uemk1113 formula sheets
DESCRIPTION
Formula sheetTRANSCRIPT
UEMKI1I3 INTRODUCTION TO CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Aprrendix A - Conversion Table and Gas Constant
THE GAS CONSTANT
8 .314 m3 .Pa / (mo l .K )
0.08314 L 'bar / (mol 'K)
0.0U206 L'atm/(mol 'K)-62.36
L ' nrm Hg/( nro l ' K )
0.1 302 ft3' atm/(lb-mole' 'R)
10.1 3 ft3' psia/( lb-mole' 'R)
8.314 J / (mol 'K)
1.981 ca l / (mol 'K)
1.987 Btu/ ( lb-mole ' "R)
FACTORS FOR UNIT CONVERSIONS
Quantity Equivalent Valrres
Force
Pressure
Energy
Power
Mass
Length
Volurne
k g : 1 0 0 0 8 : 0 . 0 0 1 m e t r i c t o n : 2 . 2 0 4 6 2 1 b , . , , : 3 5 . 2 1 3 9 2 o 2lbn, : 16 oz : 5 X 10-a ton : 453.593g : 0.453593 kg
m : 100 cm : 1000 mm : 106 microns (pm) : 1910 angstroms (A): 39.31 in. : 3.2U08 fr : 1.0936 yd : 0.0006214 mile
l t : 7 2 i n . : l l Z y a : 0 . 3 0 4 8 m : 3 0 . 4 f l c m
m3 : 1000 L : 106 c*3 : 106 mL: 3-5.3145 ft3 : 219.()7 imperial gallons : 264.11 gal: 1056.68 qr
ft3 : 1728 in.3 : 1.4805 pol : 0.(l2l31l r-,-r3 : 283\1 L: 28,31J crn3
N : 1kg 'mls2 :105 dynes : ]05 g .cm/s2 : 0 .22481 lb rlbr : 32.114lb, , ' . f t ls2 : 4.4482N : 4.44u2 x 105 clynes
arm : 1.01325 x 10s N/rn2 (Pa; : 10L325 kpa : 1.01325 bar: 1.01325 x 106 dynes/cm2: -160 rnm Hg at 0"C (torr) : 10.333 m H2O at 4'C: 14.6()61b1/ in.2 (pr i ) : 33.9 f t H2O at 4 'C: 29.921in. Hg at 0'C
J : 1 N.m : 107 ergs : 107 clyne.cm: 2. ' .7 ' /8 x l0-7 kw.h : 0.23g01 cal: 0.7316 f t - l t r , : 9.4tJ6 x l0--{ F}tu
W : . l J /s : 0.23901ca1/s : 0.1376 f t . lbr /s : 9.486 X 10-4 Btu/s: 1 . 3 4 1 x l 0 3 h p
Example: The factor to convert grams ro lbn, tr (,?##F)
UEMK1113 INTRODUCTION TO CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Appendix B – Physical Property Tables
(Adapted from Felder, R. M., & Rousseau, R. W. (2000). Elementary principles of chemical processes (3rd ed.). John-Wiley & Sons.)
Table B.1 Selected Physical Property Data
Table B.2 Heat Capacities
Table B.3 Vapour Pressure of Water
Table B.5 Properties of Saturated Steam: Temperature Table
Table B.6 Properties of Saturated Steam: Pressure Table
Table B.7 Properties of Superheated Steam
Table B.8 Specific Enthalpies of Selected Gasses: SI Units
Table B.9 Specific Enthalpies of Selected Gasses: American Engineering Units
' fable l f . l Selected Physical Property Data,
Compound FormulaSG
Mol. Wt. (20"14")af?,,, ( 7',,, ).,/
kJ/nrol7-,, ,("C)1'A}7"(2u1",;
1i("C)' kJimot l'.(K)J /,.(atm)u(Ltt, 'y,t (a,"")i,.,kJ/urol kJ/mol
r'1J.o
o
X
LAJAceta ldehyde
Acetic acid
Acetone
Acety lene
Ammonia
Ammonium
hydrox ide
Anrnron iunr
l i l t rate
Amnon iurn
su l fa te
A n i l i n e
Benza ldehyde
Ilenzene
Rcnzo ic ac id
l lenzyl alcoholBronr ine
1 , 2 - B u t a d i e n e
1 , 3 - B u r a c l i e n e
r r - l J u te rnc
Isobu tane
I - tsu lene
(lalciLrrn
carbicle
Ca lc ium
carb<lnate
Calciunt
chloride
ctH3cHoclH3ctooH
ct3l{6o
C2Il2
N H r
N H 4 O H
N H 4 N O T
(NH4)2SC)4
c6H7N
C 6 I 1 5 C H O
CuHo
clTH6or
ctTft8o
Brz
C+Hn
CqHo
C l H r o
C q H r o
c4l{8
CaC2
CaCOr
CaClr
58.08 0.191
26.0417.03
93.72 1.022106 . l 2 1 .046
.5rJ. l2
.56 .1064.10 2.2218"
Decomposes a t 210 'C
I)ec<,rnrposes at -5 l3"Cla f te r n re l t ing
4(t1.0.594.8 57.1
50tJ.0 41.0
309.-5 61.6405.5 I I 1.3
o:: tt:
s62.6 48.6
.5t34 t02446425 .12.1125.t7 31.47
40u.1 -16.0
4t9.6
- 166.2(g)-4rJ6. r8( l )-a38.1.5(g)-248.2(t)-2 t6 .1 (g )
+226.75(g)-61.20(t )
46.1 e(g)- 366.a8(aq)
-36.5. la(c)- -199.36(aq )
- 1179 .3 (c )- I 1 7 3 . l ( a q )
- rJrJ.83(l)-a0.0a(g)
+ 48.66(t )+82.e3(g)
0 ( t )
r47 .0 ( l )- r2a.1@)- 1s8.4( l )
134. .5(g)+ I . 1 7 ( g )
-62.16(c)
- 1206.9(c)
-194.96(c)
-1tez/g)- 871 .6e( l )- ! r1e.73(g)
- 1785 .7 ( l )- l f i21.4(g)
r2ee.6(9)
- 3 X 7 5 x / o \_ " - ' " " \ b /
-3.520.0(t)
-3261.6(t )- 33t)1. .5(g)-3226.1(g)-3741 .8 ( t )
285.5.6( l )21378..5(g)
-2rJ4e.0( l )
2tt68.8(g)-21 t8 .6 (9 )
44.0-5 0.793'n" - 123.160.0_5 1.049 16.6
l ( ) . t t . i . I12 .0e 118 .2 24 .39
5.6e 56.0 30.2
- t J l . 5 11 .6.5.653 33.43 23.351
- 9-s.0
71.8
6.3-26 .0
1 { n 1
80.0-5 1.1252s" l6t).(-t
1 3 2 . 1 1 | . 1 6 9 - 5 1 3
.5.4
7 rJ . l 1 0 .u79 5 .53
122.12 1.26615" 2:2.2r 0r i . t3 1.045 - l s .41 5 9 . U 3 3 . 1 1 9 7 . 454.09 - 136. .554 .09 - - 109 .158. t2 , l3t i . - l
t84.2t79.0 3t3.40
9.837 80.10 .10.765
l-19.r{- 1 / t s ?
