UDK 911.3:711 1437) »Bratislava« = 20

Koloman Ivanicka

THE CONTEMPORARY DEVELOPMENT TREND AND PROGNOSIS OF THE EVOLUTION OF BRATISLAVA

AND ITS METROPOLITAN REGION

The contemporary Brat is lava is rapidly developing in var ious direct ions. The d i rec t ion of the western zone wh ich inc ludes Kut iky, Dubrovka, Zahorska Bystr ica, Stupava, Mar ianka and Bor inka, the nor th-eastern d i rec t ion Including Jur pri Bra-t islave, Pezinok, V inosady, Myslenice and Modra , the eastern d i rect ion w i th Ber-nolakovo, Vel 'ky Biel, Turen, Senec, Ivanka pri Dunaj i , Nova Dedinka and the south-eastern d i rect ion wh ich includes Rovinka, Šamor in , Ml iečno and Dunajska Lužna are all expressively formed. In the last two years there arose a new part on the r ight bank of the Danube river, wh ich in a short t ime wi l l have 150,000 inhabi tants. In spi te of the fac t that the creat ion of new resident ia l zones relat ively d is tant f rom the centre and f rom the industr ia l areas evokes new impacts on in-vestments into the in f ras t ruc ture f rom the s tandpoint of the mot ivat ion of l ife in a heal thy env i ronment and soc ia l mot ivat ion, this new development is just i f iable. It Is necessary to coord inate the short and long-term aspects. It is not possible to a l low a great number of ac t ions under cons t ruc t ion and a chron ic poor equipment w i th services and in f rast ructure. The cons t ruc t ion in new areas is possible only of ter their perfect economic just i f icat ion. An expressive development began also in the who le grav i ta t ion terr i tory of Brat is lava. The grav i ta t ion area includes the d is t r ic ts Brat is lava, Dunajska Streda and Senlca. Besides these d is t r ic ts we must under l ine also the increasing l inkage between Brat is lava and Trnava and Its urbanis t ic region. The improvement of t ranspor ta t ion wi l l s t rengthen these l inkages more, therefore we must consider Trnava as an impor tant part of the met ropo l i tan s t ruc ture of Brat is lava.

In the subsysteme of t ranspor ta t ion there exists an i r repressible pressure on the development of automobi le t ranspor ta t ion. In 1959 the relat ion between the permanent and t ransient inhabi tants of Brat is lava and the number of cars was 1:20.3, in 1965 1:13.5, in 1975 1:7.5 and in 1978 1:4.39. This t rend is bound to the need of the cons t ruc t ion of h ighways, express ways in the city, fast c i rc les, park ing places, auto-serv lces and garages. The new needs are very demanding on invest-ments and t rans fo rmat ion of the hi therto city t ranspor ta t ion system. The same is the pressure on the improvement of t ranspor ta t ion in the inner town and in the who le urbanized terr i tory. The mass t ranspor ta t ion of people in 1940 on the ter-r i tory of Brat is lava was 19.9 mi l l ion of people in a year. In 1960 127.1 mil. pas-sengers, in 1973 223.7 mil passengers and in 1978 289 mil. passengers. The rise in pr ice of energy, mainly of gasol ine stresses the necessity of the bui ld ing of

" Dr., prof., Katedra ekonomlckel geografu, unlverziteto Komenskeho Rajska 32 b, Bratislava, ČSSSR, glej izvleček na koncu zbornika.

