirementsof 4.13.5, a projection of 5/8 in maximum willbe permitted for the latch side stop.

(ii) If existing thresholds are 3/4 in high orless, and have (or are modified to have) abeveled edge on each side, they may remain.

(e) Toilet Rooms:

(i) Where it is technically infeasible tocomply with 4.22 or 4.23, the installation of atleast one unisex toilet/bathroom per floor,located in the same area as existing toiletfacilities, will be permitted in lieu of modifyingexisting toilet facilities to be accessible. Eachunisex toilet room shall contain one watercloset complying with 4.16 and one lavatorycomplying with 4.19, and the door shall have aprivacy latch.

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(ii) Where it is technically infeasible toinstall a required standard stall (Fig. 30(a)), orwhere other codes prohibit reduction of thefixture count (i.e., removal of a water closet inorder to create a double-wide stall), eitheralternate stall (Fig.30(b)) may be provided in lieuof the standard stall.

(iii) When existing toilet or bathing facilitiesare being altered and are not made accessible,signage complying with 4.30.1, 4.30.2, 4.30.3,4.30.5, and 4.30.7 shall be provided indicatingthe location of the nearest accessible toilet orbathing facility within the facility.

(f) Assembly Areas:

(i) Where it is technically infeasible todisperse accessible seating throughout analtered assembly area, accessible seating areasmay be clustered. Each accessible seating areashall have provisions for companion seatingand shall be located on an accessible route thatalso serves as a means of emergency egress.

(ii) Where it is technically infeasible to alterall performing areas to be on an accessibleroute, at least one of each type of performingarea shall be made accessible.

(g) Platform Lifts (Wheelchair Lifts): Inalterations, platform lifts (wheelchair lifts)complying with 4.11 and applicable state orlocal codes may be used as part of an acces-sible route. The use of lifts is not limited to thefour conditions in exception 4 of 4.1.3(5)

(h) Dressing Rooms: In alterations wheretechnical infeasibility can be demonstrated, onedressing room for each sex on each level shallbe made accessible. Where only unisex dress-ing rooms are provided, accessible unisexdressing rooms may be used to fulfill thisrequirement.

4.1.7 Accessible Buildings: HistoricPreservation.

(1) Applicability:

(a) General Rule. Alterations to a qualifiedhistoric building or facility shall comply with4.1.6 Accessible Buildings: Alterations, theapplicable technical specifications of 4.2

through 4.35 and the applicable special applica-tion sections 5 through 10 unless it is deter-mined in accordance with the procedures in4.1.7(2) that compliance with the requirementsfor accessible routes (exterior and interior),ramps, entrances, or toilets would threaten ordestroy the historic significance of the buildingor facility in which case the alternative require-ments in 4.1.7(3) may be used for the feature.

EXCEPTION: (Reserved).

(b) Definition. A qualified historic building orfacility is a building or facility that is:

(i) Listed in or eligible for listing in theNational Register of Historic Places; or

(ii) Designated as historic under an appro-priate State or local law.

(2) Procedures:

(a) Alterations to Qualified Historic Buildingsand Facilities Subject to Section 106 of theNational Historic Preservation Act:

(i) Section 106 Process. Section 106 of theNational Historic Preservation Act (16 U.S.C.470 f) requires that a Federal agency withjurisdiction over a Federal, federally assisted, orfederally licensed undertaking consider theeffects of the agency’s undertaking on buildingsand facilities listed in or eligible for listing inthe National Register of Historic Places and givethe Advisory Council on Historic Preservation areasonable opportunity to comment on theundertaking prior to approval of the undertak-ing.

(ii) ADA Application. Where alterations areundertaken to a qualified historic building orfacility that is subject to section 106 of theNational Historic Preservation Act, the Federalagency with jurisdiction over the undertakingshall follow the section 106 process. If the StateHistoric Preservation Officer or AdvisoryCouncil on Historic Preservation agrees thatcompliance with the requirements for acces-sible routes (exterior and interior), ramps,entrances, or toilets would threaten or destroythe historic significance of the building orfacility, the alternative requirements in 4.1.7(3)may be used for the feature.

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(b) Alterations to Qualified Historic Build-ings and Facilities Not Subject to Section 106of the National Historic Preservation Act.Where alterations are undertaken to a qualifiedhistoric building or facility that is not subjectto section 106 of the National Historic Preser-vation Act, if the entity undertaking the alter-ations believes that compliance with therequirements for accessible routes (exteriorand interior), ramps, entrances, or toiletswould threaten or destroy the historic signifi-cance of the building or facility and that thealternative requirements in 4.1.7(3) should beused for the feature, the entity should consultwith the State Historic Preservation Officer. Ifthe State Historic Preservation Officer agreesthat compliance with the accessibility require-ments for accessible routes (exterior andinterior), ramps, entrances or toilets wouldthreaten or destroy the historical significanceof the building or facility, the alternative re-quirements in 4.1.7(3) may be used.

(c) Consultation With Interested Persons.Interested persons should be invited to partici-pate in the consultation process, includingState or local accessibility officials, individualswith disabilities, and organizations represent-ing individuals with disabilities.

(d) Certified Local Government HistoricPreservation Programs. Where the State His-toric Preservation Officer has delegated theconsultation responsibility for purposes of thissection to a local government historic preserva-tion program that has been certified in accor-dance with section 101(c) of the NationalHistoric Preservation Act of 1966 (16 U.S.C.470a (c)) and implementing regulations (36 CFR61.5), the responsibility may be carried out bythe appropriate local government body orofficial.

(3) Historic Preservation: Minimum Require-ments:

(a) At least one accessible route complyingwith 4.3 from a site access point to an acces-sible entrance shall be provided.

EXCEPTION: A ramp with a slope no greaterthan 1:6 for a run not to exceed 2 ft (610 mm)may be used as part of an accessible route toan entrance.

(b) At least one accessible entrance comply-ing with 4.14 which is used by the public shallbe provided.

EXCEPTION: If it is determined that no en-trance used by the public can comply with4.14, then access at any entrance not used bythe general public but open (unlocked) withdirectional signage at the primary entrancemay be used. The accessible entrance shallalso have a notification system. Where securityis a problem, remote monitoring may be used.

(c) If toilets are provided, then at least onetoilet facility complying with 4.22 and 4.1.6shall be provided along an accessible route thatcomplies with 4.3. Such toilet facility may beunisex in design.

(d) Accessible routes from an accessibleentrance to all publicly used spaces on at leastthe level of the accessible entrance shall beprovided. Access shall be provided to all levelsof a building or facility in compliance with 4.1whenever practical.

(e) Displays and written information, docu-ments, etc., should be located where they canbe seen by a seated person. Exhibits andsignage displayed horizontally (e.g., openbooks), should be no higher than 44 in (1120mm) above the floor surface.

NOTE: The technical provisions of sections 4.2through 4.35 are the same as those of theAmerican National Standard Institute’s docu-ment A117.1-1980, except as noted in the text.

4.2 Space Allowance and ReachRanges.

4.2.1* Wheelchair Passage Width. Theminimum clear width for single wheelchairpassage shall be 32 in (815 mm) at a point and36 in (915 mm) continuously (see Fig. 1 and24(e)).

4.2.2 Width for Wheelchair Passing. Theminimum width for two wheelchairs to pass is60 in (1525 mm) (see Fig. 2).

4.2.3* Wheelchair Turning Space. The spacerequired for a wheelchair to make a 180-degreeturn is a clear space of 60 in (1525 mm)

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diameter (see Fig. 3(a)) or a T-shaped space (seeFig. 3(b)).

4.2.4* Clear Floor or Ground Spacefor Wheelchairs.

4.2.4.1 Size and Approach. The minimumclear floor or ground space required to accom-modate a single, stationary wheelchair andoccupant is 30 in by 48 in (760 mm by 1220mm) (see Fig. 4(a)). The minimum clear floor orground space for wheelchairs may be posi-tioned for forward or parallel approach to anobject (see Fig. 4(b) and (c)). Clear floor orground space for wheelchairs may be part of theknee space required under some objects.

4.2.4.2 Relationship of Maneuvering Clear-ance to Wheelchair Spaces. One fullunobstructed side of the clear floor or groundspace for a wheelchair shall adjoin or overlapan accessible route or adjoin another wheel-chair clear floor space. If a clear floor space islocated in an alcove or otherwise confined onall or part of three sides, additional maneuver-ing clearances shall be provided as shown inFig. 4(d) and (e).

4.2.4.3 Surfaces for Wheelchair Spaces.Clear floor or ground spaces for wheelchairsshall comply with 4.5.

4.2.5* Forward Reach. If the clear floor spaceonly allows forward approach to an object, themaximum high forward reach allowed shall be48 in (1220 mm) (see Fig. 5(a)). The minimumlow forward reach is 15 in (380 mm). If the highforward reach is over an obstruction, reach andclearances shall be as shown in Fig. 5(b).

4.2.6* Side Reach. If the clear floor spaceallows parallel approach by a person in awheelchair, the maximum high side reachallowed shall be 54 in (1370 mm) and the lowside reach shall be no less than 9 in (230 mm)above the floor (Fig. 6(a) and (b)). If the sidereach is over an obstruction, the reach andclearances shall be as shown in Fig 6(c).

4.3 Accessible Route.

4.3.1* General. All walks, halls, corridors,aisles, skywalks, tunnels, and other spaces

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that are part of an accessible route shallcomply with 4.3.

4.3.2 Location.

(1) At least one accessible route within theboundary of the site shall be provided frompublic transportation stops, accessible parking,and accessible passenger loading zones, andpublic streets or sidewalks to the accessiblebuilding entrance they serve. The accessibleroute shall, to the maximum extent feasible,coincide with the route for the general public.

(2) At least one accessible route shall connectaccessible buildings, facilities, elements, andspaces that are on the same site.

(3) At least one accessible route shall connectaccessible building or facility entrances with allaccessible spaces and elements and with allaccessible dwelling units within the building orfacility.

(4) An accessible route shall connect at leastone accessible entrance of each accessible

dwelling unit with those exterior and interiorspaces and facilities that serve the accessibledwelling unit.

4.3.3 Width. The minimum clear width of anaccessible route shall be 36 in (915 mm) exceptat doors (see 4.13.5 and 4.13.6). If a person in awheelchair must make a turn around anobstruction, the minimum clear width of theaccessible route shall be as shown in Fig. 7(a)and (b).

4.3.4 Passing Space. If an accessible routehas less than 60 in (1525 mm) clear width,then passing spaces at least 60 in by 60 in(1525 mm by 1525 mm) shall be located atreasonable intervals not to exceed 200 ft (61m). A T-intersection of two corridors or walksis an acceptable passing place.

4.3.5 Head Room. Accessible routes shallcomply with 4.4.2.

4.3.6 Surface Textures. The surface of anaccessible route shall comply with 4.5.

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4.3.7 Slope. An accessible route with arunning slope greater than 1:20 is a ramp andshall comply with 4.8. Nowhere shall the crossslope of an accessible route exceed 1:50.

4.3.8 Changes in Levels. Changes in levelsalong an accessible route shall comply with4.5.2. If an accessible route has changes inlevel greater than 1/2 in (13 mm), then a curb

ramp, ramp, elevator, or platform lift (as permit-ted in 4.1.3 and 4.1.6) shall be provided thatcomplies with 4.7, 4.8, 4.10, or 4.11, respec-tively. An accessible route does not includestairs, steps, or escalators. See definition of“egress, means of” in 3.5.

4.3.9 Doors. Doors along an accessible routeshall comply with 4.13.

4.3.7 Slope

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4.3.10* Egress. Accessible routes serving anyaccessible space or element shall also serve asa means of egress for emergencies or connectto an accessible area of rescue assistance.

4.3.11 Areas of Rescue Assistance.

4.3.11.1 Location and Construction. Anarea of rescue assistance shall be one of thefollowing:

(1) A portion of a stairway landing within asmokeproof enclosure (complying with localrequirements).

(2) A portion of an exterior exit balconylocated immediately adjacent to an exitstairway when the balcony complies withlocal requirements for exterior exit balconies.Openings to the interior of the building lo-cated within 20 feet (6 m) of the area of rescue

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assistance shall be protected with fire assem-blies having a three-fourths hour fireprotection rating.

(3) A portion of a one-hour fire-resistive cor-ridor (complying with local requirements forfire-resistive construction and for openings)located immediately adjacent to an exitenclosure.

(4) A vestibule located immediately adjacentto an exit enclosure and constructed to thesame fire-resistive standards as required forcorridors and openings.

(5) A portion of a stairway landing within anexit enclosure which is vented to the exteriorand is separated from the interior of the build-ing with not less than one-hour fire-resistivedoors.

(6) When approved by the appropriate localauthority, an area or a room which is sepa-rated from other portions of the building by asmoke barrier. Smoke barriers shall have afire-resis-tive rating of not less than one hourand shall completely enclose the area or room.Doors in the smoke barrier shall be tight-fittingsmoke- and draft-control assemblies having afire-protection rating of not less than 20 min-utes and shall be self-closing or automaticclosing. The area or room shall be providedwith an exit directly to an exit enclosure. Wherethe room or area exits into an exit enclosurewhich is required to be of more than one-hourfire-resistive construction, the room or areashall have the same fire-resistive construction,including the same opening protection, asrequired for the adjacent exit enclosure.

(7) An elevator lobby when elevator shaftsand adjacent lobbies are pressurized as re-quired for smokeproof enclosures by local reg-ulations and when complying with require-ments herein for size, communication, andsignage. Such pressurization system shall beactivated by smoke detectors on each floor lo-cated in a manner approved by the appropriatelocal authority. Pressurization equipment andits duct work within the building shall be sep-arated from other portions of the building by aminimum two-hour fire-resistive construction.

4.3.11.2 Size. Each area of rescue assistanceshall provide at least two accessible areaseach being not less than 30 inches by 48inches (760 mm by 1220 mm). The area of

rescue assistance shall not encroach on anyrequired exit width. The total number of such30-inch by 48-inch (760 mm by 1220 mm)areas per story shall be not less than one forevery 200 persons of calculated occupant loadserved by the area of rescue assistance.

EXCEPTION: The appropriate local authoritymay reduce the minimum number of 30-inchby 48-inch (760 mm by 1220 mm) areas to onefor each area of rescue assistance on floorswhere the occupant load is less than 200.

4.3.11.3* Stairway Width. Each stairwayadjacent to an area of rescue assistance shallhave a minimum clear width of 48 inchesbetween handrails.

4.3.11.4* Two-way Communication. Amethod of two-way communication, with bothvisible and audible signals, shall be providedbetween each area of rescue assistance andthe primary entry. The fire department orappropriate local authority may approve alocation other than the primary entry.

4.3.11.5 Identification. Each area of rescueassistance shall be identified by a sign whichstates “AREA OF RESCUE ASSISTANCE” anddisplays the international symbol of accessi-bility. The sign shall be illuminated when exitsign illumination is required. Signage shallalso be installed at all inaccessible exits andwhere otherwise necessary to clearly indicatethe direction to areas of rescue assistance. Ineach area of rescue assistance, instructionson the use of the area under emergencyconditions shall be posted adjoining thetwo-way communication system.

4.4 Protruding Objects.

4.4.1* General. Objects projecting from walls(for example, telephones) with their leadingedges between 27 in and 80 in (685 mm and2030 mm) above the finished floor shall pro-trude no more than 4 in (100 mm) into walks,halls, corridors, passageways, or aisles (see Fig.8(a)). Objects mounted with their leading edgesat or below 27 in (685 mm) above the finishedfloor may protrude any amount (see Fig. 8(a)and (b)). Free-standing objects mounted onposts or pylons may overhang 12 in (305 mm)maximum from 27 in to 80 in (685 mm to 2030mm) above the ground or finished floor (see Fig.

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8(c) and (d)). Protruding objects shall notreduce the clear width of an accessible route ormaneuvering space (see Fig. 8(e)).

4.4.2 Head Room. Walks, halls, corridors,passageways, aisles, or other circulationspaces shall have 80 in (2030 mm) minimumclear head room (see Fig. 8(a)). If verticalclearance of an area adjoining an accessibleroute is reduced to less than 80 in (nominaldimension), a barrier to warn blind orvisually-impaired persons shall be provided(see Fig. 8(c-1)).