lO.r i -5u.6 3 1.01 0 . Il . o
1.661 0.6 22.305
.1.s40 - n.73 21.292
3 .8 .180 -6 .25 2 t .916
I)ecomposes at tJ25'C
l f i 17 - l6(x)
- 159.6
l8-s.32300
100.09 2.93
I 10.99 2.152t5" 192
Calcium Ca(OFI)2 14.10 2.21 ( - lt2o at 5tri0"C)hydroxide
(lalcium oxide CaO 56.0u 3.32 2510 50 2850C- 'a lc ium Car(POa)2 310.19 3.11 1670phosphate
Clalcium CaSiO.r 116.11 2.915 1530 48.62si l icatc
Calc ium ( 'aSOr 136.1-5 2.96sulfate
( la lc ium CaSO+.21-1. : ( ) 112.18 2.32 ( - 1. .5 H2O at 12i3"C)sulfate(gypsunr)
(larbon C 12.010 2.26 3600 46.0 4200(graphi te)
Carbon COz 44.01 -56.6 1J.33 (Subl imes at -7U'C)
dioxide at 5.2 atmcarbon ctsz 16.14 1.26122'/ztt ' - n2.1 4.39 46.25 26.gdisulfide
Calbon CO 2t l .0 l -205.1 0. t i37 - 191.5 6.042monoxidc
Carbon CCl4 153.84 1.595 22.() 2.51 16.1 30.0tetrachloride
Chlor ine Clz 70.91 -101.(X) 6.406 -34.06 20.4Chl<rrobenzene C6H5CI 112.56 1.107 -45 132.10 36.5Chloroethane C2H5Cl See ethylchlor ide
9f16..5()(c)
6.15.6(c)a l -18(c)
1.s84(c)
1432.7 (c)- 1a50.a(aq)- 202 I (c)
0(c) - 3e3.51(c)
12 .e - 4 t2 .e ( t )- 3e.1.5(g )
78.0 +87.e( l ) - 107s.2( l )+ l l s . 3 ( g ) 1 1 0 2 . 6 ( 9 )
34.s -110.s2(g) -282.ee(g)
45.0 - 13e._5(r) -3s2.2( t )- 106.7(9) -38s.{) (g)
16 . t t t (g )44.6
304.2
.552.1)
133.0
-556.4
411.0632.4
"AdapGdinpar t l romD'M.Himmelb lau ,aaJ 'cPru . iP le tan . lc4 lca l4 | iUns i4chen icu |ED! i Ieern | ! ,3 |dEd i l ion ,g l974, rab lesDlanPrcnlice Hall,lnc., Englewood Clifti, NJ.'Mellingpoinl al I dtm.
"Heat o{lusion ar ?',,, and I .lm.aBoiling poiDt al I alnl'Hcal ol vuporization at I! aDd I alD./Cridcaltempera$re.
'Heat of formation at 25'C and I atm.'Hcrt of combustion at 25'C and 1 atn. Standa srates of products are COr(d, IIrO(lJ, SO,(g), HC(aq), and N,(g). Ib calcuhte Alr"' wirh H,O{g) a$ a product, add44.0h* to the tabulaled value, where n" : moles HrO iormed/mole fuel t'urn,.'d.r1b convert All tokcaumol, divide given value by4.184; to conv€rr to Bru/lt,nrole. multiply by 430.2E.
(uottiruted)
H
a
H
t
of-.1
nq
o
' I ' ab le B . l ( ( 'on t inucd)
CompoundSG
Formula Mol. Wr. (20'11")a/i,,,(7n,).,r
1"('C)' kJ/mol '[6('C)/T,(K)t P.(atrn)o
LH,1ru7".tkJ/mol
(Lfrr'1l'ikJ/mol
(4H.")' ' 'kJ/mol
"oCD
XH
Chlorofornr CHCIr
Copper ( lu
Cupric CuSOasu l fa te
Cyclohexane C6IJ 12
Cyclopentane C5FI1o
n-Decane C lo I {22
Die thy le ther (C2Hs)2O
Ethane (:2HL
Ethyl acetate CaFI6O2
Ethyl alcohol C2H5OH( t r thano l )
Ethyl benzene Csl11"
Ethy l b romide C2H5BrEthy lch lo r ide Cu H;C l3-Ethy l Cs l l rs
hexane
Ethylene C2I{4Ethy lene C2H6O2
glycol
Ferric oxide Fe2O1F-errous oxide FeOFerrous FtS
sulf ide
Formaldehyde HzCOFormic acid CH2O2
GlycerolHel ium
C:HsOrHe
1 I9.39 l .4tJ963.54 8.92
159.61 3.606r5 ' .
rJ4.16 0.179
10 .13 0 .145
142.28 0.730
14.12 0.7082s'30.0788 .10 0 .901
46.0'7 0.7u9
106.16 0.867
108.98 1.46064.52 0.903 15'
1 t4 .22 0 .1 t7
28.0s62 .01 l . l 13 re "
159 .70 5 .1271.U.5 5.181.92 4.84
30.03 0.815 20"
46.03 1.220
92.09 7.26050'4.00
6 1 . 013.01 2595 304.6
Decomposes > 600"C
2.611 ri0.7 30.1
.536.0 54.0
553.7 40.4
511 .8 44 .55
619.0 20.8
461 35.6305.4 48.2523,1 31.8
.516.3 63. t )
619.1 31.0
504 61 .5460.4 52.0567.0 26.4
283.1 50..5
-63 .1
l 083
6.1
-93.4
-29 .9
- 1 1 6 . 3- I tJ3.3
rJ3.8
-174.6
-94.61
- l 1 9 . l- 138 .3
- t69.2- l - )
I 193
-92
8.30
18.20-269.1
- 131.8( l )o(c)
-l6t).9(c)- t343.1(aq)- 1s6.2(r)- t 23 . r (g )- r 0s.e(r)-17.2(g)
-24e;7( t )
-212.8(t)-84.67(g)
-463.2(t)-a26.8(g)-211.63(t)-23s.31(g)- 12.46(l)+29.79(g)-sa.a(g)
- lus.0(g)-2.50.5(l)-2I0.e(g)+52.28(g)
-4s1.s( t )- 387.1(g)*822.2(c)- 266.s(c)
95. I (c)
- I 1s.eO(g)-40e.2(l)-362.6(9)-665.e(l)
o(e)
-313( t )
-3er e .e( l )- 3es3.0(g)-32e0.e(l)-3319.s(g)- 6118.3(t)
682e.1(g)-2126.1(t)- 1.5s9.e(g)-2246.4(t)
- r 366.e1( l )laOe.2-s(g)
-4564.e(l)-4607.1(g)
- s407.1(t)-,550e.ti(g)- lal t) .99(g)- l17e.s( l )
-.563.a6(g)
262.8(t)
- 1661 .1 ( l )
0.609 49.3
173.8
3.350 - 103.7t1 .23 l9 l . 2
1.30 34.6 26.0s2.859 -88.6 14.12
71.0
s.021 78.5 38.5u
9.163 136.2 35.98
38.24.452 t3.1 24.1
I lt i.5 34.21
21.30
Decomposes at l560"Cl
- r9.3 24.4812.68 100.5 22.25
I U.30 290.00.02 -268.9 0.084