city t ranspor ta t ion lines of a mass type. Accord ing to the proposal of the general extension plan of Brat is lava there is considered the cons t ruc t ion of fast l ine wh ich in the centra l part of the town would have the charac ter of the underground — the real izat ion of this pro ject shou ld be in the 7th f ive year plan. This tendency is to be suppor ted because only a fast and cheap t ra f f i c can provide a cont inuous work ing of the town system of Brat is lava wh ich wi th regard to speci f ic natura l condi t ions and speci f ic h is tor ica l development is character ized wi th a large exten-sion. The problems of the energet ic sphere create precondi t ions for a new si tua-t ion wh ich wi l l in f luence the growth of the compac t ion of land coverage and it becomes aga in to be more dense. The increase of densi ty of the built up area is natural ly in conf l ic t w i th the new mot ivat ion of a healthy env i ronment and the socia l mot iva t ion of the bui ld ing of the social is t town — therefore we must cr i t i -cal ly evaluate it. The rise of the pr ices of the fuel shows that the t ranspor ta t ion costs of persons in the fo l lowing decades wil l have an increas ing tendency and therefore the mass t ranspor ta t ion of persons must be improved. The development shows that w i th regard to the t ranspor ta t ion costs there moves also the l imit of the number of inhabi tants for the prof i tab le operat ion of the fast line and under-ground downwards, i.e. the towns w i th half mi l l ion inhabi tants can economica l ly employ these sorts of t ra f f ic . Of great impor tance is a lso the cons t ruc t ion of 2 new br idges over the Danube and the prepared cons t ruc t ion of underground under the Danube wh ich wi l l connect the centra l parts of the city wi th the area of Petr-zalka. Only an ef fect ive and cheap mass communica t ion and the reduct ion of fuel pr ices for indiv idual means of commun ica t ion or the subst i tu t ion w i th new cheaper sources of energy can give reasons for the d ispers ions of the town. The t ranspor-tat ion between the h in ter land and Brat is lava proper wi l l a lso have a growth ten-dency, therefore we have to enlarge and improved the bus and rai lway t ranspor-tat ion and set into operat ion new passenger rai lway and bus stat ions.

The river t ranspor ta t ion on the Danube has for the C.S.S.R. an increasing im-por tance and af ter the cons t ruc t ion of the Danube- Main- Rhine canal and the Odra-Danube canal the impor tance of the Danube harbour in Brat is lava wi l l in-crease. Therefore the opin ions urg ing the reconst ruc t ion of this harbour and the enlargement of its capaci ty are ful ly just i f ied. An impor tant s t imulus of the deve-lopment of the harbour is the proper growth of Brat is lava itself. The en largement of the t ranspor ta t ion sphere of the Danube wil l have an inf luence also on the lo-cat ion of new industr ia l branches in Brat is lava and its h inter land.

The long d is tance rai lway t ranspor ta t ion is one of the most impor tant town fo rm ing funct ions in Brat is lava. The locat ion of Brat is lava on the impor tant European commun ica t ion line was one of the fac tors of g rowth of the town and of its industry. This locat ion wi l l fu r ther act on the specia l izat ion of Brat is lava in the f ramework of the cooperat ion of the socia l is t states of the CMEA. Together w i th the locat ion on the Danube there is created an impor tant system of long d is tance commun ica t ion lines wh ich has an inner growth dynamics. Therefore it is neces-sary to improve this system of commun ica t ion network so that it should be in con-formi ty w i th the contemporary and fu ture tehnologlcal and economic demands. If we join the east-west h ighway wh ich is being bui l t up in the present t ime, the v ic in i ty of the southern h ighway on the Hungar ian and Aust r ian terr i tory and the planned highways f rom Scandinav ia th rough Poland to the Adr ia t ic Sea wi th a branch to Turkey, the g rowth power of the commun ica t ion wi l l increase. Because the system of the commun ica t ion network is a lways of the indiv idual communi -cat ion lines. As these l ines meet on the terr i tory of Brat is lava or they approach it in its broader grav i ta t ion area, it is necessary to ful ly employ the posi t ional and natura l precondi t ions e.g. the t rans i t ion th rough the Devin and Lamac gate, the

locat ion on the con tac t point of 3 states, the t rans i t ion on the Danube and o ther advantages for the fo rmat ion of a coherent commun ica t ion nodal point of a h igh order. It is necessary to under l ine also the impor tant task of the newly buil t long d is tance oil pipe lines and gas l ines wh ich have accentua ted and pr iv i leged even more the posi t ion of Brat is lava.