4.5 Ground and Floor Surfaces.

4.5.1* General. Ground and floor surfacesalong accessible routes and in accessiblerooms and spaces including floors, walks,ramps, stairs, and curb ramps, shall be stable,firm, slip-resistant, and shall comply with 4.5.

4.5.2 Changes in Level. Changes in level upto 1/4 in (6 mm) may be vertical and withoutedge treatment (see Fig. 7(c) ). Changes in levelbetween 1/4 in and 1/2 in (6 mm and 13 mm)


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shall be beveled with a slope no greater than1:2 (see Fig. 7(d) ). Changes in level greaterthan 1/2 in (13 mm) shall be accomplished bymeans of a ramp that complies with 4.7 or 4.8.

4.5.3* Carpet. If carpet or carpet tile is usedon a ground or floor surface, then it shall besecurely attached; have a firm cushion, pad, orbacking, or no cushion or pad; and have a levelloop, textured loop, level cut pile, or level cut/uncut pile texture. The maximum pile thick-ness shall be 1/2 in (13 mm) (see Fig. 8(f)).Exposed edges of carpet shall be fastened tofloor surfaces and have trim along the entirelength of the exposed edge. Carpet edge trimshall comply with 4.5.2.

4.5.4 Gratings. If gratings are located inwalking surfaces, then they shall have spacesno greater than 1/2 in (13 mm) wide in onedirection (see Fig. 8(g)). If gratings have elon-gated openings, then they shall be placed sothat the long dimension is perpendicular to thedominant direction of travel (see Fig. 8(h)).

4.6 Parking and Passenger LoadingZones.

4.6.1 Minimum Number. Parking spacesrequired to be accessible by 4.1 shall complywith 4.6.2 through 4.6.5. Passenger loadingzones required to be accessible by 4.1 shallcomply with 4.6.5 and 4.6.6.

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4.6.2 Location. Accessible parking spacesserving a particular building shall be located onthe shortest accessible route of travel fromadjacent parking to an accessible entrance. Inparking facilities that do not serve a particularbuilding, accessible parking shall be locatedon the shortest accessible route of travel to anaccessible pedestrian entrance of the parkingfacility. In buildings with multiple accessibleentrances with adjacent parking, accessibleparking spaces shall be dispersed and locatedclosest to the accessible entrances.

4.6.3* Parking Spaces. Accessible parkingspaces shall be at least 96 in (2440 mm) wide.Parking access aisles shall be part of an acces-sible route to the building or facility entranceand shall comply with 4.3. Two accessibleparking spaces may share a common accessaisle (see Fig. 9). Parked vehicle overhangsshall not reduce the clear width of an acces-sible route. Parking spaces and access aislesshall be level with surface slopes not exceed-ing 1:50 (2%) in all directions.

4.6.4* Signage. Accessible parking spacesshall be designated as reserved by a signshowing the symbol of accessibility (see4.30.7). Spaces complying with 4.1.2(5)(b) shallhave an additional sign “Van-Accessible”mounted below the symbol of accessibility.Such signs shall be located so they cannot beobscured by a vehicle parked in the space.

4.6.5* Vertical Clearance. Provide minimumvertical clearance of 114 in (2895 mm) ataccessible passenger loading zones and alongat least one vehicle access route to such areasfrom site entrance(s) and exit(s). At parkingspaces complying with 4.1.2(5)(b), provideminimum vertical clearance of 98 in (2490mm) at the parking space and along at leastone vehicle access route to such spaces fromsite entrance(s) and exit(s).

4.6.6 Passenger Loading Zones. Passengerloading zones shall provide an access aisle atleast 60 in (1525 mm) wide and 20 ft (240in)(6100 mm) long adjacent and parallel to thevehicle pull-up space (see Fig. 10). If there arecurbs between the access aisle and the vehiclepull-up space, then a curb ramp complying with4.7 shall be provided. Vehicle standing spacesand access aisles shall be level with surface

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slopes not exceeding 1:50 (2%) in all directions.

4.7 Curb Ramps.

4.7.1 Location. Curb ramps complying with4.7 shall be provided wherever an accessibleroute crosses a curb.

4.7.2 Slope. Slopes of curb ramps shallcomply with 4.8.2. The slope shall be measuredas shown in Fig. 11. Transitions from ramps towalks, gutters, or streets shall be flush andfree of abrupt changes. Maximum slopes ofadjoining gutters, road surface immediatelyadjacent to the curb ramp, or accessible routeshall not exceed 1:20.

4.7.3 Width. The minimum width of a curbramp shall be 36 in (915 mm), exclusive offlared sides.

4.7.4 Surface. Surfaces of curb ramps shallcomply with 4.5.

4.7.5 Sides of Curb Ramps. If a curb ramp islocated where pedestrians must walk acrossthe ramp, or where it is not protected byhandrails or guardrails, it shall have flaredsides; the maximum slope of the flare shall be1:10 (see Fig. 12(a)). Curb ramps with returned

curbs may be used where pedestrians wouldnot normally walk across the ramp (see Fig.12(b)).

4.7.6 Built-up Curb Ramps. Built-up curbramps shall be located so that they do notproject into vehicular traffic lanes (see Fig. 13).

4.7.7 Detectable Warnings. A curb ramp shallhave a detectable warning complying with4.29.2. The detectable warning shall extend thefull width and depth of the curb ramp.

4.7.8 Obstructions. Curb ramps shall belocated or protected to prevent their obstructionby parked vehicles.

4.7.9 Location at Marked Crossings. Curbramps at marked crossings shall be whollycontained within the markings, excluding anyflared sides (see Fig. 15).

4.7.10 Diagonal Curb Ramps. If diagonal (orcorner type) curb ramps have returned curbs orother well-defined edges, such edges shall beparallel to the direction of pedestrian flow. Thebottom of diagonal curb ramps shall have 48 in(1220 mm) minimum clear space as shown inFig. 15(c) and (d). If diagonal curb ramps areprovided at marked crossings, the 48 in (1220mm) clear space shall be within the markings(see Fig. 15(c) and (d)). If diagonal curb rampshave flared sides, they shall also have at least a24 in (610 mm) long segment of straight curblocated on each side of the curb ramp andwithin the marked crossing (see Fig. 15(c)).

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4.7.11 Islands. Any raised islands in cross-ings shall be cut through level with the street orhave curb ramps at both sides and a level areaat least 48 in (1220 mm) long between the curbramps in the part of the island intersected bythe crossings (see Fig. 15(a) and (b)).

4.8 Ramps.

4.8.1* General. Any part of an accessible routewith a slope greater than 1:20 shall be consid-ered a ramp and shall comply with 4.8.

4.8.2* Slope and Rise. The least possibleslope shall be used for any ramp. The maximumslope of a ramp in new construction shall be1:12. The maximum rise for any run shall be 30in (760 mm) (see Fig. 16). Curb ramps and

ramps to be constructed on existing sites or inexisting buildings or facilities may have slopesand rises as allowed in 4.1.6(3)(a) if spacelimitations prohibit the use of a 1:12 slope orless.

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4.8.3 Clear Width. The minimum clear widthof a ramp shall be 36 in (915 mm).

4.8.4* Landings. Ramps shall have levellandings at bottom and top of each ramp andeach ramp run. Landings shall have the follow-ing features:

(1) The landing shall be at least as wide as theramp run leading to it.

(2) The landing length shall be a minimum of60 in (1525 mm) clear.

(3) If ramps change direction at landings, theminimum landing size shall be 60 in by 60 in(1525 mm by 1525 mm).

(4) If a doorway is located at a landing, then thearea in front of the doorway shall comply with4.13.6.

4.8.5* Handrails. If a ramp run has a risegreater than 6 in (150 mm) or a horizontalprojection greater than 72 in (1830 mm), then itshall have handrails on both sides. Handrailsare not required on curb ramps or adjacent toseating in assembly areas. Handrails shallcomply with 4.26 and shall have the followingfeatures:

(1) Handrails shall be provided along bothsides of ramp segments. The inside handrail onswitchback or dogleg ramps shall always becontinuous.

(2) If handrails are not continuous, they shallextend at least 12 in (305 mm) beyond the topand bottom of the ramp segment and shall beparallel with the floor or ground surface (seeFig. 17).

(3) The clear space between the handrail andthe wall shall be 1 - 1/2 in (38 mm).

(4) Gripping surfaces shall be continuous.

(5) Top of handrail gripping surfaces shall bemounted between 34 in and 38 in (865 mm and965 mm) above ramp surfaces.

(6) Ends of handrails shall be either roundedor returned smoothly to floor, wall, or post.

(7) Handrails shall not rotate within theirfittings.

4.8.6 Cross Slope and Surfaces. The crossslope of ramp surfaces shall be no greater than1:50. Ramp surfaces shall comply with 4.5.

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4.8.7 Edge Protection. Ramps and landingswith drop-offs shall have curbs, walls, railings,or projecting surfaces that prevent people fromslipping off the ramp. Curbs shall be a mini-mum of 2 in (50 mm) high (see Fig. 17).

4.8.8 Outdoor Conditions. Outdoor rampsand their approaches shall be designed so thatwater will not accumulate on walking surfaces.

4.9 Stairs.

4.9.1* Minimum Number. Stairs required tobe accessible by 4.1 shall comply with 4.9.

4.9.2 Treads and Risers. On any given flight ofstairs, all steps shall have uniform riser heightsand uniform tread widths. Stair treads shall beno less than 11 in (280 mm) wide, measuredfrom riser to riser (see Fig. 18(a)). Open risersare not permitted.

4.9.3 Nosings. The undersides of nosings shallnot be abrupt. The radius of curvature at theleading edge of the tread shall be no greaterthan 1/2 in (13 mm). Risers shall be sloped orthe underside of the nosing shall have an anglenot less than 60 degrees from the horizontal.Nosings shall project no more than 1-1/2 in (38mm) (see Fig. 18).

4.9.4 Handrails. Stairways shall have hand-rails at both sides of all stairs. Handrails shallcomply with 4.26 and shall have the followingfeatures:

(1) Handrails shall be continuous along bothsides of stairs. The inside handrail onswitchback or dogleg stairs shall always becontinuous (see Fig. 19(a) and (b)).

(2) If handrails are not continuous, they shallextend at least 12 in (305 mm) beyond the topriser and at least 12 in (305 mm) plus the widthof one tread beyond the bottom riser. At the top,the extension shall be parallel with the floor orground surface. At the bottom, the handrailshall continue to slope for a distance of thewidth of one tread from the bottom riser; theremainder of the extension shall be horizontal(see Fig. 19(c) and (d)). Handrail extensionsshall comply with 4.4.

(3) The clear space between handrails andwall shall be 1-1/2 in (38 mm).

(4) Gripping surfaces shall be uninterruptedby newel posts, other construction elements, orobstructions.

(5) Top of handrail gripping surface shall bemounted between 34 in and 38 in (865 mm and965 mm) above stair nosings.

(6) Ends of handrails shall be either roundedor returned smoothly to floor, wall or post.

(7) Handrails shall not rotate within theirfittings.

4.9.5 Detectable Warnings at Stairs.(Reserved).

4.9.6 Outdoor Conditions. Outdoor stairs andtheir approaches shall be designed so thatwater will not accumulate on walking surfaces.

4.10 Elevators.

4.10.1 General. Accessible elevators shall beon an accessible route and shall comply with4.10 and with the ASME A17.1-1990, SafetyCode for Elevators and Escalators. Freightelevators shall not be considered as meetingthe requirements of this section unless theonly elevators provided are used as combina-tion passenger and freight elevators for thepublic and employees.

4.10.2 Automatic Operation. Elevator opera-tion shall be automatic. Each car shall beequipped with a self-leveling feature that willautomatically bring the car to floor landingswithin a tolerance of 1/2 in (13 mm) under ratedloading to zero loading conditions. Thisself-leveling feature shall be automatic andindependent of the operating device and shallcorrect the overtravel or undertravel.

4.10.3 Hall Call Buttons. Call buttons inelevator lobbies and halls shall be centered at42 in (1065 mm) above the floor. Such callbuttons shall have visual signals to indicatewhen each call is registered and when each callis answered. Call buttons shall be a minimumof 3/4 in (19 mm) in the smallest dimension.The button designating the up direction shallbe on top. (See Fig. 20.) Buttons shall be raisedor flush. Objects mounted beneath hall callbuttons shall not project into the elevatorlobby more than 4 in (100 mm).

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4.10.4 Hall Lanterns. A visible and audiblesignal shall be provided at each hoistwayentrance to indicate which car is answering acall. Audible signals shall sound once for the updirection and twice for the down direction orshall have verbal annunciators that say “up” or“down.” Visible signals shall have the followingfeatures:

(1) Hall lantern fixtures shall be mounted sothat their centerline is at least 72 in (1830 mm)above the lobby floor. (See Fig. 20.)

(2) Visual elements shall be at least 2-1/2 in(64 mm) in the smallest dimension.

(3) Signals shall be visible from the vicinity ofthe hall call button (see Fig. 20). In-car lanternslocated in cars, visible from the vicinity of hallcall buttons, and conforming to the aboverequirements, shall be acceptable.

4.10.5 Raised and Braille Characters onHoistway Entrances. All elevator hoistwayentrances shall have raised and Braille floordesignations provided on both jambs. Thecenterline of the characters shall be 60 in (1525mm) above finish floor. Such characters shallbe 2 in (50 mm) high and shall comply with4.30.4. Permanently applied plates are accept-able if they are permanently fixed to the jambs.(See Fig. 20).

4.10.6* Door Protective and ReopeningDevice. Elevator doors shall open and closeautomatically. They shall be provided with areopening device that will stop and reopen a cardoor and hoistway door automatically if thedoor becomes obstructed by an object orperson. The device shall be capable of complet-ing these operations without requiring contactfor an obstruction passing through the openingat heights of 5 in and 29 in (125 mm and 735mm) above finish floor (see Fig. 20). Doorreopening devices shall remain effective for atleast 20 seconds. After such an interval, doorsmay close in accordance with the requirementsof ASME A17.1-1990.

4.10.7* Door and Signal Timing for HallCalls. The minimum acceptable time fromnotification that a car is answering a call untilthe doors of that car start to closeshall be calculated from the following equation:

T = D/(1.5 ft/s) or T = D/(445 mm/s)

where T total time in seconds and D distance(in feet or millimeters) from a point in the lobbyor corridor 60 in (1525 mm) directly in front ofthe farthest call button controlling that car tothe centerline of its hoistway door (see Fig. 21).For cars with in-car lanterns, T begins when thelantern is visible from the vicinity of hall callbuttons and an audible signal is sounded. Theminimum acceptable notification time shall be5 seconds.

4.10.8 Door Delay for Car Calls. The mini-mum time for elevator doors to remain fullyopen in response to a car call shall be 3 sec-onds.

4.10.9 Floor Plan of Elevator Cars. The floorarea of elevator cars shall provide space forwheelchair users to enter the car, maneuver

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within reach of controls, and exit from the car.Acceptable door opening and inside dimensionsshall be as shown in Fig. 22. The clearancebetween the car platform sill and the edge ofany hoistway landing shall be no greater than1-1/4 in (32 mm).

4.10.10 Floor Surfaces. Floor surfaces shallcomply with 4.5.

4.10.11 Illumination Levels. The level ofillumination at the car controls, platform, andcar threshold and landing sill shall be at least 5footcandles (53.8 lux).

4.10.12* Car Controls. Elevator controlpanels shall have the following features:

(1) Buttons. All control buttons shall be atleast 3/4 in (19 mm) in their smallest dimen-sion. They shall be raised or flush.

(2) Tactile, Braille, and Visual Control Indica-tors. All control buttons shall be designated byBraille and by raised standard alphabet charac-ters for letters, arabic characters for numerals,or standard symbols as shown in Fig. 23(a), andas required in ASME A17.1-1990. Raised andBraille characters and symbols shall complywith 4.30. The call button for the main entryfloor shall be designated by a raised star at theleft of the floor designation (see Fig. 23(a)). Allraised designations for control buttons shall beplaced immediately to the left of the button towhich they apply. Applied plates, permanently

attached, are an acceptable means to provideraised control designations. Floor buttonsshall be provided with visual indicators toshow when each call is registered. The visualindicators shall be extinguished when eachcall is answered.