13 .54s6.9
18.67 373.6
826.0354.01't9.92131 3 1 . 8136 .8
5.26 2.26
31.69 540.2 21.0
28.8-5 501.9 29.9
0.904 33.3 12.8
16 .1 324 .6 81 .5
.s0-1.2
t**, "
r r -Heptane CrH,o
n-Hexane CoHto
Hydrogen H2l{ydrogen HBr
bromideHydrogen HCIchlor ide
Hydrogen HCNcyanide
Hydrogen HFfluoride
Hydrogen HzSsulfide
' Iodine 12Irrn FeLead PbLead oxide PbOMagnesium MgMagnesium MgCl2chloride
Magnesium Mg(OH)2hydroxide
Magnesium MgOoxide
Mercury HgMethane CH+Methyl CrHoOzacetate
Methyla lcohol CHrOH(Methanol)
Methyl CHsNamine
Methyl CH3CIchloride
100.20 0.684 -90.59
86.1't 0.659 -95.32
2.01680.92
0 . t2 -252 .76-61
1.99 - t t5.0
26
20
2.38 -60.3
184.21"5.1 2800
_ 5.10 1750r1.1 14129.2 ll20
43.1 1418
Decornposes at 350'C
11.4 3600
-356.9
o .94 161 .5J t . l
3.161 64.1
_6 .9
-224.4(t)- 187.8(g)- 1e8.8(r)-167.2(s)
o(e)-36.23(g)
-e2.31(g)
+ 130.s4(g)
-268.6(9)-316 .e (aq ,
200)1e.e6(g)
o(c)o(c)t)(c)
-21e.2(c)
o(c)-6a1 .8 (c )
- 601.8(c)
o(c)-7a.8s(g)
-40e.4(l)
-23U.6( l )-20t.2(g)-28.0(g)
-81.e2(g)
-4816.e(r)-a8s3.s(g)-4163.r ( l )-a1ea.8(g)-2t3s.lla(g)
-s62.se(g)
- t3e0.36(g)- 1.5es( l )
726.6( t )-76a.0(g)
- 1071 .5 ( l )
14.03
r 3.03
98.43
68.14
-259 .79-86
36.41 1t4.2
27.03 -14
20.0 -83
3,l.Olt - 85.5
253.855.ri5
207.2r223.2124.3295.23
58.34
40.32
4 .93 113 .31.1 153.5
17 33720"120' 321.49.5 8861.74 65023252s" 114
1 - +
3.6-5 2900
ti8.9
oID
H
H
.o(!t
F-l
o-(Dq
200.61 73.546 - 3U.8716.04 - 182.514.08 0.933 -98.9
32.04 0]t)2 -91.9
3 L06 0.699 I '" 92.1
u.rzv r . r ( )J0 4;506.7 46.30
35.21 513.20 78.50
429.9 73.60
4 r 6.1 65.8050.49 a A- L +
(t t tr t t i t t t tel)
Tab le t l . l (Conr inued)
Compound FormulaSG
Mol. Wt. (20"t4")A17,,,(7',,,;,,r
7'," ("C)' kJ/molAf?u ('1',,1",r
7'5("614 kJ/mol ?.(K)/ p.(atm)s(AH,";t ' ' r
kJ/mol
(Ar?"";i',kJ/nrol
*o'oo
t 'Methy le thy l C1 IJ8O 12 .10ketone
Napht l ia lene CroHs l2u. l6Nickel Ni -5ti.69Nitric acid FINO3 63.02
Nit robenzene CoHsOzN 123.I INitrcrgen N2 28.02Nit rogen NOz 46.01dioxide
Nit r ic oxide NO 30.()1Nitrogen N2Os 108.02pcntoxide
Nitnrgen N2Oq 92.0tetraoxide
Nitrous NzO 14.02oxide
tt-Nonane C,,Hz,, 128.25
n-Octane Cl8Hr8 114.22
C)xalic acid C2H2O4 90.04Oxygen 02 32.00n-Pentane C5l-112 j2.15
Isopentane CsHrz 12.15
I -Pentene CsH,u j0.13Phenol CoH:OH 94.1I
Phosphoric I{3PO1 98.00acid
Phosphorus Ir+ 123.90(red)
Phosphorus P,r
(wh i te )
Pl.rosphorus Pzf).
pentox ide
Itropane C:Hs
Propylene C:Hu
n-Propyl C3HiOFI
a lcoho l
Isopropy l C iHTOI I
alcohol
n-Propy l CcHrz
benzene
Sil icon SiO2
d iox ide
Sod iunr NaFlCOr
bicarbonate
Sod iurn Na l lSO4
b isu l fa te
Sod ium Na2CC)3
carbonate
Sodium Na(l l
chloride
Socliun.r NaCN
cyanide
Sod ium NaOH
hydroxide
Sod ium NaNO:
n i t ra te
Sodiun'r NaNO2
ni t r i te
Sodium Na2SC)4
sulfate
Sodium Na2S
sulfide
Sod ium Na2SO3
su l l i te
2.51 280
Sublir les at 250'C
3.52 --42.01
3.(X) -41.10
91.04
82.24
u.-s4 159.2
14.2 2230
Dccomposes at 270'Cl
- l -506.2(c)
42.0 - 119.8( l )103.8(g)
45.4 +20.41(9)49.95 -300.70(l)
-2s,s.2(g)s3.0 - 310.e( l )
3r .3 -38 .40 ( l )
+7.82(g)t3s l .0(c)
- 9a.5.6(c)
- I 126.3(c)
- 1130.9(c)
-411 .0 (c )
89.79(c)
- a26.6(c)-469.a(aq)-a66.1(c')
-3-59.a(c)
- 13t34.5(c)
-373.2(c)
- 1090.3(c)
0.805
1.1 4-58.9t)l.-502
1.203
1e"1 .448
1.226-8',)"
0.71rJ
0.103
1 .90
0.63 r8"
0.62t t"
0 .6411 .07I2s '
l . g34 r8 '
2.20
-81.1 18.2 32.0
80 .0 2 t1 .81452 2900 0(c),4r.6 10.41 86 30.30 _ n3.23(t)
-206.57(aq)5.5 2t0.1
-210.0 0.12t t -19-5.1t 5.511 126.20 33.-5 0(g)-e.3 t .33s 21.3 t4. j3 431.0 j00.0 +33.8(9)
163.6 2.301 - 151.u 13.78 1 ' t9.20 65.0 + 90.37(9)30 41
_e .5 21 . t 431 .0 9e .0 I 9 .3 (g )
-91.1 88. tJ -109.5 j t . jO +81.-5(9)
-s3.il 1-50.6 .5es 23.0 -229.0(I)
,s7.0 12s.5 56rJ.rJ 24.s -zqitu-2{)8.a(g)
I)ecornposes at 186'C _ti26.g(c)-218.15 0.44{t t \2. ( ) i 6.g2 154.4 49j u(g)-129.6 8.393 36.01 25.11 .169.80 33.3 _ 173.0(t)
- la6.a(g)- I 60. I 27 .7 46 I .00 32.9 17e.3(l)
- 1s2.0(g)- 165.2 4.g4 29.s7 414 3g.9 - 20.9(9)
42.s I 1.43 181.4 692.1 60. .5 _ 158. r ( l )-et) .8(g)
12 .3 10 .54 ( - +HrO a t 213"C) - 1281 .1 (c )-1278.6(aq,
IFI2O)-59043 atnr 8 l . 17 lgni tes in a i r , 725"C - 17.6(c)
t)(c)
49.11
18.11 369.9