From the s tandpoin t of the whole commun ica t ion system the centra l European commun ica t ion network system can be def ined as a polycentr ic one. The neigh-bour ing centres, mainly Budapest and Vienna have already histor ical ly t ransfor -med or ientat ion of their commun ica t ion network to the terr i tory whose nuclei they are. In the present t ime Brat is lava bui lds commun ica t ion lines and organica l ly in-tegrates itself into this po lycent r ic cent ra l European System. There is no doubt about the impor tance of the improvement t rend complet ion of the system wi th the necessary commun ica t ion l ines and w i th the or ienta t ion to Brat is lava w ich sho-uld be under l ined w i th a purposefu l p lanning and managing. There belongs here mainly the cons t ruc t ion of the sect ions of long d is tance commun ica t ion l ines on the terr i tory of Brat is lava and in its urbanized zone, the const ruc t ion of new br idges over the Danube, the cons t ruc t ion of the harbour, f re ight and passenger main rai lway stat ion. A special p lace in the modern commun ica t ion belongs to the air t ranspor t . Brat is lava has evident ly an advantageus s i tuat ion and also fa-vourab le c l imat ic condi t ions for the cons t ruc t ion of an internat ional a iport . The-se fac to rs together w i th the growth of the town and the increasing impor tance of the whole s tate funct ions reason the opening of the new air l ines wh ich vou ld connect Brat is lava w i th the impor tant met ropo l i tan centres of the socia l is t s ta-tes and the capi ta ls of the wor ld wi th wh ich the C.S.S.R. and Slovakia have impor-tant contacts . The bui ld ing of a modern a i rpor t is therefore a great success and its improvement should be inc luded into the plan of Brat is lava. From the stand-point of the g rowth of employment the a i rpor t is an impor tant town- fo rming po-wer. Of a great impor tance for the correct operat ion of the urbanic system is the subsystem of work . Industry belongs to the most impor tant e lements of the sub-system. From the s tandpo in t of the goals of the inhabi tants to reach a higher so-cial level of a pr imary impor tance are the ¡ob oppor tun i t ies and the product ion of comsumers goods. From the s tandpoint of the preservat ion of a healthy l iv ing env i ronment it seems to be necessary to re-evaluate the s t ruc ture and the loca-l izat ion of industry on the terr i tory of Brat is lava. We can agree w i th the op in ions that the dominant posi t ion of the chemica l industry d i rect ly in the town is not typ ica l for the metropol is of the type of Brat is lava as wel l as wi th the s tandpo-int that in the fu ture development it wi l l be necessary to give pr ior i ty to the de-v e l o p m e n t of the e lec t ro techn ica l , machinery and po lygraphic industr ies as wel l as to other process ing branches. Several works of the chemical , a l imentary and bui ld ing industr ies wh ich had a negat ive in f luence on the densely set t led areas are to be relocal ized into the hinter land. Many of them have no precondi t ions for a fur ther g rowth and show a tendency to migrate to the margin of the urba-nized terr i tory.

The new development of the automobi le industry has a great impact on the economic development and dynamics of the who le space st ructure. The car in-dustry evokes a series of economic st imul i and creates the mul t ip l ica t ion ef fects. From this s tandpo in t as wel l as f rom the s tandpoin t of the s i tuat ion of Brat is lava its local izat ion can play an impor tant role. From the s tandpoint of town- fo rming and reg ion- forming it is necessary to ful ly suppor t it. Disputable is the quest ion of the best su i tab le p lace fo r its local izat ion From the s tandpoin t of the necessi ty to preserve the pr ior i t ies of the western areas for resident ia l purposes and ser-

vices, a natura l posi t ion wou ld be the terr i tory eas twards f rom Brat is lava in the l inkage to the older industr ia l sector . We must a lso ca lcu la te w i th the gravi tat i -on power of the newly cons t ruc ted highway in the western d i rect ion f rom Brat i -slava. The highway at ill not act w i th a grew power an a series of smal ler works, s tore-houses and inst i tut ions. Therefore it is necessary to ca lcu la te wi th a chain react ion of the l iving e lements in the western area for the h ighway as wel l as for the automobi le works. Sush chain react ion can create a barr ier for the inten-ded resident ia l belt and for the bui ld ing of a complex healthy resident ial zone of Zahor ie.