(3) Height. All floor buttons shall be nohigher than 54 in (1370 mm) above the finishfloor for side approach and 48 in (1220 mm)for front approach. Emergency controls,including the emergency alarm and emergencystop, shall be grouped at the bottom of thepanel and shall have their centerlines no lessthan 35 in (890 mm) above the finish floor (seeFig. 23(a) and (b)).

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(4) Location. Controls shall be located on afront wall if cars have center opening doors,and at the side wall or at the front wall next tothe door if cars have side opening doors (seeFig. 23(c) and (d)).

4.10.13* Car Position Indicators. Inelevator cars, a visual car position indicatorshall be provided above the car control panelor over the door to show the position of theelevator in the hoistway. As the car passes orstops at a floor served by the elevators, thecorresponding numerals shall illuminate,

and an audible signal shall sound. Numeralsshall be a minimum of 1/2 in (13 mm) high.The audible signal shall be no less than 20decibels with a frequency no higher than 1500Hz. An automatic verbal announcement of thefloor number at which a car stops or which acar passes may be substituted for the audiblesignal.

4.10.14* Emergency Communications.If provided, emergency two-way communica-tion systems between the elevator and a pointoutside the hoistway shall comply with ASME

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A17.1-1990. The highest operable part of atwo-way communication system shall be amaximum of 48 in (1220 mm) from the floor ofthe car. It shall be identified by a raised symboland lettering complying with 4.30 and locatedadjacent to the device. If the system uses ahandset then the length of the cord from thepanel to the handset shall be at least 29 in (735mm). If the system is located in a closedcompartment the compartment door hardwareshall conform to 4.27, Controls and OperatingMechanisms. The emergency intercommunica-tion system shall not require voice communi-cation.

4.11 Platform Lifts (WheelchairLifts).

4.11.1 Location. Platform lifts (wheelchairlifts) permitted by 4.1 shall comply with therequirements of 4.11.

4.11.2* Other Requirements. If platform lifts(wheelchair lifts) are used, they shall complywith 4.2.4, 4.5, 4.27, and ASME A17.1 SafetyCode for Elevators and Escalators, SectionXX, 1990.

4.11.3 Entrance. If platform lifts are usedthen they shall facilitate unassisted entry,operation, and exit from the lift in compliancewith 4.11.2.

4.12 Windows.

4.12.1* General. (Reserved).

4.12.2* Window Hardware. (Reserved).

4.13 Doors.

4.13.1 General. Doors required to be acces-sible by 4.1 shall comply with the require-ments of 4.13.

4.13.2 Revolving Doors and Turnstiles.Revolving doors or turnstiles shall not be theonly means of passage at an accessible en-trance or along an accessible route. An acces-sible gate or door shall be provided adjacentto the turnstile or revolving door and shall beso designed as to facilitate the same usepattern.

4.13.3 Gates. Gates, including ticket gates,shall meet all applicable specifications of 4.13.

4.13.4 Double-Leaf Doorways. If doorwayshave two independently operated door leaves,then at least one leaf shall meet the specifica-tions in 4.13.5 and 4.13.6. That leaf shall be anactive leaf.

4.13.5 Clear Width. Doorways shall have aminimum clear opening of 32 in (815 mm) withthe door open 90 degrees, measured betweenthe face of the door and the opposite stop (seeFig. 24(a), (b), (c), and (d)). Openings more than24 in (610 mm) in depth shall comply with4.2.1 and 4.3.3 (see Fig. 24(e)).

EXCEPTION: Doors not requiring full userpassage, such as shallow closets, may havethe clear opening reduced to 20 in (510 mm)minimum.

4.13.6 Maneuvering Clearances at Doors.Minimum maneuvering clearances at doorsthat are not automatic or power-assisted shallbe as shown in Fig. 25. The floor or groundarea within the required clearances shall belevel and clear.

EXCEPTION: Entry doors to acute care hospi-tal bedrooms for in-patients shall be exemptedfrom the requirement for space at the latchside of the door (see dimension “x” in Fig. 25) ifthe door is at least 44 in (1120 mm) wide.

4.13.7 Two Doors in Series. The minimumspace between two hinged or pivoted doors inseries shall be 48 in (1220 mm) plus the widthof any door swinging into the space. Doors inseries shall swing either in the same directionor away from the space between the doors (seeFig. 26).

4.13.8* Thresholds at Doorways. Thresholdsat doorways shall not exceed 3/4 in (19 mm) inheight for exterior sliding doors or 1/2 in (13mm) for other types of doors. Raised thresh-olds and floor level changes at accessibledoorways shall be beveled with a slope nogreater than 1:2 (see 4.5.2).

4.13.9* Door Hardware. Handles, pulls,latches, locks, and other operating devices onaccessible doors shall have a shape that is

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easy to grasp with one hand and does notrequire tight grasping, tight pinching, ortwisting of the wrist to operate. Lever-operatedmechanisms, push-type mechanisms, andU-shaped handles are acceptable designs.When sliding doors are fully open, operatinghardware shall be exposed and usable fromboth sides. Hardware required for accessibledoor passage shall be mounted no higherthan 48 in (1220 mm) above finished floor.

4.13.10* Door Closers. If a door has a closer,then the sweep period of the closer shall beadjusted so that from an open position of 70degrees, the door will take at least 3 secondsto move to a point 3 in (75 mm) from the latch,measured to the leading edge of the door.

4.13.11* Door Opening Force. The maximumforce for pushing or pulling open a door shallbe as follows:

(1) Fire doors shall have the minimumopening force allowable by the appropriateadministrative authority.

(2) Other doors.

(a) exterior hinged doors: (Reserved).

(b) interior hinged doors: 5 lbf (22.2N)

(c) sliding or folding doors: 5 lbf (22.2N)

These forces do not apply to the force requiredto retract latch bolts or disengage other devicesthat may hold the door in a closed position.

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4.13.12* Automatic Doors and Power-Assisted Doors. If an automatic door is used,then it shall comply with ANSI/BHMAA156.10-1985. Slowly opening, low-powered,automatic doors shall comply with ANSIA156.19-1984. Such doors shall not open toback check faster than 3 seconds and shallrequire no more than 15 lbf (66.6N) to stopdoor movement. If a power-assisted door isused, its door-opening force shall comply with4.13.11 and its closing shall conform to therequirements in ANSI A156.19-1984.

4.14 Entrances.

4.14.1 Minimum Number. Entrances re-quired to be accessible by 4.1 shall be part ofan accessible route complying with 4.3. Suchentrances shall be connected by an accessibleroute to public transportation stops, to acces-sible parking and passenger loading zones,and to public streets or sidewalks if available(see 4.3.2(1)). They shall also be connected byan accessible route to all accessible spaces orelements within the building or facility.

4.14.2 Service Entrances. A service entranceshall not be the sole accessible entranceunless it is the only entrance to a building orfacility (for example, in a factory or garage).

4.15 Drinking Fountains and WaterCoolers.

4.15.1 Minimum Number. Drinking foun-tains or water coolers required to be accessibleby 4.1 shall comply with 4.15.

4.15.2* Spout Height. Spouts shall be nohigher than 36 in (915 mm), measured fromthe floor or ground surfaces to the spout outlet(see Fig. 27(a)).

4.15.3 Spout Location. The spouts ofdrinking fountains and water coolers shall beat the front of the unit and shall direct thewater flow in a trajectory that is parallel ornearly parallel to the front of the unit. Thespout shall provide a flow of water at least 4 in(100 mm) high so as to allow the insertion of acup or glass under the flow of water. On anaccessible drinking fountain with a round or

oval bowl, the spout must be positioned so theflow of water is within 3 in (75 mm) of the frontedge of the fountain.

4.15.4 Controls. Controls shall comply with4.27.4. Unit controls shall be front mounted orside mounted near the front edge.

4.15.5 Clearances.

(1) Wall- and post-mounted cantilevered unitsshall have a clear knee space between thebottom of the apron and the floor or ground atleast 27 in (685 mm) high, 30 in (760 mm) wide,and 17 in to 19 in (430 mm to 485 mm) deep(see Fig. 27(a) and (b)). Such units shall alsohave a minimum clear floor space 30 in by 48in (760 mm by 1220 mm) to allow a person in awheelchair to approach the unit facing forward.

(2) Free-standing or built-in units not havinga clear space under them shall have a clearfloor space at least 30 in by 48 in (760 mm by1220 mm) that allows a person in a wheelchairto make a parallel approach to the unit (see Fig.27(c) and (d)). This clear floor space shallcomply with 4.2.4.

4.16 Water Closets.

4.16.1 General. Accessible water closets shallcomply with 4.16.

4.16.2 Clear Floor Space. Clear floor spacefor water closets not in stalls shall comply withFig. 28. Clear floor space may be arranged toallow either a left-handed or right-handedapproach.

4.16.3* Height. The height of water closetsshall be 17 in to 19 in (430 mm to 485 mm),measured to the top of the toilet seat (see Fig.29(b)). Seats shall not be sprung to return to alifted position.

4.16.4* Grab Bars. Grab bars for waterclosets not located in stalls shall comply with4.26 and Fig. 29. The grab bar behind the watercloset shall be 36 in (915 mm) minimum.

4.16.5* Flush Controls. Flush controls shallbe hand operated or automatic and shallcomply with 4.27.4. Controls for flush valves

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shall be mounted on the wide side of toiletareas no more than 44 in (1120 mm) above thefloor.

4.16.6 Dispensers. Toilet paper dispensersshall be installed within reach, as shown inFig. 29(b). Dispensers that control delivery, orthat do not permit continuous paper flow,shall not be used.

4.17 Toilet Stalls.

4.17.1 Location. Accessible toilet stalls shallbe on an accessible route and shall meet therequirements of 4.17.

4.17.2 Water Closets. Water closets inaccessible stalls shall comply with 4.16.

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4.17.3* Size and Arrangement. The size andarrangement of the standard toilet stall shallcomply with Fig. 30(a), Standard Stall. Stan-dard toilet stalls with a minimum depth of 56in (1420 mm) (see Fig. 30(a)) shall havewall-mounted water closets. If the depth of astandard toilet stall is increased at least 3 in(75 mm), then a floor-mounted water closetmay be used. Arrangements shown for stan-dard toilet stalls may be reversed to alloweither a left- or right-hand approach. Additionalstalls shall be provided in conformance with4.22.4.

EXCEPTION: In instances of alteration workwhere provision of a standard stall (Fig. 30(a))

is technically infeasible or where plumbingcode requirements prevent combining existingstalls to provide space, either alternate stall(Fig. 30(b)) may be provided in lieu of thestandard stall.

4.17.4 Toe Clearances. In standard stalls, thefront partition and at least one side partitionshall provide a toe clearance of at least 9 in(230 mm) above the floor. If the depth of thestall is greater than 60 in (1525 mm), then thetoe clearance is not required.

4.17.5* Doors. Toilet stall doors, includingdoor hardware, shall comply with 4.13. If toiletstall approach is from the latch side of the stalldoor, clearance between the door side of the

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stall and any obstruction may be reduced to aminimum of 42 in (1065 mm) (Fig. 30).

4.17.6 Grab Bars. Grab bars complying withthe length and positioning shown in Fig. 30(a),(b), (c), and (d) shall be provided. Grab bars maybe mounted with any desired method as long asthey have a gripping surface at the locationsshown and do not obstruct the required clearfloor area. Grab bars shall comply with 4.26.

4.18 Urinals.

4.18.1 General. Accessible urinals shallcomply with 4.18.

4.18.2 Height. Urinals shall be stall-type orwall-hung with an elongated rim at a maximumof 17 in (430 mm) above the finish floor.

4.18.3 Clear Floor Space. A clear floor space30 in by 48 in (760 mm by 1220 mm) shall beprovided in front of urinals to allow forwardapproach. This clear space shall adjoin oroverlap an accessible route and shall complywith 4.2.4. Urinal shields that do not extendbeyond the front edge of the urinal rim may beprovided with 29 in (735 mm) clearance be-tween them.

4.18.4 Flush Controls. Flush controls shall behand operated or automatic, and shall complywith 4.27.4, and shall be mounted no more than44 in (1120 mm) above the finish floor.

4.19 Lavatories and Mirrors.

4.19.1 General. The requirements of 4.19 shallapply to lavatory fixtures, vanities, and built-inlavatories.

4.19.2 Height and Clearances. Lavatoriesshall be mounted with the rim or countersurface no higher than 34 in (865 mm) abovethe finish floor. Provide a clearance of at least29 in (735 mm) above the finish floor to thebottom of the apron. Knee and toe clearanceshall comply with Fig. 31.

4.19.3 Clear Floor Space. A clear floor space30 in by 48 in (760 mm by 1220 mm) complyingwith 4.2.4 shall be provided in front of a lavatoryto allow forward approach. Such clear floor

space shall adjoin or overlap an accessibleroute and shall extend a maximum of 19 in(485 mm) underneath the lavatory (see Fig. 32).

4.19.4 Exposed Pipes and Surfaces. Hotwater and drain pipes under lavatories shall beinsulated or otherwise configured to protectagainst contact. There shall be no sharp orabrasive surfaces under lavatories.

4.19.5 Faucets. Faucets shall comply with4.27.4. Lever-operated, push-type, and elec-tronically controlled mechanisms are ex-amples of acceptable designs. If self-closing

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valves are used the faucet shall remain openfor at least 10 seconds.

4.19.6* Mirrors. Mirrors shall be mountedwith the bottom edge of the reflecting surfaceno higher than 40 in (1015 mm) above thefinish floor (see Fig. 31).

4.20 Bathtubs.

4.20.1 General. Accessible bathtubs shallcomply with 4.20.

4.20.2 Floor Space. Clear floor space in frontof bathtubs shall be as shown in Fig. 33.

4.20.3 Seat. An in-tub seat or a seat at thehead end of the tub shall be provided as shownin Fig. 33 and 34. The structural strength ofseats and their attachments shall comply with4.26.3. Seats shall be mounted securely andshall not slip during use.

4.20.4 Grab Bars. Grab bars complying with4.26 shall be provided as shown in Fig. 33 and34.

4.20.5 Controls. Faucets and other controlscomplying with 4.27.4 shall be located asshown in Fig. 34.

4.20.6 Shower Unit. A shower spray unitwith a hose at least 60 in (1525 mm) long thatcan be used both as a fixed shower head andas a hand-held shower shall be provided.

4.20.7 Bathtub Enclosures. If provided,enclosures for bathtubs shall not obstructcontrols or transfer from wheelchairs ontobathtub seats or into tubs. Enclosures onbathtubs shall not have tracks mounted ontheir rims.

4.21 Shower Stalls.

4.21.1* General. Accessible shower stallsshall comply with 4.21.

4.21.2 Size and Clearances. Except asspecified in 9.1.2, shower stall size and clearfloor space shall comply with Fig. 35(a) or (b).The shower stall in Fig. 35(a) shall be 36 in by36 in (915 mm by 915 mm). Shower stallsrequired by 9.1.2 shall comply with Fig. 57(a)

or (b). The shower stall in Fig. 35(b) will fit intothe space required for a bathtub.

4.21.3 Seat. A seat shall be provided inshower stalls 36 in by 36 in (915 mm by 915mm) and shall be as shown in Fig. 36. The seatshall be mounted 17 in to 19 in (430 mm to485 mm) from the bathroom floor and shallextend the full depth of the stall. In a 36 in by36 in (915 mm by 915 mm) shower stall, theseat shall be on the wall opposite the controls.Where a fixed seat is provided in a 30 in by 60in minimum (760 mm by 1525 mm) showerstall, it shall be a folding type and shall bemounted on the wall adjacent to the controlsas shown in Fig. 57. The structural strength ofseats and their attachments shall comply with4.26.3.

4.21.4 Grab Bars. Grab bars complying with4.26 shall be provided as shown in Fig. 37.

4.21.5 Controls. Faucets and other controlscomplying with 4.27.4 shall be located asshown in Fig. 37. In shower stalls 36 in by 36in (915 mm by 915 mm), all controls, faucets,and the shower unit shall be mounted on theside wall opposite the seat.

4.21.6 Shower Unit. A shower spray unitwith a hose at least 60 in (1525 mm) long thatcan be used both as a fixed shower head andas a hand-held shower shall be provided.

EXCEPTION: In unmonitored facilities wherevandalism is a consideration, a fixed showerhead mounted at 48 in (1220 mm) above theshower floor may be used in lieu of ahand-held shower head.