18.42 365.1536.1
508.8
38.24 638.1
-2136(r)
*-51s7(g)
- 30e2.ri(t)
6124.s(t)-6171. t ) (g)-s410.1(t)-sst2.2(g)- 2s1.e(s)
-350e.-5(l)_-3s36.I (g)- 3s07.5(l)-3s2().2(s)
337s.tt(g)-3063.5(s)
-2201.tJ(t)-2220.{)(s)-20s8.a(g)-2010.4(l)2068.6(g)
- 1e86.6(l)
- s2r8.2(l)- 5264.48(g)
L**- '"1
123.y) ).82
141.95 2.381
44.09
42.0860.09 0.rJ04
60.09 0.78-5
120.19 0.1162
60.09 2.25
84.01 2.20
120.01 2.142
10.5.99 2.533
5r.t.45 2.163
49.01
40.00 2.130
i15.00 2.257
69.00 2.16rJ0"
t 42.05 2.698
78.05 1.856
126.05 2.633t5"
44.2
- 187.69
- 185.21 4 1- I L I
-ri9.7
- 99.50
l7 10
l)ecotnposes at tl-54'C
r.i08 2ti.5 146-5 110.7
562 16.1 1497 l5-5
319 t i .34 1390
3 I 0 I 5.9 l)ecomposes at 380"C1
271 I)ecomposes at 320"C
890 24.3
9 5 0 6 ; 7
q
--ai.o
n
H
cr(D
/ @
a
Dccon'rposes
(continued)
'o
o
XH
Tahle B. l (Cont inued)
Compoundsci
Fbrmula Mol. Wt. (20"14') f,,,(.C;b4r,,,(7;,).,/
kJAnol 7.r,("c),LH"(ro1",t
kJ/mol\ L H : ) h . j ( a t i . . ) , , ,
!q| ""99I_ kJ/mol kJ/mol
Sodium NazSzOrthiosulfate
Sul fur 58(rhombic)
Sull 'ur 56(monoclinic)
Sul fur SOzdioxide
Sulfur SO:tr iox ide
Sul fur ic H2SOaacid
J'oluenc C?Ils
Water Il2O
zr-Xylene CsHr,,
o-Xylene C,rHr"
p-Xylene CoHr
Ztnc Zt
1-5t i . I 1 t .661
256.53 2.01 I 13 10.04
256.53 1.96 I 19 14.11
64.01 75.48 1.102
80.07 16.84 25.48
gtJ.OtJ 1.83418" 10.35 ().8-7
92.13 0.866 -94.99 6.6t9
1 8.016 1 .004" 0.00 6.0095
106.16 0.864 -41.81 I1.569
106.16 0.880 -2.5.18 13.598
106 .16 0 .861 t3 .26 t1 .11
65.3U 1.740 479.5 6.614
444.6 83.1
444.6 83.1
- 10.02 24.9r
43.3 41.8{)
430.1
491.4
Decomposes at .140"C
110.62 33.41 593.9
100.00 40.656 641.4
139.10 36.40 619
144.42 36.82 631.5
13rJ.3.5 36.01 618
q)7 | 14.17
- 1 I l 7 . l ( c )
11.8
u3.8
t)(c)
+0.30(c)
--2e6.e0(g)
-3es. l8(g)
- 811.32( t )- 907.51(aq)+ 12.00(l)+.50.00(g)
-285.84(l)* 2a1.83(g)-2s.42(t)+ t ] .2aG)-24.44(t)+ 18.99(g)-24.43(t)
17.es(g)o(c)
40,3
2t8.3
34.6
35.7
J - 1 - y
-:oonllr;-3eaeE)
-4-5.51.e(l)-a5ea.5G)-4s52.e(t)-ase6.3(g)-4552.91( t )-ases.2(g)
'Iable 8.2 Heat Capacities'
Physical Propertydatabase
0urckly integratestabulated heat
capacrtr es
Fbrm l: C,,[kJ/(mol' 'U)] or [kJ/(mol'K)] : u + bT + c'[2 + (tl ' tRrrm 2: Cr[kJ/(mol'"C)] or [kJ/(mol'K)] : u + b'l ' * , 'T 2
E x a n t p l e : ( q , ) o . , t , n " 1 g ) : 0 . 0 7 1 9 6 + ( 2 0 . 1 0 x 1 0 5 ) r - 0 2 . 1 8 x 1 0 8 ) r 2 + Q 4 . 1 6 * 1 1 1 - t 2 1 7 ' : , w h e r e 7 ' i s i n " c l .
Note: The formulas for gases are strictly applicable at pressures low enough for the ideal gas equation of state to apply.
Compound Formula d X 70t2
Range(Un i t sof 7 ' )
Mol .
Wt. State Fbnn c X l 0 3 b x 1 0 5 c X 1 0 8
1brnp.Un i t
Acetone
AcetyleneAir
Ammonia NH:Ammonium su l fa te (NH4)2SO4 132.15 c
Benzene
Isobutane
n-Butane
lsobutene
Calcium carbide
Calcium oxide
Carbon
Carbon dioxide
29.0 CgD
11.03 C
()a
5U.12 C5u .12 g5 6 . 1 0 C64.10 c
56.08 c12.0I c44.01 g2ti.01 C
153.U4 I10.97 C63.54 c
-12.18-5.033
0.31910.41990.442r
-25.20- l u .9 l
15.41- L t . L t
-tJ.66 x*12.81 x
-4 .52 x:4 .U91 x-2.881
0.3548
-1.607
-3(f 600-12000-12000-1500
273 18000- I 2(X)
215-3286-610- r 2000- 12000-12(X)0-t 200
298-120213-7033216-313213- t113213-t313
0-15000 1500
213-3430-1200
273-1351
cH3cocHr 5u.08 Ic
C2ll2 '26.04 C
t23 .0 18 .61t .L)6 20.1042.43 6.05328.94 0.4t4"128.09 0.196535 .15 2 .954
2t5.912,6.5 23.114.06 32.9589.46 30. l392.30 21.8882.tJ8 25.6468.62 Ll982.34 4.91589.541.84 2.03l1 . l r J 1 .09536.11 4.23328.95 0.411093.3r) t2.9833.60 1.36122 .16 0 .6117
34.7618 .20
-- 1.9651 .9656.686
11.5149.8734.9tJ50..50
1010l 0 r 0
l0 l0l0r0
1.464-2.220
6.473
"CO C
"(lO C
Kofl
K"clO C
"C"(lOC
KKKKK
OC
"CK
OC
K
coHo 78 . t l I
Calcium carbonate CaCOr 100.09 cCalcium hydroxide Ca(OFl)2 14.10 c
C q H r o
C'lHru
CrHe
CaC2
(laC)
CCoz
Carborr monoxide CO
Carbontetrachloride CCl4
Chlorine Clz
Copper
'Adapted in part frorn D. M. Himrnelblau, Bcsic Principles and Calulations in Chemicul EngineerinrT, 3rd Edition, A fn4, 'Iable E'.1
permission of Prentice-Hall , Inc., F.nglewood Cli f f i , NJ.Adapted by
(continued )
H
H
o'oCD-H
C'o
' l 'able l|.2 (Continued)
'o.o
7,H
C'onrpoundMo l .
Forrnula Wt. Sfate
-lbmp.