A great increase is to be expected in the consumpt ion of e lect r ic energy. It is connected w i th the fast g rowth of the consumpt ion of e lect r ic energy in the housing system, in the commun ica t ion and industry. We can presuppose that da-ta gained by ex t rapo la t ion about the ten-fo ld increase ti l the year 2,000 wil be exceeded. Even if the part of the increased consumpt ion wi l l be covered by clas-s ica l sources mainly by the hydroelect r ic power s tat ion of Gabc ikovo, the plan-ned thermal power s ta t ion in Slovnaf t the p lanned hydroelect r ic power s ta t ion Wol fs tah l and Devinsky Lom. From the standpoint of Brat is lava ext raord inar i ly im-por r tant is the select ion of the sui table local i ty fo r the a tomic power plat. The a tomic power plant w i th the output cca 1,000 MW could cover the needed de-mands its l inkage to Brat is lava as a big consumer center is cor rect and mainly in the economic vic ini ty to the sources of consupt ion lies one of the advantages of the a tomic power plants. The opin ions about the local izat ion in the western part of Brat is lava in the area of Devinska Nova Ves where its loca l izat ion would be bound a lso on the au tomob i le works of Brat is lava does not seem to be cor-rect. As the exper iences show it is not possible to exc lude the fai lures even in the most modern a tomic power plants. In such case the prevai l ing western winds wou ld t ransfer the undesi rable concent ra t ion of radiact iv i ty over the whole terri-tory of Brat is lava. The terr i tory is exposed to the neotecton ic movements and character ized by a selzmlci ty. Accord ing to the local izat ion theory of the a tomic power plant it is better not to use such terr i tory if we have other areas at our dissposal . The third realty wh ich speaks against it is the above ment ioned cha-ining of the industr ia l plants. The interest to main ta in the healthy env i ronment leads us to the conv ic t ion that it is not r ight to cons t ruc t a new large industr ia l area in the western prevai l ingly resident ia l part of Brat is lava. It wou ld be better to local ize the a tomic power plant in a greater d is tance f rom Brat is lava where the geological , pedological , hydro log ica l and c l imat ic cond i t ions as wel l as the l inkage to the great concent ra t ion of inhabi tants create a more sui table combi-nat ion than in Devinska Nova Ves. It is necessary to avoid the error f rom the years 1965-70 when in the eastern part of the town In order to br ing nearer the work ing place to the resident ia l quar ters we built in immediate l inkage new plants of chemica l and bui ld ing industry, fac i l i t ies of rai lway, air and ship t ranspor t as wel l as energy power plants. A great deal of the cons t ruc ted 51.130 f la ts Is exposed to undesirable exhalat ions, noise and a lso the supply of dr ink water was connected w i th d i f f icul t ies, it wou ld be better to reserve these western areas for the rapidly developed quar tery and tert iary sector. For the development of in-dustry it is necessary to prepare more extent areas. Even if in the metropol ises of the Brat is lava type the impor tance of the tert iary sector grows rapidly, it is ne-cessary to ant ic ipate a great development w i th regard to the absolute number and extens ion of the factor ies. Brat is lava and western Slovakia also In the fu ture wi l l be a very a t t rac t ive place fo r the local izat ion of new plants wh ich wi l l be connected w i th the new invent ions of the sc ient i f i c - tehn ica l revolut ion. For th is development it is necessary to reserve enough areas.

The form of the ground plan of Brat is lava, i. e. its space s t ruc tu re is the re-sult of a complex of forces and mot ivat ions. The town fo rms a who le wi th mutu-ally bound parts. The centr ipeta l forces lead to the concent ra t ion of cent ra l fun-ct ions into the centra l part, the cent r i fugal forces expel l several act iv i t ies into the marg ina l parts. In the town as a system there ac t the paral lel series, h ierarc-hic l inkages as wel l as the l inkages of the sector complementar i ty , feed-back bo-unds — both posi t ive and negat ive, induct ive in and against the s t ream. The spa-ce s t ruc ture is the result of a complex of var ious l inkages, processes and com-pl icated s t ruc ture of the decis ion process. The decis ion process has an essent ia l impor tance for the fu ture fo rm of Brat is lava. It depends on the sc ient i f ic , ideolo-gical, pol i t ical , ar t is t ic and economic env i ronment wh ich inf luences the dec is ion markers. The dec is ion process is not rect i l inear but it is the result of a selected s t rategy and very o f ten a compromise, in the consequence of d i f ferent interests of indiv idual interest groups and depar tments . E. g. the depar tment of industry, the depar tment of agr icu l ture, the depar tment of env i ronment protect ion, the de-par tment of hous ing const ruc t ion , the depar tment of cons t ruc t ion of sc ient i f ic in-s t i tu t ions and universi t ies, the depar tment of commun ica t ions etc. The opin ions of the groups of interests are connected w i th the types of their own in format ion mi l ieu and in format ion sources. It is natura l that the socia l is t Brat is lava cannot be a pure complex of indiv idual housing quar ters created around the places of job opportuni t ies. The funct iona l system organ izat ion creates a complex in wh ich the poly funct ional , monofunc t iona l or special ized parts mutual ly fo rm a highly or-ganized whole.