4.21.7 Curbs. If provided, curbs in showerstalls 36 in by 36 in (915 mm by 915 mm) shallbe no higher than 1/2 in (13 mm). Showerstalls that are 30 in by 60 in (760 mm by 1525mm) minimum shall not have curbs.

4.21.8 Shower Enclosures. If provided,enclosures for shower stalls shall not obstructcontrols or obstruct transfer from wheelchairsonto shower seats.

4.22 Toilet Rooms.

4.22.1 Minimum Number. Toilet facilitiesrequired to be accessible by 4.1 shall comply

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4.21 Shower Stalls

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with 4.22. Accessible toilet rooms shall be onan accessible route.

4.22.2 Doors. All doors to accessible toiletrooms shall comply with 4.13. Doors shall notswing into the clear floor space required forany fixture.

4.22.3* Clear Floor Space. The accessiblefixtures and controls required in 4.22.4, 4.22.5,4.22.6, and 4.22.7 shall be on an accessibleroute. An unobstructed turning space comply-ing with 4.2.3 shall be provided within anaccessible toilet room. The clear floor space atfixtures and controls, the accessible route, andthe turning space may overlap.

4.22.4 Water Closets. If toilet stalls areprovided, then at least one shall be a standard

toilet stall complying with 4.17; where 6 ormore stalls are provided, in addition to thestall complying with 4.17.3, at least one stall36 in (915 mm) wide with an outward swing-ing, self-closing door and parallel grab barscomplying with Fig. 30(d) and 4.26 shall beprovided. Water closets in such stalls shallcomply with 4.16. If water closets are not installs, then at least one shall comply with4.16.

4.22.5 Urinals. If urinals are provided, thenat least one shall comply with 4.18.

4.22.6 Lavatories and Mirrors. If lavatoriesand mirrors are provided, then at least one ofeach shall comply with 4.19.

4.22.7 Controls and Dispensers.If controls, dispensers, receptacles, or other

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equipment are provided, then at least one ofeach shall be on an accessible route and shallcomply with 4.27.

4.23 Bathrooms, Bathing Facilities,and Shower Rooms.

4.23.1 Minimum Number. Bathrooms,bathing facilities, or shower rooms required tobe accessible by 4.1 shall comply with 4.23and shall be on an accessible route.

4.23.2 Doors. Doors to accessible bathroomsshall comply with 4.13. Doors shall not swinginto the floor space required for any fixture.

4.23.3* Clear Floor Space. The accessiblefixtures and controls required in 4.23.4, 4.23.5,4.23.6, 4.23.7, 4.23.8, and 4.23.9 shall be on anaccessible route. An unobstructed turning

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space complying with 4.2.3 shall be providedwithin an accessible bathroom. The clear floorspaces at fixtures and controls, the accessibleroute, and the turning space may overlap.

4.23.4 Water Closets. If toilet stalls areprovided, then at least one shall be a standardtoilet stall complying with 4.17; where 6 ormore stalls are provided, in addition to thestall complying with 4.17.3, at least one stall36 in (915 mm) wide with an outward swing-ing, self-closing door and parallel grab barscomplying with Fig. 30(d) and 4.26 shall beprovided. Water closets in such stalls shallcomply with 4.16. If water closets are not installs, then at least one shall comply with 4.16.

4.23.5 Urinals. If urinals are provided, then atleast one shall comply with 4.18.

4.23.6 Lavatories and Mirrors. If lavatoriesand mirrors are provided, then at least one ofeach shall comply with 4.19.

4.23.7 Controls and Dispensers. If controls,dispensers, receptacles, or other equipmentare provided, then at least one of each shall beon an accessible route and shall comply with4.27.

4.23.8 Bathing and Shower Facilities. Iftubs or showers are provided, then at least oneaccessible tub that complies with 4.20 or atleast one accessible shower that complies with4.21 shall be provided.

4.23.9* Medicine Cabinets. If medicinecabinets are provided, at least one shall belocated with a usable shelf no higher than 44in (1120 mm) above the floor space. The floorspace shall comply with 4.2.4.

4.24 Sinks.

4.24.1 General. Sinks required to be acces-sible by 4.1 shall comply with 4.24.

4.24.2 Height. Sinks shall be mounted withthe counter or rim no higher than 34 in (865mm) above the finish floor.

4.24.3 Knee Clearance. Knee clearance thatis at least 27 in (685 mm) high, 30 in (760 mm)wide, and 19 in (485 mm) deep shall be pro-

vided underneath sinks.

4.24.4 Depth. Each sink shall be a maximumof 6-1/2 in (165 mm) deep.

4.24.5 Clear Floor Space. A clear floor spaceat least 30 in by 48 in (760 mm by 1220 mm)complying with 4.2.4 shall be provided in frontof a sink to allow forward approach. The clearfloor space shall be on an accessible route andshall extend a maximum of 19 in (485 mm)underneath the sink (see Fig. 32).

4.24.6 Exposed Pipes and Surfaces. Hotwater and drain pipes exposed under sinksshall be insulated or otherwise configured soas to protect against contact. There shall beno sharp or abrasive surfaces under sinks.

4.24.7 Faucets. Faucets shall comply with4.27.4. Lever-operated, push-type, touch-type,or electronically controlled mechanisms areacceptable designs.

4.25 Storage.

4.25.1 General. Fixed storage facilities suchas cabinets, shelves, closets, and drawersrequired to be accessible by 4.1 shall complywith 4.25.

4.25.2 Clear Floor Space. A clear floor spaceat least 30 in by 48 in (760 mm by 1220 mm)complying with 4.2.4 that allows either aforward or parallel approach by a person usinga wheelchair shall be provided at accessiblestorage facilities.

4.25.3 Height. Accessible storage spacesshall be within at least one of the reach rangesspecified in 4.2.5 and 4.2.6 (see Fig. 5 and Fig6). Clothes rods or shelves shall be a maxi-mum of 54 in (1370 mm) above the finish floorfor a side approach. Where the distance fromthe wheelchair to the clothes rod or shelfexceeds 10 in (255 mm) (as in closets withoutaccessible doors) the height and depth to therod or shelf shall comply with Fig. 38(a) andFig. 38(b).

4.25.4 Hardware. Hardware for accessiblestorage facilities shall comply with 4.27.4.Touch latches and U-shaped pulls are accept-able.

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4.26 Handrails, Grab Bars, and Tuband Shower Seats.

4.26.1* General. All handrails, grab bars, andtub and shower seats required to be accessibleby 4.1, 4.8, 4.9, 4.16, 4.17, 4.20 or 4.21 shallcomply with 4.26.

4.26.2* Size and Spacing of Grab Bars andHandrails. The diameter or width of thegripping surfaces of a handrail or grab bar shallbe 1-1/4 in to 1-1/2 in (32 mm to 38 mm), or theshape shall provide an equivalent grippingsurface. If handrails or grab bars are mountedadjacent to a wall, the space between the walland the grab bar shall be 1-1/2 in (38 mm) (seeFig. 39(a), (b), (c), and (e)). Handrails may belocated in a recess if the recess is a maximumof 3 in (75 mm) deep and extends at least 18 in(455 mm) above the top of the rail (see Fig.39(d)).

4.26.3 Structural Strength. The structuralstrength of grab bars, tub and shower seats,fasteners, and mounting devices shall meet thefollowing specification:

(1) Bending stress in a grab bar or seatinduced by the maximum bending momentfrom the application of 250 lbf (1112N) shall be

less than the allowable stress for the materialof the grab bar or seat.

(2) Shear stress induced in a grab bar or seatby the application of 250 lbf (1112N) shall beless than the allowable shear stress for thematerial of the grab bar or seat. If the connec-tion between the grab bar or seat and itsmounting bracket or other support is consid-ered to be fully restrained, then direct andtorsional shear stresses shall be totaled for thecombined shear stress, which shall not exceedthe allowable shear stress.

(3) Shear force induced in a fastener ormounting device from the application of 250 lbf(1112N) shall be less than the allowable lateralload of either the fastener or mounting deviceor the supporting structure, whichever is thesmaller allowable load.

(4) Tensile force induced in a fastener by adirect tension force of 250 lbf (1112N) plus themaximum moment from the application of 250lbf (1112N) shall be less than the allowablewithdrawal load between the fastener and thesupporting structure.

(5) Grab bars shall not rotate within theirfittings.

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4.26.4 Eliminating Hazards. A handrail orgrab bar and any wall or other surface adjacentto it shall be free of any sharp or abrasiveelements. Edges shall have a minimum radiusof 1/8 in (3.2 mm).

4.27 Controls and OperatingMechanisms.

4.27.1 General. Controls and operatingmechanisms required to be accessible by 4.1shall comply with 4.27.

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4.27.2 Clear Floor Space. Clear floor spacecomplying with 4.2.4 that allows a forward or aparallel approach by a person using a wheel-chair shall be provided at controls, dispensers,receptacles, and other operable equipment.

4.27.3* Height. The highest operable part ofcontrols, dispensers, receptacles, and otheroperable equipment shall be placed within atleast one of the reach ranges specified in 4.2.5and 4.2.6. Electrical and communicationssystem receptacles on walls shall be mountedno less than 15 in (380 mm) above the floor.

EXCEPTION: These requirements do not applywhere the use of special equipment dictatesotherwise or where electrical and communica-tions systems receptacles are not normallyintended for use by building occupants.

4.27.4 Operation. Controls and operatingmechanisms shall be operable with one handand shall not require tight grasping, pinching,or twisting of the wrist. The force required toactivate controls shall be no greater than 5 lbf(22.2 N).

4.28 Alarms.

4.28.1 General. Alarm systems required to beaccessible by 4.1 shall comply with 4.28. At aminimum, visual signal appliances shall beprovided in buildings and facilities in each ofthe following areas: restrooms and any othergeneral usage areas (e.g., meeting rooms),hallways, lobbies, and any other area forcommon use.

4.28.2* Audible Alarms. If provided, audibleemergency alarms shall produce a sound thatexceeds the prevailing equivalent sound level inthe room or space by at least 15 dbA or exceedsany maximum sound level with a duration of 60seconds by 5 dbA, whichever is louder. Soundlevels for alarm signals shall not exceed 120dbA.

4.28.3* Visual Alarms. Visual alarm signalappliances shall be integrated into the buildingor facility alarm system. If single stationaudible alarms are provided then singlestation visual alarm signals shall be provided.Visual alarm signals shall have the followingminimum photometric and location features:

(1) The lamp shall be a xenon strobe type orequivalent.

(2) The color shall be clear or nominal white(i.e., unfiltered or clear filtered white light).

(3) The maximum pulse duration shall betwo-tenths of one second (0.2 sec) with amaximum duty cycle of 40 percent. The pulseduration is defined as the time interval be-tween initial and final points of 10 percent ofmaximum signal.

(4) The intensity shall be a minimum of 75candela.

(5) The flash rate shall be a minimum of 1Hz and a maximum of 3 Hz.

(6) The appliance shall be placed 80 in (2030mm) above the highest floor level within thespace or 6 in (152 mm) below the ceiling,whichever is lower.

(7) In general, no place in any room or spacerequired to have a visual signal applianceshall be more than 50 ft (15 m) from the signal(in the horizontal plane). In large rooms andspaces exceeding 100 ft (30 m) across, withoutobstructions 6 ft (2 m) above the finish floor,such as auditoriums, devices may be placedaround the perimeter, spaced a maximum 100ft (30 m) apart, in lieu of suspending appli-ances from the ceiling.

(8) No place in common corridors or hall-ways in which visual alarm signalling appli-ances are required shall be more than 50 ft(15 m) from the signal.

4.28.4* Auxiliary Alarms. Units and sleepingaccommodations shall have a visual alarmconnected to the building emergency alarmsystem or shall have a standard 110-voltelectrical receptacle into which such an alarmcan be connected and a means by which asignal from the building emergency alarmsystem can trigger such an auxiliary alarm.When visual alarms are in place the signalshall be visible in all areas of the unit orroom. Instructions for use of the auxiliaryalarm or receptacle shall be provided.

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4.29 Detectable Warnings.

4.29.1 General. Detectable warnings requiredby 4.1 and 4.7 shall comply with 4.29.

4.29.2* Detectable Warnings on WalkingSurfaces. Detectable warnings shall consist ofraised truncated domes with a diameter ofnominal 0.9 in (23 mm), a height of nominal0.2 in (5 mm) and a center-to-center spacing ofnominal 2.35 in (60 mm) and shall contrastvisually with adjoining surfaces, eitherlight-on-dark, or dark-on-light.

The material used to provide contrast shall bean integral part of the walking surface. Detect-able warnings used on interior surfaces shalldiffer from adjoining walking surfaces inresiliency or sound-on-cane contact.

4.29.3 Detectable Warnings on DoorsTo Hazardous Areas. (Reserved).

4.29.4 Detectable Warnings at Stairs.(Reserved).

4.29.5 Detectable Warnings atHazardous Vehicular Areas. If a walkcrosses or adjoins a vehicular way, and thewalking surfaces are not separated by curbs,railings, or other elements between the pedes-trian areas and vehicular areas, the boundarybetween the areas shall be defined by a con-tinuous detectable warning which is 36 in (915mm) wide, complying with 4.29.2.

4.29.6 Detectable Warnings atReflecting Pools. The edges of reflecting poolsshall be protected by railings, walls, curbs, ordetectable warnings complying with 4.29.2.

4.29.7 Standardization. (Reserved).

4.30 Signage.

4.30.1* General. Signage required to beaccessible by 4.1 shall comply with theapplicable provisions of 4.30.

4.30.2* Character Proportion. Letters andnumbers on signs shall have a width-to-heightratio between 3:5 and 1:1 and a stroke-width-to-height ratio between 1:5 and 1:10.

4.30.3 Character Height. Characters andnumbers on signs shall be sized according tothe viewing distance from which they are tobe read. The minimum height is measuredusing an upper case X. Lower case charac-ters are permitted.

Height Above MinimumFinished Floor Character Height

Suspended or Projected 3 in (75 mm)Overhead in minimum

compliance with 4.4.2

4.30.4* Raised and Brailled Charactersand Pictorial Symbol Signs(Pictograms). Letters and numerals shall beraised 1/32 in, upper case, sans serif or simpleserif type and shall be accompanied withGrade 2 Braille. Raised characters shall be atleast 5/8 in (16 mm) high, but no higher than 2in (50 mm). Pictograms shall be accompaniedby the equivalent verbal description placeddirectly below the pictogram. The borderdimension of the pictogram shall be 6 in (152mm) minimum in height.

4.30.5* Finish and Contrast. The charac-ters and background of signs shall be egg-shell, matte, or other non-glare finish. Charac-ters and symbols shall contrast with theirbackground --either light characters on a darkbackground or dark characters on a lightbackground.

4.30.6 Mounting Location and Height.Where permanent identification is providedfor rooms and spaces, signs shall be installedon the wall adjacent to the latch side of thedoor. Where there is no wall space to the latchside of the door, including at double leafdoors, signs shall be placed on the nearestadjacent wall. Mounting height shall be 60 in(1525 mm) above the finish floor to thecenterline of the sign. Mounting location forsuch signage shall be so that a person mayapproach within 3 in (76 mm) of signagewithout encountering protruding objects orstanding within the swing of a door.

4.30.7* Symbols of Accessibility.

(1) Facilities and elements required to beidentified as accessible by 4.1 shall use theinternational symbol of accessibility. The

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symbol shall be displayed as shown in Fig.43(a) and (b).

(2) Volume Control Telephones. Telephonesrequired to have a volume control by4.1.3(17)(b) shall be identified by a signcontaining a depiction of a telephone handsetwith radiating sound waves.

(3) Text Telephones. Text telephones requiredby 4.1.3(17)(c) shall be identified by the inter-national TDD symbol (Fig 43(c)). In addition, ifa facility has a public text telephone, direc-tional signage indicating the location of thenearest text telephone shall be placed adja-cent to all banks of telephones which do notcontain a text telephone. Such directionalsignage shall include the international TDDsymbol. If a facility has no banks of tele-phones, the directional signage shall beprovided at the entrance (e.g., in a buildingdirectory).

(4) Assistive Listening Systems. In assemblyareas where permanently installed assistivelistening systems are required by 4.1.3(19)(b)the availability of such systems shall beidentified with signage that includes theinternational symbol of access for hearingloss (Fig 43(d)).