Frrrrn Unit a X l 0 r l) X 105
Range( L l n i rs
c X 108 r / X l0r2 of 7 ' )
Cumene.( lsopropy l benzene)
Cvc lohexane
C)yckrpentane
Ethane
Ethyl alcohol(E thano l )
Frthyle ne
Itrr ic oxide
Irorrnaldehydc
Heli turr
r r -Hexane
IJydrogen l lzl l ydrogenbronr ide t l t l rI lydrogen chloricle HCIHydrogen cyanide HCNHydrogen sulf ide I-t2SMagnes iunrch lo r ide MgCl2Magnesium oxide MgOMethane C-'H+
Methy l a lcoho l CHrOH(Methano l )
Methy lcyc lohexane C7FI r4Me thy l cyc lopentane C6I [12Ni t r i c ac id NHO3Ni t r i c ox ide NO
Nitrogen
Nitrogen dioxide
Ni t rogen te t raox ide
Nitrous oxicle
Oxygen
f l -Pentane
Propane
Propy lene
Sodium carbclnate
Sod ium carbonate
decahydra te
Su l fu r
Sulfuric acid
Sulfur dioxide
Su l fu r t r iox ide' lbluene
Water
cIto
sI tD
ssL:
c
I'J
I
sgI
Ia
28.02 s46.01 C92.(\2 g44.02 g32.00 g1 2 . 1 5 I
I44.09 g42.08 S
I 0,5.99 c286 .15 c
32.01 c(Rhombic)
c
(Monoc l in ic )
H2SO4 98.08 I
SOz 64.01 Sso:r u0.07 sczHr 92 .13 I
g
H2O i l J .016 I
c
"c 91.140 4t).62"C 13.39 39.2ti"c 49.31 t3.92' C 1 0 3 . 1uc 158 .u"ct 61.34 t5.12"c +40.7.5 | L41K 103 .4 6 .1 | |
oc 34.28 4.268oc 20.8'ct 216.3"(,' t31.44 40.8.5"c 2ti.t i4 0.00765"c 29.10 -0.0221o(__' 29.13 -0. l34loc 35.3 2.90uoc 33 .51 1 .541K 12.4 1.-5oK 45.44 0.5(X)tt
"c 34.31 5.469K 19.81 5.021
"ci 15.86 t 6.ti3"c 42.93 rJ.301"C 121.3 56.53'C 98.83 45.tJ.57"c t I10 .0"c 29.50 0.81u8
(_',)l-l lr
c_'6I I r2c5Hro(-'2H6
c2 l15oF l
C'zH.rFe2()3,CFI2OlleC '61 I1a
1 2 0 . I 9
u ,1 . I61 0 . t 330.0746.01
2u.05l-59.7030.034.(X)
u 6 . l 7
2 .01680.9236.4121.0334.08L)5.23
40.3216.0-1
32.04
9t3. r884.1663.0230 .01
t20..5
80.6368.661.280
19.83\1.66
--rJ.69.1
57.660.u6984.8.5tJ
-4.335
-3.292
- 11 . ( x )__ I 1.00
-rJ.03100.883.u 1
0.3652
0 t2 (x )
0- 1 2000 l2(x)0 t200(l
I (X)
0- I 2000 ,120( )
213-t0910- 1 2000 t 2(x)
20 l (x)0 l2(x)0- 15000- l2(x)0 - 1 2 0 00- I 2000- t5(x)
213 991213 -2073
0 t200213-t5(X\
0-6-50 -700
0-1 2000-1200
250-3.s00
cI t
I
I
cg
c
OC\ t39.2 53.16 39.19
- 3 1 . 9 0-25.54
.5 .816
-8.149- 6 .u91
- 1 1 . 1 2 x I 0 r { r0.(x)(x)
- 2',3.920.32tiu0.9iJu70.9715
- 1.0920 .3012
-9.132 x 10100..1661t.268
- 1 . 8 7-31.12- 30.44
-0.2925
!*" *
N2
NozN2Ol
N2O
o2
ClsHrz
C r H o
C:Ho
NazCO.r
Na2ClO3. l0 t I2c )
S
oc 29.00 0.2199"c 36.01 3.9,1oc 15.1 12.5"c] 37 .66 4.1-51'C 29 .10 l . l 5 rJ"c r 55.4 43.68"c I t4.8 34.09oc 68.032 22.59o( ' 59 .5u0 l1 .11K I 2 TK 53.5.6
K 15.2 2.68
K 18 .3 1 .84
oc 139 .1 15 .59'c 38.91 3.904oc 4i t .50 9. l8r l"c 148.u 32.4'C 94 .18 38 .00"c 15.4"ct 33.46 0.6tt80
-2.8't1 0-150t)1 .81 0 l2(X)
0-30010.57 0-1200I .3 I I 0- 1.5(X)
0--1642.26 0-12(X)3t .11 0-12(X)24.60 0-1200
288 -37 I298
273,368
368,392
1 0-45tJ.606 0-l-5u)
'32.40 0- 10000 - 1 l 0
80.33 0-12000-1(x)
3.593 0- 1500
0.51232.titJ
I t . - 1
-2.694
0.6076
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-21.86
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UEMK1113 INTRODUCTION TO CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Table B.5 and Table B.6: Saturated Steam Tables
Compilations of physical properties of liquid water, saturated steam, and superheated steam issued in steam tables have been standard references for engineers dealing with steam. The following properties of saturated liquid water and steam can be determined for each tabulated T (and for intermediate temperatures by interpolation).
Column 2: The pressure corresponding to the given temperature on the vapour-liquid equilibrium curve, the vapour pressure of water at the given temperature.
Column 3 and 4: The specific volume of liquid water and saturated steam at the given temperature. The inverses are the densities.
Column 5 and 6 The specific internal energy of saturated liquid and saturated steam at the given temperature relative to a reference state of liquid water at the triple point.
Column 7 to 9: The specific enthalpies of saturated liquid (C7) and saturated steam (C9) and the difference between these quantities, known as the heat of vaporisation (C8). The reference point for the values is liquid water at triple point.
Table B.7: Superheated Steam Tables
� List V , U and H of water at any temperature and pressure, not just at points on the vapour-liquid equilibrium curve.
� The T below the P in Column 1 is the boiling point.
� If the properties fall within the closed region, the water is a liquid; outside it is a superheated vapour.
� If you are at a point in the superheated steam region, you can move all the way to the left to determine the saturation T at the same P, or the dew point of the superheated steam.
33334 +S833 AS€eRFRF 3 3 F F S S S S S S R K F S S R
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l 'able 8.6 Properties of Saturatccl Steam: pressure lhble,
.o
XFN
V(m3/kg) u(kJ/kg) r?(kJ/ks)P(bar) 7 ' ("C) Water Steam Water Steanr Water Evaporation Stearn0.006110.(x)8
0 . 0 I 00 .0 l20 . 0 l 40 .0160.0l t i
0.0200.022tJ.0240.0260.02ti
0.0300.03.50.0400.0450.050
0.0600.0700.0ri00.0900 . 1 0
0 . 1 10 . 1 20. l30 . 1 4
0.0 r-1.8
1 .09.1
12.01.1.01 5 . 9
r7 .519 .020.42 1 . 123.0
24 .126.729.03 f . i )32.9
36.239.041.-543.ti4.s.8
41.149.45 1 . 152.6
0.00l0(x)0.00100()0.(x) I (xx)0.001(u)0.(x) 10000.(x) I00I0 .001001
0.001001,0.0010020.0010020.001(x)20.(n 10020.001(n30.0010030.0010040.00100-50.(x) 100.50.001(x)60.(x)10070.(x)1(x)80.001(x)90 . ( x )10100.(x)t0 i l0.00 I 0l 20. (x)10130.00 t 0l 3
206.2l5().1
129.2lOfJ.7L)3.r)
82.rJ14.0
61.06 t . 2-56.452.348.7
45.139.-534.u3 r . l28.2
23.7420.53I u . l 016,2014.61
13.4212.36| . 4 1I0 .69
7.ero
l5 . r i
29.340.6-50.3s8.966.5
13 .519.81J5.79 1 . 196.2
1 0 1 . 0l t l . tJ12 t .4130.0137.8
1 5 t . 5163.4173.91u3.3l 91 . f J
199.1206.9213.1220.0
2315.62380.1
2385.223ri8.9231)2.02394.82391.4
2399.62401.12403.62105.42401.1
2408.62412 .22415.32118.12420.6
2425.12428.1)2432.32435.32438.0
2440.52442.82445.02441.0
+0.t )l 5 . u
29.340.650.3-5u.966.-5
13.579.885.19 1 . 196.2
1 0 1 . 0I I l . ut 2 1 . 4130.0137 .8
1 5 1 . 5t63.41'73.9I u3.3i9 l . tJ
l()(.).7206.9213.1220.0
2s01 .62492.6
248s.02418.12413.22168.42464.1
2460.22156.62453.32150.22441.3
2444.62438.52433.12428.22423.8
2416 .02409.22103.2239't.92392.9
23lJti.42384.32380.42376.1
2501.62,50U.5
2514.42s19.32523.s2527.32530.6
2533.62536.(?539.0z \ + t . t2543.6
2545.62550.12554.52s58.22561.6
2567.52512.62517 .12 .58 t .12584.u
2588. r2591.22594.02596.7
0 . 1 50 . 1 60 .170 . l 80 . r9
0.2t)0.220.240.260.2ti
0.300 .350.400.450.50
0.-5.50.6t)0.650.700.15
0.iiO0.850.900.951.001 .01325
(1 atm)
-54.055 .356.657.859.0
60 .1o z . z
64.165.961.5
69. l12.115.918.18 1 . 3
83.186.0tJtJ.090.09 1 . 8
93.595.296.798.299.6
100.0
0 .0010140.001 0l -50 .0010r 50.0010r 60.001017
0 . (n10170 .0010 L80 .0010190.0010200.001021
0.00t0220.00102.50.0010270.(x) l02u0.(n1030
0.0010320.(n10330.0010350.0010360.001037
0.0010390.0010400.0010,110.0010420.00 r 0430.001044
I0.029.13u .9 I8.458.03
1.657.006.4-55.grJ5.5t1
5.2-\4.533.993.583.24
2.96L . I . )
2 .532.362.22
2.081r.972l.rJ69r.1711.694t.613
226.023r .6236.9242.0246.8
251.5260 .1268.2215.6282.1
289.3304.3311.6329.6340.-5
350.6359.936U..5316.1384.4
3 9 1 . 6398.540-5.14It.44 r1 .4419.0
2448.92450.62452.32453.92455.4
2456.92459.62462.12464.42466.5
2468.62413 .12411.12480.72484.0
2486.92489.72492.22494.52496.1
2498.82500.82502.62504.42506.12506.5
226.0231.6236.9242.0216.8
2 5 r . 5260.1268.2215.1282.1
289.3304.3311.1329.6340.6
350.6359.936ri.6316.83rJ4.5
39r.739ti.6405.24 t 1.-5477.5419.1
zJ | ) .-1-
2370.02366.92363.9z J o l . l
2358.12353.32348.6L ) 4 + . L
2310.0
2336.12321.22 3 t 9 . 223 t2 .02305.1
2299.32293.62288.32283.32218.6
2274.12269.82265.62261.72251.92256.9
2599.22601.62603.fJ2605.r)2607.9
2609.92 6 t 3 . 52616.82619.92622.1
2625.4263r .52636.92641.12646.0
2649.92653.62656.92660.12663.t|
2665.82668.42610.92673.22675.42676.0
'Frorn R. W. Haywood, ThentutdynarnicThbles in SI (Metri t ' ) Uri irr ; Cambridge University Press, London, 196u. y = spcci l ic volume, 0 : specif icintcrrral energy, and f? : spcci l ic enthalpy. Note; kJlkgx 0 4303 : Btu/Ib,, , .
