Fiorino 2016

EXAM 4 Study Guide

Take a few minutes after each lecture to answer some of these questions in your own words!!! If you do this little by little after each lecture instead of cramming a few days before the exam, it will help you retain the info. The better you fill this out, the better it will serve as a quick reference guide to much of the important info in this unit. Also, any clinically related topics will be highlighted in this color to stress importance.

Respiratory

1.) What are the partial pressures of O2 and CO2 in dry air, tracheal air, the alveolus, pulmonary arteries, and pulmonary veins?

2.) What are the three factors that make up the lung diffusing capacity (DL)? How would changes in any of these factors affect the DL?

3.) How do the following affect DL?

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a) emphysema

b) fibrosis

c) pulmonary edema

d) anemia

e) exercise

4.) Compare and contrast perfusion limited and diffusion limited gas exchange. Give examples of each.

5.) Define each of the following in your own words and determine which can be measured using spirometry. (Note: Don’t just copy the words from the slides, put it in a way that you will understand).

a) Tidal volume (TV)-

b) Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)-

c) expiratory reserve volume (ERV)-

d) residual volume (RV)-

e) inspiratory capacity-

f) functional residual capacity (FRC)-

g) vital capacity (forced vital capacity)-

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h) total lung capacity (TLC)

i) forced expiratory volume (FEV1)

6.) What is the importance of the FEV1/FVC ratio? Compare and contrast obstructive and restrictive lung disease (use examples) and describe how each can affect this ratio.

7.) Compare and contrast anatomic and physiologic dead space.

8.) Briefly compare muscles of inspiration and expiration, along with their functions.

9.) What is the function of surfactant? What is the etiology and pathophysiology of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome?

10.) Describe the stages of the breathing cycle in your own words.

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11.) Define each of the following pathologies. Are they obstructive or restrictive (and explain why)? Also discuss how each pathology affects FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC, and FRC.

a) Asthma:

b) Emphysema:

c) Chronic Bronchitis:

d) Fibrosis

12.) Describe oxygen, carbon dioxide, and bicarbonate transport. Be sure to discuss hemoglobin (including difference in fetus and adult), the effect of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG), and the partial pressures of O2 and CO2 at different points of the blood and alveolus. How do these different partial pressures result in gas exchange?

13.) Describe how CO2, Cl-, H+, bicarbonate (HCO3-), and carbonic acid (H2CO3) interact during gas

exchange and buffering. (Draw a diagram, flow chart, or whatever works for you).

14.) Describe the distribution of pulmonary blood flow in your own words. What is the effect of hypoxia on blood vessels in the lungs? Why is this important?

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15.) Describe the location and function of each of the following:

a) central chemoreceptors

b) peripheral chemoreceptors

c) lung stretch receptors

d) irritant receptors

e) juxtacapillary receptors

f) joint and muscle receptors

g) medullary respiratory center

h) ventral respiratory center

i) apneustic center

j) pneumotaxic center

Digestive 14-A

16.) Describe the location and function of each of the following digestive system structures:

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a) mucus membranes-

b) muscularis mucosa-

c) muscle layer-

d) circular muscle-

e) longitudinal muscle-

f) serosa-

g) submucosal plexus of Meissner-h) myenteric plexus of Auerbach-

17.) Compare and contrast afferent and efferent fibers.

18.) Compare and contrast the effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems on the GI tract. What is the function of the vagus nerve (CN X) and pelvic splanchnic nerve? Are they sympathetic or parasympathetic?

19.) Describe the functions of preganglionic cholinergic fibers and postganglionic adrenergic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system.

20.) Compare and contrast tonic and phasic contraction.

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21.) Describe slow waves (including their mechanism of production) and spike potentials in your own words!!!

22.) What affects depolarization and hyperpolarization of GI tract cells?

Digestive 14-B

23.) Describe the function of cholecystokinin (CCK), secretin, and gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP).

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24.) Describe peristalsis. Describe local constrictive contractions. What happens when we have a defect in Meissner’s plexus?

25.) Describe esophageal motility.

26.) Describe gastric reflux and achalasia.

27.) Describe each of the following pathologies in your own words.

a) esophageal atresia:

b) tracheoesophageal fistula:

c) malignancy of esophagus (esophageal carcinoma):

28.) What is a hiatal hernia? Compare and contrast sliding and paraesophageal hernias. KNOW THIS!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

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a) hiatal

b) paraesophageal

29.) What is a fundoplication and what is it used for?

30.) Identify the fuction of each of the following substances and the type of cell from which they are produced.

a) HCl-

b) intrinsic factor-

c) pepsinogen-

d) gastrin-

e) secretin-

f) mucus-

g) somatostatin-

h) histamine-

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i) serotonin-

32.) Describe gastric motility, including receptive relaxation, mixing and digestion, and gastric emptying.

33.) What is a vagotomy? What is it used for?

Digestive 14-C

34.) Describe the functions of CCK and the stimulation of its release.

35.) Describe the function of secretin and the stimulation of its secretion.

36.) Describe the function of GIP and the stimulation of its secretion.

37.) Describe the function of histamine and serotonin.

38.) What are the salivary glands? What cranial nerves innervate these glands?

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39.) What is Mumps?

40.) Describe the secretion and composition of saliva. How does it help us digest food?

41.) Describe the mechanism of gastric acid secretion.

42.) Describe the direct and indirect pathways of vagal stimulation. What is the effect of atropine on gastric acid secretion?

43.) What is Zollinger-Ellison syndrome? What drugs can we use to treat this disorder and how do each of these drugs work?

44.) Describe the phases of gastric acid secretion. What inhibits gastric acid secretion?

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45.) Compare and contrast gastric and duodenal ulcers. What can be used for differential diagnosis? What are possible treatments for gastric ulcers?

46.) What are the possible causes, symptoms, and treatments for gastritis? What happens if this disease is left untreated?

47.) What is hypertrophic gastritis?

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Digestive 14-D

48.) What are some functions of the duodenum?

49.) Describe segmentation, peristalsis and the gastroileal reflex

49.) What is peristaltic rush? How does peristalsis react to fasting?

50.) Describe large intestinal motility (OOOOOHHHH BABY ITS FLOW CHART TIME!!!!!!).

51.) Describe the composition and characteristics of pancreatic secretion. How does this change at high and low flow rates?

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52.) Compare and contrast acinar cells and ductal cells of the pancreas?

53.) Decribe the function of each of the following regarding the pancreas:

a) secretin-

b) CCK-

c) Ach-

54.) What is bile? What does it do? Where is it produced? Where is it stored? What causes its secretion?

55.) Describe the production of bilirubin (OOOHHHH BABY ITS FLOW CHART TIME).

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56.) What is jaundice? What causes it? Describe the different types of jaundice.

57.) What are gall stones? What cause them? What are some symptoms? What is Murphy’s sign (KNOW THIS)? How do you treat this disorder?

58.) Describe the metabolic functions of the liver.

59.) Describe each of the following pathologies:

a) hepatitis-

b) cirrhosis-

c) hemochromatosis-

d) liver cancer-

e) Wilson’s disease-

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Digestive 14-E

60.) What are the causes, symptoms, and treatments (including medications) for Crohn’s disease?

61.) What are the causes, symptoms, and treatments for liver cirrhosis?

62.) What are the functions of the spleen?