4.30.8* Illumination Levels. (Reserved).

4.31 Telephones.

4.31.1 General. Public telephones required tobe accessible by 4.1 shall comply with 4.31.

4.31.2 Clear Floor or Ground Space. Aclear floor or ground space at least 30 in by 48in (760 mm by 1220 mm) that allows either aforward or parallel approach by a person usinga wheelchair shall be provided at telephones(see Fig. 44). The clear floor or ground spaceshall comply with 4.2.4. Bases, enclosures, andfixed seats shall not impede approaches totelephones by people who use wheelchairs.

4.31.3* Mounting Height. The highestoperable part of the telephone shall be withinthe reach ranges specified in 4.2.5 or 4.2.6.

4.31.4 Protruding Objects. Telephonesshall comply with 4.4.

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APPENDIX

This appendix contains materials of anadvisory nature and provides additionalinformation that should help the reader tounderstand the minimum requirements of theguidelines or to design buildings or facilitiesfor greater accessibility. The paragraph num-bers correspond to the sections or paragraphsof the guideline to which the material relatesand are therefore not consecutive (for example,A4.2.1 contains additional information relevantto 4.2.1). Sections of the guidelines for whichadditional material appears in this appendixhave been indicated by an asterisk. Nothing inthis appendix shall in any way obviate anyobligation to comply with the requirements ofthe guidelines itself.

A2.2 Equivalent Facilitation. Specificexamples of equivalent facilitation are foundin the following sections:

4.1.6(3)(c) Elevators in Alterations4.31.9 Text Telephones7.2 Sales and Service

Counters, Teller Windows,Information Counters

9.1.4 Classes of SleepingAccommodations

9.2.2(6)(d) Requirements for AccessibleUnits, Sleeping Rooms, andSuites

A4.1.1 Application.

A4.1.1(3) Areas Used Only by Employeesas Work Areas. Where there are a series ofindividual work stations of the same type (e.g.,laboratories, service counters, ticket booths),5%, but not less than one, of each type of workstation should be constructed so that anindividual with disabilities can maneuverwithin the work stations. Rooms housingindividual offices in a typical office buildingmust meet the requirements of the guidelinesconcerning doors, accessible routes, etc. butdo not need to allow for maneuvering spacearound individual desks. Modificationsrequired to permit maneuvering within thework area may be accomplished as a reason-able accommodation to individual employeeswith disabilities under Title I of the ADA.Consideration should also be given to placingshelves in employee work areas at aconvenient height for accessibility or

installing commercially available shelvingthat is adjustable so that reasonable accom-modations can be made in the future.

If work stations are made accessible theyshould comply with the applicable provisionsof 4.2 through 4.35.

A4.1.2 Accessible Sites and ExteriorFacilities: New Construction.

A4.1.2(5)(e) Valet Parking. Valet parking isnot always usable by individuals with disabili-ties. For instance, an individual may use atype of vehicle controls that render the regu-lar controls inoperable or the driver’s seat ina van may be removed. In these situations,another person cannot park the vehicle. It isrecommended that some self-parking spacesbe provided at valet parking facilities forindividuals whose vehicles cannot be parkedby another person and that such spaces belocated on an accessible route to the en-trance of the facility.

A4.1.3 Accessible Buildings: NewConstruction.

A4.1.3(5) Only full passenger elevators arecovered by the accessibility provisions of 4.10.Materials and equipment hoists, freight eleva-tors not intended for passenger use, dumbwait-ers, and construction elevators are not coveredby these guidelines. If a building is exempt fromthe elevator requirement, it is not necessary toprovide a platform lift or other means of verti-cal access in lieu of an elevator.

Under Exception 4, platform lifts are allowedwhere existing conditions make it impracticalto install a ramp or elevator. Such conditionsgenerally occur where it is essential to provideaccess to small raised or lowered areas wherespace may not be available for a ramp. Ex-amples include, but are not limited to, raisedpharmacy platforms, commercial offices raisedabove a sales floor, or radio and news booths.

A4.1.3(9) Supervised automatic sprinklersystems have built in signals for monitoringfeatures of the system such as the opening andclosing of water control valves, the powersupplies for needed pumps, water tank levels,and for indicating conditions that will impairthe satisfactory operation of the sprinklersystem.

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Because of these monitoring features, super-vised automatic sprinkler systems have a highlevel of satisfactory performance and responseto fire conditions.

A4.1.3(10) If an odd number of drinkingfountains is provided on a floor, the require-ment in 4.1.3(10)(b) may be met by roundingdown the odd number to an even number andcalculating 50% of the even number. Whenmore than one drinking fountain on a floor isrequired to comply with 4.15, those fountainsshould be dispersed to allow wheelchair usersconvenient access. For example, in a largefacility such as a convention center that haswater fountains at several locations on a floor,the accessible water fountains should belocated so that wheelchair users do not haveto travel a greater distance than other peopleto use a drinking fountain.

A4.1.3(17)(b) In addition to the requirementsof section 4.1.3(17)(b), the installation ofadditional volume controls is encouraged.Volume controls may be installed on anytelephone.

A4.1.3(19)(a) Readily removable or foldingseating units may be installed in lieu ofproviding an open space for wheelchair users.Folding seating units are usually two fixedseats that can be easily folded into a fixedcenter bar to allow for one or two open spacesfor wheelchair users when necessary. Theseunits are more easily adapted than removableseats which generally require the seat to beremoved in advance by the facility manage-ment.

Either a sign or a marker placed on seatingwith removable or folding arm rests is requiredby this section. Consideration should be givenfor ensuring identification of such seats in adarkened theater. For example, a marker whichcontrasts (light on dark or dark on light) andwhich also reflects light could be placed on theside of such seating so as to be visible in alighted auditorium and also to reflect lightfrom a flashlight.

A4.1.6 Accessible Buildings:Alterations.

A4.1.6(1)(h) When an entrance is beingaltered, it is preferable that those entrancesbeing altered be made accessible to theextent feasible.

A4.2 Space Allowances and ReachRanges.

A4.2.1 Wheelchair Passage Width.

(1) Space Requirements for Wheelchairs.Many persons who use wheelchairs need a 30in (760 mm) clear opening width for doorways,gates, and the like, when the latter are enteredhead-on. If the person is unfamiliar with abuilding, if competing traffic is heavy, if suddenor frequent movements are needed, or if thewheelchair must be turned at an opening, thengreater clear widths are needed. For mostsituations, the addition of an inch of leeway oneither side is sufficient. Thus, a minimum clearwidth of 32 in (815 mm) will provide adequateclearance. However, when an opening or arestriction in a passageway is more than 24 in(610 mm) long, it is essentially a passagewayand must be at least 36 in (915 mm) wide.

(2) Space Requirements for Use of WalkingAids. Although people who use walking aidscan maneuver through clear width openings of32 in (815 mm), they need 36 in (915 mm) widepassageways and walks for comfortable gaits.Crutch tips, often extending down at a wideangle, are a hazard in narrow passagewayswhere they might not be seen by other pedestri-ans. Thus, the 36 in (915 mm) width provides asafety allowance both for the person with adisability and for others.

(3) Space Requirements for Passing. Able-bodied persons in winter clothing, walking

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straight ahead with arms swinging, need 32 in(815 mm) of width, which includes 2 in (50mm) on either side for sway, and another 1 in(25 mm) tolerance on either side for clearingnearby objects or other pedestrians. Almost allwheelchair users and those who use walkingaids can also manage within this 32 in (815mm) width for short distances. Thus, twostreams of traffic can pass in 64 in (1625 mm)in a comfortable flow. Sixty inches (1525 mm)provides a minimum width for a somewhatmore restricted flow. If the clear width is lessthan 60 in (1525 mm), two wheelchair userswill not be able to pass but will have to seek awider place for passing. Forty-eight inches(1220 mm) is the minimum width needed foran ambulatory person to pass anonambulatory or semi-ambulatory person.Within this 48 in (1220 mm) width, the ambula-tory person will have to twist to pass a wheel-chair user, a person with a service animal, or a

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semi-ambulatory person. There will be littleleeway for swaying or missteps (see Fig. A1).

A4.2.3 Wheelchair Turning Space.These guidelines specify a minimum space of60 in (1525 mm) diameter or a 60 in by 60 in(1525 mm by 1525 mm) T-shaped space for apivoting 180-degree turn of a wheelchair. Thisspace is usually satisfactory for turningaround, but many people will not be able toturn without repeated tries and bumping intosurrounding objects. The space shown in Fig.A2 will allow most wheelchair users to com-plete U-turns without difficulty.

A4.2.4 Clear Floor or Ground Space forWheelchairs. The wheelchair and user shownin Fig. A3 represent typical dimensions for alarge adult male. The space requirements inthis guideline are based upon maneuveringclearances that will accommodate most wheel-chairs. Fig. A3 provides a uniform reference fordesign not covered by this guideline.

A4.2.5 & A4.2.6 Reach. Reach ranges forpersons seated in wheelchairs may be furtherclarified by Fig. A3(a). These drawings ap-proximate in the plan view the informationshown in Fig. 4, 5, and 6.

A4.3 Accessible Route.

A4.3.1 General.

(1) Travel Distances. Many people withmobility impairments can move at only veryslow speeds; for many, traveling 200 ft (61 m)could take about 2 minutes. This assumes arate of about 1.5 ft/s (455 mm/s) on levelground. It also assumes that the traveler wouldmove continuously. However, on trips over 100ft (30 m), disabled people are apt to rest fre-quently, which substantially increases theirtrip times. Resting periods of 2 minutes forevery 100 ft (30 m) can be used to estimatetravel times for people with severely limitedstamina. In inclement weather, slow progressand resting can greatly increase a disabledperson’s exposure to the elements.

(2) Sites. Level, indirect routes or those withrunning slopes lower than 1:20 can sometimesprovide more convenience than direct routeswith maximum allowable slopes or with ramps.

A4.3.10 Egress. Because people with dis-abilities may visit, be employed or be a resi-dent in any building, emergency managementplans with specific provisions to ensure theirsafe evacuation also play an essential role infire safety and life safety.

A4.3.11.3 Stairway Width. A 48 in (1220mm) wide exit stairway is needed to allowassisted evacuation (e.g., carrying a person ina wheelchair) without encroaching on the exitpath for ambulatory persons.

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A4.3.11.4 Two-way Communication. It isessential that emergency communication notbe dependent on voice communications alonebecause the safety of people with hearing orspeech impairments could be jeopardized. Thevisible signal requirement could be satisfiedwith something as simple as a button in thearea of rescue assistance that lights, indicat-ing that help is on the way, when the mes-sage is answered at the point of entry.

A4.4 Protruding Objects.

A4.4.1 General. Service animals are trainedto recognize and avoid hazards. However, mostpeople with severe impairments of vision usethe long cane as an aid to mobility. The twoprincipal cane techniques are the touchtechnique, where the cane arcs from side toside and touches points outside both shoul-ders; and the diagonal technique, where thecane is held in a stationary position diagonallyacross the body with the cane tip touching orjust above the ground at a point outside oneshoulder and the handle or grip extending to apoint outside the other shoulder. The touchtechnique is used primarily in uncontrolledareas, while the diagonal technique is usedprimarily in certain limited, controlled, andfamiliar environments. Cane users are oftentrained to use both techniques.

Potential hazardous objects are noticed only ifthey fall within the detection range of canes(see Fig. A4). Visually impaired people walkingtoward an object can detect an overhang if itslowest surface is not higher than 27 in (685mm). When walking alongside protrudingobjects, they cannot detect overhangs. Sinceproper cane and service animal techniqueskeep people away from the edge of a path orfrom walls, a slight overhang of no more than 4in (100 mm) is not hazardous.

A4.5 Ground and Floor Surfaces.

A4.5.1 General. People who have difficultywalking or maintaining balance or who usecrutches, canes, or walkers, and those withrestricted gaits are particularly sensitive toslipping and tripping hazards. For such people,a stable and regular surface is necessary forsafe walking, particularly on stairs. Wheel-chairs can be propelled most easily on sur-faces that are hard, stable, and regular. Soft

loose surfaces such as shag carpet, loose sandor gravel, wet clay, and irregular surfaces suchas cobblestones can significantly impedewheelchair movement.

Slip resistance is based on the frictional forcenecessary to keep a shoe heel or crutch tip fromslipping on a walking surface under conditionslikely to be found on the surface. While thedynamic coefficient of friction during walkingvaries in a complex and non-uniform way, thestatic coefficient of friction, which can bemeasured in several ways, provides a closeapproximation of the slip resistance of asurface. Contrary to popular belief, someslippage is necessary to walking, especially forpersons with restricted gaits; a truly “non-slip”surface could not be negotiated.

The Occupational Safety and Health Adminis-tration recommends that walking surfaceshave a static coefficient of friction of 0.5. Aresearch project sponsored by the Architecturaland Transportation Barriers Compliance Board(Access Board) conducted tests with personswith disabilities and concluded that a highercoefficient of friction was needed by suchpersons. A static coefficient of friction of 0.6 isrecommended for accessible routes and 0.8 forramps.

It is recognized that the coefficient of frictionvaries considerably due to the presence ofcontaminants, water, floor finishes, and otherfactors not under the control of the designer orbuilder and not subject to design and construc-tion guidelines and that compliance would bedifficult to measure on the building site. Never-theless, many common building materialssuitable for flooring are now labeled withinformation on the static coefficient of friction.While it may not be possible to compare oneproduct directly with another, or to guarantee aconstant measure, builders and designers areencouraged to specify materials with appropri-ate values. As more products include informa-tion on slip resistance, improved uniformity inmeasurement and specification is likely. TheAccess Board’s advisory guidelines on SlipResistant Surfaces provides additional infor-mation on this subject.

Cross slopes on walks and ground or floorsurfaces can cause considerable difficulty inpropelling a wheelchair in a straight line.

A4.5 Ground and Floor Surfaces

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A4.5.3 Carpet. Much more needs to be donein developing both quantitative and qualitativecriteria for carpeting (i.e., problems associatedwith texture and weave need to be studied).However, certain functional characteristics arewell established. When both carpet and pad-ding are used, it is desirable to have minimummovement (preferably none) between the floorand the pad and the pad and the carpet whichwould allow the carpet to hump or warp. Inheavily trafficked areas, a thick, soft (plush)pad or cushion, particularly in combinationwith long carpet pile, makes it difficult forindividuals in wheelchairs and those withother ambulatory disabilities to get about. Firmcarpeting can be achieved through properselection and combination of pad and carpet,sometimes with the elimination of the pad orcushion, and with proper installation.Carpeting designed with a weave that causesa zig-zag effect when wheeled across isstrongly discouraged.

A4.6 Parking and Passenger LoadingZones.

A4.6.3 Parking Spaces. The increasing useof vans with side-mounted lifts or ramps bypersons with disabilities has necessitatedsome revisions in specifications for parkingspaces and adjacent access aisles. Thetypical accessible parking space is 96 in(2440 mm) wide with an adjacent 60 in (1525mm) access aisle. However, this aisle does notpermit lifts or ramps to be deployed and stillleave room for a person using a wheelchair orother mobility aid to exit the lift platform orramp. In tests conducted with actual lift/van/wheelchair combinations, (under aBoard-sponsored Accessible Parking andLoading Zones Project) researchers found thata space and aisle totaling almost 204 in (5180mm) wide was needed to deploy a lift and exitconveniently. The “van accessible” parkingspace required by these guidelines provides a96 in (2440 mm) wide space with a 96 in (2440mm) adjacent access aisle which is just wideenough to maneuver and exit from a sidemounted lift. If a 96 in (2440 mm) access aisleis placed between two spaces, two “vanaccessible” spaces are created. Alternatively,if the wide access aisle is provided at the endof a row (an area often unused), it may bepossible to provide the wide access aislewithout additional space (see Fig. A5(a)).

A sign is needed to alert van users to thepresence of the wider aisle, but the space isnot intended to be restricted only to vans.