(continued )
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Tab le 8 .6 ( ( lon t inued) (D
xf-rlt(m3/ks) _ U(kJ/kg) t(kJ/kg)
P(bar) 7'('C) Water Stearn Water Steam Water Evaporation Steam
t . 11 at - L
1 . J
t . 4
1.-5t . 6t .11 . 81 . 9
2.0'2.2
2.4z.o2.8
3.03.23.13.63.8
4.0A 1
4.44.6,1. lJ
-5.05 .56.06.51.0
102.3l04.tt107 .1109 .3
l l t . 41 1 3 . 3115.2I t 6 . 9I I rJ.6
120.2123.3126.1t28.1131.2
133 .5135 .8131.9139 .9r 4 1 . 8
t43.6t45.4141.1148.11-50.3
1 5 1 . 815-5..51-58.u162.016.5.0
1 . ,519t .428t .3251 .216
I . 1 5 9I .09 I1 . 0 3 10.91'70.92e
0.88-5u.ri l00.7.160.6930.646
0.6060.5700.5380 . -5100.4u.5
0.4620.4420.4230.4050.389
0.3750.3420 . 3 1 50.2920.213
428.7439.2449.1458.3
461.0415.24tJ3.0490.5491.6
504.55 t 1 . 4529.4540.6-5.51 . I
5 6 1 . 1570.6519.6-588.1596.4
604.26 l 1 . 86 1 9 . I626.2633.0
639.6655.2669.8683.4696.3
2509.22 5 1 2 . 12511.125 t1 .2
2 5 t 9 . 52 5 2 1 . 12523.12525.62527.5
2529.22532.42535.42.53rJ.12540.6
2543.02545.22547.22549.22 .551 .0
2552.1t < < , t /
'2555.9
2551.425.58.8
2560.22563.32566.22s68.1251 t . l
42tJ.8139.4449.2458.4
461.)115.4483.249tJ.1497.8
504.1517.6529.6.540.9551 .4
-561.45'ttJ.957().9588.5.596.8
604.76 t2 .3619 .6626.1633.-5
640. I6-55.u670.4684.1691.1
2250.82244.12237.8223t .9
2226.22220.922t5.12210.82206.1220t .62193.02t84.92n1.32110 .1
2163.22t56.12150.42t44.42138.6
2133.02121.52122.32 t r1 .22112.22t01.4209s.9208.5.02011.12064.9
2619.62683.42681.02690.3
2693.42696.22699.1)270 t .52104.0
2706.32110.627 t4.52118.2212 t .5
2124.72121.62730.32132.9'2135.3
2131.62739.82141 .92143.92145.1
2741.52151.12155.52758.92162.0
(.).001046
0.0010480.(n1049(.) .00105l
0.()(n0530.0010-550.001()560.00105u0.001059
0.00106 r0.(n10640.0010660.00l0690.001071
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6 A A - -F - d \O ' i t r it t - r i < - @ Nt - - O \ O : c r )d # G l c . l . ' t
O \ O \ O c O o Oo c l c o n c oJ a ] o o o \ oi l c l c q c o t* # ! + *
- O ra \O cO a.l O\ O\ CO (\l tn if, C) rr C Ca Cr),.o @ o. * rr) o\ r/) (o c.l N -j- oo (a o\ oo coco ! o\ oo '.o :j- co c] * c) o\ @ @ F- t-- tr--
I * .\l co tt r^ \o tr- t-- co o\ 3 = :
t O \O N cO O\ N cf) O\ O\ O tn rq ca O C.J \O3\ O (o O c...l O\ O\ CJ O\ O\ * \O ca Cn N CAaO a.l * + : : al t tn F O (..l tn oO i -j-
I - c.l ca t r \o F-- oo o i N co rr) \o
+ * - + + +
\ o o r n o \ aF - t r ) ( . . l O F -O d N c e c n* - * * d
c o o c o N {tr- 0O oO O c.lN C o O F - t ad c.l c.l a-l :l+ i l * ; *
O O \ O * * t 6@ c . ) O \ r a #o \ c o \ o ' a td c . l c o t r ^* * : * +
o.l c \o Fr .aO \ O # c O \ O. o ( - l o c o \ oF r C \ l a i r O $* * * * +
-r
r]O
-(-)
o
r/) N o\ co co t- r/-) clq n \ q a \ 1 ( . 1 QO \ c O t - - N \ O - \ O +i l ( a c a t l r r ) r n \ o
\ o ' f o a - ) t @ o \ . : tn q \ q n - q o q et t - N c O t O t n F i t - -ao'+ <f ra, \O \O l ' - l --
a a o , i l - _ t r _ o r n -- 1 q 1 . Q - { q ' lJ a - O t F - d . 1 - c ocl c] .o ca ca -+ -+ -+
t r ) C a ' f O \ c r , ( \ O No q q q - n \ q q ( . 1C l | r ) O \ C . l \ a c O * l r )o] c\l o] ca .a .a J J
\ ^ 4 1 6 6 \ _ N ! r -
e - , t q - i q n Qc q t t - o c a F - o i - 0 , oc . l c J a a r o r a J t : t
v-r O\ t-- t-- O cO F- t--. ! e n q F : c l c ? \t r ) 0 O N \ O C \ C i t t - Oo.l a.l cq co ao -$ =j- t-
O \ O \ o r - t 1 - c t \ r )# J O O c a O a c a o o : J -+ S i + S - i + o do l c \ l . a c a . o = r t J
€ o \ c t i N l r ) ! + l ni Fi Fl Fl Fr !-i
t O - J r + f - c a d F c . lo g q ' Q q ' a . _ . l q q qO O . 1 \ O 5 . . ) t ' - O i '
| * i + N c . l
N O 1 3 m c o r n t r a 0 oq q q q , a c l c l ' n o q^ - ^ l l . - ' n - s +
| + ! c ' ) a ' l a o
ca O O\ \.o [-- tn CO F- C!\ q - - - c ! . 1 , n c qo o . l r a @ # - t r - - o
| - = : c . t
C . l O ' . O \ O \ O O . C q d -\ q - q q e c q P . ?< ) O c l r r ) t r - O c e \ O O \| - - - *
CO O Oj c.) (..l In J O, O\F - O - * : i c , l f . ) r r io
l - + + a l
c o c : t d r - o j c . ) - \ or - O C l . a - f r - O J o Oo o ^ ! , ; o d _ i , r ; c o . i
l + * * r l
C n O O \ t a t - - = t t s - r r ) O\ q - - - c - . l . f i c 9o o c - ) r n o o d t | : . - o
I * * * a l
c;E
-(-)
-O
c\l C O O\ 3 \O .1- O .i| tr) r/) Ci l-- O\ d O\ \O+ , , o r i \ o a - o \ c . l 1 4 o \ " i - o \ o c o N o cco # co r.) ai o\ (-- :l i c\ F- t c..l o co \o
| + a'l cl .a -t r) In \O r-- cO o\ o\ OI
c o o\ co o\ ii t/) + o. : \r) (.) r) - F \c) In* r^ :t ci fO N N * C\] C,l ca =|- \O @O cAc a i @ r r ) c . . l O \ \ O c i O F - t : @ t ^ C O O
I il N ..:l co :t- In r.) \O tr- lr- - - ?