A decisive impor tance have the centra l func t ions of Brat is lava and their who le nat ional and vhole s tate character . The e laborat ion of these func t ions w i th respect to the cent ra l pos i t ion in the urbanis t ic system of Slovakia shou ld be pa-id greater at tent ion. The same may be said about the e laborat ion of prob lems concern ing the metropol i tan region and mutua l inf luences of the three spat ia l ly very near nat ional capi ta ls in the Danube region. In the decades to come it wi l l not be possible to avo id quest ions in connect ion w i th the v ic in i ty of Budapest and Vienna. Brat is lava in about 2000 — 2050 wi l l cer ta in ly face problems brought a long w i th a new type of the urbanis t ic s t ruc ture — megalopol is . Since many ir ivest iments of the techn ica l and social in f ras t ruc ture wi l l be ef fect ive even in 25 years, the study of the urbanis t ic s t ruc ture of Brat is lava should be car r ied out f rom wider European and in ternat ional aspects.

An impor tant role in the fo rmat ion of the spat ia l type of the town is p layed by communica t ion . The inner d iv is ion of the town is in a close re lat ion w i th the techn ica l level of t ranspor ta t ion and the type of the t ranspor ta t ion means. Trams, rai l and trol ley l ines cause that the number of passengers is relat ively s tab le and unchangeable. Therefore many act iv i t ies dependent on these lines are s i tuated in their v ic in i ty , or at the cross ing of the l ines w i th commun ica t ions wh ich are sui table for the t ranspor ta t ion of the mass loads.

The development of the passenger and f re ight au tomobi le t ranspor t loosens these t rad i t ional bonds. In p laces where the express ways had been bui l t there was the decrease of people and migra t ion of o ld es tab l ishments to the border part. The sphere of economica l t ranspor ta t ion by cars on express ways and high-ways is growing due to higher speed and lower t ranspor t , t ime and f inanc ia l expenses.

The border locat ions of the town in the v ic in i ty of the main commun ica t ion lines wi l l become a t t rac t ive a lso for the depar tment stores, services, spor ts sta-d iums and places of rest and enter ta inment . Besides good commun ica t ion acces-sibi l i ty there is a lso enough space for park ing site, one f loor houses and there

are no barr iers to explo i t mobi l i t iy and speed of cars and thus to save both money and t ime. From these regions It is easy to reach the centre of the town, main resident ia l quar ters and recreat ional areas wha t as a consequence a t t rac ts the local izat ion of motels, car-serv ices, tour is t restaurants , etc. Such a t rend inf luences the fo rmat ion of suburs of a new type and speeds up the process of suburbanizat ion. These suburbs are not s i tuated di rect ly In the main commun ica -t ion l ines but are joined to them w i th ver t ica l by-roads and overpass crossings. The developing of the ter t iary sphere is the most charac ter is t i c fac tor of the pre-sent urbanizat ion processes. The local izat ion of the ter t iary sphere and its com-municat ions lay demands on space. Besides the correct ly ant ic ipated develop-ment of the centra l part and a new centre of services in Petrzalka, it is neces-sary to ful ly apprec iate a lso these new possibi l i t ies.

In the present sca le of Brat is lava we can speak about the s tar -po lynodai spat ia l s t ructure, but f rom the aspect of the fu tu re growth of the metropol i tan terr i tory and cont inui ty of the urban is t ic s t ruc ture in the Danube region it wi l l be necessary to consider also a more universal large-scale model of the zonal ur-banis t ic s t ructure. This points out at the neccessi ty to organize the who le ter-r i tory wi th respect to bui l t up areas, industr ia l zones, agr icu l tura l , water economy, forest , recreat ional and other areas. Such urbanis t ic s t ruc tu re is not only of na-t ional but also of in ternat ional character . The planned economy wi th its interna-t ional approach can solve these prob lems in a more l iberal way than it was pos-sible in the past. Therefore it wi l l be useful to pay greater a t ten t ion to the contac t border terr i tory.

The socia l is t Brat is lava should develop in a harmon ic conformi ty w i th 3 groups of forces: a) the forces of the socia l is t system wh ich as a consequence of a new socia l

mot ivat ion give a soc ia l is t town spat ia l features wh ich are d i f ferent f r om a capi ta l is t town

b) the forces fo l lowing f rom nat ional , ethnic, regional and h is tor ica l pecul iar i t ies c) the forces fo l lowing f rom the charac te r of our p lanet and wh ich are therefore

common for the who le planet.