“Universal” Parking Space Design. An alter-native to the provision of a percentage ofspaces with a wide aisle, and the associatedneed to include additional signage, is the useof what has been called the “universal”parking space design. Under this design, allaccessible spaces are 132 in (3350 mm) widewith a 60 in (1525 mm) access aisle (see Fig.A5(b)). One advantage to this design is that

A4.6 Parking and Passenger Loading Zones

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no additional signage is needed because allspaces can accommodate a van with aside-mounted lift or ramp. Also, there is nocompetition between cars and vans for spacessince all spaces can accommodate either.Furthermore, the wider space permits vehiclesto park to one side or the other within the 132in (3350 mm) space to allow persons to exitand enter the vehicle on either the driver orpassenger side, although, in some cases, thiswould require exiting or entering without amarked access aisle.

An essential consideration for any design ishaving the access aisle level with the parkingspace. Since a person with a disability, usinga lift or ramp, must maneuver within theaccess aisle, the aisle cannot include a rampor sloped area. The access aisle must beconnected to an accessible route to theappropriate accessible entrance of a buildingor facility. The parking access aisle musteither blend with the accessible route or havea curb ramp complying with 4.7. Such a curbramp opening must be located within theaccess aisle boundaries, not within theparking space boundaries. Unfortunately,many facilities are designed with a ramp thatis blocked when any vehicle parks in theaccessible space. Also, the required dimen-sions of the access aisle cannot be restrictedby planters, curbs or wheel stops.

A4.6.4 Signage. Signs designating parkingplaces for disabled people can be seen from adriver’s seat if the signs are mounted highenough above the ground and located at thefront of a parking space.

A4.6.5 Vertical Clearance. High-top vans,which disabled people or transportationservices often use, require higher clearances inparking garages than automobiles.

A4.8 Ramps.

A4.8.1 General. Ramps are essential forwheelchair users if elevators or lifts are notavailable to connect different levels. However,some people who use walking aids havedifficulty with ramps and prefer stairs.

A4.8.2 Slope and Rise. Ramp slopes be-tween 1:16 and 1:20 are preferred. The abilityto manage an incline is related to both itsslope and its length. Wheelchair users with

disabilities affecting their arms or with lowstamina have serious difficulty using inclines.Most ambulatory people and most people whouse wheelchairs can manage a slope of 1:16.Many people cannot manage a slope of 1:12 for30 ft (9 m).

A4.8.4 Landings. Level landings are essen-tial toward maintaining an aggregate slopethat complies with these guidelines. A ramplanding that is not level causes individualsusing wheelchairs to tip backward or bottomout when the ramp is approached.

A4.8.5 Handrails. The requirements for stairand ramp handrails in this guideline are foradults. When children are principal users in abuilding or facility, a second set of handrails atan appropriate height can assist them and aidin preventing accidents.

A4.9 Stairs.

A4.9.1 Minimum Number. Only interior andexterior stairs connecting levels that are notconnected by an elevator, ramp, or otheraccessible means of vertical access have tocomply with 4.9.

A4.10 Elevators.

A4.10.6 Door Protective and ReopeningDevice. The required door reopening devicewould hold the door open for 20 seconds if thedoorway remains obstructed. After 20 seconds,the door may begin to close. However, ifdesigned in accordance with ASMEA17.1-1990, the door closing movement couldstill be stopped if a person or object exertssufficient force at any point on the door edge.

A4.10.7 Door and Signal Timing for HallCalls. This paragraph allows variation in thelocation of call buttons, advance time forwarning signals, and the door-holding periodused to meet the time requirement.

A4.10.12 Car Controls. Industry-widestandardization of elevator control paneldesign would make all elevators significantlymore convenient for use by people with severevisual impairments. In many cases, it will bepossible to locate the highest control onelevator panels within 48 in (1220 mm) fromthe floor.

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A4.10.13 Car Position Indicators. A specialbutton may be provided that would activate theaudible signal within the given elevator onlyfor the desired trip, rather than maintainingthe audible signal in constant operation.

A4.10.14 Emergency Communications. Adevice that requires no handset is easier touse by people who have difficulty reaching.Also, small handles on handset compartmentdoors are not usable by people who havedifficulty grasping.

Ideally, emergency two-way communicationsystems should provide both voice and visualdisplay intercommunication so that personswith hearing impairments and persons withvision impairments can receive informationregarding the status of a rescue. A voiceintercommunication system cannot be theonly means of communication because it isnot accessible to people with speech andhearing impairments. While a voice intercom-munication system is not required, at aminimum, the system should provide both anaudio and visual indication that a rescue ison the way.

A4.11 Platform Lifts (WheelchairLifts).

A4.11.2 Other Requirements. Inclinedstairway chairlifts, and inclined and verticalplatform lifts (wheelchair lifts) are availablefor short-distance, vertical transportation ofpeople with disabilities. Care should be takenin selecting lifts as some lifts are not equallysuitable for use by both wheelchair users andsemi-ambulatory individuals.

A4.12 Windows.

A4.12.1 General. Windows intended to beoperated by occupants in accessible spacesshould comply with 4.12.

A4.12.2 Window Hardware. Windowsrequiring pushing, pulling, or lifting to open(for example, double-hung, sliding, or case-ment and awning units without cranks)should require no more than 5 lbf (22.2 N) toopen or close. Locks, cranks, and otherwindow hardware should comply with 4.27.

A4.13 Doors.

A4.13.8 Thresholds at Doorways. Thresh-olds and surface height changes in doorwaysare particularly inconvenient for wheelchairusers who also have low stamina or restric-tions in arm movement because complexmaneuvering is required to get over the levelchange while operating the door.

A4.13.9 Door Hardware. Some disabledpersons must push against a door with theirchair or walker to open it. Applied kickplateson doors with closers can reduce requiredmaintenance by withstanding abuse fromwheelchairs and canes. To be effective, theyshould cover the door width, less approxi-mately 2 in (51 mm), up to a height of 16 in(405 mm) from its bottom edge and be cen-tered across the width of the door.

A4.13.10 Door Closers. Closers with delayedaction features give a person more time tomaneuver through doorways. They are particu-larly useful on frequently used interior doorssuch as entrances to toilet rooms.

A4.13.11 Door Opening Force. Althoughmost people with disabilities can exert at least5 lbf (22.2N), both pushing and pulling from astationary position, a few people with severedisabilities cannot exert 3 lbf (13.13N). Al-though some people cannot manage theallowable forces in this guideline and manyothers have difficulty, door closers must havecertain minimum closing forces to close doorssatisfactorily. Forces for pushing or pullingdoors open are measured with a push-pullscale under the following conditions:

(1) Hinged doors: Force applied perpendicu-lar to the door at the door opener or 30 in (760mm) from the hinged side, whichever is fartherfrom the hinge.

(2) Sliding or folding doors: Force appliedparallel to the door at the door pull or latch.

(3) Application of force: Apply force graduallyso that the applied force does not exceed theresistance of the door. In high-rise buildings,air-pressure differentials may require a modifi-cation of this specification in order to meetthe functional intent.

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A4.13.12 Automatic Doors andPower-Assisted Doors. Sliding automaticdoors do not need guard rails and are moreconvenient for wheelchair users and visuallyimpaired people to use. If slowly openingautomatic doors can be reactivated before theirclosing cycle is completed, they will be moreconvenient in busy doorways.

A4.15 Drinking Fountains andWater Coolers.

A4.15.2 Spout Height. Two drinking foun-tains, mounted side by side or on a singlepost, are usable by people with disabilitiesand people who find it difficult to bend over.

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A4.16 Water Closets.

A4.16.3 Height. Height preferences for toiletseats vary considerably among disabled people.Higher seat heights may be an advantage tosome ambulatory disabled people, but are oftena disadvantage for wheelchair users andothers. Toilet seats 18 in (455 mm) high seemto be a reasonable compromise. Thick seatsand filler rings are available to adapt standardfixtures to these requirements.

A4.16.4 Grab Bars. Fig. A6(a) and (b) showthe diagonal and side approaches most com-monly used to transfer from a wheelchair to awater closet. Some wheelchair users cantransfer from the front of the toilet while othersuse a 90-degree approach. Most people whouse the two additional approaches can also useeither the diagonal approach or the sideapproach.

A4.16.5 Flush Controls. Flush valves andrelated plumbing can be located behind wallsor to the side of the toilet, or a toilet seat lidcan be provided if plumbing fittings are directlybehind the toilet seat. Such designs reduce thechance of injury and imbalance caused byleaning back against the fittings. Flush con-trols for tank-type toilets have a standardizedmounting location on the left side of the tank(facing the tank). Tanks can be obtained byspecial order with controls mounted on theright side. If administrative authorities requireflush controls for flush valves to be located in aposition that conflicts with the location of therear grab bar, then that bar may be split orshifted toward the wide side of the toilet area.

A4.17 Toilet Stalls.

A4.17.3 Size and Arrangement. Thissection requires use of the 60 in (1525 mm)standard stall (Figure 30(a)) and permits the36 in (915 mm) or 48 in (1220 mm) widealternate stall (Figure 30(b)) only in alter-ations where provision of the standard stall istechnically infeasible or where local plumbingcodes prohibit reduction in the number offixtures. A standard stall provides a clearspace on one side of the water closet to enablepersons who use wheelchairs to perform aside or diagonal transfer from the wheelchairto the water closet. However, some personswith disabilities who use mobility aids suchas walkers, canes or crutches are better able

to use the two parallel grab bars in the 36 in(915 mm) wide alternate stall to achieve astanding position.

In large toilet rooms, where six or more toiletstalls are provided, it is therefore requiredthat a 36 in (915 mm) wide stall with parallelgrab bars be provided in addition to thestandard stall required in new construction.The 36 in (915 mm) width is necessary toachieve proper use of the grab bars; widerstalls would position the grab bars too farapart to be easily used and narrower stallswould position the grab bars too close to thewater closet. Since the stall is primarilyintended for use by persons using canes,crutches and walkers, rather than wheel-chairs, the length of the stall could be conven-tional. The door, however, must swing out-ward to ensure a usable space for people whouse crutches or walkers.

A4.17.5 Doors. To make it easier for wheel-chair users to close toilet stall doors, doorscan be provided with closers, spring hinges, ora pull bar mounted on the inside surface ofthe door near the hinge side.

A4.19 Lavatories and Mirrors.

A4.19.6 Mirrors. If mirrors are to be used byboth ambulatory people and wheelchair users,then they must be at least 74 in (1880 mm)high at their topmost edge. A single full lengthmirror can accommodate all people, includingchildren.

A4.21 Shower Stalls.

A4.21.1 General. Shower stalls that are 36 inby 36 in (915 mm by 915 mm) wide provideadditional safety to people who have difficultymaintaining balance because all grab bars andwalls are within easy reach. Seated people usethe walls of 36 in by 36 in (915 mm by 915mm) showers for back support. Shower stallsthat are 60 in (1525 mm) wide and have nocurb may increase usability of a bathroom bywheelchair users because the shower areaprovides additional maneuvering space.

A4.22 Toilet Rooms.

A4.22.3 Clear Floor Space. In many smallfacilities, single-user restrooms may be theonly facilities provided for all building users.

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In addition, the guidelines allow the use of“unisex” or “family” accessible toilet rooms inalterations when technical infeasibility can bedemonstrated. Experience has shown that theprovision of accessible “unisex” or single-userrestrooms is a reasonable way to provideaccess for wheelchair users and any atten-dants, especially when attendants are of theopposite sex. Since these facilities haveproven so useful, it is often considered advan-tageous to install a “unisex” toilet room innew facilities in addition to making themulti-stall restrooms accessible, especially inshopping malls, large auditoriums, andconvention centers.

Figure 28 (section 4.16) provides minimumclear floor space dimensions for toilets inaccessible “unisex” toilet rooms. The dottedlines designate the minimum clear floorspace, depending on the direction of approach,required for wheelchair users to transfer ontothe water closet. The dimensions of 48 in(1220 mm) and 60 in (1525 mm), respectively,correspond to the space required for the twocommon transfer approaches utilized bywheelchair users (see Fig. A6). It is importantto keep in mind that the placement of thelavatory to the immediate side of the watercloset will preclude the side approach transferillustrated in Figure A6(b).

To accommodate the side transfer, the spaceadjacent to the water closet must remainclear of obstruction for 42 in (1065 mm) fromthe centerline of the toilet (Figure 28) and thelavatory must not be located within this clearspace. A turning circle or T-turn, the clear floorspace at the lavatory, and maneuvering spaceat the door must be considered when deter-mining the possible wall locations. A privacylatch or other accessible means of ensuringprivacy during use should be provided at thedoor.

RECOMMENDATIONS:

1. In new construction, accessible single-userrestrooms may be desirable in some situa-tions because they can accommodate a widevariety of building users. However, theycannot be used in lieu of making themulti-stall toilet rooms accessible as required.

2. Where strict compliance to the guidelinesfor accessible toilet facilities is technicallyinfeasible in the alteration of existing facili-ties, accessible “unisex” toilets are a reason-able alternative.

3. In designing accessible single-userrestrooms, the provisions of adequate spaceto allow a side transfer will provide accommo-dation to the largest number of wheelchairusers.

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A4.23 Bathrooms, Bathing Facilities,and Shower Rooms.

A4.23.3 Clear Floor Space. Figure A7shows two possible configurations of a toiletroom with a roll-in shower. The specific showershown is designed to fit exactly within thedimensions of a standard bathtub. Since theshower does not have a lip, the floor space canbe used for required maneuvering space. Thiswould permit a toilet room to be smaller thanwould be permitted with a bathtub and stillprovide enough floor space to be consideredaccessible. This design can provide accessibil-ity in facilities where space is at a premium(i.e., hotels and medical care facilities). Thealternate roll-in shower (Fig. 57b) also providessufficient room for the “T-turn” and does notrequire plumbing to be on more than one wall.

A4.23.9 Medicine Cabinets. Other alterna-tives for storing medical and personal careitems are very useful to disabled people.Shelves, drawers, and floor-mounted cabinetscan be provided within the reach ranges ofdisabled people.

A4.26 Handrails, Grab Bars, and Tuband Shower Seats.

A4.26.1 General. Many disabled people relyheavily upon grab bars and handrails tomaintain balance and prevent serious falls.Many people brace their forearms betweensupports and walls to give them more leverageand stability in maintaining balance or forlifting. The grab bar clearance of 1-1/2 in (38mm) required in this guideline is a safetyclearance to prevent injuries resulting fromarms slipping through the openings. It alsoprovides adequate gripping room.

A4.26.2 Size and Spacing of Grab Barsand Handrails. This specification allows foralternate shapes of handrails as long as theyallow an opposing grip similar to that pro-vided by a circular section of 1-1/4 in to 1-1/2in (32 mm to 38 mm).

A4.27 Controls and OperatingMechanisms.

A4.27.3 Height. Fig. A8 further illustrates

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mandatory and advisory control mountingheight provisions for typical equipment.

Electrical receptacles installed to serve indi-vidual appliances and not intended for regularor frequent use by building occupants are notrequired to be mounted within the specifiedreach ranges. Examples would be receptaclesinstalled specifically for wall-mounted clocks,refrigerators, and microwave ovens.

A4.28 Alarms.

A4.28.2 Audible Alarms. Audible emergencysignals must have an intensity and frequencythat can attract the attention of individuals whohave partial hearing loss. People over 60 yearsof age generally have difficulty perceivingfrequencies higher than 10,000 Hz. An alarmsignal which has a periodic element to itssignal, such as single stroke bells (clang-pause-clang- pause), hi-low (up-down-up-down)and fast whoop (on-off-on-off) are best. Avoidcontinuous or reverberating tones. Select asignal which has a sound characterized bythree or four clear tones without a great dealof “noise” in between.

A4.28.3 Visual Alarms. The specifications inthis section do not preclude the use of zoned orcoded alarm systems.

A4.28.4 Auxiliary Alarms. Locating visualemergency alarms in rooms where persons whoare deaf may work or reside alone can ensurethat they will always be warned when anemergency alarm is activated. To be effective,such devices must be located and oriented sothat they will spread signals and reflectionsthroughout a space or raise the overall lightlevel sharply. However, visual alarms alone arenot necessarily the best means to alert sleep-ers. A study conducted by Underwriters Labo-ratory (UL) concluded that a flashing lightmore than seven times brighter was required(110 candela v. 15 candela, at the samedistance) to awaken sleepers as was needed toalert awake subjects in a normal daytimeilluminated room.