I T
t--t--
l l
F:
-- ! ;
E i lA ;
m f t
. :F -
E
O
-0)
0)
OJ
r F )
!0,)
c-)a
o, ? ^
! b n
, , q )
3 H '6 n
.i :.?
d i <
U6l
t l
N
dE
o r l
J j \- , ;,'ts ;(f
,1j
r0)O
d: l
O'
;a
c-d
(n
uo.
a
€
I
7.
E
z
a)
k
4
cl c o t-- co In \o 3 m o o\ r/) o\ ri c\l o\ nri \o ra rn \o fr- o, ; In 0o ao o. rn cl o\ 0oc a - @ r . ) ( . . l O \ \ . o t * @ . O C Q + C \ O $
| - c.l c.l .o =f rr rn \o lr- co co o\ o
I
Ir) O.(.. l tr) C.l C! '<f oO Cn @ (. ' l h \O v) d t N- \O t - - O '1 - c r ' h .a i * d N - t t - - O \ i -ca * oo \o co o co \o + a.J o co \o'$ ci -
| " c''l ci .a -l- \rl \o t\ t"' cc -
= =
(-.l O C oO cO tn cO O\ i (.l O'r) O, O O t-- O* \O \n\O f- O\ d ra O\' i - O\ rn Ca * (} i O\.O * cO In (\l O.\ F- t 3 O\ \O :t N O tr- |r)
I i C.l (\ cO <l r.) t.) \O F- CO O\ O\ O4
^ T R A
Ft (\l co d rn \o r- € o\ c) r-l al lQ t tf)ri rr Fi Fl Fl Fi
X
!d
0)
o.
Nro
\ O t - € O \ OFl Fi Fi Fl Fl
^ I A A
t-l (\l ?") t In \o r-
UEMK1113 INTRODUCTION TO CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Appendix C – Formula Sheet 1/10
Natural and Derived Force Unit
System Natural Force Unit Derived Force Unit
SI kg⋅m/s2 Newton (N)
1 N = 1 kg⋅m/s2
CGS g⋅cm/s2 dyne
1 dyne = 1 g⋅cm/s2
American Engineering lbm⋅ft/s2
pound-force (lbf) 1 lbf = 32.174 lbmft/s2
Weight, mgW =
where g = 9.8066 m/s2 = 980.66 cm/s2 = 32.174 ft/s2 (at sea level and 45° latitude)
Specific gravity, refρρ=SG
The reference most commonly used for solids and liquids is water at 4°C.
ρH2O(l)(4°C) = 1.000 g/cm3 = 1000. kg/m3 = 62.43 lbm/ft3
Density, Vm
volumemass ==ρ Specific volume,
mV
V ==ρ1ˆ
Mass fraction, masstotal
component ofmass ixi = Mole fraction,
molestotalcomponent ofmoles i
yi =
Average molecular weight,
�=++=i
i
Mx
Mx
Mx
M...
1
2
2
1
1
Average molecular weight, �=++= ii MyMyMyM ...2211
Mass concentrationmixture of volume
component of mass= Molar concentrationmixture of volume
component of moles=
Molarity (M)litrein solution of volumemol-gin solute of moles=
Hydrostatic pressure, ghPP o ρ+= Hydrostatic head, Ph : gPP fluidhρ=
Absolute pressure, Pabsolute = Pgauge + Patmospheric
UEMK1113 INTRODUCTION TO CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Appendix C – Formula Sheet 2/10
Temperature conversion, T (K) = T (°C) + 273.15
T (°F) = 1.8T (°C) + 32
T (°R) = T (°F) + 459.67
T (°R) = 1.8T (K)
Temperature interval conversion, K 1C1
, R1F1
, K 1
R1.8 ,
C1F1.8 °
°°°
°°
General balance equation: Input + generation - output - consumption = accumulation
Degree-of-freedom, ndf = (number of unknowns) – (number of independent equations)
The stoichiometric equation of a chemical reaction states the relative number of moles of reactants and products that participate in the reaction. The numbers that precede each species in a stoichiometric equation are the stoichiometric coefficients of the components, vi. It is negative for reactants and positive for products. The stoichiometric ratio of two molecular species in a reaction is the ratio of their stoichiometric coefficients in the balanced reaction equation. Two reactants, A and B, are said to be present in stoichiometric proportion if
=present B molespresentA moles
stoichiometric ratio
Limiting reactant is the reactant that would run out if a reaction proceeded to completion. Excess reactant is the reactant present in excess (more than its stoichiometric proportion).
Fractional excess of A stoichA
stoichAfeedA
n
nn
)(
)()( −=
Fractional conversion,fed moles
reacted moles =f
UEMK1113 INTRODUCTION TO CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Appendix C – Formula Sheet 3/10
Extent of reaction, ξ , is an extensive quantity describing the progress of a chemical reaction. ξiii vnn += 0 (batch process)
�� iii vnn += 0 (continuous process)
�+=j
jijii vnn ξ0 (multiple reactions)
where ni = moles of species i at certain time
ni0 = moles of species i in the beginning
vi = stoichiometric coefficient of species i
ξ = extent of reaction (same unit as n)
Yield =
Yield =
Yield =
Selectivity =
Overall conversion, feedfresh
A
AOA n
f_process input toreactant
process fromoutput reactant -process input toreactant ξν−==
Single-pass conversion, reactor input toreactant
reactor fromoutput reactant -reactor input toreactant =SPf
recycleA
feedfreshA
Afeedreactor
A
A
nnn +−
=−
=__
ξνξν
Theoretical oxygen is the quantities of O2 needed for complete combustion of all fuel, assuming that all C in the fuel is oxidised to CO2 and all the H2 is oxidised to H2O. Theoretical air is the quantity of air that contains the theoretical oxygen. Excess air is the amount by which the air fed to the reactor exceeds the theoretical air.
Percent excess air %100)(
)()(×
−=
ltheoretica
ltheoreticafed
airmoles
airmolesairmoles
moles of desired product formed moles that would have been formed if there were no side reactions and the limiting reactant had reacted completely
moles of desired product formed moles of reactants feed
moles of desired product formed moles of reactants consumed
moles of desired product formed moles of undesired product formed
UEMK1113 INTRODUCTION TO CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Appendix C – Formula Sheet 4/10
Degree-of-Freedom Analysis: Molecular Species Balances
If molecular species balances are used to determine unknown stream variables for a reactive process, the balances on reactive species must contain generation and/or consumption terms.
No. unknown labelled variables + No. independent chemical reactions – No. independent molecular species balances – No. other equations relating unknown variables = No. degree of freedom
Degree-of-Freedom Analysis: Atomic Species Balances
All balances on atomic species (C, H, O etc.) take the form “input = output”, since atomic species can neither be generated nor consumed in chemical reactions.