Of a special impor tance for the city l ife are green and recreat ional areas. Parks in the inner town do not cover large areas, therefore the opin ions about the fo rmat ion of the cont inuous green belts connected w i th the forest areas of the Smal l Carpath ians and low ly ing river forests of the Danube should be taken into account . The bui ld ing up of services, especial ly bord lng, lodging, spor t ing, enter ta in ing and t ranspor t fac i l i t ies in the recreat ional areas of Brat is lava Is of great importance. To th is e f fec t it is necessary to survay the h i ther to not bui l t areas and to reserve them fo r parks or o ther recreat ional areas. From this aspect it is necessary to consider a lso the s lope locat ions of Dubravka.

If we are to inc lude a lso expenses concern ing heal th of the people as the precondi t ion of a happy city l i fe as wel l as those concern ing the preservat ion of man as a b io logical species, then we must consider the opt imal lza t lon of the spat ia l s t ruc ture In a d i f ferent way. The preservat ion of the cor rect re lat ion bet-ween the eco log ic and soc ia l -economic system of the town and the assurance of the qual i ty of l ife come to the fo reground of a t tent ion.

The above d iscussed spat ia l s t ruc tu re is very demand ing as for areas. It is ev ident that it wou ld not be possib le to preserve al l wha t nature or society has formed, i. e. valuable biotypes, agr icu l tura l , forest and recreat ional areas. The bui ld ing of communica t ions , f lats, Industry on the terr i tory ob Brat is lava wi l l co-ver 4,500 ha of agr icu l tu ra l land. The loss in the agr icu l tu ra l p roduc t ion t i l l the year 2000 is es t imated in the present pr inces to 10,796 mil. Kcs. This loss show

how complex is the problem of the cons t ruc t ion of the modern urbanis t ic s t ruc-ture. It is d isputab le which should be preserved the v ineyards on the slopes, wh ich in the consequence of a high investment of labour have a high price, the arab le land wh ich in the consequence of thousand years last ing act iv i ty of na-ture and man conta ins a s t ra tum able to produce food or the forest soi l su i ta-ble fo r recreat ion? Where to local ize the new cons t ruc t ion of housing quar ters and the services and other faci l i t ies. The wor ld t rend speaks in the favour of the arab le land. Main ly the soi l of low fer t i l i ty w i th a low value for agr icu l tu re is being taken fo r bui ld ing. We must f ind a re lat ion between the bui l t up areas, produc-t ion of food and recreat ion areas and th ink over the employment of the employ-ment of the areas for several a ims/e. g. agr icu l tu re and recreat ion, agr icu l tu re and water economy, water economy and recreat ion, the protected biotops-zones of rest and leisure etc. From the s tandpoin t of the fert i l i ty of soi l and paralel ly f rom the s tandpo in t of the law on pro tec t ion of the most va luable arable land appears an or ienta t ion towards the belt of Zahor ie as sunstant ia ted fo r the next decades even if it is not the t rad i t iona l main d i rect ion of the development of Bra-t is lava.

Brat is lava the capi ta l of the S. S. R. reached in 1979 the number of 369,000 inhabi tants. Besides the permanent inhabi tants there lives here 28,300 students of Universi ty and Col leges and 16,000 apprent ices, about 8 0 % of these the stat i -s t ics does not register as the inhabi tants of Brat is lava. Besides th is there are about 74,500 commuters f rom the hinter land. The impor tant centra l services and market places are v is i ted dai ly by cca 10,000 persons. From these fac ts fo l lows that the number of dai ly present popu la t ion in the town is cca 480,000. The pro-gnosis of the general ex tens ion plan for the year 1985 calcu lates w i th 398,000 permanent inhabi tants and w i th 550,000 dai ly present people. The prognosis of the Research inst i tu te for regional p lanning presupposes 520,000 permanent in-habi tants and 648,000 dai ly present people. These prognoses are based on the ex t rapo la t ion of the g rowth of Czechoslovak towns in the per iod 1970 — 2,000 wi l l increase by 1 7 0 % — 3 0 0 % . For Brat is lava especia l ly f rom reasons of f la t cons t ruc t ion there was accepted the lower l imit of growth, in spi te of the fac t that it belongs to the most rapidly developing towns. In the per iod 1945-1970 i. e. in 25 years there were bui l t in Brat is lava 51,130 f lats, in the per iod 1971 — 1980 i. e. in ten years the who le vo lume of new f la ts should be 52,270. Dur ing the ye-ars 1971 — 2,000 they presuppose to realize the cons t ruc t ion of 140,290 f lats. In 1970 — 2000 there is presupposed a decrease of occupancy rates of the hous ing unit f rom 2. 92 to 2. 55. This index has a great impact on the number of f la ts and paralel ly on the need of bui l t up areas in the ind iv idual f ive years plans. The decrease of occupancy rate of the housing unit is fu l ly substant ia ted f rom the socia l reasons, but on the o ther hand it means a quick expans ion of the bui l t up areas and increased costs fo r the cons t ruc t ion of the in f rast ructure. It means new resident ia l zones and a great t ransfer of investments into the in f rast ructure. The-re is needed a synchron iza t ion w i th the creat ion of new economic values in the product ion wh ich wou ld a l low such t ransfer of investments into the const ruc t ion. If these means ou ld not be at d isposal then th is relat ively good s tandard of the occupancy rate cou ld not be reached and the new cons t ruc t ion In the area of S lupava and Pezinok should be postponed a later period.

The development t rend of the inhabi tants and the st imul i of g rown of the geographica l locat ion and economy show that we have to ca lcu la te w i th a more rapid rate of g rowth as or ig inal ly presupposed. It demands increased investments into the town in f ras t ruc ture and the in t roduct ion of new forms of the const ruc-t ion of fami ly houses and f lats.

Koloman Ivanička

SEDANJI RAZVOJNI TREND IN NAPOVEDI RAZVOJA BRATISLAVE IN NJENE METROPOLITANSKE REGIJE

Brat is lava se hi t ro šir i v razl ične smeri, predvsem prot i vzhodu. Poleg tega je urbanizaci ja zajela ce lo tno grav i tac i jsko območ je mesta ob vse močnejšem po-vezovanju Brat is lave s Trnavo ter n junima mestn ima regi jama.

Na razvoj Brat is lave in njenega zaledja ima poseben vpl iv prometno omrež-je. Dal jnovodne železnice so sploh eden od osnovnih mesto tvorn ih dejavnikov Brat islave. Načr t regionalnega razvoja predvideva nadal jne o rgansko vk l jučevanje v pol icentr ičn i prometn i s is tem srednje Evrope. To bo možno z izgradnjo novih mostov preko Donave, pr is tanišča in g lavne železniške postaje, z vk l juč i tv i jo v načr tovan s is tem mreže avtocest ter z izgradnjo mednarodnega letal išča. O nuj-nosti ureditve lokalnega prometa pa pr iča podatek, da so I. 1960 sredstva me-stnega prometa prepel jala 127 mi l i jonov potnikov, I. 1973 223,7 mi l i jona ter I. 1978 že 289 mi l i jonov potn ikov, ne da bi posebej omenja l i porasta števi la oseb-nih avtomobi lov.

V mestu in okol ic i je še vedno dost i industr i je, ki močno onesnažuje okol je. V bodoče bo dan povdarek razvoju e lekt rotehnične, s t ro jne in pol igraf ične indu-str i je.

V današn jem obsegu ima Brat is lava zvezdasto-pol inodalno prostorsko struk-turo, medtem ko bo v bodočem met ropo l i tanskem razvoju v donavsk i regij i mora l bit i upoštevan bolj splošen model zonalne urbanis t ične s t rukture. Pri tem bo po-t rebno pazit i na medsebojne odnose med bivalnimi, industr i jsk imi , kmet i jsk imi , rekreaci jsk imi in drugimi funkc i jami in jim zagotovi t i ustrezne površine. Vse bol j namreč pr ihaja v ospredje ohrani tev pravi lnega odnosa med eko loškm in soclo-ekonomsk im s is temom mesta in zagotovi tev kval i tete bivanja. Pri tem se ne da povsem izognit i Izgubi kmet i jsk ih površin; do 1.2000 bo izgradnja komunikac i j , s tanovanj in industr i je na območ ju Brat is lave zahtevala 4500 ha kmet i jsk ih povr-šin.

L.1979 je imela Brat is lava 369.000 prebivalcev. Za I. 2000 se predvideva pove-čanje števi la prebivalcev za 170 do 3 0 0 % . Posebno zaradi s tanovanjsk ih proble-mov je bi la sprejeta spodnja meja rast i in to k l jub dejstvu, da spada mesto med najhi t re je se razvi jajoča mesta.