For hotel and other rooms where people arelikely to be asleep, a signal-activated vibratorplaced between mattress and box spring orunder a pillow was found by UL to be muchmore effective in alerting sleepers. Manyreadily available devices are sound-activated

so that they could respond to an alarm clock,clock radio, wake-up telephone call or roomsmoke detector. Activation by a building alarmsystem can either be accomplished by aseparate circuit activating an auditory alarmwhich would, in turn, trigger the vibrator or bya signal transmitted through the ordinary110-volt outlet. Transmission of signalsthrough the power line is relatively simple andis the basis of common, inexpensive remotelight control systems sold in many departmentand electronic stores for home use. So-called“wireless” intercoms operate on the sameprincipal.

A4.29 Detectable Warnings.

A4.29.2 Detectable Warnings on WalkingSurfaces. The material used to provide con-trast should contrast by at least 70%. Contrastin percent is determined by:

Contrast = [(B1 - B2)/B1] x 100

where B1 = light reflectance value (LRV) of thelighter area and B2 = light reflectance value(LRV) of the darker area.

Note that in any application both white andblack are never absolute; thus, B1 neverequals 100 and B2 is always greater than 0.

A4.30 Signage.

A4.30.1 General. In building complexes wherefinding locations independently on a routinebasis may be a necessity (for example, collegecampuses), tactile maps or prerecorded instruc-tions can be very helpful to visually impairedpeople. Several maps and auditory instructionshave been developed and tested for specificapplications. The type of map or instructionsused must be based on the information to becommunicated, which depends highly on thetype of buildings or users.

Landmarks that can easily be distinguished byvisually impaired individuals are useful asorientation cues. Such cues include changes inillumination level, bright colors, unique pat-terns, wall murals, location of special equip-ment or other architectural features.

Many people with disabilities have limitationsin movement of their heads and reducedperipheral vision. Thus, signage positioned

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perpendicular to the path of travel is easiest forthem to notice. People can generally distin-guish signage within an angle of 30 degrees toeither side of the centerlines of their faceswithout moving their heads.

A4.30.2 Character Proportion. The legibilityof printed characters is a function of theviewing distance, character height, the ratio ofthe stroke width to the height of the character,the contrast of color between character andbackground, and print font. The size of charac-ters must be based upon the intended viewingdistance. A severely nearsighted person mayhave to be much closer to recognize a characterof a given size than a person with normal visualacuity.

A4.30.4 Raised and Brailled Charactersand Pictorial Symbol Signs (Pictograms).The standard dimensions for literary Brailleare as follows:

Dot diameter .059 in.

Inter-dot spacing .090 in.

Horizontal separationbetween cells .241 in.

Vertical separationbetween cells .395 in.

Raised borders around signs containing raisedcharacters may make them confusing to readunless the border is set far away from thecharacters. Accessible signage with descriptivematerials about public buildings, monuments,and objects of cultural interest may notprovide sufficiently detailed and meaningfulinformation. Interpretive guides, audio tapedevices, or other methods may be more effec-tive in presenting such information.

A4.30.5 Finish and Contrast. An eggshellfinish (11 to 19 degree gloss on 60 degreeglossimeter) is recommended. Research indi-cates that signs are more legible for personswith low vision when characters contrast withtheir background by at least 70 percent.Contrast in percent shall be determined by:

Contrast = [(B1 - B2)/B1] x 100

where B1 = light reflectance value (LRV) ofthe lighter area and B2 = light reflectancevalue (LRV) of the darker area.

Note that in any application both white andblack are never absolute; thus, B1 neverequals 100 and B2 is always greater than 0.

The greatest readability is usually achievedthrough the use of light-colored characters orsymbols on a dark background.

A4.30.7 Symbols of Accessibility forDifferent Types of Listening Systems.Paragraph 4 of this section requires signageindicating the availability of an assistivelistening system. An appropriate messageshould be displayed with the internationalsymbol of access for hearing loss since thissymbol conveys general accessibility forpeople with hearing loss. Some suggestionsare:

INFRAREDASSISTIVE LISTENING SYSTEM

AVAILABLE----PLEASE ASK----

AUDIO LOOP IN USETURN T-SWITCH FOR

BETTER HEARING----OR ASK FOR HELP----

FMASSISTIVE LISTENINGSYSTEM AVAILABLE----PLEASE ASK----

The symbol may be used to notify persons ofthe availability of other auxiliary aids andservices such as: real time captioning, cap-tioned note taking, sign language interpret-ers, and oral interpreters.

A4.30.8 Illumination Levels. Illuminationlevels on the sign surface shall be in the 100to 300 lux range (10 to 30 footcandles) andshall be uniform over the sign surface. Signsshall be located such that the illuminationlevel on the surface of the sign is not signifi-cantly exceeded by the ambient light orvisible bright lighting source behind or infront of the sign.

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A4.31 Telephones.

A4.31.3 Mounting Height. In localities wherethe dial-tone first system is in operation, callscan be placed at a coin telephone through theoperator without inserting coins. The operatorbutton is located at a height of 46 in (1170 mm)if the coin slot of the telephone is at 54 in (1370mm). A generally available public telephonewith a coin slot mounted lower on the equip-ment would allow universal installation oftelephones at a height of 48 in (1220 mm) orless to all operable parts.

A4.31.9 Text Telephones. A public texttelephone may be an integrated text telephonepay phone unit or a conventional portable texttelephone that is permanently affixed within, oradjacent to, the telephone enclosure. In orderto be usable with a pay phone, a text telephonewhich is not a single integrated text telephonepay phone unit will require a shelf largeenough (10 in (255mm) wide by 10 in (255 mm)deep with a 6 in (150 mm) vertical clearanceminimum) to accommodate the device, anelectrical outlet, and a power cord. Movable orportable text telephones may be used toprovide equivalent facilitation. A text telephoneshould be readily available so that a personusing it may access the text telephone easilyand conveniently. As currently designedpocket-type text telephones for personal use donot accommodate a wide range of users. Suchdevices would not be considered substantiallyequivalent to conventional text telephones.However, in the future as technology developsthis could change.

A4.32 Fixed or Built-in Seatingand Tables.

A4.32.4 Height of Tables or Counters.Different types of work require different table orcounter heights for comfort and optimal perfor-mance. Light detailed work such as writingrequires a table or counter close to elbowheight for a standing person. Heavy manualwork such as rolling dough requires a counteror table height about 10 in (255 mm) belowelbow height for a standing person. This prin-ciple of high/low table or counter heights alsoapplies for seated persons; however, the limitingcondition for seated manual work is clearanceunder the table or counter.

Table A1 shows convenient counter heights forseated persons. The great variety of heights forcomfort and optimal performance indicates aneed for alternatives or a compromise in heightif people who stand and people who sit will beusing the same counter area.

Table A1Convenient Heights of Tables

and Counters for Seated People1

Short TallWomen Men

Conditions of Use in mm in mm

Seated in a wheelchair:Manual work-Desk or removablearmrests 26 660 30 760

Fixed, full-size armrests2 323 815 323 815Light, detailed work:Desk or removablearmrests 29 735 34 865

Fixed, full-size armrests2 323 815 34 865Seated in a 16 in (405 mm)high chair:Manual work 26 660 27 685Light, detailed work 28 710 31 785

1All dimensions are based on a work-surfacethickness of 1 1/2 in (38 mm) and a clearanceof 1 1/2 in (38 mm) between legs and theunderside of a work surface.

2This type of wheelchair arm does not interferewith the positioning of a wheelchair under awork surface.

3This dimension is limited by the height of thearmrests: a lower height would be preferable.Some people in this group prefer lower worksurfaces, which require positioning the wheel-chair back from the edge of the counter.

A4.33 Assembly Areas.

A4.33.2 Size of Wheelchair Locations.Spaces large enough for two wheelchairs allowpeople who are coming to a performancetogether to sit together.

A4.33.3 Placement of WheelchairLocations. The location of wheelchair areascan be planned so that a variety of positions

A4.31 Telephones

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579

within the seating area are provided. This willallow choice in viewing and price categories.

Building/life safety codes set minimumdistances between rows of fixed seats withconsideration of the number of seats in a row,the exit aisle width and arrangement, and thelocation of exit doors. “Continental” seating,with a greater number of seats per row and a

commensurate increase in row spacing andexit doors, facilitates emergency egress for allpeople and increases ease of access tomid-row seats especially for people who walkwith difficulty. Consideration of this positiveattribute of “continental” seating should beincluded along with all other factors in thedesign of fixed seating areas.

Induction LoopTransmitter: Transducerwired to induction looparound listening area.Receiver: Self-containedinduction receiver orpersonal hearing aidwith telecoil.

Cost-EffectiveLow MaintenanceEasy to useUnobtrusiveMay be possible tointegrate into existingpublic address system.

Some hearing aids canfunction as receivers.

Signal spills over toadjacent rooms.

Susceptible to electricalinterference.

Limited portabilityInconsistent signalstrength

Head position affectssignal strength.

Lack of standards forinduction coilperformance.

Meeting areasTheatersChurches and TemplesConference roomsClassroomsTV viewing

FMTransmitter: Flashlight-sized worn by speaker.

Receiver: With personalhearing aid via DAI orinduction neck-loop and

telecoil; or self-contain-ed with earphone(s).

Highly portableDifferent channels allowuse by different groupswithin the same room.

High user mobilityVariable for large rangeof hearing losses.

High cost of receiversEquipment fragileEquipment obtrusiveHigh maintenanceExpensive to maintainCustom fitting toindividual user may berequired.

ClassroomsTour groupsMeeting areasOutdoor eventsOne-on-one

InfraredTransmitter: Emitter inline-of- sight withreceiver.

Receiver: Self-contained.Or with personal hearingaid via DAI or inductionneckloop and telecoil.

System TypicalApplications

Advantages Disadvantages

Easy to useInsures privacy orconfidentiality

Moderate costCan often be integratedinto existing publicaddress system.

Line-of-sight requiredbetween emitter andreceiver.

Ineffective outdoorsLimited portabilityRequires installation

Source: Rehab Brief, National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research, Washington, DC, Vol. XII, No. 10, (1990).

Table A2. Summary of Assistive Listening Devices

TheatersChurches and TemplesAuditoriumsMeetings requiringconfidentiality

TV viewing

Table A2. Summary of Assistive Listening Devices

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A4.33.6 Placement of ListeningSystems. A distance of 50 ft (15 m) allows aperson to distinguish performers’ facialexpressions.

A4.33.7 Types of Listening Systems. Anassistive listening system appropriate for anassembly area for a group of persons or wherethe specific individuals are not known inadvance, such as a playhouse, lecture hall ormovie theater, may be different from the systemappropriate for a particular individual providedas an auxiliary aid or as part of a reasonableaccommodation. The appropriate device for anindividual is the type that individual can use,whereas the appropriate system for an assemblyarea will necessarily be geared toward the“average” or aggregate needs of variousindi-viduals. A listening system that can be usedfrom any seat in a seating area is the most flexibleway to meet this specification. Earphone jackswith variable volume controls can benefit onlypeople who have slight hearing loss and do nothelp people who use hearing aids. At the presenttime, magnetic induction loops are the mostfeasible type of listening system for people whouse hearing aids equipped with “T-coils,” butpeople without hearing aids or those with hearingaids not equipped with inductive pick-ups cannotuse them without special receivers. Radio fre-quency systems can be extremely effective andinexpensive. People without hearing aids can usethem, but people with hearing aids need a specialreceiver to use them as they are presently de-signed. If hearing aids had a jack to allow aby-pass of microphones, then radio frequencysystems would be suitable for people with andwithout hearing aids. Some listening systems maybe subject to interference from other equipmentand feedback from hearing aids of people who areusing the systems. Such interference can becontroll-ed by careful engineering design thatanticipates feedback sources in the surroundingarea.

Table A2, reprinted from a National Institute ofDisability and Rehabilitation Research “RehabBrief,” shows some of the advantages and disad-vantages of different types of assistive listeningsystems. In addition, the Architectural andTransportation Barriers Compliance Board(Access Board) has published a pamphlet onAssistive Listening Systems which lists demon-stration centers across the country wheretechnical assistance can be obtained in selectingand installing appropriate systems. The state of

New York has also adopted a detailed technicalspecification which may be useful.

A5.0 Restaurants and Cafeterias.

A5.1 General. Dining counters (where there isno service) are typically found in small carry-outrestaurants, bakeries, or coffee shops and mayonly be a narrow eating surface attached to awall. This section requires that where such adining counter is provided, a portion of thecounter shall be at the required accessible height.

A7.0 Business and Mercantile.

A7.2(3) Assistive Listening Devices. At allsales and service counters, teller windows, boxoffices, and information kiosks where a physicalbarrier separates service personnel and custom-ers, it is recommended that at least one perma-nently installed assistive listening device comply-ing with 4.33 be provided at each location orseries. Where assistive listening devices areinstalled, signage should be provided identifyingthose stations which are so equipped.

A7.3 Check-out Aisles. Section 7.2 refers tocounters without aisles; section 7.3 concernscheck-out aisles. A counter without an aisle (7.2)can be approached from more than one directionsuch as in a convenience store. In order to use acheck-out aisle (7.3), customers must enter adefined area (an aisle) at a particular point, payfor goods, and exit at a particular point.

A10.3 Fixed Facilities and Stations

A10.3.1(7) Route Signs. One means ofmaking control buttons on fare vending ma-chines usable by persons with vision impair-ments is to raise them above the surroundingsurface. Those activated by a mechanical motionare likely to be more detectable. If farecardvending, collection, and adjustment devices aredesigned to accommodate farecards having onetactually distinctive corner, then a person whohas a vision impairment will insert the card withgreater ease. Token collection devices that aredesigned to accommodate tokens which areperforated can allow a person to distinguish morereadily between tokens and common coins.Thoughtful placement of accessible gates andfare vending machines in relation to inaccessibledevices will make their use and detection easierfor all persons with disabilities.

A5.0 Restaurants and Cafeterias

[56 FR 35592, July 26, 1991, as amended by Order No. 1679-93, 58 FR 17522, Apr. 5, 1993; OrderNo. 1836-94, 59 FR 2675, Jan. 18, 1994]

A17

UNIFORM FEDERAL ACCESSIBILITY STANDARDS

INTRODUCTION

GENERAL SERVICESADMINISTRATION

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE

DEPARTMENT OF HOUSINGAND URBAN DEVELOPMENT

U.S. POSTAL SERVICE

This document presents uniformstandards for the design, construction, andalteration of buildings so that physicallyhandicapped persons will have ready accessto and use of them in accordance with theArchitectural Barriers Act 42 U.S.C. 4151-4157. The document embodies anagreement to minimize the differencebetween the standards previously used byfour agencies (the General ServicesAdministration, the departments of Housingand Urban Development and Defense, andthe United States Postal Service) that areauthorized to issue standards under theArchitectural Barriers Act, and betweenthose standards and the access standardsrecommended for facilities that are notfederally funded or constructed.

The four standard-setting agenciesestablish and enforce standards for design,construction, and alteration of particulartypes of buildings and facilities. TheGeneral Services Administration (GSA)prescribes standards for al buildings subjectto the Architectural Barriers Act that are notcovered by standards Issued by the otherthree standard-setting agencies; the Department of Defense (DoD) prescribesstandards for DOD installations; theDepartment of Housing and UrbanDevelopment (HUD) prescribes standardsfor residential structures covered by theArchitectural Barriers Act except thosefunded or constructed by DoD; and the U.S.Postal Service (USPS) prescribes standardsfor postal facilities. Each of the fouragencies issues standards in accordancewith its statutory authority.

To ensure compliance with the standards.Congress established the Architectural andTransportation Barriers Compliance Board(ATBCB) in Section 502 of theRehabilitation Act of 1973 (theRehabilitation Act), 29 U.S.C. 792. TheATBCB is composed of membersrepresenting eleven Federal

agencies (the four standard-setting agencies- the departments of Education, Health andHuman Services, Interior, Justice, Labor,and Transportation; and the VeteransAdministration) and eleven membersappointed by the President from the generalpublic. A 1978 amendment to Section 502of the Rehabilitation Act added to theATBCB’s functions the responsibility toissue minimum guidelines (Guidelines) andrequirements for the standards establishedby the four standard-setting agencies. Thefinal rule that established the Guidelinesnow in effect was published in the FederalRegister on August 4, 1982 (47 FR 33862)and is codified at 36 CFR part 1190.