No. unknown labelled variables – No. independent atomic species balances – No. molecular balances on independent nonreactive species – No. other equations relating unknown variables . = No. degree of freedom
Degree-of-Freedom Analysis: Extent of Reaction
Another way to determine unknown molar flow rates for a reactive process is to write expressions for each product species flow rate in terms of extents of reaction, ξ .
No. unknown labelled variables + No. independent reactions (1 ξ for each) – No. independent reactive species (1 equation for each species in ξ) – No. independent nonreactive species (1 equation for each) – No. other equations relating unknown variables . = No. degree of freedom
Standard Conditions for Gasses
System Ts Ps Vs ns
SI 273 K 1 atm 0.022415 m3 1 gmol
CGS 273 K 1 atm 22.415 L 1 gmol
American Engineering 492°R 1 atm 359.05 ft3 1 lbmol
Standard specific molar volume, lbmol(STP)ft
359mol
L(STP)4.22
kmol(STP)m
4.22ˆ33
===sV
UEMK1113 INTRODUCTION TO CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Appendix C – Formula Sheet 5/10
Ideal gas equation of state: RTnVPnRTPV �� == or
where P = absolute pressure
T = absolute temperature
Ideal gas mixtures: partial pressure, pA: Pypyn
nPp
AAAAA =�==
pure component volume, vA: Vyvyn
nVv
AAAAA =�==
Gibbs phase rule: Degree-of-freedom = 2 + c – Π
where c = number of chemical species
Π = number of phases at equilibrium
Raoult’s Law: partial pressure = vapour pressure
)(* TpPyp iii ==
Relative saturation (relative humidity), %100or * ×=i
irr p
phs
Molal saturation (molal humidity), gas (dry) free- vapourof moles
vapourof molesor =
−=
i
imm pP
phs
Absolute saturation (abs humidity), ( ) gas (dry) free- vapourof mass vapourof mass
or =−
=dryi
iiaa MpP
Mphs
Percentage saturation (percentage humidity), ( ) %100)(
%100or *** ×−−=×=
ii
ii
m
mpp pPp
pPpss
hs
where pi = partial pressure
pi* = vapour pressure
Mi = molecular weight of vapour
Mdry = average molecular weight of vapour-free (dry) gas
UEMK1113 INTRODUCTION TO CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Appendix C – Formula Sheet 6/10
Gas-Liquid System for Single Component
� A gas in equilibrium with a liquid must be saturated with the volatile components of that liquid.
� The partial pressure of a vapour at equilibrium in a gas mixture containing a single condensable component cannot exceed the vapour pressure of the pure component at the system temperature.
� A vapour present in a gas less than its saturation amount )]([ * TpPyp iii <= is referred to as a superheated vapour.
� If a gas containing single superheated vapour is cooled at constant pressure, the temperature at which the vapour becomes saturated is referred to as dew point of the gas. )]([ * TpPyp iii ==
� The difference between the temperature and the dew point of a gas is called the degrees of superheat of the gas.
Kinetic energy, 2
21
muEk =
Gravitational potential energy, mgzE p =
Energy balance on open system: spk WQEEH ����� −=∆+∆+∆
m
WmQ
UzguP s
�
�
�
�
−=���
����
�−∆+∆+∆+∆ ˆ
2
2
ρ
Mechanical energy balance: m
WFzg
uP s
�
�
−=+∆+∆+∆ ˆ2
2
ρ
where H = enthalpy
Ws = shaft work
m� = mass flow rate
ρ = liquid density
g = gravity acceleration
F = ���
����
�−∆
mQ
U�
�ˆ = friction loss
UEMK1113 INTRODUCTION TO CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Appendix C – Formula Sheet 7/10
Energy balance on closed system: WQEEU
WQEEEEUU
pk
pipfkikfif
−=∆+∆+∆
−=−+−+− )()()(
where U = internal energy
Ek = kinetic energy
Ep = gravitational potential energy
Q = heat transferred to the system
W = work done by the system
Changes in pressure at constant temperature (solids and liquids):
0ˆ ≈∆U and PVVPUH ∆≈∆+∆=∆ ˆˆˆˆ
Changes in pressure at constant temperature (ideal gases):
0ˆ ≈∆U and 0ˆ ≈∆H
Heat capacity at constant volume, V
Tv TU
TU
TC ���
����
�
∂∂=
∆∆=
→∆
ˆˆlim)(
0
=∆ 2
1
)(ˆ T
T v dTTCU
Heat capacity at constant pressure, P
Tp TH
TH
TC ���
����
�
∂∂=
∆∆=
→∆
ˆˆlim)(
0
=∆ 2
1
)(ˆ T
T p dTTCH
For liquids and solids: vp CC ≈
For ideal gasses: RCC vp +=
Phase change (solids and liquids): mm HU ˆˆ ∆≈∆
Vaporisation: RTHU vv −∆≈∆ ˆˆ
UEMK1113 INTRODUCTION TO CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Appendix C – Formula Sheet 8/10
Enthalpy change of a reaction, ( )
rAA
r nv
PTHH ,
00 ,ˆ∆=∆
),(ˆ00 PTHH r∆=∆ ξ
where ),(ˆ
00 PTH r∆ = heat of reaction at temperature T0 and pressure P0
vA = stoichiometric coefficient of component A
nA,r = moles of A consumed or generated
Internal energy of reaction for a closed system,
���
�
�
���
�
�
−−∆=∆ ��reactantsgaseous
productsgaseous
)(ˆ)(ˆiirr vvRTTHTU
Assumptions: ideal gas, specific volume of liquid and solid are negligible.
Heat of Reaction: Hess’s Law
If the stoichiometric equations for Reaction 1 can be obtained by algebraic operations on stoichiometric equations for reactions 2, 3… then the heat of Reaction 1 can be obtained by performing the same operations on the heats of reaction 2, 3…
Heat of Formation
A formation reaction of a compound is the reaction in which the compound is formed from its elemental constituents as they normally occur in nature (e.g. O2 rather than O). The enthalpy change associated with the formation of 1 mole of the compound at a reference T and P (usually 25°C, 1 atm) is the standard heat of formation of the compound, o
fˆ
iH∆ .
Heat of Combustion
The standard heat of combustion of a substance is the heat of the combustion of that substance with oxygen to yield specified products with both reactants and products at 25°C and 1 atm. The given values for standard heats of combustion in Table B.1 are based on the following assumptions: (a) all carbon in the fuel forms CO2(g), (b) all hydrogen forms H2O(l), (c) all sulfur forms SO2(g), and (d) all nitrogen forms N2(g).
UEMK1113 INTRODUCTION TO CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Appendix C – Formula Sheet 9/10
Standard heat of reaction (based on heat of formation),
of
reactantsproducts
of
of
o
ˆˆ
ˆˆ
iiii
iiir
HvHv
HvH
∆−∆=
∆=∆
��
�
where o
fˆ
iH∆ = standard heat of formation of species i
vi = stoichiometric coefficient of species i
Standard heat of reaction (based on heat of combustion),
oc
productsreactants
oc
oc
o
ˆˆ
ˆˆ
iiii
iiir
HvHv
HvH
∆−∆=
∆−=∆
��
�
where o
cˆ
iH∆ = standard heat of combustion of species i
vi = stoichiometric coefficient of species i If any of the reactants or products are combustion products [CO2, H2O(l), SO2,…], their o
cˆ
iH∆ terms in above equation should be set to zero.
Heat of Reaction Method: preferable when there is a single reaction for which the standard heat of reaction is known. Process Path:
UEMK1113 INTRODUCTION TO CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Appendix C – Formula Sheet 10/10
Heat of Formation Method: preferable when there is a single/multiple reactions for which the standard heat of reaction is not readily available. Process Path: