(1998)In M.J.Egenhofer & R.G.Golledge (Eds.), Spatial andtemporal reasoning in geographic information:)systems,(pp. 143-154). New York: Oxford University Press.

Chapter 11

A New Framework for Understanding the Acquisition ofSpatial Knowledge in Large-Scale Environments

Daniel R. Montello

People acquire knowledge about the spatial layout of the places they experience(cities, neighborhoods, buildings). This includes knowledge of locations, distances,and directions. The acquisition of this knowledge begins immediately, as soon asone arrives in a place, but presumably continues over long time periods, for months,years, and even decades. This knowledge can become quite extensive and elaborate.It provides a framework for the organization of experience and supportssophisticated spatial behavior such as creative wayfinding and direction giving. Thedevelopmental process of acquiring knowledge about the spatial layout of placesover time is termed.

Theoreticians from a variety of disciplines (cognitive, developmental, andenvironmental psychology; behavioral geography; planning and architec:ture;computer science) have attempted to describe and model spatial microgenesis. Thelong-dominant framework for understanding this process posits the followingsequence: knowledge is initially acquired, followed by knowledge, which isfollowed by knowledge. In brief, according to this, landmark knowledge isknowledge of distinctive objects or scenes stored in memory. Route knowledge isknowledge of travel paths connecting landmarks. Survey knowledge isconfigurational knowledge of the locations and extents of features in some part ofthe environment that is not limited to particular travel paths. In this chapter I willreconsider the dominant framework in some detail, identify some problems with it,and offer an alternative framework that I believe is more conceptually coherent andmore consistent with research evidence.

The Dominant Framework

The most influential expositions of the dominant framework are by Hart and Moore(1973; Moore, 1974) and, especially with respect to microgenesis, Siegel and White(1975). Many of their ideas came from Piaget's extensive theorizing about spatialontogeny, including his idea of a progression from topological to projective andmetric knowledge (e.g., Piaget and lnhelder, 1967). Other important influences were

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