The four standard-setting agenciesdetermined that the uniform standardsadopted by them would, as much aspossible, not only comply with theGuidelines adopted by the ATBCB but alsobe consistent with the standards publishedby the American National StandardsInstitute (ANSI) for general use. ANSI is anongovernmental national organization thatpublishes a wide variety of recommendedstandards. ANSI’s standards for barrier-freedesign are developed by a committee madeup of 52 organizations representingassociations of handicapped people,rehabilitation professionals, designprofessionals, builders, and manufactures.The standards, which are called ANSIA117.1, "Specifications for MakingBuildings and Facilities Accessible to, andUsable by, Physically Handicapped People,"are developed using the consensus process.The original ANSI A117.1, adopted in1961, formed the technical basis for the firstaccessibility standards adopted by thefederal government and most stategovernments. The current edition ANSIA117.1-1980. is based on research fundedby HUD. It has generally been accepted bythe private sector and has beenrecommended for use in model state andlocal building codes by the Council ofAmerican Building Officials.

In keeping with the objective ofuniformity between federal requirementsand those commonly applied by state andlocal governments, the Uniform FederalAccessibility Standards (UFAS) followsANS A117.1-1980 in format. Both theUFAS scope provisions which establish theminimum number of elements and spacesrequired to comply with standards, and theUFAS technical

requirements meet or exceed the com-parable provisions of the Guidelines.

The UFAS was published in the FederalRegister on August 7, 1984 (49 FR 31528).Each of the standard-setting agencies hastaken action in accordance with its ownprocedures, including internally prescribedrulemaking and the AdministrativeProcedure Act where applicable, toincorporate the UFAS in its own standards,regulations, or other directives. GSAadopted the UFAS in 41 CFR 101-19.6,effective August 7, 1984. HUD adopted theUFAS in 24 CFR part 40, effective October4, 1984. USPS adopted the UFAS inHandbook RE-4, "Standards for FacilityAccessibility by the PhysicallyHandicapped," effective November 15,1964. DoD adopted the UFAS by revisingChapter 18 of DoD 4270.1 –M,"Construction Criteria" by memorandumdated May 8, 1985.

For further information contact:

Kathleen Fields, General ServicesAdministration, 18th and F Steets, N.W.,Room 3044, Washington D.C. 20405, (202)566-0038.

Judith Gilliom, Department of Defense,Office of the Deputy Assistant Secretary ofDefense (Equal Opportunity), Room 3E317,The Pentagon, Washington, D.C. 20301,(202) 697-8661.

Margaret Milner, Department of Housingand Urban Development, 451 7th Street,S.W., Room 9220, Washington D.C. 20410,(202) 755-6454.

Melinda Hulsey, Real Estate and BuildingsDepartment, U.S. Postal Service, 475L’Enfant Plaza West, S.W., Washington,D.C 20260-6424, (202) 268-3139.

For TDD communication, call MargaretMilner, (202) 426-6030. These are notToll-free numbers

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4.34 Dwelling Units

(2) Accessible spaces shall have maneuvering space complyingwith 4.2.2 and 4.2.3 and surfaces complying with 4.5.

(3) At least one accessible route complying with 4.3 shallconnect the accessible entrances with all accessible spaces andelements within the dwelling units.

(4) See 4.1.1(5)(d) -- Parking.

(5) Removed and reserved

(6) Doors to and in accessible spaces that are intended forpassage shall comply with 4.13, except that the provisions of4.13.9 apply only to the doors at accessible entrances to the unititself.

(7) At least one accessible entrance to the dwelling unit shallcomply with 4.14.

(8) Storage in accessible spaces in dwelling units, includingcabinets, shelves, closets, and drawers, shall comply with 4.25.

(9) All controls in accessible spaces shall comply with 4.27.Those portions of heating, ventilating, and airconditioningequipment requiring regular, periodic maintenance and adjustmentby the resident of a dwelling shall be accessible to people inwheelchairs. If air distribution registers must be placed in or closeto ceilings for proper air circulation, this specification shall notapply to the registers.

(10) Emergency alarms as required by 4.1 and complyingwith 4.28.4 shall be provided in the dwelling unit.

(11) Removed and reserved.

(12) At least one full bathroom shall comply with 4.34.5. A fullbathroom shall include a water closet, a lavatory, and a bathtub ora shower.

(13) The kitchen shall comply with 4.34.6.

(14) If laundry facilities are provided, they shall comply with4.34.7.

(15) The following spaces shall be accessible and shall be onan accessible route:

(a) The living area.

(b) The dining area.

(c) The sleeping area, or the bedroom in one bed-roomdwelling unit or at least two bedrooms or sleeping spaces indwelling units with two or more bedrooms.

(d) Patios, terraces, balconies, carports, and garages, ifprovided with the dwelling unit

4.34.3 Adaptability. The specifications for 4.34.5 and 4.34.6include the concept of adaptability. Accessible dwelling unitsmay be designed for either permanent accessibility oradaptability.

4.34.4 Consumer Information. To ensure that the existenceof adaptable features will be known to the owner or occupantof a dwelling, the following con-

50 ADA Handbook

4.34 Dwelling Units

sumer lnfoffnation shall be provided in each adaptabledwelling unit available for occupancy.

(1) Notification of the alternate heights available for thekitchen counter and sink, and the existence of removablecabinets and bases. If provided, under counters, sinks, andlavatories.

(2) Notification of the provisions for the installation of grabbars at toilets, bathtubs, and showers.

(3) Notification that the dwelling unit is equipped to have avisual emergency alarm installed.

(4) Identification of the location where information andinstructions are available for changing the height of counters,removing cabinets and bases, installing a visual emergencyalarm system and installing grab bars.

(5) Notification that the dwelling unit has been designed inaccordance with this Uniform Federal AccessibilityStandards.

In addition, the parties who will be responsible for makingadaptations shall be provided with the following information:

(1) Instructions for adjusting or replacing kitchen counterand sink heights and for removing cabinets.

(2) A scale drawing showing methods and locations for theinstallation of grab bars.

(3) A scale drawing showing the location of adjustable orreplaceable counter areas and removable cabinets.

(4) Identification of the location of any equipment and partsrequired for adjusting or replacing counter tops, cabinets, andsinks.

(5) Instructions for installing a visual emergency alarmsystem, if the dwelling unit is equipped for such aninstallation.

4.34.5* Bathrooms. Accessible or adaptable bathrooms shallbe on an accessible route and shall comply with therequirements of 4.34.5.

4.34.5.1 Doors. Doors shall not swing into the clear floorspace required for any fixture.

4.34.5.2 Water Closets.

(1) Clear floor space at the water closet shall be as shownin Fig. 47(a). The water closet may be located with the cleararea at either the right or left side of the toilet

(2) The height of the water closet shall be at least 15 in(380 mm), and no more than 19 in (485 mm), measured to thetop of the toilet seat

(3) Structural reinforcement or other provisions that willallow installation of grab bars shall be provided in thelocations shown in Fig. 47(b). If provided grab bars shall beinstalled as shown in Fig. 29 and shall comply wfth 4.26.

(4) The toilet paper dispenser shall be installed withinreach as shown in Fig. 47(b).

4.34.5.3 Lavatory, Mirrors, and Medicine Cabinets.

(1) The lavatory and mirrors shall comply with 4.22.6.

(2) If a cabinet is provided under the lavatory in adaptablebathrooms, then it shall be removable to provide theclearances specified in 4.22.6.

(3) If a medicine cabinet is provided above the lavatory,then the bottom of the medicine cabinet shall be located witha usable shelf no higher than 44 in (1120 mm) above thefloor.

4.34.5.4 Bathtubs. If a bathtub is provided then it shall havethe following features:

(1) Floor space. Clear floor space at bathtubs shall be asshown in Fig. 33.

(2) Seat. An in-tub seat or a seat at the head end of the tubshall be provided as shown in Fig. 33 and 34. The structuralstrength of seats and their attachments shall comply with4.26.3. Seats shall be mounted securely and shall not slipduring use.

(3) Grab bars. Structural reinforcement or other provisionsthat will allow installation of grab bars shall be provided inthe locations shown in Fig. 48. If proided, grab bars shall beinstalled as shown in Fig. 34 and shall comply with 4.26.

(4) Controls. Faucets and other controls shall be located asshown in Fig. 34 and shall comply with 4.27.4.

(5) Shower unit A shower spray unit with a hose at least 60in (1525 mm) long that can be used as a fixed shower head oras a hand-held shower shall be provided.

4.34.5.5 Showers. If a shower is providect it shall have thefollowing features:

(1) Size and clearances. Shower stall size and clear floorspace shall comply with either Fig. 35(a) or (b). The showerstall in Fig. 35(a) shafl be 36 in by 36 in (915 mm by 915mm), The shower stall in Fig. 35(b) will fit into the samespace as a standard 60 in (1525 mm) long bathtub.

(2) Seat. A seat shall be provided in the shower stall in Fig.35(a) as shown in Fig. 36. The seat shall be 17 in to 19 in(430 mm to 485 mm) high measured from the bathroom floorand shall extend the full depth of the stall. The seat shall beon the wall opposite the controls The structural strength ofseats and their attachments shall comply with 4.26.3. Seatsshall be mounted securely and shall not slip during use.

(3) Grab bars. Structural reinforcement or other provisionsthat will allow installation of grab bars shall be provided inthe locations shown in Fig. 49. If provided, grab bars shall beinstalled as shown in Fig. 37 and shall comply with 4.26.

ADA Handbook 51

(4) Controls. Faucets and other controls shall be located asshown in Fig. 37 and shall comply with 4.27.4. In the showerstall in Fig. 35(a), all controls, faucets, and the shower unit shallbe mounted on the side wall opposite the seat

(5) Shower unit A shower spray unit with a hose at least 60 in(1525 mm) long Ow can be used as a fixed shower head atvarious heights or as a hand-held shower shad be proaded.

4.34.5.6 Bathtub and Shower Enclosures. Enclosures forbathtubs or shower stalls shall not obstruct controls or transferfrom wheelchairs onto shower or bathtub seats. Enclosures onbathtubs shall not have tracks mounted on their rims.

4.34.5.7 Clear Floor Space. Clear floor space at fixtures mayoverlap.

4.34.6 Kitchens. Accessible or adaptable kitchens and theircomponents shall be on an accessible route and shall complywith the requirements of 4.34.6.

4.34.6.1* Clearance. Clearances between all opposing basecabinets, counter tops, appliances, or walls shall be 40 in (1015mm) minimum, except in U-shaped kitchens, where suchclearance shall be 60 in (1525 mm) minimum.

4.34.6.2 Clear Floor Space. A clear floor space at least 30 in by48 in (760 mm by 1220 mm) complying with 4.2.4 that allowseither a forward or a parallel approach by a person in awheelchair shall be provided at all appliances in the kitchen,including the range or cooktop, oven, refrigerator/freezer,dishwasher, and trash compactor. Laundry equipment located inthe kitchen shall comply with 4.34.7.

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4.34 Dwelling Units

4.34.6.3 Controls. All controls in kitchens shall complywith 4.27.

4.34.6.4 Work Surfaces. At least one 30 in (760 mm)section of counter shall provide a work surface that complieswith the following requirements (see Fig. 50):

(1) The counter shall be mounted at a maximum height of34 in (865 mm) above the floor, measured from the floor tothe top of the counter surface, or shall be adjustable orreplaceable as a unit to provide alternative heights of 28 in,32 in and 36 in (710 mm, 815 mm and 915 mm), measuredfrom the top of the counter surface.

(2) Base cabinets, if provided, shall be removable underthe full 30 in (760 mm) minimum frontage of the counter.The finished floor shall extend under the counter to the wall.

(3) Counter thickness and supporting structure shall be 2in (50 mm) maximum over the required clear area.

(4) A clear floor space 30 in by 48 in (760 mm by mm)shall allow a forward approach to the counter. Nineteeninches (485 mm) maximum of the clear floor space mayextend underneath the counter. The knee space shall have aminimum clear width of 30 in (760 mm) and a minimumclear depth of 19 in (485 mm).

(5) There shall be no sharp or abrasive surfaces undersuch counters.

4.34.6.5* Sink. The sink and surrounding counter shallcomply with the following requirements (see Fig. 51):

(1) The sink and surrounding counter shall be mounted at amaximum height of 34 in (865 mm) above the floor,measured from the floor to the top of the counter surface, orshall be adjustable or replaceable as a unit to providealternative heights of 28 in, 32 in, and 36 in (710 mm, 815mm and 915 mm), measured from the floor to the top of thecounter surface or sink rim. The total width of sink andcounter area shall be 30 in (760 mm).

(2) Rough-in plumbing shall be located to acceptconnections of supply and drain pipes for sinks mounted atthe height of 28 in (7 10 mm).

(3) The depth of a sink bowl shall be no greater than 6-1/2in (165 mm). Only one bowl of double- or triple-bowl sinksneeds to meet this requirement.

(4) Faucets shall comply with 4.27.4. Lever-operated orpush-type mechanisms are two acceptable designs.

(5) Base cabinets, if provided, shall be removable underthe full 30 in (760 mm) minimum frontage of the sink andsurrounding counter. The finished flooring shall extendunder the counter to the wall.

(6) Counter thickness and supporting structure shall be 2in (50 mm) maximum over the required clear space.

(7) A clear floor space 30 in by 48 in (760 mm by 1220mm) shall allow forward approach to the sink Nineteeninches (485 mm) maximum of the clear floor space mayextend underneath the sink The knee space shall have a clearwidth of 30 in (760 mm) and a clear depth of 19 in (485mm).

(8) There shall be no sharp or abrasive surfaces undersinks. Hot water and drain pipes under sinks shall beinsulated or otherwise covered.

4.34.6.6* Ranges and Cooktops. Ranges and cooktopsshall comply with 4.34.6.2 and 4.34.6.3. If ovens orcooktops have knee spaces underneath, then they shall beinsulated or otherwise protected on the exposed contactsurfaces to prevent burns, abrasions, or electrical shock Theclear floor space may overlap the knee space, if provided, by19 in (485 mm) maximum. The location of controls forranges and cook-tops shall not require reaching acrossburners.

ADA Handbook 55

4.34 Dwelling Units

4.34.6.7* Ovens. Ovens shall comply with 4.34.62 and4.34.6.3. Ovens shall be of the self-cleaning type or belocated adjacent to an adjustable height counter with kneespace below (see Fig. 52). For side-opening ovens, thedoor latch side shall be next to the open counter space, andthere shall be a pull-out shelf under the oven extending thefull width of the oven and pulling out not less than 10 in(255 mm) when fully extended. Ovens shall have controlson front panels; they may be located on either side of thedoor.

4.34.6.8* Refrigerator/Freezer Refrigerator/freezers shall comply with 4.34.6.3. Provision shall bemade for refrigerators which are:

(1) Of the vertical side-by-side refiigerator/freezer type;or

(2) Of the over-and-under type and meet the followingrequirerments:

(a) Have at least 50 percent of the freezer space below54 in (1370 mm) above the floor.

(b) Have 100 percent of the refrigerator space andcontrols below 54 in (1370 mm).

Freezers with less than 100 percent of the storage volumewithin the limits specified in 4.2.5 or 4.2.6 shall be theself-defrosting type.

4.34.6.9 Dishwashers. Dishwashers shall comply with4.34.6.2 and 4.34.6.3. Dishwashers shall have all rackspace accessible from the front of the machine for loadingand unloading dishes.

4.34.6.10* Kitchen Storage. Cabinets, drawers, and shelfareas shall comply with 4.25 and shall have the followingfeatures:

(1) Maximum height shall be 48 in (1220 mm) for atleast one shelf of all cabinets and storage shelves mountedabove work counters (see Fig. 50).

(2) Door pulls or handles for wall cabinets shall bemounted as close to the bottom of cabinet doors aspossible. Door pulls or handles for base cabinets shall bemounted as close to the top of cabinet doors as possible

4.34.7 Laundry Facilities. If laundry equipment isprovided within individual accessible dwelling units, or 9separate laundry facilities serve one or more accessibledwelling units, then they shall meet the requirements of4.34.7.1 through 4.34.73.

4.34.7.1 Location. Laundry facilities and laundryequipment shall be on an accessible route.

4.34.7.2 Washing Machines and Clothes Dryers.Washing machines and clothes dryers in common uselaundry rooms shall be front loading.

4.34.7.3 Controls. Laundry equipment shall comply with4.27.

56 ADA Handbook

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